Earth Science in a Controlled Environment, p. 120 Meetings: The Ocean’s Response to Climate Change, p. 121 Meetings: Connecting Scientific Drilling and Human Evolution, p. 122 About AGU: Shelly, Lagroix, and Carlson Honored, pp. 123, 124 About AGU: New Editors Appointed for Three Sections of JGR, p. 124

VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009 Nutrient Enrichment Drives Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia

During most summers over the past reducing nitrogen loading [Rabalais et al., 30 years, bottom dissolved oxygen across 2007]. a large area of the Louisiana and upper Texas continental shelf declined to con- Consensus and Skepticism centrations too low (hypoxia) for most fi sh and large invertebrate animals to survive. As part of a reassessment of the Action This area is one of the best known “dead Plan completed in 2008, the U.S. Environ- zones” proliferating around the world [Diaz mental Protection Agency’s Science Advisory and Rosenberg, 2008]. During July 2008, Board (SAB) conducted another evaluation hypoxic bottom waters extended across of the state of the science regarding hypoxia. 20,720 square kilometers (Figure 1), but An SAB panel (including three article coau- they were probably even more extensive thors, Walter R. Boynton, Robert W. How- because winds from Hurricane Dolly mixed arth, and James G. Sanders) concluded, Fig. 1. High chlorophyll a concentrations along the inner shelf off Louisiana and Texas (orange the waters off Texas before the survey “Recent science has affi rmed the basic con- and red) on 11 June 2008 (Indian Space Research Organization Oceansat 1 Ocean Color Moni- could be completed. clusion that contemporary changes in the tor image provided by the Louisiana State University (LSU) Earth Scan Laboratory; http:// www Increased inputs of nutrients (princi- hypoxic area in the northern Gulf of Mexico . esl . lsu . edu/ imagery/ ocm/) in relation to an overlay of the bottom hypoxia (<2 milligrams per pally nitrogen and phosphorus) from the are primarily related to nutrient fl uxes from liter, gray area outlined by dashes) during 21–27 July 2008. In June, chlorophyll a concentrations U.S. agricultural heartland within the the MARB” [SAB, 2008, p. 2]. The recon- ranged from 22 micrograms per liter (inshore) to 7 micrograms per liter (offshore) (N. N. Raba- Mississippi- Atchafalaya River Basin ( MARB) fi rmed consensus is that anthropogenic nutri- lais, unpublished data, 2008). are implicated in the development and ents stimulate the production of planktonic spread of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. organic matter, the decomposition of which Consequently, the causes of, and solutions depletes dissolved oxygen in bottom waters Organic Matter Sources suggesting that a signifi cant amount of this for, hypoxia have been subjects of exten- on the seasonally stratifi ed inner shelf. marsh- derived organic matter enters the sive debate and analysis. An integrated sci- Despite these two major scientifi c assess- Seasonally recurring hypoxia developed bottom waters of the hypoxic zone [Turner entifi c assessment led to a 2001 Action Plan ments supporting this consensus, skeptics on the shelf from the 1970s through the et al., 2007]. Most of the organic matter is [Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Water- [Dagg et al., 2007; Bianchi et al., 2008] have 1990s, coinciding with a tripling of nitrate likely redeposited or metabolized within the shed Nutrient Task Force, 2001] with a goal suggested alternative causes of hypoxia, loading from the MARB between the 1950s estuarine- wetland complex or is transported of reducing the area of the hypoxic zone including (1) oxidation of organic matter and 1990, but not with changes in stratifi ca- offshore in surface waters in dissolved form to less than 5000 square kilometers by not derived from phytoplankton production, tion or external sources of organic matter [SAB, 2008]. Little wetland- derived organic (2) physical processes affecting water col- [SAB, 2008]. While there has been a mas- carbon is found in sediments beyond the umn stability, and (3) coastal wetland loss sive loss of coastal wetlands since the 1930s, coastal bays [Gordon and Goñi, 2003]. The BY D. F. BOESCH, W. R. BOYNTON, L. B. CROWDER, and river controls. This article addresses the loss rate peaked in the 1960s and has nonmarine organic matter in shelf sediments R. J. DIAZ, R. W. HOWARTH, L. D. MEE, S. W. NIXON, these criticisms and demonstrates why they since declined [Barras et al., 2008]. Further- is highly refractory and resistant to further N. N. RABALAIS, R. ROSENBERG, J. G. SANDERS, do not challenge the consensus on nutrient more, there is no corroborating spatiotem- D. SCAVIA, AND R. E. TURNER enrichment. poral, biochemical, or isotopic evidence Hypoxia cont. on page 118

Earth science computing and data man- Grid Computing for Earth Science agement needs traditionally have been pro- eGY vided for by local and national institutions. Electronic Geophysical Year The fundamental challenges facing and model simulations of a host of phenom- The limitations of cost and the number of humankind at the beginning of the 21st cen- ena relating to the Earth and its space envi- computer central processing units (CPUs) tury require an effective response to the ronment. These capabilities require that the available at any one site can be overcome by needed and a logical name for data to be massive changes that are putting increasing Earth science community utilize, both in geographically distributed systems for access- accessed via the grid storage. Because of its architecture, a grid can pressure on the environment and society. real and remote time, massive amounts of ing data, computing resources, and Web ser- effi ciently tackle a large ensemble of com- The worldwide Earth science community, data, which are usually distributed among vices. Geographically distributed computing putations running independently. A grid is with its mosaic of disciplines and players many different organizations and data began by catering to specialized purposes or also ideally suited for analyzing and pro- (academia, industry, national surveys, inter- centers. particular user groups (e.g., the Distributed ducing large data sets and for sharing data national organizations, and so forth), pro- The Earth science community can bene- European Infrastructure for Supercomput- within large teams. Several grid infrastruc- vides a scientifi c basis for addressing issues fi t greatly from technology that can provide ing Applications). The Berkeley Open Infra- tures have already been deployed around such as the development of new energy ready access to computing resources and structure for Network Computing (BOINC), the world, for example, in North and South resources; a secure water supply; safe stor- services, easily managed data and metadata introduced in 1999, pioneered the use, on a America, Asia, Australia, North Africa, and age of nuclear waste; the analysis, modeling, storage in distributed systems or in data cen- volunteer basis, of the enormous processing in 2008 in Senegal. and mitigation of climate changes; and the ters, clearly defi ned data policy, authentica- power of personal computers (PCs) around The largest grid deployment to date, assessment of natural and industrial risks. In tion, confi dentiality, and electronic collabo- the world. Earth scientists adopted BOINC Enabling Grids for E- Science (EGEE; http:// addition, the Earth science community pro- ration. Grid infrastructure and systems meet only for specifi c climate and hydrology appli- w w w. e u- e g e e. o r g / ) , i s d e s i g n e d f o r a n a l y z - vides short- and medium- term prediction of these requirements as a distributed resource cations because it is not general enough and ing petabytes of data that will be produced weather and natural hazards in real time, system. Grid computing permits the sharing does not handle the problems of PC heteroge- by the European Organization for Nuclear of resources between institutions and allows neity and confi dentiality requirements. Research’s (CERN) Large Hadron Collider BY P. RENARD, V. BADOUX, M. PETITDIDIER, for scaling up computing power and stor- experiment in Geneva, Switzerland. Access AND R. COSSU age capacity in a way that is impossible for a Grid Computing to EGEE is not restricted to high-energy phys- single institution to do. Also, grid computing ics and is currently used by other scientifi c offers a transparent collaborative platform Grid computing emerged more than communities including bioinformatics, Earth for users, allowing them to have access to 10 years ago [Foster and Kesselman, 1998] sciences, and astronomy. As of March 2009, more resources at a given time. This access as one type of distributed resource sys- EGEE is deployed at more than 300 sites. is especially important for exploiting large tem. Grid computing consists of a network EGEE provides more than 80,000 CPUs and data sets scattered in several locations, for infrastructure comprising loosely coupled more than 20 petabytes of storage, and it running large statistical jobs, and for sharing heterogeneous data storage and comput- is capable of running up to 100,000 jobs data and algorithms among many partners ing resources connected via the Internet concurrently. without the need for conversions. and controlled for management and access Grid computing has become a basic by software (middleware) such as gLite, tool for particle physics and biotechnology UNICORE, Globus Toolkit, and GRIA. A grid researchers, but it still is not used routinely Why Is This Here? system is based on long- term and dynamic by Earth scientists. collaboration among grid partners (resource Beginning with this issue, AGU has providers and user communities) with a trust Earth Science Community Needs redesigned the front page of Eos to accom- agreement to guarantee security and con- modate a new post offi ce requirement for fi dentiality. A user must be authorized by a Since the International Geophysical Year publishers and business mailers regarding certifi cation authority and must belong to a in 1957–1958, the Earth science community the placement of U.S. mailing addresses. recognized virtual organization: a user com- has been deluged with data from the world- Because addresses for AGU members out- munity providing the rights to access to grid wide deployment of instruments. All obser- side the United States are not printed resources (computing, storage, data, soft- vations need to be archived, but synoptic directly onto Eos, those readers will see a ware, services). The user can then execute (time series) observations are particularly white space in the lower left corner of the simple tasks (jobs) or complex computation important because they cannot be repeated. front page. workfl ow operations by specifying only the characteristics of the computing resources Grid Computing cont. on page 119

117 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

Hypoxia Skepticism about the consequences of Gulf cont. from page 117 hypoxia [Bianchi et al., 2008] ignores a growing literature documenting effects on the ecosystem (e.g., benthic biodiversity decomposition. The average age of this ter- production either from the overlying surface and food chain dynamics) and on valued restrial organic matter is 2400 years, and it water or, through advection, from highly pro- resource species, such as bottom fi sh and is mainly derived from degraded plant mate- ductive waters just inshore. During spring, shrimp. While remaining scientifi c questions rial in midwestern soils. the westward fl owing coastal current causes merit continued research [SAB, 2008], evi- Except where light penetration allows downwelling [Wiseman et al., 2004] that can dence clearly supports the implementation TRANSACTIONS benthic photosynthesis, bottom sediments translocate settling and resuspended organic of the nutrient load reductions specifi ed by AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION are reservoirs, not sources, of organic mat- matter as well as low- oxygen bottom water the updated Action Plan, in coordination The Newspaper of the Earth and Space Sciences ter. Benthic respiration is the predominant offshore in subsurface layers. with the restoration of Louisiana’s coastal Editors cause of oxygen depletion during summer After the clearing of logjams around 1840, wetlands, in order to recover and sustain [Quiñones-Rivera et al., 2007] and is ulti- the Atchafalaya River began to capture an the resources and services provided by this Anny Cazenave: Laboratoire d’Etudes en mately dependent on utilizable organic mat- increasing portion of fl ow from the MARB, important ecosystem. Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, ter delivered to the seabed. Although some reaching 10% by 1890, 30% by 1950, and 35% Additional information and references Toulouse, France; [email protected] of this labile carbon comes from terres- by 1973. The Old River Control Structure was can be found in the electronic supplement John W. Geissman: Department of Earth and trial and estuarine sources, evidence sug- built to constrain, not to divert, fl ow to an aver- to this Eos i s s u e (h t t p : / /w w w. a g u. o r g /e o s Planetary Science,University of New Mexico, gests that it originates predominantly from age of 30% of the total MARB fl ow. The greater _elec/). Albuquerque, USA; [email protected] nutrient-enhanced shelf production. fl ow down the Atchafalaya certainly increased There is overwhelming evidence that riv- both stratifi cation and river- enriched produc- Wendy S. Gordon: Texas Parks and Wildlife References Department, Austin, USA; wendy.gordon@tpwd erine nutrients drive both the production of tion on the western Louisiana shelf, thereby .state.tx.us phytoplankton and the size of the hypoxic making this area more susceptible to hypoxia. Barras, J. A., J. C. Bernier, and R. A. Morton (2008), zone on the inner shelf. The seasonal fl ux However, the currently prevailing fl ows pre- Manuel Grande: University of Wales, Land area change in coastal Louisiana—A multi- of nitrate is the strongest statistical determi- ceded by 20 or more years the development of Aberystwyth; [email protected] decadal perspective (from 1956 to 2006), U.S. nant of phytoplankton biomass and produc- recurrent hypoxia. Geol. Surv. Sci. Invest. Map, 3019, 14 pp. Hassan Virji: START, Washington, D. C., USA; tion [Turner et al., 2007; Green and Gould, Bianchi, T. S., S. F. DiMarco, M. A. Allison, P. Chap- [email protected] 2008; Lohrenz et al., 2008]. Changes in phos- Modeling Responses to Nutrient Inputs man, J. H. Cowan Jr., R. D. Hetland, J. W. Morse, phorus (P) fl ux as hypoxia developed in the and G. Rowe (2008), Controlling hypoxia on the Editor in Chief pro tem Gulf of Mexico remain unknown, because Understanding and forecasting Gulf U.S. Louisiana shelf: Beyond the nutrient centric view, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(26), 236–237. Judy C. Holoviak: AGU, Washington, D.C., USA; regular measurements of P began only in hypoxia require a range of modeling Dagg, M. J., J. W. Ammerman, R. M. W. Amon, W. S. eos_ [email protected] 1974. However, reconstructed loads and approaches [SAB, 2008]. In lieu of a highly Gardner, R. E. Green, and S. E. Lohrenz (2007), model hindcasts suggest that increased detailed understanding of the biophysi- A review of water column processes infl uencing Editorial Advisory Board loads of nitrogen (N), not P, were the prin- cal dynamics of the shelf ecosystem, sev- hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico, Estuaries M. Lee Allison Earth and Space Sciences cipal drivers of increased hypoxia since eral empirical or statistical models have Coasts, 30, 735–752. Informatics the mid-1970s [Scavia and Donnelly, 2007]. been developed that have reasonable skill Diaz, R. J., and R. Rosenberg (2008), Spreading P may limit spring phytoplankton production in hindcasting and forecasting the severity dead zones and consequences for marine eco- Roni Avissar Global Environmental Change [Dagg et al., 2007], particularly near the Mis- and extent of hypoxia based on river dis- systems, Science, 321, 926–929. sissippi River discharge, where there is a sur- charge and nitrate fl ux [Justi et al., 2007]. Gordon, E. S., and M. A. Goñi (2003), Sources and Roland Bürgmann Tectonophysics ć plus of N with respect to P needed to meet While physical modelers have criticized distribution of terrigenous organic matter deliv- phytoplankton nutritional requirements. these models as overly simple [Hetland and ered by the Atchafalaya River to sediments in the Noah S. Diffenbaugh Atmospheric Sciences northern Gulf of Mexico, Geochim. Cosmochim. However, organic matter produced in the DiMarco, 2007], some of the models incor- Acta, 67, 2359–2375. John E. Ebel Seismology immediate surface discharge plume (within porate calibrations representing the impor- Green, R. E., and R. W. Gould Jr. (2008), A predic- 100 kilometers of the main river mouth) con- tant processes of differential advection of Michael N. Gooseff Hydrology tive model for satellite- derived phytoplankton tributes little of the organic matter causing surface and bottom water and the settling absorption over the Louisiana shelf hypoxic Stephen Macko Education hypoxia because the plume lies mostly in of continuously produced organic matter zone: Effects of nutrients and physical forcing, water deeper than the 10- to 30- meter depths [Scavia and Donnelly, 2007]. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C06005, doi:10.1029/ Stefan Maus Geomagnetism and where hypoxia regularly forms. Detailed physical and biological mod- 2007JC004594. Paleomagnetism The highly productive inner shelf along els can provide information on processes Hetland, R. D., and S. F. DiMarco (2007), How does the entire Louisiana coast, apparent in controlling the seasonal formation and dis- the character of oxygen demand control the Jerry L. Miller Oceanography structure of hypoxia on the Texas- Louisiana con- satellite- derived distributions of surface sipation of hypoxia, but such models are tinental shelf?, J. Mar. Syst., 70, 49–62. Peter Olson Study of the Earth’s Deep Interior chlorophyll concentrations [Walker and also based on numerous limiting assump- Justić, D., V. J. Bierman Jr., D. Scavia, and R. Het- Rabalais, 2006; Green and Gould, 2008], is tions. For example, Hetland and DiMarco’s land (2007), Forecasting Gulf’s hypoxia: The next Michael Poland Geodesy very likely the primary source of the organic [2007] application of a physically complex 50 years?, Estuaries Coasts, 30, 791–801. matter causing oxygen depletion. This band model did not vary respiration as a func- Lohrenz, S. E., D. G. Redalje, W. J. Cai, J. Acker, Paul R. Renne Volcanology, Geochemistry, and M. Dagg (2008), A retrospective analysis and Petrology of surface water extends 400 kilometers or tion of organic matter supply but instead more along the coast and is fed directly selected respiration rates required to con- of nutrients and phytoplankton productivity in Jeffery J. Roberts Mineral and Rock Physics by the Atchafalaya River discharge, as well strain hypoxia to the regions in which it is the Mississippi River plume, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, as by that part of the Mississippi River dis- observed. While more detailed and real- 1455–1475. John B. Rundle Nonlinear Geophysics Mississippi River/ Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutri- charge entrained in the Louisiana Coastal istic models should be pursued, simpler ent Task Force (2001), Action plan for reducing, Current. The surface water overlies the models have an advantage for policy analy- Susan E. H. Sakimoto Planetary Sciences mitigating, and controlling hypoxia in the north- majority of area covered by hypoxic bot- sis because they have been tested against ern Gulf of Mexico, 36 pp., Environ. Prot. Agency, Sarah L. Shafer Paleoceanography and tom water, into which it can directly sup- policy-relevant observations (e.g., hypoxic Washington, D. C. (Available at http:// www . epa Paleoclimatology ply labile organic matter. The high primary area) and process rates (e.g., summer aver- .g o v /m s b a s i n /p d f /a c t i o n p l a n 2 0 0 1. p d f ) production in this coastal boundary layer is age respiration rates). Quiñones-Rivera, Z. J., B. Wissell, D. Justic, and David G. Sibeck Space Physics and almost certainly sustained by nutrient recy- B. Fry (2007), Partitioning oxygen source and Aeronomy cling through processes meriting future Moving Forward sinks in a stratifi ed coastal ecosystem using stable research [SAB, 2008]. oxygen isotopes, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 342, 69–83. Maribeth Stolzenburg Atmospheric and Rabalais, N. N., R. E. Turner, B. K. Sen Gupta, D. F. Space Electricity The compelling evidence that Gulf Boesch, P. Chapman, and M. C. Murrell (2007), Stratification and Physical Dynamics hypoxia is driven by anthropogenic nutri- Jeffrey M. Welker Biogeosciences Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Does the ent enrichment in the MARB forms the basis science support the plan to reduce, mitigate and From the earliest papers on Gulf hypoxia, for the recent recommitment by the federal- Staff control hypoxia?, Estuaries Coasts, 30, 753–772. density stratifi cation has consistently been state interagency task force to the 2001 Scavia, D., and K. A. Donnelly (2007), Reassessing Editorial: Barbara T. Richman, Executive Editor; considered a requirement for development Action Plan, with its continued emphasis on hypoxia forecasts for the Gulf of Mexico, Environ. Randy Showstack, Senior Writer; Mohi Kumar, of hypoxia. Strong stratifi cation develops nitrogen load reductions and the explicit Sci. Technol., 41, 8111– 8117. Science Writer/Editor; Ernie Tretkoff, Writer/ Science Advisory Board (2008), Hypoxia in the Editor; Melissa Tribur, Production Coordinator; because freshwater discharges decrease addition of phosphorus reductions. Hypoxia the density of surface waters, although tem- has developed or expanded as a result of northern Gulf of Mexico: An update by the EPA Liz Castenson, Editor’s Assistant; Don Hendrick- Science Advisory Board, EPA-SAB- 08- 003 , Envi- son, Copy Editor; Faith A. Ishii, Hardcover Pro- perature is also an important contributor to increased nutrient loading in a wide range ron. Prot. Agency, Washington, D. C. duction Coordinator these density differences. Energetic winds of coastal systems, including other open Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, R. B. Alexander, Advertising: Tel: +1-202-777-7536; can break down stratifi cation and reoxygen- continental shelves infl uenced by large G. McIsaac, and R. W. Howarth (2007), Charac- E-mail: [email protected] ate bottom waters, but hypoxia can quickly river discharges (e.g., the eastern North Sea, terization of nutrient and organic carbon and Composition and Graphics: Rochelle Seeney, return once stratifi cation is reestablished northwestern Black Sea, and East China sediment loads and concentrations from the Mis- Manager; Valerie Bassett, Carole Saylor, and [Rabalais et al., 2007]. Stratifi cation alone is Sea). Nutrient load reduction goals have sissippi River into the northern Gulf of Mexico, Nancy Sims, Electronic Graphics Specialists insuffi cient to deplete the oxygen invento- been set for many of these coastal systems, Estuaries Coasts, 30, 773–790. Walker, N. D., and N. N. Rabalais (2006), Relation- ©2009 American Geophysical Union. Material ries of waters beneath the density disconti- and mitigation strategies are being actively in this issue may be photocopied by individual nuity; the consumption of oxygen faster than pursued. Although the northern Gulf of ships among satellite chlorophyll a, river inputs, and hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf, scientists for research or classroom use. Permis- its resupply is also required [Hetland and Mexico has its unique characteristics, it sion is also granted to use short quotes, figures, Gulf of Mexico, Estuaries Coasts, 29, 1081–1093. and tables for publication in scientific books DiMarco, 2007]. would be quite surprising—from this global Wiseman, W. J., Jr., N. N. Rabalais, R. E. Turner, and and journals. For permission for any other uses, Bianchi et al. [2008] suggest that shelf perspective—if recurrent hypoxia had not D. Justić (2004), Hypoxia and the physics of the contact the AGU Publications Office. hypoxia west of the Atchafalaya River is con- also developed on this physically stratifi ed, Louisiana Coastal Current, in Dying and Dead Seas: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union trolled primarily by density stratifi cation microtidal shelf with its large agricultural Climatic Versus Anthropic Causes, edited by J. C. L. (ISSN 0096-3941) is published weekly by the and benthic respiration and therefore will drainage basin. Nihoul et al., pp. 359–372, Springer, New York. American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida not respond to reductions in riverine nutri- Expanding dead zones are exacting Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical ent loading. However, the labile organic increasing losses of fi sheries production Class postage paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send matter supporting benthic respiration must and the services provided by coastal marine Author Information address changes to Member Service Center, be derived predominantly from planktonic ecosystems [Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008]. 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, Donald F. Boesch and Walter R. Boynton, Univer- USA. Member Service Center 8:00 a.m.–6:00 sity of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, p.m. Eastern time; Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: Cambridge; E-mail: boesch@umces . edu; Larry B. +1-202-328-0566; Tel. orders in U.S.:1-800-966-2481; Crowder, Duke University, Beaufort, N. C.; Robert J. E-mail: [email protected]. Information on insti- Diaz, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Glouc- tutional subscriptions is available from the ester Point; Robert W. Howarth, Cornell University, Member Service Center. Use AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Submissions system to Ithaca, N. Y.; Laurence D. Mee, Scottish Associa- submit a manuscript: http: //eos-submit.agu.org. tion of Marine Science, Oban, UK; Scott W. Nixon, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett; Nancy N. Views expressed in this publication do not neces- Rabalais, Louisiana Universities Marine Consor- sarily reflect official positions of the American tium, Chauvin; Rutger Rosenberg, Gothenberg Uni- Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. versity, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden; James G. Sanders, A. F. Spilhaus, Jr., Founding Editor in Chief Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Ga.; Donald Scavia, University of Michigan, Ann http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos Arbor; and R. Eugene Turner, Louisiana State Uni- versity, Baton Rouge

118 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

Grid Computing cont. from page 117

For the past 4 decades, satellite observations . egeode . org; Figure 1a) using EGEE middle- have driven developments in computer sci- ware and different infrastructures to accom- ences for handling, storing, and processing modate academic and business needs. This large volumes of data. The total data archive fi rst commercial grid application, which of the Earth observation program, man- began operating in 2007, has demonstrated aged by the European Space Agency, now grid computing in a fi eld where data secu- accounts for some 5 petabytes, distributed rity and confi dentiality are extremely impor- geographically among several European tant. The application also has demonstrated data centers. Plans for the next 10–15 years the enormous benefi t to users of ready foresee the accumulation of 10–15 times access to computing resources and the more data per year than at present. As updated software, and the ease of collabora- models and simulations become increas- tion with distant colleagues. ingly sophisticated, they also generate large 2. The Institut de Physique du Globe de amounts of data. Model simulations place Paris has developed and deployed on EGEE heavy demands on computing and storage an application to interpret, in near real time, resources, and often require supercomput- earthquake data from the worldwide Geo- ers and/ or distributed CPU capabilities that scope seismo meter network ( http:// geoscope cannot be met at the institutional level. As a .ipgp . jussieu . fr). Results are delivered as consequence, observational and simulation space-time location of a seismic rupture, the data are underutilized. This is particularly seismic energy released, the source mecha- apparent in the understanding and predic- nism, and earthquake duration (Figure 1b). tion of climate change, where much unex- Grid computing allows hundreds of simula- Grid computing permits the sharing of H. Schwichtenberg (Fraunhofer Institute for plored data await exploitation. tions to be treated concurrently and then to be combined for fi nal results, reducing deliv- Fig. 1. Illustrations of the four Earth science grid applications described in the text. (a) Schematic view illustrating the three-dimensional computation of seismic wave propagation in a reservoir The DEGREE Project ery times from 1 week to less than 6 hours, suitable for seismic early warning systems. model for seismic inversion by GeoCluster. Image courtesy of CGGVeritas. (b) Interpretation of 3. In April 1995, the Global Ozone Moni- near–real time seismograms, with the “beach balls” being the common graphic representation To identify the technical obstacles facing of the source mechanism. Image courtesy of E. Clévédé, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, the adoption of grid methods in the Earth toring Experiment was launched on board the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satel- France. (c) Visualization of atmospheric ozone content. Image courtesy of the European Space sciences (the complexity of setting up the Agency. (d) Forecasting seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer. Image courtesy of J. Kerrou, Uni- lite. A neural network algorithm was used to hardware and installing and confi guring versity of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. the grid software, the use of grid middle- retrieve atmospheric ozone profi les, which ware, and the implementation of Earth sci- were then validated using ground- based ence tools), a consortium of Earth science light detection and ranging (lidar) obser- resources between institutions and for scal- Algorithms and Scientifi c Computing, Ger- academic and private institutions, space vations (Figure 1c). Grid computing was ing up the computing power and storage many), and M. Zhizhin (Institution of the agencies, and computer science institutes used to produce and validate 7 years of ERS capacity in a way that is impossible for a sin- Russian Academy of Sciences Geophysi- launched the Dissemination and Exploita- satellite data, allowing scientists from dif- gle institution. Also, grid computing offers a cal Center (RAS)), without whom this work tion of Grids in Earth Science European ferent institutions to easily manage about transparent collaborative platform for users, could not have been done. project (DEGREE; http://www . eu - degree 70,000 fi les, handle the metadata for geospa- allowing them to access more resources at . eu/) in 2006. Over a period of 2 years, tial queries collocating the satellite’s lidar a given time. This is especially important for 2006–2008, the consortium conducted a observations, and share raw and analyzed the exploitation of large data sets scattered References survey of the tools, software, and protocols data [Iapaolo et al., 2007]. in several locations; for running large sta- commonly used by the Earth science com- 4. Grid computing can help emerging tistical jobs; and for sharing data and algo- Foster, I., and C. Kesselman (Eds.) (1998), The Grid: munity and of those provided by grid proj- countries access high- performance comput- rithms, without the need for conversion, Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, ects. DEGREE addressed three main topics: ing and solve severe environmental prob- among large numbers of partners. 677 pp., Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, Calif. Iapaolo, M., et al. (2007), GOME ozone profi les data management, job management, and lems such as seawater intrusions in coastal Grid computing is currently available retrieved by neural network techniques: A global portals to integrate Earth science and grid aquifers. The fi nite element code known as and can meet most of the technical require- Coupled Variable Density and Saturation validation with lidar measurements, J. Quant. tools. Survey results, which are published on ments for the Earth sciences. Although Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 107, 105–119. the DEGREE Web site, were discussed with 3- D ( CODESA- 3D) has been used to com- some technical gaps still exist, grid develop- pute probabilistic maps of seawater intru- Kerrou, J., G. Lecca, F. Murgia, and P. Renard grid project developers, and applications ers are aware of them and are working to (2007), Grid- enabled simulation of the impact of were proposed to test critical functionalities. sion in Tunisia’s Korba aquifer (Figure 1d) meet Earth science needs in the next gen- exploitation uncertainty on the seawater intru- An outcome is a grid road map for the Earth by using a Monte Carlo method. The simu- eration of grid development. Signifi cantly sion of the Korba aquifer (Tunisia), in IST- Africa sciences that proposes a series of steps lations include fl ow and density-dependent more effort will be required before trans- 2007 Conference Proceedings, edited by P. Cun- leading to the adoption of grid computing transport processes in a 3-D heterogeneous parent grid usage will be widespread in the ningham and M. Cunningham, Int. Inf. Manage. Corp., Dublin. on a large scale (see Earth science white coastal aquifer [Kerrou et al., 2007]. In this Earth sciences. The vision is that the grid p a p e r o n g r i d s , a t h t t p : / /w w w. e u- d e g r e e. e u / example, grid computing maintains two key infrastructure must provide, within the next D E G R E E /i n t e r n a l- s e c t i o n /w p 6 /D E G R E E- D 6 advantages over classical distributed com- 5 years, a dedicated platform for sharing Author Information .1 . 2 _ v2 . 8 . pdf). The fi rst step is to build an puting. First, a very large number of Monte knowledge, algorithms, data, and services Earth science grid community by dissemi- Carlo simulations, numbering at least in the over a wide range of time and spatial scales. Philippe Renard and Vincent Badoux, Univer- nating grid technologies and to support the hundreds, can be run in parallel with sub- Such a platform will help provide effi cient sity of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; E-mail: deployment of new applications. The 5-year stantial gains in time and accuracy. Sec- and timely answers to many fundamental philippe . renard@ unine . ch; Monique Petitdidier, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations target is for a dedicated Earth science grid ond, the grid analysis can be controlled sim- challenges facing mankind. Spatiales, Paris, France; and Roberto Cossu, Euro- platform on the grid infrastructure to share ply from a Web browser (e.g., http:// www pean Space Agency, Frascati, Italy computing and storage resources, data, .eumedgrid . org) by collaborating scientists Acknowledgments knowledge, algorithms, and services over a located in Europe and northern Africa. continuum of time and over a variety of geo- The work presented in this article was graphical scales. A Vision for the Future funded by the European Community (con- tract DEGREE-IST- 2005- 034619). We grate- Grid Applications in Earth Science The above examples show that grid com- fully acknowledge Charles Barton for pol- puting can fulfi ll most of the computing ishing our text and all the partners of the The following four examples illustrate cur- requirements of Earth scientists and offers project: G. Lecca (Center for Advanced rent applications of grid computing in the new ways for effi cient collaboration. Grids Studies, Research and Development in Sar- Earth sciences. such as EGEE—consisting of clusters and dinia, Italy), G. Vetois (CGGVeritas, France), 1. GeoCluster (http:// www . cggveritas farms of CPUs—cannot handle massive W. Som de Cerff (Royal Netherlands Mete- .c o m /d e f a u l t. a s p x? c i d= 4- 1 3- 1 9 2 5 ) i s a s o f t - computations requiring parallel computing, orological Institute (KNMI)), L. Fusco ware platform developed by CGGVeritas shared memory, and intense communica- and J. Linford (European Space Agency), for seismic data processing, imaging, and tion between the processors. Other grids, L. Hluchy and V. Tran (Institute of Informat- underground reservoir characterization. It is such as TeraGrid (http:// www . teragrid . org), ics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slova- operated in a grid environment (http:// www can fulfi ll these needs. kia), C. Plevier (Dutchspace, Netherlands),

119 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009 The Hills Are Alive: Earth Science in a Controlled Environment

The structure of Earth’s critical zone, understanding spatial variability, tempo- which is the interface between the solid ral dynamics, and interactions (including Earth and its fl uid envelopes and involves the abiotic- biotic couplings) within hillslopes coevolution of biota, soils, and landforms, is using modeling assessments. governed by processes important to hydrol- Three 33-meter × 18-meter environmen- ogy, geology, biology, and atmospheric sci- tally controlled bays will be available to sci- ence [National Research Council, 2001] (Fig- entists who would like to propose projects ure 1). Earth surface scientists have long for experimentation. The long- term goal is to recognized that temperature, chemical, and improve our understanding of the processes gravitational gradients drive energy and water that lead to surface and subsurface structure fl uxes, thus controlling systems evolution, of the critical zone. Workshops have guided but understanding the critical zone has been design parameters, such as hillslope geom- tackled primarily from disciplinary perspec- etry (slope angle, planar or complex shape), tives [Brantley et al., 2006]. Interdisciplinary soil composition (mineral assemblage and research is needed, and many such efforts, texture), vegetation type (herbaceous, woody such as the U.S. National Science Founda- plants), and key details of climate forcing. tion’s recent watershed-scale Critical Zone Focused numerical modeling was also used Observatories and the National Ecological to inform decision making on design param- Observatory Network, are in formative stages. eters. For example, groups from the Univer- By and large, these facilities focus on utilizing sity of Arizona; Oregon State University; Uni- land surface complexity to elucidate process versity of Québec; University of Illinois at knowledge. Unfortunately, incorporating such Urbana-Champaign; University of California, complexity occurs at the expense of the con- Riverside; and University of Michigan worked trol that characterizes true experimentation. together to investigate hydrological partition- Fig. 1. Interactions and feedbacks among critical zone processes leading to structural evolution. At the University of Arizona, a science ing and chemical weathering rates for dif- The controlled “hillslope” experiments planned at Biosphere 2 intend to improve scientific under- program is being built to bridge the gap ferent mineral assemblages, surface areas, standing of the coevolution of landscapes and ecosystems, the integrated mechanisms of land- between laboratory- and fi eld-scale studies hillslope confi gurations, and climate regimes. atmosphere-hydrosphere exchange, and the role of vegetation in catchment hydrologic response. by utilizing the unique infrastructure of the Hydrological models were used to estimate The evolution of landscape structure includes coupled processes at different scales: (a) Hydro- Biosphere 2 project. Biosphere 2 is a large- subsurface saturation and water residence logic partitioning at the hillslope scale is affected by bedrock type and slope, soil type and profile, scale Earth science facility near Tucson that time as a function of soil and geometry. topographic convergence, vegetation, and surface- subsurface water interactions. (b) Microbial encompasses about 3.15 acres of land and To relate the project to other existing and plant colonization leads to spatial differences in carbon and nitrogen fixation, biomass houses fi ve natural biomes. Sealed off to the research infrastructure, scientists sought a decay, mineral weathering, and the creation of hot spots and hot moments of more active interac- outside world, Biosphere 2 allows scientists design that offered the greatest spatial and tions. (c) Biogeoweathering and ecosystem dynamics results in redistribution of carbon pools to exert precise climate and mass balance temporal soil moisture variability in a cli- and fluxes, net ecosystem exchange, and soil formation by combined action of acids, water, rock, control at large scales [Osmond et al., 2004]. mate that contains wet-dry transitions in and biota. (d) Surface and subsurface water flow paths change, and new connectivity structures emerge with feedbacks to Figures 1a–1c that can be studied within the constructed hillslopes of The facility’s name stems from the Earth’s both warm and cool seasons. These criteria Biosphere 2. Micrograph courtesy of A. Dohnalkova, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. biosphere (biosphere 1); the goal of Bio- were met with a loamy sand soil distributed sphere 2 is to be a microcosm of the inter- within a basin shape that does not vary with action between life and landscape seen on time. This basin will be 30 meters long and (1) understanding how the environment in consideration and development for which Earth, such that critical zone interactions 12 meters wide with soil 1.0 meter deep (see general and the water cycle in particular affect program scientists are seeking input from can be studied at large spatial scales. Figure S1 in the electronic supplement to this assembly of biological communities; (2) deter- the research community. An issue impor- To facilitate this study, scientists from the Eos i s s u e ( h t t p : / /w w w. a g u. o r g /e o s_ e l e c ) ) . mining whether simple versus diverse com- tant to experimental design relates to the University of Arizona will construct experi- The soil will be constructed from granular munities arise as a consequence of differing trade-offs between replication and treat- mental landscape units—hillslopes—within basalt with loamy sand hydraulic properties, climate regimes; and (3) assessing if different ment. Three identical hillslopes offer oppor- Biosphere 2. They will also build corre- but with suffi cient small (clay) particle frac- communities affect ecosystem function (e.g., tunities to increase statistical signifi cance sponding system models that couple criti- tion to enhance chemical weathering and the cycling of water through ecosystems) dif- through replication. Conversely, the experi- cal zone hydrology, geo chemistry, geo- water- holding capacity. The average bedrock ferently. A classic example of these problems ment may be limited in its power to elu- morphology, and biology. This program slope will be of the order of 8º–12º to enable in ecosystem ecology is the “two-layer” veg- cidate how biology controls hydrological and facility provide a new opportunity to subsurface throughfl ow but minimize over- etation community in which shallow-rooted partitioning and subsurface structure if it advance understanding of critical zone land fl ow and erosion. Soil erosion modeling herbaceous plants stably coexist with more does not allow for separate treatments in processes through controlled large- scale indicated that these characteristics also will deeply rooted woody plants. By accessing dif- each bay (e.g., nonvascular, herbaceous, experimentation. minimize effects of surface runoff on soil loss ferent resource pools, this functionally diverse woody plants). Specifi cally, the Biosphere 2 and rill formation. Detailed hydrogeochemi- community is both ecologically robust and researchers are soliciting comments on Experimental Design cal modeling predicted that within 3 years hydrologically important, using the water the extent to which the experimental facili- of treatment, the basalt parent material will resource much more effectively than the sim- ties should be prioritized for replication Scientists working on this project are develop signifi cant changes in subsurface pler single-layer community. of the same treatments to enable stronger specifi cally pursuing an interdisciplinary structure, including pore size and particle Coupled- system modeling will help scien- inference or prioritized to maximize differ- approach to experimental design through size distributions that could potentially affect tists refi ne the experimental and instrumen- ent treatments to provide a wider range of cultivating a collaborative group that hydrologic fl ow paths. Accelerated structural tal design and generate cross-disciplinary responses. Feedback on the overall design includes representation from hydrology, geo- evolution is expected following introduction hypotheses that can be tested in the experi- or on the replication versus treatment issue morphology, soil geochemistry, atmospheric of vascular plants. ment. Modeling can be used to infer aspects can be sent to the authors. science, ecology, and genomics. Several of the system that are diffi cult to measure by planning workshops have already occurred Toward a Greater Understanding mass and energy balance, and will be criti- References (some of which were jointly supported by of the Critical Zone cal to improving the accuracy of forecasts the Hydrological Synthesis Center; http:// of landscape change in the real world. It Brantley, S. L., et al (2006), Frontiers in exploration c w a c e s. g e o g. u i u c. e d u /s y n t h e s i s /i n d e x. h t m l ) , A main goal of the experiments con- will be used in the experiment as part of a of the critical zone: An NSF sponsored workshop, and others are scheduled for the near future ducted on these hills will be to address “learning cycle” approach in which models report, 30 pp., Natl. Sci. Found., Arlington, Va. ( h t t p : / /w w w. b 2 s c i e n c e. o r g /e a r t h- h i l l s l o p e effectively the topics that integrate physi- are used to predict system response before National Research Council (2001), Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Sciences, Natl. Acad. Press, .html). A key focus to date has been on cal and biological processes. These include the experiment is run, and then the subse- Washington, D. C. quent experiments on a specifi c topic will Osmond, B., et al. (2004), Changing the way we be used to improve the model accuracy. think about global change research: Scaling Developing a process- based, coupled- system up in experimental ecosystem science, Global model is a formidable task. The approach Change Biol., 10, 393–407. will be to use existing models to the great- est extent possible and focus on model cou- —TRAVIS HUXMAN, PETER TROCH, JON CHORO- pling (e.g., Common Component Architec- VER, DAVID D. BRESHEARS, SCOTT SALESKA, JON ture; http://www . cca - forum . org/). PELLETIER, XUBIN ZENG, and JAVIER ESPELETA, While key elements of the design are Biosphere 2 Earth Science, University of Arizona, emerging, several factors require additional Tucson; E-mail: patroch@hwr . arizona . edu

120 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009 NEWS MEETINGS

administrator Lisa P. Jackson said. “We want In Brief to ensure the economic strength of our port U.S. and Chinese Scientists Discuss Water quality in U.S. wells More than cities at the same time that we take respon- the Ocean’s Response to Climate Change 20% of private domestic wells sampled sible steps to protect public health and the nationwide contain at least one contami- environment in the United States and across Climate Change and Coastal Oceans Workshop; nant at levels of potential health concern, the globe.” EPA led the U.S. effort to develop Qingdao, China, 26–28 October 2008 according to a study released on 27 March the proposal in coordination with federal by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). About partners including the National Oceanic A 3- day workshop was held in China to nearshore/coastal process studies, biogeo- 43 million people—or 15% of the U.S. pop- and Atmospheric Administration. Canada discuss coastal ocean processes, the bio- chemical process studies, and dynamical ulation—use drinking water from private coproposed the ECA proposal. For more geochemistry of large river- dominated downscaling of global climate change stud- wells, which are not regulated by the fed- i n f o r m a t i o n , v i s i t h t t p : / /w w w. e p a. g o v /o t a q / ocean margins ( RiOMars), and climate ies. The nearshore/ coastal task force was eral Safe Drinking Water Act. In sampling oceanvessels . htm. change and variability studies; to formulate led by Steven F. DiMarco (TAMU) and Hao about 2100 private wells in 48 states, USGS Geoengineering draft statement The a strategy for a joint venture to assess how Wei (TUST and OUC); the biogeochemi- scientists found that the contaminants most American Meteorological Society (AMS) has climate change has affected coastal oceans; cal task force was led by Thomas S. Bianchi frequently measured at concentrations of prepared a draft policy statement on geo- and to predict the ocean’s response to future ( TAMU), Zhinan Zhang (OUC), and Minhan potential health concern were inorganic engineering the climate system, which the change scenarios. The workshop, which Dai (XU); and the dynamical downscaling contaminants, including radon and arsenic, AMS Council is considering for approval. The brought together experts from Texas A&M task force was led by Ping Chang (TAMU) which are mostly derived from the natural statement notes, “Geo engineering will not University (TAMU) and fi ve Chinese uni- and Dexing Wu (OUC). The nearshore/ geologic materials that make up the aquifers substitute for either aggressive mitigation or versities and institutes—Ocean University coastal task force focused on studies of pro- from which well water is drawn. Nitrate was proactive adaptation. It could contribute to a of China ( OUC), Institute of Oceanology of cesses that control local marine environ- the most common inorganic contaminant comprehensive risk management strategy to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), mental hazards, such as hypoxia, in the two derived from anthropogenic sources that slow climate change and alleviate its nega- Xiamen University (XU), Tianjin University systems through analyses and model simu- was found at concentrations greater than the tive impacts, but the potential for adverse and of Science and Technology (TUST), and lations. The biogeochemical task force con- federal drinking water standard for public unintended consequences implies a need for East China Normal University (ECNU), high- centrated on characterizing the dominant water supplies (10 parts per million). Nitrate adequate research, appropriate regulation, lighted the similarities in topics important to past and recent changes in biogeochemi- was greater than the standard in about 4% of and transparent consideration.” The state- North America and Asia. cal processes in these RiOMars through sampled wells. “The results of this study are ment, if adopted, indicates that AMS recom- As indicated by the 2007 Intergovernmen- changes in the chemical composition and important because they show that a large mends enhanced research on the scientifi c tal Panel on Climate Change report, climate dynamics of dissolved and particulate mate- number of people may be unknowingly and technological potential for geoengineer- change imposes far-reaching challenges rials in the water column and sediments. affected,” said Matt Larsen, USGS associ- ing the climate system; additional study of the on society. This workshop focused on two The dynamical downscaling task force ate director for water. For more information, historical, ethical, legal, political, and societal large, river-dominated coastal environments: aimed at developing fi ne-resolution, regional v i s i t h t t p : / /w a t e r. u s g s. g o v /n a w q a /s t u d i e s / aspects of the geoengineering issues; and the the Mississippi-Atchafalaya system and the coupled climate models capable of resolv- domestic _ wells/. development and analysis of policy options Changjiang estuary. Numerous parallels ing mesoscale oceanic and atmospheric Reducing ship emissions along U.S. to promote transparency and international exist between the impacts of the Changjiang processes in these systems for assess- coastline The United States has called for cooperation in exploring geoengineering on the East China Sea and the Mississippi on ing future local impacts of global climate reducing harmful ship emissions by ask- options along with restrictions on reckless the Gulf of Mexico. These RiOMars are ideal change projections. Research proposals that ing the International Maritime Organization efforts to manipulate the climate system. AMS for examining the impacts of climate change support investigations on these topics are (IMO), a United Nations agency, to create a is accepting comments on the draft statement because they are characterized by large, being developed for both U.S. and Chinese 370- kilometer- wide emissions control area until 23 April. For more information, visit heavily populated watersheds in two coun- funding agencies by the task forces. (ECA) around the U.S. coastline, the U.S. h t t p : / /a m e t s o c. o r g /p o l i c y /d r a f t s t a t e m e n t s / tries that are important in determining the The workshop was cosponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) index . html # draft. human carbon footprint. The hydrology, bio- U.S. National Science Foundation, TAMU, announced on 30 March. IMO will begin Arctic change science plan The Inter- diversity, and geochemical characteristics of and OUC and is part of an ongoing initia- reviewing the proposal in July, and approval national Study of Arctic Change (ISAC) Draft these systems have been greatly infl uenced tive between TAMU and OUC that includes could occur as early as next year. Accord- Science Plan, which outlines an open-ended by land use and regional-scale climate offering a joint Ph.D. degree in oceanogra- ing to EPA, by 2020 the ECA would save up international research program and frame- change. Workshop participants reviewed phy. More detailed information concern- to 8300 American and Canadian lives every work for a comprehensive study of Arc- current progress in understanding physical ing the workshop can be found at http:// year by imposing stricter standards on oil tic environmental change, is available for and biogeochemical processes controlling g e o s c i e n c e s. t a m u. e d u /c l i m a t e /i n d e x. h t m l . tankers and other large ships. Under this review and comment through 1 May 2009. the two RiOMars, brainstormed challenges program, large ships that operate in ECAs The science plan provides background in developing a multidisciplinary system —STEVEN F. DIMARCO, Department of Ocean- would face stricter emissions standards that information on recent Arctic changes and capable of assessing and predicting impacts ography, Texas A&M University, College Station; would cut sulfur in fuel by 98%, particulate frames science questions to guide integrated of global climate change on these RiOMars, E-mail: sdimarco@tamu . edu; and DEXING WU, Col- matter emissions by 85%, and nitrogen oxide research. ISAC is an iterative program grow- and identifi ed a multifaceted approach to lege of Physical and Environmental Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China emissions by 80% from the current global ing from the successes of past Arctic science address these challenges. requirements. programs and those initiated during the The workshop established three collab- International Polar Year. For more informa- “This is an important, and long overdue, orative task forces to address key issues in Meetings cont. on page 122 step in our efforts to protect the air and tion, visit http://www . arcticchange . org/. water along our shores and the health of the people in our coastal communities,” EPA —RANDY SHOWSTACK, Staff Writer

GEOPHYSICISTS Honors Manik Talwani has received the 2009 Wiechert Medal for outstanding achieve- Roni Avissar has been appointed the ment in geophysics from the German Geo- new dean of the Rosenstiel School of physical Society (Deutsche Geophysika- Marine and Atmospheric Science at the lische Gesellschaft (DGG)). Talwani is University of Miami, Miami, Fla.; he begins president of the Integrated Ocean Drilling his post on 1 June. Avissar currently is a Program Management International (IODP- professor at the Pratt School of Engineer- MI) and Schlumberger Professor Emeritus at ing at Duke University, Durham, N. C. His Rice University, Houston, Tex. Talwani was research has ranged from climate model- cited for his development of widely used ing and atmospheric science to aerodynam- algorithms for forward modeling of potential ics and environmental engineering. Avis- fi elds and studies of continental margins and sar is editor of Earth Interactions, published mid- ocean ridges, for being team leader for jointly by AGU, the American Meteorologi- the only gravity measurements ever made on cal Society, and the Association of Ameri- the Moon, for his expertise in gravity gradi- can Geographers; he also is a member of ometry, and for his work related to heavy oil the Eos Editorial Advisory Board. and secondary hydrocarbon recovery.

121 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

Meetings During the meeting, participants consid- Fortunately, in the East African Rift Valley, cont. from page 121 ered four areas already under detailed con- where the largest number of fossils, homi- sideration by the steering committee for nin species, and artifacts have been recov- drilling: a northern Awash Pliocene depo- ered, fi ne-grained lake beds occur abun- Connecting Scientific Drilling and Human Evolution center (~3.8–2.9 million years old) in Ethio- dantly, not only below extant lakes but also Scientific Drilling for Human Origins: Exploring the Application pia; Plio-Pleistocene lake beds (~2.0–1.5 mil- in sequences now exposed on dry land. lion years old) in West Turkana, Kenya; and These lacustrine deposits, with their docu- of Drill Core Records to Understanding Hominin Evolution; Pleistocene/ Holocene lake beds (~1.2 mil- mented capacity to provide high- quality Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17–21 November 2008 lion years old to present) at Olorgesailie paleoclimate records, coupled with proxim- and Lake Magadi in southern Kenya. They ity to hominin fossil sites and excellent pres- How did environmental history, partic- and the U.S. National Science Foundation, also evaluated other areas suggested by the ervation of microfossils and biogeochemical ularly climate, affect the evolution of our brought together a diverse group of 60 Earth workshop participants (a call for additional materials compared with exposed outcrops, hominin ancestors and closely related spe- scientists, anthropologists, and archaeolo- site suggestions by the scientifi c community make for compelling drilling targets, con- cies? The formulation of testable hypothe- gists from 13 countries to develop a drilling is discussed in the full text of this meeting ference participants agreed. Through such ses about the climate-evolution connection plan for East African sedimentary basins report, available in the electronic supple- investigations, clues to the relationship is impeded by limited numbers of hominin where important fossil and stone tool discov- ment to this Eos issue (http://www . agu . org/ between earth history and human evolution specimens and the geographic and tempo- eries have been made. eos _ elec)). The workshop promoted lively may be revealed. ral gaps that characterize their fossil record. Sedimentary drill cores from both the discussions of potential science objectives, Additionally, knowledge of Earth’s environ- ocean basins surrounding Africa and as well as logistical and community out- —ANDREW COHEN, Department of Geosciences, mental history close to these fossil fi nds ancient lakes on the African continent reach considerations for drilling near homi- University of Arizona, Tucson; E-mail: cohen@email remains limited. Scientists interested in the have already proven useful in informing nin sites. .arizona . edu; and MOHAMMED UMER, Department problem currently make use of temporally the debate about paleoclimate and human Meeting participants assessed that the of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and geographically discontinuous outcrop evolution. Drill cores provide continuous new drilling campaign should seek to collect exposures at the fossil sites, and/or deep-sea records of climate history from a single the most valuable and immediately useful or lake paleoclimate records geographically location, unbroken by the vagaries of out- records, which would combine the positive distant from the hominin fossils, to address crop exposure. The fi ne-grained sediments attributes of completeness and high-quality the Earth history side of this equation. of both oceans and lakes preserve a wide preservation. In addition, participants rec- A workshop was held in Ethiopia to con- variety of fossil and geochemical archives, ognized that drilling should be prioritized sider how scientifi c drilling might improve allowing quantitative reconstructions of cli- to sedimentary basins where the fossils and our understanding of the connection mate and ecosystem history. When these artifacts have actually been found, target- between Earth history and human origins. sediments are derived from drill cores, they ing time intervals when important questions This workshop, funded by the International have not been exposed to the destructive can be asked regarding human evolutionary Continental Scientifi c Drilling Program effects of outcrop weathering. history.

the potential for isotopic measurements in What Can Water Vapor Reveal vapor, rain, and clouds to constrain atmo- spheric process models and help interpret About Past and Future Climate Change? isotopic evidence from past climates. AGU Chapman Conference on Water Vapor and Its Role in Climate; Remaining challenges include poor Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 20–24 October 2008 understanding of how and why heavy rains and droughts will change in a warmer world; mysterious trends during the past An AGU Chapman Conference on water the troposphere and stratosphere), and that 2 decades in near-surface wind, rainfall, and vapor was held in Hawaii with approxi- strong storms can inject signifi cant amounts evaporation; the acute need for better con- mately 120 attendees from nine countries. of water to as high as 21 kilometers above ceptual models of how convection interacts The meeting began with a keynote presen- sea level in the tropics, directly hydrating dynamically and microphysically with its tation on the hydrological cycle and cli- the stratosphere. Participants highlighted environment; and inadequate understanding mate change and continued with sessions the newly appreciated roles of both fron- of the processes determining isotopic com- on issues related to the upper troposphere/ tal boundaries (or other meso scale hetero- position. Finally, signifi cant worries were lower stratosphere region ( UT/LS), the inter- geneities) and ample water vapor through- raised concerning possible interruptions to actions of convection and water vapor, and out the troposphere in fostering storm U.S. microwave and infrared satellite moni- the behavior of water vapor on large scales initiation and development. These and toring due to program delays, and strate- and in future and past climates. other fi ndings have been facilitated by new gies were discussed for developing future The conference highlighted important observing techniques including radar and observing systems. advances in the scientifi c community’s light detection and ranging (lidar) absorp- For more on the discussion of future understanding since the previous Chapman tion, Global Positioning System (GPS) occul- observing systems, see the online supple- Conference on this subject, in 1999. Basic tation, several new satellite sensors, and ment to this Eos article (http:// www . agu . org/ understanding of the future hydrological newly homogenized humidity data sets. eos _elec/). cycle changes predicted by the current gen- A recurring theme was the rapid growth eration of numerical climate models has in the measurement and use of stable iso- —STEVEN C. SHERWOOD, Department of Geol- improved signifi cantly, owing to analyses of topes of water. There are now three satel- ogy and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project lites in orbit capable of observing deuterium Conn.; now at Climate Change Research Centre, phase 3 (CMIP3) archive of model outputs, ratios in atmospheric water vapor. A cam- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; E-mail: [email protected]; NATALIA helping to guide future research. Speakers paign begun just prior to the meeting, run- ANDRONOVA, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, also presented evidence of much weaker ning newly developed isotopic analyzers on and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann and stronger hydrological cycles at the Last Mauna Loa, had within 2 weeks obtained Arbor; ERIC FETZER, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Glacial Maximum (about 20,000 years ago) more in situ isotopic vapor data than all col- Pasadena, Calif.; and E. ROBERT KURSINSKI, Univer- and hot periods in the early Eocene (55 mil- lected previously. Several presenters noted sity of Arizona, Tucson lion to 33 million years ago), respectively. While no evidence was presented to ques- tion the anticipated positive feedback of water vapor on global warming, discussions noted the expectation of local changes in relative humidity in a warmer climate. The very low humidities observed in the subtropical troposphere are now quantifi - able to fi rst order by a simple advection- condensation theory. Observations now con- fi rm that supersaturation of water vapor over ice up to about 50% is common near the tropical tropopause (the boundary between

122 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS ABOUT AGU

■ 29 June to 1 July 2009 Adaptive Management Topics include lithosphere geodynamics and of Water Resources II, Snowbird, Utah, USA. continent- continent collision of the plateau; Shelly Receives 2008 Keiiti Aki Sponsor: American Water Resources Associa- geological evolution; mineral resource develop- tion (AWRA). (T. Meyer, P.O. Box 1626, Middle- ment; climatic and environmental changes and Young Scientist Award burg, VA 20118, USA; Tel.: +1- 540- 687- 8390; Fax: their mechanisms; responses and infl uences of land surface processes to global changes; and +1-540- 687- 8395; E-mail: info@awra . org; Web site: David R. Shelly received the 2008 Keiiti Aki Young Scientist Award at the 2008 AGU Fall h t t p : / /w w w. a w r a. o r g /m e e t i n g s /S n o w B i r d 2 0 0 9 / ) resources, the environment, and socioeconomic Goals of the conference include developing a development in the plateau region. Meeting Honors Ceremony, held 17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recog- consensus on basic adaptive management terms nizes the scientific accomplishments of a junior scientist who makes outstanding contribu- and concepts and what constitutes a success- ■ 15–17 September 2009 Third Johnston-Lavis tions to the advancement of seismology. ful adaptive management. The conference will Colloquium: Climate Forcing of Geological explore the theoretical basis; the legal, policy, and Geomorphological Hazards, London, and socioeconomic drivers; and the practical United Kingdom. Sponsors: Aon Benfi eld UCL Citation aspects of designing and implementing scientifi - (University College London) Hazard Research cally based but practical adaptive management Centre (ABUHRC); British Geological Survey; David R. Shelly has emerged as one of programs. Topics include climate change adapta- British Antarctic Survey; others. (W. McGuire, tion; framing scientifi cally credible adaptive man- Tel.: +44-0- 20- 7679- 3449; E-mail: w. mcguire@ seismology’s young stars. He has had an agement projects and programs; science- based ucl . ac . uk; Web site: http://www. abuhrc . org/ impact on the fi eld of seismology that is all monitoring, data, tools, technology, and methods; n e w s m e d i a /P a g e s /e v e n t_ v i e w. a s p x? e v e n t= 5 ) out of proportion to his age due to his work and linking science with policy and decision- Session topics include past climate change on deep, nonvolcanic tremor. It is no exag- making arenas. and geological and geomorphological hazards, geration to state that David’s work revolu- feedback effects and climate modification, ■ 16–17 July 2009 Arctic System Model Work- short- timescale drivers of geological and geo- tionized our understanding of this newly shop III: International Collaboration in Arctic morphological hazards, and climate change discovered seismic source—a remarkable System Modeling, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. forcing of geological and geomorphological accomplishment for a Ph.D. student. Sponsors: International Arctic Research Center; hazards. Abstract deadline is 6 July. Center for the Study and Simulation of the Cli- During a summer spent at the University of Tokyo, David studied low- frequency earth- mate at the Regional Level; Swedish Meteorologi- ■ cal and Hydrologic Institute; others. (L. P. Caron, 4–7 October 2009 33rd Annual Meeting of quakes (LFEs), which were discovered by International Arctic Research Center and Arctic the Geothermal Resources Council, Reno, Nevada, USA. Sponsor: Geothermal Resources scientists in Japan. LFEs are small and occur Region Supercomputing Center; E- mail: lpcaron@ almost exclusively during periods of tremor. sca . uqam . ca; Web site: http:// www . iarc . uaf . edu/ Council (GRC). (R. Manion, GRC, P.O. Box 1350, w o r k s h o p s /2 0 0 9 /a r c t i c _s y s t e m_ m o d e l_ 0 9 / ) Davis, CA 95617-1350, USA; Tel.: +1-530- 758- 2360; He discovered that LFEs occur on the plate This meeting will address international develop- E-mail: grc@geothermal . org; Web site: http://www interface, and concluded that they repre- ment plans for the Arctic system. Topics include .g e o t h e r m a l. o r g /m e e t. h t m l ) sent plate-boundary slip. David subsequently interaction with global modeling projects; the cur- Topics include enhanced geothermal systems, geology, geophysics, geochemistry, reservoir demonstrated that tremor under the island David R. Shelly rent state of Arctic system models and development of Shikoku consists of a swarm of LFEs. His plans; the coordination of the analysis of the main engineering, drilling and construction, climate defi ciencies in models; sharing development plans change, resource assessment, and power opera- work made sense out of signals that had Response for Arctic hydrology, ecosystems, and the cryo- tion and management. defi ed interpretation. Before David’s work, sphere; and the collaborative needs for biogeochem- tremor mechanisms focused on a coupling ■ I am extremely honored to be presented ical model development and intercomparison. 18–21 October 2009 Geological Society of of fl uid movement to the solid Earth, but he America 2009 Annual Meeting, Portland, with an award named for Keiiti Aki, who ■ 11–14 August 2009 Fifth International Oregon, USA. Sponsor: Geological Society demonstrated that tremor in Japan, and pre- profoundly infl uenced the fi eld of seismol- Symposium on Tibetan Plateau and 24th of America. (P. Fistell, 3300 Penrose P., Boul- sumably elsewhere, is generated by shear ogy in many ways. Aki’s contributions serve Himalaya-Karakorum- Tibet Workshop, Bei- der, CO 80301, USA; Tel.: +1- 303- 357- 1044; Fax: slip. His result stands as a true research as a reminder of the power of combining jing, China. Sponsors: Chinese Academy of Sci- +1-303- 357- 1070; E-mail: pfi stell@ geosociety . org; breakthrough that may have more generally theory, observation, and scientifi c vision. I ences ( CAS); Institute of Geology, Chinese Acad- W e b s i t e : h t t p : / /w w w. g e o s o c i e t y. o r g /m e e t i n g s / important implications for the earthquake emy of Geological Sciences ( IGCAGS); Institute 2009/) would especially like to acknowledge Greg of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources The conference, whose theme is “From Vol- process because tremor has now been dis- Beroza (my Ph.D. advisor) and Satoshi Ide Research; others. (L. Zhu, Institute of Tibetan Pla- canoes to Vineyards: Living With Dynamic covered in diverse tectonic environments. (collaborator and summer host at University teau Research, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian Dis- Landscapes,” includes more than 160 sessions In subsequent work, David documented of Tokyo), without whom the work for which trict, Beijing 100085, China; Tel.: +86-10- 62849386; on a wide variety of geoscience topics, fi eld rapid migration and strong tidal triggering I am receiving this award would not have F a x : + 8 6 -1 0 -6 2 8 4 9 8 8 6 ; E - m a i l : l p z h u @i t p c a s. a c. c n ; trips, courses, and exhibits. Abstract deadline is of tremor. These, too, are important results. W e b s i t e : h t t p : / /w w w. i t p c a s. a c. c n /5 i s t p_ 2 4 h k t ) 11 August. been possible. A young scientist could not Most recently, he reported the discovery of hope to have better mentors. a horizontal streak of tremor on the deep The explosion of available data, espe- extension of the San Andreas Fault. cially continuous seismic data, makes this David has a knack for identifying impor- an exciting time to be an observational seis- tant problems, is creative in solving them, mologist. Many recent discoveries, such as and has a talent for extracting subtle infor- those related to deep nonvolcanic tremor, mation from immense volumes of data. are direct products of this investment in high- He has the potential to become one of the quality recording networks. I look forward to world’s leaders in observational seismology. using this data in the future to work toward For all of these reasons he is a worthy recipi- unlocking some of the mysteries of earth- ent of the inaugural Keiiti Aki Young Scien- quakes and related deformation processes. tist Award from the Seismology section of AGU. —DAVID R. SHELLY, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. —GREGORY C. BEROZA, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. About AGU cont. on page 124 To advertise in Eos, visit www.agu.org/pubs/eosadinfo.html

123 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

About AGU applications of magnetic fabrics and paleo- cont. from page 123 magnetism to solving structural and tecton- ics problems, and the fundamentals of rock and mineral magnetism and its application Lagroix Receives 2008 William Gilbert Award to loess and other sedimentary systems, respectively. France Lagroix received the William Gilbert Award at the 2008 AGU Fall Meeting Honors The years spent at Lakehead Univer- Ceremony, held 17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding sity (Thunder Bay, Canada), fi rst as an and unselfish work in magnetism of Earth materials and of the Earth and planets. undergraduate (1993–1997), then as a mas- ter’s student (1997–1999), and fi nally as a Citation Dr. Lagroix have opened a new fi eld not research associate (1999–2000), served only for decoding Alaska’s paleoclimate but to build a solid foundation of geology, It’s a great pleasure to be able to say a few also [for yielding] the potential for global enabling my growth as a critical thinker. words about this year’s recipient of the Wil- paleoclimate reconstruction since loess is And the years spent at the University of liam Gilbert Award, France Lagroix. She is a the most frequent rock type on the surface Minnesota (Minneapolis) preparing my former student at the Institute for Rock Mag- of continents.” doctoral dissertation (2000–2004) were netism, so we had a front-row seat as she France moved on to the Institut de Phy- enriching, bringing depth with respect to my understanding of mineral magnetism developed from a bright graduate student sique du Globe de Paris, where she has France Lagroix to an accomplished geophysicist. At Minne- assembled a multi-institutional rock magne- and breadth as a geoscientist. Since 2004, sota, France studied magnetic anisotropy tism group that brings together rock mag- Response as a research scientist at the Institut de Phy- in windblown loess from Alaska to extract netists and condensed matter physicists to sique du Globe de Paris (France), efforts paleoclimate records of regional wind direc- study the magnetism of iron oxide nanopar- I would like to thank, fi rst, my peers, have been fruitful in establishing new tions over the past 130,000 years. France ticles. Already in her young career, France’s who deemed that the scientifi c contribu- experimental platforms aimed at further- may not have been the fi rst to discover mag- research places her in an elite group of new tions I have made so far were worthy of a ing, in the years to come, our understand- netic anisotropy in loess deposits, but in her rock magnetists destined to be the future nomination, and second, the AGU Geomag- ing and solving remaining questions in the typically proactive manner she estimated leaders of our discipline. She is breaking new netism and Paleomagnetism award com- fi eld of mineral and rock magnetism and errors that could compromise the original grounds of research in the application of mittee for honoring these works with the its numerous geological and geophysical anisotropy record, and then developed mag- magnetism to broad Earth science questions, 2008 William Gilbert Award. I have had, applications. netic techniques to recognize and correct is demonstrating how mutual collaboration is and continue to have, the privilege of work- Finally, to my colleagues and friends and for them. She further sampled and studied the essential ingredient for frontier research ing with scientists who are truly passionate to my family, your encouragement, under- over 4000 hand samples to isolate statisti- in Earth sciences today, and is most deserv- about science. Their dedication to fi nding standing, and support make possible balanc- cally signifi cant changes in anisotropy rep- ing of the 2008 William Gilbert Award. answers to unsolved questions is, to say the ing the various facets of life. resenting changes in wind directions in least, infectious. A healthy dose of chance Alaska when glacial climates gave way to —BRUCE M. MOSKOWITZ and SUBIR K. BANERJEE, and opportunity led me to the two advi- interglacials. One of her letter writers states, Institute for Rock Magnetism, Department of Geology sors and mentors, Graham J. Borradaile and —FRANCE LAGROIX, Institut de Physique du Globe “These observations and interpretations of and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Subir K. Banerjee, who introduced me to the de Paris, Paris, France

complicated and not prone to reveal- Carlson Receives 2008 Norman L. Bowen Award ing their solution easily, and certainly not without extensive debate and discussion Richard W. Carlson received the Norman L. Bowen Award at the 2008 AGU Fall Meeting with others working in the fi eld. Receiv- Honors Ceremony, held 17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes out- ing an award like the Bowen provides the standing contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology. great joy of knowing that the body of work done has made a positive impression on Citation papers on the formation of early Earth res- my esteemed colleagues in the VGP com- ervoirs and dating of the oldest terrestrial munity. Of course, my research is greatly This year’s recipient of the Norman L. rocks have had huge impacts on the fi eld of aided by working at a place like the Carn- Bowen Award is Richard W. Carlson, of the geochemistry. egie Institution of Washington, where an Carnegie Institution of Washington. Carl- Carlson has shown strong professional enlightened administration only interferes son’s scientifi c career was launched at Uni- leadership. He has run large, multiyear, when necessary, but otherwise provides versity of California, San Diego, where he multinational, multidisciplinary continental the resources and support that give their helped establish the utility of the samarium- dynamics projects with huge seismological staff an unfair advantage in the research neodymium isotopic system by using it in components. He has given signifi cant pub- arena. The Department of Terrestrial Mag- three very important ways: lunar and mete- lic service to AGU and the Geochemical netism (DTM) also is blessed with a great oritic cosmochronology, mid-ocean ridge Society and has served as a most effi cient group of colleagues and a strong postdoc- basalt heterogeneity, and the origin of fl ood and thorough editor at Earth and Planetary Richard W. Carlson toral program. There is no question that I basalts. Carlson has since worked at the Science Letters. Above all, he has been an have benefi ted greatly from my association Department of Terrestrial Magnetism where exceptional research staff colleague. collaboration. I would like to thank those with the many creative and hardworking he helped develop some of the petrologic Modern petrology has become more who nominated me, the Bowen Com- postdocs, students, and visiting scientists uses of important isotopic systems such as diverse since Bowen’s day and includes mod- mittee, the Volcanology, Geochemis- who have spent time in the DTM laborato- 147 143 146 142 Sm- Nd, Pd- Ag, Re- Os, and Sm- Nd. eling, geodynamics and seismic imaging, try, and Petrology (VGP) section, and ries. I am particularly grateful to my wife, Carlson deserves the Bowen Award trace elements, stable isotopes, and long- and AGU for affording me this much appreci- Sonia, with whom I share tales of the day’s because he has shown how to combine iso- short-lived radiogenic isotopes. Perhaps more ated honor. Scientific research is a pur- events, and also benefi t from her insight topes, trace elements, and planetary physics than that of any recipient to date, Carlson’s suit that provides mostly private rewards and expertise on the petrogenesis of the with petrology to address large- scale geo- research exemplifi es this diversity. through the thrill of discovery. In fact, at many funny named alkalic rock types that chemical and cosmochemical problems. least in my experience, the more impor- I’ve analyzed. I sincerely thank the VGP He has made important contributions in —STEVEN B. SHIRLEY, Carnegie Institution of tant the findings one produces, the more community for providing the scientifi c Washington, Washington, D. C. very different areas: early solar system cos- flack one receives from peers. But this is forum for my career, and for this award. mochronology, mantle geochemistry, mag- the aspect of Earth science that I find par- mas as tracers of mantle processes, Archean Response ticularly appealing—that the problems we —RICHARD W. CARLSON, Carnegie Institution of mantle lithospheric evolution, crustal evo- try to solve are fundamental, and hence Washington, Washington, D. C. lution of the western United States, and iso- Thank you for the kind words, Steve, and topic techniques. Two of his most recent especially for the many years of enjoyable

New Editors Appointed for Sections of Journal of Geophysical Research

New editors have been appointed for the Berkeley) is taking the baton from Diane Atmospheres, Biogeosciences, and Oceans McKnight, the journal’s founding editor. sections of the Journal of Geophysical The newly appointed editor in chief for the Research (JGR). Oceans section is Frank Bryan (NCAR, Boul- Joost de Gouw (NOAA, Boulder, Colo.) der, Colo.). Joining him as editors are Des and Renyi Zhang (Texas A&M, College Barton (Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Station) are fi lling the vacancies of retir- Vigo, Spain), Miguel Goñi (Oregon State Uni- ing Atmospheres section editors John Aus- versity, Corvallis), Harvey Seim (University tin and Jose Fuentes. De Gouw and Zhang of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and Chun- join the continuing editors Steven Ghan zai Wang (NOAA, Miami, Fla.). Editors Bruno and Yinon Rudich. Sara Pryor (Indiana Uni- Tremblay and Robert Weisberg are continu- versity, Bloomington) is joining the Atmo- ing, while Jim Kirby (the current editor in spheres section editorial board as an associ- chief) and Ragu Murtugudde are retiring. ate editor now; she will transition to editor in The new editors of all sections will begin January 2010. receiving submissions immediately. The incom- For the Biogeosciences section, Den- ing editorial boards wish to thank the outgoing nis Baldocchi (University of California, editors, who will assist during the transition.

124 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

underground neutrino detector in Soudan, Min- measurement methods based on particle size AGU JOURNAL nesota, with upper air temperature data from may underestimate the impact of soot aging on the European Centre for Medium Range Weather clouds. Because sulfuric acid, a pollutant and the HIGHLIGHTS Forecasts during the winters from 2003 to 2007. driving agent in acid rain, is increasing in the at- They found a strong positive correlation between mosphere due to industrial activities, the authors Vortex circulation on Venus: Dynamical simi- NOx, itself a pollutant, controls the production muon rate and temperature. For instance, muon expect that this mechanism of water absorption larities with terrestrial hurricanes At cloud- of ozone, which in turn is a greenhouse gas and rate and temperature showed a sharp rise and fall by acid- coated soot signifi cantly infl uences cloud – top level, Venus’s entire atmosphere circles the a pollutant at ground levels. NO3 contributes over a period of about 2 weeks in February 2005, formation. (Journal of Geophysical Research- planet in just about 4 Earth days, much faster to the load of atmospheric particulate matter corresponding to a sudden stratospheric warm- Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2008JD010595, 2009) than the solid planet rotates. Despite this “super- and, along with sulfate, to acid rain. Despite ef- ing event. If other underground detectors show rotation,” some dynamical and morphological forts to regulate and monitor emissions, NOx matching effects, the authors suggest that the Coral reefs may start dissolving when atmo- – similarities exist between the vortex organiza- and NO3 burdens in the atmosphere are in- correlation between muon rate and upper air spheric carbon dioxide doubles Increasing tion in the atmospheres of Venus’s northern and creasing in many regions. To learn more, Morin temperature raises the possibility that cosmic levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are southern hemispheres and tropical cyclones and et al. studied the stable isotopic composition ray muon data could potentially be useful for known to result in reduced coral calcifi cation. hurricanes on Earth. First detected by the Pio- of nitrate within aerosol samples that were col- calibrating long- term temperature trends or in- This occurs because CO2 alters ocean chemistry neer Venus Orbiter near the northern pole and lected along a shipborne transect in the lower dependently measuring meteorological condi- and decreases aragonite saturation by contrib- recently by the Venus Express orbiter around the atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean from 65ºS tions. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/ uting to ocean acidifi cation. As the aragonite southern pole, an S-shaped feature in the center to 79ºN. They found that in nonpolar regions, 2008GL036359, 2009) saturation decreases, corals precipitate their of the vortices on Venus is also known to occur nitrate derived from anthropogenically emit- skeletons (composed of calcium carbonate) at in Earth’s tropical cyclones. Using an idealized ted NOx had isotopic properties that were dis- Atmospheric sulfuric acid helps soot par- a slower rate. Silverman et al. predicted the fu- nonlinear and nondivergent barotropic model, Li- tinct from locations influenced by natural NOx ticles become more effective cloud conden- ture rate of global decline in the calcifi cation maye et al. were able to show that these S-shaped sources. Further, air masses exposed to snow- sation nuclei Carbon soot aerosols from com- of coral reefs resulting from rising sea surface features are the manifestations of barotropic in- covered areas have low nitrogen isotopic ratios, bustion of fossil fuels and forest fi res directly temperature and ocean acidifi cation. Unlike pre- stability. They found that similar to the S shapes showing that snowpack emissions of NOx from infl uence the Earth- atmosphere heat balance by vious studies, which used results of laboratory seen in tropical cyclones, the S shapes in Venus’s upwind regions can have a significant effect on absorbing sunlight. Fresh soot particles repel wa- experiments, the authors used measurements vortices are transient. Given the challenges in the local surface budget of reactive nitrogen. ter and hence have little effect on properties and made on natural coral reefs located in the Red measuring the deep circulation of Venus’s atmo- (Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres , lifetimes of clouds. As soot particles age, they are Sea to develop relationships between coral reef sphere, the authors expect that the morphologi- doi:10.1029/2008JD010696, 2009) thought to undergo a weathering process that al- calcifi cation, temperature, carbonate ion con- cal similarities between vortices on Earth and Ve- lows them to absorb water, potentially transform- centrations, and live coral cover. Using these re- nus might help scientists better understand Sudden stratospheric warming events seen ing particles into cloud condensation nuclei. To lationships, they found that most coral reefs are atmospheric superrotation on Venus and guide with cosmic ray muon data When high-energy learn more about how soot develops an affi nity already calcifying more slowly than during pre- future observations. (Geophysical Research Let- cosmic rays interact with molecules in the atmo- for water, Khalizov et al. examined the proper- industrial times. Further, when atmospheric CO2 ters, doi:10.1029/2008GL036093, 2009) sphere, they produce muons, negatively charged ties of soot aerosols exposed to gaseous sulfuric reaches 560 parts per million (double the pre- elementary particles that can be detected at acid. They found that although fresh soot does industrial level), the authors predict that all coral Atmospheric nitrate in the Atlantic Ocean ground level or underground. The rate of these not change if exposed to air below water satura- reefs are likely to stop growing and start dissolv- boundary layer from 65ºS to 79ºN Nitrogen muons measured by underground detectors tion levels, soot particles exposed to sulfuric acid ing. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/ oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere, which are has been found to correlate strongly with tem- increase in mass when relative humidity rises be- 2008GL036282, 2009) produced by lightning, biomass burning, and perature changes in the upper air. Osprey et al. cause the acid- coated soot absorbs water. An in- soil outgassing, are converted into atmospheric compared cosmic ray muon rates from the Main crease in particle mass is often accompanied by – nitrate (NO3 ) through oxidation reactions. Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) a decrease in size, suggesting that conventional —ERNIE TRETKOFF and MOHI KUMAR, Staff Writers

Requires - Position prefers a Ph.D. in Geography, We seek a Research Associate to investigate Environmental Studies, Atmospheric Science, or interactions between climate and air quality in the related fields. Applicant should have experience GFDL chemistry-climate model, a fully coupled CLASSIFIED analyzing satellite-based remote sensing data atmosphere-ocean-ice-land GCM including strato- (Earth surface and/or atmosphere). Additional spheric and tropospheric (aerosol and gas-phase) experience with handling data from numerical chemistry. This work is expected to be conducted weather prediction models will be considered a in close collaboration with scientists at NASA God- ADVERTISING INFORMATION plus. Desired computational experience includes dard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and represents knowledge of FORTRAN and/or C, as well as IDL, a joint effort between GSFC and GFDL to improve Eos is published every Tuesday. For a classified or display advertisement to be published in a future issue of ENVI or other image processing software and of climate-air quality simulations in the current gen- Eos, electronic copy must reach us by 7:00 P.M., Eastern Time, 9 days prior (Sunday) to publication. tools that handle data stored in HDF and GRIB for- eration of chemistry-climate models. The candidate No cancellations accepted after deadline. mats. Selection is contingent upon obtaining God- should have a strong interest in identifying con- dard security clearance and possessing appropriate straints on relationships between air quality (ozone Ads with “Reply by” deadlines that are less than 14 days from the publication date will not be accepted. visa status to meet requirements for employment. and aerosols) and meteorology available from For best consideration, submit a cover letter in-situ measurements and satellites over recent Display and in-column advertising specs, pricing, and submission guidelines can be found online at (indicating position # GEST 2436) a complete curric- decades, and using those constraints to evaluate www.agu .org/pubs/eosadinfo.html. ulum vitae, home address, visa status (if applicable) and improve the simulation of interannual variabili- and names and telephone numbers of three refer- ty and trends. The GFDL model includes a dynamic AGU has a nondiscrimination and freedom-of-access policy. All advertisers must attest to nondiscrimination regarding recruiting, hiring, and promoting. AGU acknowledges that citizenship can be recognized as a ences by April 30, 2009 (application materials for this vegetation model, enabling exploration of impacts legitimate requirement for some positions. position will be accepted until position is filled) to: from the biosphere on air quality (e.g., fires, biogen- Dr. Ray Hoff, Director, GEST, University of Maryland, ic emissions, land-use). A major endeavor will be E-mail: advertising@agu .org Phone: +1-202-777-7536 Facsimile: +1-202-777-7399 Baltimore County, Suite 320, 5523 Research Park to compare changes in regional air quality (includ- Drive, Baltimore, MD 21228. GEST partners are Equal ing over the United States) projected for the next “Positions Available” and “Student Opportunities” are updated every Tuesday and listed on our Web site, Employment/Affirmative Action employers. century under several scenarios (e.g., IPCC-AR5) accessible to AGU members. for changes in climate and emissions of trace gases www.agu .org Research Associate Position, University of and aerosols and to identify key processes control- Maryland, Baltimore County, Goddard Earth ling how air quality responds to climate. Sciences and Technology (Gest) Center. Sub- Requirements - The position requires a Ph.D. in POSITIONS AVAILABLE recommendation, a statement of research interests, ject to funding approval, the Goddard Earth Sci- Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric Chemistry, or a CV (1 page) and, if from a non-English-speaking ences and Technology Center (GEST) will make related fields. Experience in numerical modeling Atmospheric Sciences country, also a TOEFL score (Test of English as a Research Faculty appointments at the Research and/or data analysis of in-situ measurements and Foreign Language). The application is to be sent to: Associate, Assistant Research Scientist, Associate satellite products is highly desirable. Computing Assistant Professor Position. Lulea University of Cherlyn Young, Department Secretary, Depart- Research Scientist, and Senior Research Scientist skills such as programming in Fortran, IDL or other Technology is recruiting a new assistant professor ment of Meteorology, University of Hawai`i at levels as commensurate with experience. GEST is a visualization software would be an asset. For post- (forskarassistent) for the Satellite Atmospheric Sci- Manoa, 2525 Correa Road, HIG 350, Honolulu, HI Cooperative Agreement between the University of ing to the GFDL location, the candidate must be a ence working group in Kiruna, Sweden. 96822-2219, USA (email: cherlyn@ hawaii .edu; Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) and the NASA U.S. Citizen or Permanent Resident. For posting to a The research direction is not fixed, but should Tel: (+1) 808 956-8775; Fax: (+1) 808 956 2877). Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to collaborate location at GSFC or UMBC, selection is contingent have a strong synergy with the group’s ongoing More details are given at http://www . hawaii in research programs in the Earth, Information, and upon obtaining Goddard security clearance and activities. Particularly welcome are applications .edu/ graduatestudies/ admissions/ html/ admissions Instrumentation sciences. GEST is a Consortium possessing appropriate visa status to meet require- in the areas of radiative transfer modeling, climate .htm, about how to apply. A GRE (Graduate Record whose members include UMBC, Hampton Uni- ments for employment. modeling, and remote sensing of humidity, clouds, Examination) score would be an advantage for the versity, Howard University, and Caelum Research For best consideration, submit a cover letter and precipitation. application. Applications ought to arrive before Corporation. Positions will generally be located (indicating position #613-106-362) a complete cur- We offer an open and friendly work environ- 20 April 2009. Applicants may have any nationality. either at GSFC or at the offices of one of the con- riculum vitae, home address, visa status (if appli- ment with a strong focus on research. For more It is anticipated that this PhD course of research sortium members. More than one candidate may cable) and names and telephone numbers of three details on the positions, the expected applicant will begin in August 2009, though other starting be chosen for some positions. All candidates must references by April 30, 2009 (application materials profiles, and the application procedure, see http:// dates can be negotiated. The available funding will have degrees in an appropriate physical discipline for this position will be accepted until position is www.sat.ltu.se. We value diversity, so candidates cover the tuition fees and stipend (11-month salary and a demonstrated research record in accordance filled) to: Dr. Ray Hoff, Director, GEST, University belonging to minorities are particularly encouraged of $18761, at 50% time) for at least 3 years. with the specific qualifications listed for each of the of Maryland, Baltimore County, Suite 320, 5523 to apply. The application deadline is April 30, 2009. Please contact Dr Vaughan Phillips (vaughanp@ following positions: 613-106-362 Research Activity: Research Park Drive, Baltimore, MD 21228. GEST hawaii.edu; Tel.: 808 956 3636) for more information Impact of climate on air quality. partners are Equal Employment/Affirmative Action Mechanisms of Aerosol Indirect Effects on on this research project. A post-doctoral Research Associate position employers. Glaciated Clouds. A PhD Graduate Research is available through the University of Maryland, Assistantship for at least 3 years is available at the Research Scientist Position, University of Baltimore County Goddard Earth Sciences and Lecturer in Atmospheric Sciences, University Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii at Maryland, Baltimore County Goddard Earth Technology (GEST) Center. It is expected that the of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department Manoa (UHM), USA. Sciences and Technology (GEST) Center. successful candidate will be posted to work at the of Atmospheric Sciences. Primary responsibil- The influence of aerosols on clouds is important Subject to funding approval, the Goddard Earth National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ity of this position is instruction of undergraduate for atmospheric radiation and climate change. The Sciences and Technology Center (GEST) will make (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory goal of this project is to investigate the physical Research Faculty appointments at the Research (GFDL) in Princeton, N.J. Classified cont. on page 126 mechanisms for impacts from anthropogenic emis- Associate, Assistant Research Scientist, Associate sions of soluble and insoluble aerosol on glaciated Research Scientist, and Senior Research Scientist clouds in mesoscale systems. This will improve our levels as commensurate with experience. GEST is a understanding of the linkage between aerosol chem- Cooperative Agreement between the University of istry and cold clouds in regions of deep convection. Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) and the NASA Hypotheses to be tested include the notion that extra Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to collaborate soot and dust nucleates more ice in mixed-phase in research programs in the Earth, Information, and clouds, intensifying the ice process of precipitation Instrumentation sciences. GEST is a Consortium production and potentially changing their phase and whose members include UMBC, Hampton Uni- lifetime (the glaciation indirect effect). versity, Howard University, and Caelum Research To achieve this, the PhD student will use data Corporation. Positions will generally be located from aircraft, satellite and ground-based platforms either at GSFC or at the offices of one of the con- at two observational sites from the Atmospheric sortium members. More than one candidate may Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program to validate be chosen for some positions. All candidates must simulations with the aerosol-cloud model at UHM. have degrees in an appropriate physical discipline The model will allow aerosol impacts on entire and a demonstrated research record in accordance mesoscale systems of cold clouds to be explored with the specific qualifications listed for each of the on the scales of 100s of kilometers. The existing following positions: aerosol-cloud model will be extended to treat the GEST 2436 Research Activity: Algorithm Evalua- morphology of ice particles in more detail. tion and Development for Satellite Cloud Detection Requirements: a degree in a relevant field and Avoidance. (Physics, Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology, Envi- A Research Associate/Research Assistant posi- ronmental Sciences, Chemistry). Previous research tion is available for studies on cloud detection and experience (e.g. from a Masters degree) and famil- avoidance using high resolution satellite data in iarity with programming in a UNIX environment conjunction with satellite cloud climatologies and would be desirable, though not essential. cloud forecasts from weather prediction numerical This position will be supervised by Dr Vaughan models. The objective of the research is to evaluate Phillips at the Department of Meteorology, Univer- and/or develop algorithms that optimize cloud-free sity of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, USA (http:// scene acquisitions with the future Landsat Data w w w. s o e s t. h a w a i i. e d u /M E T /m e t_ f a c u l t y. h t m ) . Continuity Mission. Rank of appointment is depen- To apply, the Department requests 3 letters of dent upon education and experience.

125 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

information can be found at: http://udel.edu/ be involved in numerical studies related with Classified ~inamdar/. circulation states in the western Mediterranean cont. from page 125 (as a laboratory ocean) in order to establish the Postdoctoral Research Position in Hydrol- relevance of the variability in the atmospheric courses in atmospheric sciences at the 100- to spend significant time at JPL working closely with ogy, McMaster University, Canada. Appli- forcing, mesoscale dynamics and mean flow 300-level. Classes currently include Introduction related satellite science teams. cations are invited for postdoctoral research interactions. Skills with data assimilation from to Meteorology, Severe and Hazardous Weather, Applicants should have a recent Ph.D. in atmo- position in Hydrologic Data Assimilation. different in situ and remote platforms will be Weather Analysis, Weather Forecasting, and spheric science or a closely related field. A strong Successful applicant will work on developing preferable. The candidate will join a group work- Mesoscale Meteorology. For complete position background in atmospheric chemistry and trans- data assimilation algorithms for integrated ing in, 1. Global change scenarios in the Medi- information please visit our website: www.atmos port modeling and/or satellite data analysis is desir- hydrologic modeling at the catchment scale. A terranean and their impact on the inter-annual .uiuc.edu. To ensure full consideration, application able. Experience with either CMAQ, WRF-Chem, Ph.D. in hydrology, meteorology, or engineering variability of the ecosystem. 2. High resolution materials (vita, teaching philosophy, and names or global CTMs like GEOS-Chem is a plus. The is required at the time of appointment. Exper- observations at sub-basin scale (gliders and and contact information of 3 references) must be appointment is contingent upon completion of the tise with variational methods, Kalman filter or altimetry data). 3. Very high resolution numerical received by April 30, 2009. Send application materials Ph.D. The positions are awarded initially for a one- Bayesian filtering will be an asset. The position models at basin scale. (including an email address) to: year period and may be renewed in one-year incre- is offered initially for one-year period and may The candidate will participate in several proj- Prof. Robert Robert M. Rauber ments. The positions are available immediately. be renewed for one additional year. The annual ects identifying past (40 years re-analysis) and Department Head Interested candidates should send their curricu- salary is $CAD40,000 plus additional funding for future (IPCC based) scenarios and addressing ATTN: DAS Lecturer Search lum vitae and a list of three references to: Qinbin Li, conference travel expenses. the interactions resulting from the convergence Department of Atmospheric Sciences Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, Applicants should send a CV, brief statement of between the in owing lighter Modied Atlantic Water 105 S. Gregory Street University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), research experience, and contact information of (MAW) and denser Mediterranean Water in the Urbana, IL 61801 7127 Mathematical Sciences Bldg., Los Angeles, three references to [email protected] by April Eastern Alboran area. ([email protected]) CA 90095-1565. (Email: [email protected]; web: 30th 2009. Review of applications will continue Moreover candidate will study the contribution Illinois is an AA-EOE. http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~qli). until suitable candidate is found. of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale interdisciplinary University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is processes (reaching 1 km horizontal resolution at Position Announcement at the Laboratory for an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. Director, Center for Watershed Science, Uni- basin scale) to 3d upper ocean inter-annual vari- Environmental Physics, UGA. The University Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. versity of Illinois Institute of Natural Resource ability specifically considering the relevance of of Georgia Atmospheric Biogeosciences program Sustainability Division of Illinois State Water eddy induced vertical motions and open ocean- (Laboratory for Environmental Physics) has an Biogeosciences Survey. Overview: The Illinois State Water Survey coastal exchanges processes. opening for a post-doctoral associate (renewable within the Institute of Natural Resource Sustainabil- Interested applicants should send a CV together yearly) and a PhD student. Associate Engineer-University of Arizona. The ity at the University of Illinois is seeking a full-time with 20 lines description of future interests to: Post-doctoral position Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Director of the Center for Watershed Science. The [email protected]. Salary: range between 35.000 and The successful applicant has a Ph.D. degree and Biosphere 2 seek a creative engineer with Director will lead a very successful and productive 45.000 Euros/year depending on previous experi- in atmospheric sciences or in a related field. background in design, construction, deployment watershed science center covering research, data ence and results obtained. The applicant has experience in one or more and maintenance of robust automated field instru- collection, and public service. of the four following areas: 1. Boundary-layer mentation. This position will provide self-starting For a detailed announcement, please visit the Research Scientist, NATO Undersea Research instrumentation of turbulence, fluxes, and trace individuals with the opportunity to manage instru- Division of Illinois State Water Survey’s website at Centre, Grade A2. The NATO Undersea Research gases; atmospheric field measurements of surface- mentation projects and collaborate with research www.isws.illinois.edu. Centre, located in La Spezia Italy, is seeking appli- atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases, includ- scientists using the instrumentation for research. The University of Illinois is an Affirmative cations for a scientific position in decision support Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. system development. The successful applicant will ing atmospheric CO2, soil CO2 sensors, tracers, The initial project is to support deployment of a sodars/RASS, airborne measurements; 2. High-level new optical spectrometer (using Quantum Cascade participate in NURC research on the operational signal processing methods such as the Hilbert- Lasers, QCL) for measurements of isotopic com- Ocean Sciences impact of oceanographic and meteorological con- Huang transforms and the wavelet transforms; ditions. This project is part of an on-going program position of atmospheric CO2. Deployment includes micrometeorological data analysis; 3. Modeling field sites (at Harvard forest, Massachusetts, and Program Manager, Arctic Natural Sciences to integrate METOC effects into operational deci- of surface atmosphere exchange; 4. Atmospheric possibly in the Amazon of Brazil), and within the Program, National Science Foundation, sion making. modeling from the microscale to the regional University of Arizona’s Biosphere 2, the unique Arlington, VA. NSF’s Office of Polar Programs The project emphasis is on the development of scale. The applicant is expected to help develop enclosed ecosystem facility outside of Tucson, AZ. (OPP) seeks candidates for the position of Program near real time decision making in support of mari- the group. He/She will be expected to also contrib- Candidates should have training and experi- Manager in the Arctic Natural Sciences Program. time operations. ute to the proposal funding and writing scientific ence in mechanical, civil, or electrical engineer- The Program Manager is responsible for long-range This effort will include the application of vari- publications. ing, and familiarity with software packages used planning and budget development, administering ous information management techniques such The group works with scientists from several in computer-aided design, data acquisition, and merit review process and proposal recommenda- as artificial intelligence, the use of data uncer- major universities, national laboratories, and with in data analysis. Relevant experience includes tions, preparation of press releases, feature articles tainty and probabilistic forecasts, and methods European, Canadian, South American, and Asian pressure and flow control, thermal management, and material describing advances in research to improve the perception and interpretation of universities. The salary is competitive and com- electronics, and optics. Additional background in supported, and coordination and liaison with geospatial data in operational decision making. mensurate with experience. The position is open measurement of isotope ratios in gases or materials other programs in NSF, other Federal agencies and The successful candidate will be offered a until a suitable candidate is selected. (including design of calibration to maintain trace- organizations. Information about OPP and their three-year definite duration contract with exten- PhD student position able high-accuracy), or of biosphere-atmosphere programs may be found at www.nsf .gov/od/opp/ sions possible. Any contract offered will be subject The University of Georgia Atmospheric Bio- fluxes, is a strong plus. start.htm. to the successful candidate obtaining a NATO geosciences program has an opening to one Ph.D. The position is based at the University of Appointment to this position may be on a security clearance. Applications should reach student in the areas mentioned above. The Grif- Arizona, but involves time near Boston, MA for permanent basis, with a current salary range of the Centre by Thursday, 30 April 2009. Complete fin Campus is located in a bucolic environment, deployment of a QCL system at Harvard Forest (col- $102,721 to $160,078. Alternatively, the incum- information on qualifications and application pro- 40 min from the Atlanta Hartsfield International Air- laborating with scientists at Aerodyne Research, and bent may be assigned under Intergovernmental cedures can be found at www.nurc.nato.int. port, less than one hour from downtown Atlanta, at Harvard University’s laboratory for atmospheric Personnel Act provisions. Applicants must have NURC is dedicated to fulfilling NATO’s Opera- and approximately three hours from the ocean. chemistry). Subsequent work focuses on instru- a Ph.D. or equivalent professional experience in tional Requirements with a basic and applied For information on any the above, please con- mentation for Biosphere 2. relevant science areas (i.e., atmospheric sciences, research program in undersea science and tech- tact Prof. M. Y. Leclerc, E-Mail: [email protected]; Competitive salary and benefits are provided; biological sciences, earth sciences, glaciology, nology. Unique in its international makeup, NURC Phone: +1-770-228-7279; www.biogeosciences.uga the University of Arizona is an equal-opportunity oceanography) plus six or more years of success- maintains a strong reputation for bringing the best .edu. employer. Anticipated start date: Summer 2009. ful research (especially field programs), research and brightest scientists in undersea disciplines To apply, please review job number 41142 on administration, and/or managerial experience. together to solve future problems. Postdoctoral Research Fellows in Atmospheric the UA Career Track at www.uacareertrack.com. Announcement E20090035-Rotator, with posi- The Centre has an interdisciplinary scientific Chemistry at UCLA. The Department of Atmo- For more information on this project, see: http:// tion requirements and application procedures, is complement of more than 40 scientists drawn spheric & Oceanic Sciences at University of Califor- eebweb.arizona.edu/faculty/saleska/research.htm located on the NSF Home Page at www.nsf.gov/ from NATO member nations on a rotational basis. nia, Los Angeles (UCLA), invites applications for (Prof. Saleska group), http://www.b2science.org/ jobs. Applicants may also obtain the announce- Technical support is provided by a permanent staff, two postdoctoral research fellows. (Biosphere 2). ments by contacting Hugh Sullivan 703-292-4376 or trained in the related engineering disciplines. The Immediate emphasis will involve exploiting e-mail him at [email protected]. (Hearing impaired Centre operates two of the finest research vessels Earth satellite missions using regional and global Hydrology individuals may call TDD 703-292-8044). Applica- in the world, the Alliance and the Leonardo. NURC three-dimensional chemistry and transport models tions must be received by April 20, 2009. NSF is an offers a comprehensive benefits package including (CTMs), with focuses on the use of satellite and MS or PhD Assistantship available immediately Equal Opportunity Employer tax-free remuneration, 6 weeks annual vacation, ground remote sensing measurements in conjunc- to investigate the dynamics of dissolved organic life and medical insurance, a retirement plan, tion with inverse modeling to constrain emissions matter in watersheds. Candidates should have a Physical Oceanography With Experience in educational allowance for dependent children and of pollutants and greenhouse gases. The projects strong background in watershed hydrology and Numerical Modelling. The Marine Technology paid travel to the home country for the member are close collaborations with the Jet Propulsion biogeochemistry. Please contact Dr. Shreeram and Operational Oceanography Department is and family every two years. Laboratory (JPL) and the successful candidates will Inamdar, email: [email protected]. Additional looking for two year position in physical ocean- ography with experience in numerical modelling (preferably ROMS). Successful candidate will Classified cont. on next page

126 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

to investigate these ideas. The positions will be in Deputy Executive Director. The U.S. Arctic Classified DRI’s Division of Atmospheric Sciences. Research Commission (USARC, www.arctic.gov), cont. from page 126 The Assistant Professor appointment is an independent federal agency, is seeking a Deputy expected to begin on 1 August 2009 (renewable Executive Director (GS14/15), based in Anchorage, Tenure-Track Faculty Position in Oceanogra- instructional materials and activities, and will fully each year); the Postdoctoral Fellow appointment Alaska, to manage the Commission’s Alaska Office phy. The Department of Physical and Environ- engage intellectually with students and faculty. is of one-year duration expected to begin on and to coordinate with the Executive Director and mental Sciences in the College of Science and Applications consisting of a vita, a statement 1 August 2009 and could be extended for two staff, in Arlington, VA, in support of the Commis- Technology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, of interests and career goals, teaching evaluations, additional years. The successful candidates will sion’s presidentially appointed Commissioners. invites applications for a tenure-track Assistant if available, and contact information for three be based in Reno, Nevada and work as members The full-time position can be filled through a or Associate Professor of Oceanography. Starting references should be submitted to EESposition@ of a multi- institutional team including DRI; Uni- variety of appointment mechanisms (e.g., Federal date is flexible but the Department expects to fill vanderbilt.edu. versity of Nevada, Reno (www.unr.edu); and Uni- Temporary Appointment, via the Intergovern- this position by January 1, 2010. We seek a broadly Review of applications will begin April 15, 2009. versity of Nevada, Las Vegas (www.unlv.edu). A mental Personnel Act, or on a permanent basis trained marine or environmental scientist to com- Address questions to Molly Miller, Acting Chair Ph.D. in atmospheric science, computer science, through merit promotion or delegated examining plement our existing programs. Applications are ([email protected]). Vanderbilt is an geophysics, engineering, or related disciplines is unit authority). The salary range for the position particularly encouraged from individuals whose Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity Employ- required, as is experience in climate modeling. is between $83K-$127K, which does not include a research interests include, but are not limited to, er. Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. Experience in an at least one of the following 23 percent cost of living allowance. Details on the coastal oceanography, modeling of biological- also is required: climate dynamics, hydrological position duties, qualifications and evaluation, ben- physical interactions or circulation dynamics, or Postdoctoral Research Position in Geodesy at modeling, ecologial modeling, acquisition and efits and other information are available at www remote sensing. We are looking for energetic can- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The California analysis of large data sets, mesoscale modeling .usajobs.gov. didates with leadership potential and a successful Institute of Technology (Caltech), Postdoctoral and forecasting, or microscale modeling. DRI is Preferred experience is comparable to that of track record of research and grantsmanship to Scholars Program at the Jet Propulsion Labora- the non-profit research division of the Nevada a Program Manager or Director, and is commonly pioneer new research directions at our growing tory (JPL) invites applications for a postdoctoral System of Higher Education (NSHE) and con- associated with an advanced graduate degree institution. They should be able to engage in inter- research position in JPL’s Geodynamics and Space ducts cutting-edge research on land, air, life, and (Ph.D.) in a scientific field. The successful candi- disciplinary research involving our existing pro- Geodesy Group. water quality across Nevada, the United States, date will demonstrate broad knowledge of Arctic grams and build on current research strengths in The research will involve developing tech- and throughout the world. With more than 500 scientific research, particularly as conducted in the department. The successful candidate will be niques to improve the terrestrial reference frame employees and two main campuses in Reno and greater Alaska, as well as an understanding of expected to develop a vigorous, externally- funded including frames determined solely from GPS Las Vegas, DRI generates nearly $50 million in domestic and international Arctic research goals research program, supervise graduate students, observations as well as those determined from a total annual revenue. and policy issues. and be able to teach undergraduate and gradu- combination of GPS, SLR, VLBI, and DORIS obser- A full description of the position is available at For technical information regarding the posi- ate courses supporting interdisciplinary degree vations. Dr. Richard Gross, Supervisor in JPL’s Geo- http://jobs.dri.edu. For consideration, candidates tion, please contact John Farrell, Executive Direc- programs in Coastal and Marine System Science dynamics and Space Geodesy Group will serve as should submit the following: (1) a cover letter tor, at [email protected]. For other information, (Ph.D.), Environmental Science (B.S., M.S.), and JPL postdoctoral advisor to the selected candidate. describing your prior research experience, (2) a please contact Ian Glander at 202-208-6251, or possibly other disciplines within the college. Can- The appointee will be guided by the JPL advisor to statement of your career interests and goals, [email protected]. didates should have a Ph.D. degree in biological, ensure that the research work will result in publica- (3) a current resume, and (4) contact informa- Applications are due by May 15, 2009. chemical, geological, or physical oceanography or tions in the open literature. tion for three professional references. Application a closely related discipline. To be considered for Candidates should have a recent Ph.D. in Geod- review will begin by 15 April 2009 and should be Faculty Opening for Ecohydrologic Systems/ appointment at the rank of Associate Professor a esy, Geophysics, or a related field with a strong sent to DRI, Human Resources at [email protected]. Green Infrastructure at Portland State Uni- minimum of five years of full-time university fac- background in GPS data processing. Experience in versity. PSU, located in downtown Portland along ulty experience including at least four years in the reference frame determination is highly desirable. Aerosol or Environmental Chemist, New the tree-lined Park Blocks, is a remarkable place to rank of Assistant Professor is required. The appointment is contingent upon evidence of Mexico State University. NMSU invites appli- work. As a tenure track Assistant/Associate Profes- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi is a doc- completion of a Ph.D. The annual starting salary for cants for the position of Senior Environmental sor you will work with talented people to research toral Hispanic Serving Institution located on the recent Ph.D. is US$52,000 and can vary somewhat Scientist (req# 2009002280) at the Carlsbad and teach in the area of Ecohydrologic Systems/ Gulf of Mexico with a modern campus overlook- according to the applicant’s qualifications. Postdoc- Environmental Monitoring and Research Center Green Infrastructure. The successful candidate ing Corpus Christi Bay. With over 9,000 students, toral scholars’ positions are awarded for a one-year to lead the Environmental Chemistry group. will have scholarly interests that complement and the university offers a wide array of academic period. Appointments may be renewed in one-year The Center is charged with monitoring a host of strengthen Portland State’s programs that address programs with 18% of the students enrolled in increments for a maximum addition of two years. radiological and inorganic constituents in air, approaches to ecohydrologic systems and green graduate programs. Applications must include a Applicants should submit a CV and the names water, soil and people in a 100-mile radius of the infrastructure at the technical and policy levels. cover letter, statement of research and teaching of three references to: only operating deep geologic nuclear repository Given Portland State’s ongoing activities and leader- interests, curriculum vitae, and the names and Dr. Richard Gross in the world, the WIPP. Because particulates are ship in these areas and the pressing need for more phone numbers of four or more references. Materi- Jet Propulsion Laboratory the primary vector for contaminants out of the research to address critical urban and regional als should be sent to: 4800 Oak Grove Drive, MS: 238-600 system, particular emphasis is placed on aerosol challenges, candidates with expertise in urban ESCI Search Committee Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 USA science. This position will carry out scientific, stormwater management, related infrastructure, Attention: Ken Brown, Tel: +1-818-354-4010 monitoring and supervisory roles. The Center and the urban-rural context for green infrastructure Senior Administrative Assistant E-mail: [email protected] has a wide range of wet-chemistry, field collec- are of particular interest. Please visit www.pdx.edu/ College of Science and Technology Caltech and JPL are equal opportunity/affirma- tion sites, separation and analytical capabilities hr for the full position announcement and applica- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi tive action employees. Women, minorities, veter- including ICP-MS, IC, alpha and gamma spec, LSC tion instructions found under the heading of Fac- 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5806 ans, and disabled persons are encouraged to apply. and GC-MS. In-house collaboration with Los Ala- ulty and Administrative Openings. PSU is an AA/EO Corpus Christi, Texas 78412-5806 mos National Laboratory and Washington Safety institution and welcomes applications from diverse or sent as a formatted e-mail attachment to Interdisciplinary/Other Management Solutions includes further capabili- candidates and candidates who support diversity. kenneth .brown@ tamucc.edu. The position will ties and opportunities including UV-Vis, XRD remain open until filled but preference will be Climate Modeling Assistant Research Profes- and laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy. Faculty Position in Climate & Environmental given to applicants submitting all requested docu- sor and Postdoctoral Fellow Positions at the Master’s Degree (Ph.D. preferred) in Environmen- Change Modeling. The Research Center for Envi- mentation by June 15, 2009. Texas A&M University- Desert Research Institute. The Desert Research tal Chemistry, Radiochemistry, or related field. ronmental Changes (RCEC) at Academia Sinica, Corpus Christi is an Affirmative Action/Equal Institute (DRI) seeks both an Assistant Research Seven (7) years of laboratory and field experi- Taipei, Taiwan is seeking one or two tenure-track Employment Opportunity employer committed to Professor and Postdoctoral Fellow to work on ence. Review of applications will begin March 20, faculty members in the area of climate and envi- excellence (http://www.tamucc.edu/~hrweb/). climate modeling as part of a large, five-year 2009, and will continue until the position is filled. ronmental change modeling at regional to global interdisciplinary program funded by NSF to assess Please send letter of interest; detailed resume; scales. The position will be filled at the level of Solid Earth Geophysics the impact of climate change on the Great Basin and the name, telephone number, and affiliation assistant research fellow. (www.nevada.edu/epscor/programs-nsf.html). The of three references to Dr. James Conca, c/o Ange- We are especially interested in applications Non-Tenure-Track Senior Lecturer Position, program will focus on estimation of hydrological la Najera, Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & from individuals interested in collaborating closely Vanderbilt University Department of Earth and resources in the U.S. Southwest in light of future cli- Research Center, New Mexico State University, with RCEC and/or other researchers in Taiwan who Environmental Sciences (EES) Lecturer. EES invites mate scenarios. Successful candidates will develop 1400 University Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220-3575, make various observations toward understanding applications for a non-tenure-track Senior Lecturer new directions in climate change research within (575) 887-2759, [email protected]. NMSU is an position (3-year renewable appointment) to begin ongoing and planned climate change modeling Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Classified cont. on page 128 in Fall, 2009. Responsibilities include development studies. The Assistant Research Professor will be and oversight of introductory laboratory courses, a lead in using a computer cluster system that will promoting field-based instruction, and teaching be dedicated to climate modeling studies; the Post- one introductory course and a course in structural doctoral Fellow will contribute to individual tasks geology/tectonics/geodynamics each year. Oppor- within ongoing and future planned climate change tunities exist for supervision of undergraduate modeling studies using climate data and global research projects. model results. Successful candidates may have an A Ph.D. in the Earth sciences or a closely opportunity to teach classes in the Atmospheric related field is required. Geoscientists from a wide Sciences teaching program of the University of range of subdisciplines are encouraged to apply. Nevada, Reno. Significant opportunities exist for We seek an individual who will exhibit initiative both candidates to develop their own research and leadership in developing creative, effective projects and pursue additional external funding

127 EOS VOLUME 90 NUMBER 14 7 APRIL 2009

be followed by studies aiming at an understanding and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Classified of the mutual couplings between heat and reactive Houston has an opening for a graduate student cont. from page 127 transport and brittle deformation. Questions and at the Ph.D. level to work on NASA-funded applications should be sent (by e-mail) to Dr. Thom- projects including the chronology and source terrestrial, atmospheric and oceanic processes University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportu- as Driesner (thomas . driesner@ erdw .ethz .ch). compositions of Martian meteorites, Nd and Hf on various time scales and their interplay in the nity Employer. isotope systematics of achondrites (particularly context of Earth system sciences. For further details For further information contact: STUDENT OPPORTUNITIES from the Angrite and HED parent bodies), and/ about RCEC and potential research opportunities Dr. Chris Dewey, or the chronology of the early Moon. The suc- therein, please visit http://www.rcec.sinica.edu.tw. Chair of the Search Committee, Graduate Assistantship, Antarctic Geomi- cessful applicant will be able to take advantage Applications, including a complete curricu- Department of Geosciences, P. O. Box 5448, crobiology. A graduate research assistantship is of a new MC-ICP-MS and state-of-the-art clean lum vita, a statement of research interests and a Mississippi State, MS, 39762. available for a highly qualified student at Montana lab facilities at the University of Houston and research plan, copies (hard or electronic) of up to Phone: (662) 325-3915 State University. The successful applicant will be will also be able to take advantage of active col- three most representative papers, along with the E mail: [email protected] involved in an NSF-funded project that examines laborations with scientists at the NASA- Johnson names and contact information of three or more Website: http://www.msstate.edu/dept/ microbial communities and dissolved organic mat- Space Center. potential referees should be sent to: Dr. Chih-An geosciences/ ter in the Transantarctic Mountains and McMurdo Applicants should contact Dr. Thomas Lapen Huh, Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Dry Valleys of Antarctica. ([email protected]; 713-743-6368) for more details P. O. Box 1-55, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, or via Postdoctoral Positions in Earth & Environ- Ph.D. students are preferred, but M.S. stu- regarding the projects and student support. The e-mail: [email protected]. Closing date: mental Sciences at Los Alamos National dents may apply. The assistantship includes a Research Assistantship is contingent upon accep- May 1, 2009. Laboratory. The Earth and Environmental stipend, tuition, health insurance and expenses tance into the Graduate Program at the University Science (EES) Division at Los Alamos National for research. Interested applicants should contact of Houston. The University of Houston is an Affir- Junior Researcher (Postdoc) in Remote Sens- Laboratory (LANL) is seeking applicants to the Dr. Christine Foreman ([email protected]) mative Action/Equal Opportunity employer. Minori- ing of Global Vegetation. The Department of Laboratory’s prestigious Postdoctoral Fellowship and send a letter of interest, CV, transcripts, and ties, women, veterans and persons with disabilities Natural Resources and Environmental Management Program. Research conducted in the Division GRE scores. Details about the graduate program at are encouraged to apply. at the University of Hawaii at Manoa seeks a recent includes theoretical, computational, and applied MSU can be found through the Department of Land PhD interested in working with an interdisciplinary investigations in many areas of Atmospheric Resources and Environmental Sciences (http:// NOSAMS Graduate Student Internship Pro- team to generate climate research-quality satel- Sciences, Ecology, Geochemistry/Geomaterials, landresources . montana .edu) and the graduate gram. Two internships will be awarded this year to lite data records of global vegetation indices and Geology, Geophysics/Seismology, Hydrology, school (http://www . montana .edu/ wwwdg/). Start U.S. graduate students for research at the NOSAMS vegetation phenology. Position will address satellite and National Security Science/Technology. The date is summer/fall 2009. radiocarbon facility at the Woods Hole Oceano- data continuity issues involving multi-platform/ Division is particularly interested in strong can- graphic Institution. The internships would involve multi-sensor data, develop science algorithms to didates in the areas of: biogeochemistry, numeri- PhD Positions. Lulea University of Technology application of radiocarbon measurements to an allow for multi-sensor translations of vegetation cal modeling of Earth systems and processes, is recruiting up to three new PhD students for the important research problem and/or development indices, surface reflectances, and land surface phe- hydrology, geographic information system (GIS) Satellite Atmospheric Science working group in of new techniques for radiocarbon measurement nology, and participate in phenological character- applications, seismology, experimental aqueous Kiruna, Sweden. and will provide 2 to 6 weeks at NOSAMS. Available izations of tropical regions. Requires PhD in natural geochemisty, mineral physics, climate science, The research directions are not fixed, but funds will cover all analytical costs (for a modest resource science/management or related field. Pro- and water resources. should be in one of the following areas: (a) radia- number of analyses), round-trip travel, accommo- ficiency in C, and experience in Fortran and work- Successful candidates selected for Director’s- tive transfer modeling, (b) evaluation of climate dation and subsistence at Woods Hole, but not field ing with a Unix or Linux environment are essential. funded Postdoctoral Fellowships pursue research models with satellite data, (c) remote sensing of work and sampling. Appointment is to begin approximately in May 2009 of their own choosing and may take advantage humidity, clouds, and precipitation, (d) numerical Candidates should submit a two-page proposal or soon thereafter for one year, renewable depen- of complete, state-of-the-art laboratory and com- modeling of ice crystal growth with cellular autom- outlining the proposed work and motivation by dent upon performance and availability of funds. puting facilities. They also have opportunities to ata, (e) development of cheap and lightweight June 1, 2009. Proposals (as pdf files), CVs, and For specific minimum/desirable qualifications, become involved with newly evolving projects and cloud ice particle probes. contact information should be sent to Internships@ application requirements, and contact information, programs, and there are ample opportunities to col- We offer an open and friendly work environ- NOSAMS.whoi.edu Proposals will be judged on the go to http://workatuh.hawaii.edu and search for laborate with other Laboratory divisions that spe- ment with a strong focus on research. For more basis of scientific soundness, relevance to capabili- Position No. 85391T. Review of application begins cialize in related disciplines, such as bio science, details on the positions, the expected applicant ties and objectives at NOSAMS, novelty, and scien- on May 1, 2009. EEO/AA Employer. chemistry, materials, space science, and theoretical profiles, and the application procedure, see tific impact. physics. http://www.sat .ltu .se. We value diversity, so can- Priority will be given to collaborative research Tenure-Track, Assistant Professor Position, Proposed work must be of mutual interest didates belonging to minorities are particularly with PI’s at NOSAMS, and that show promise for Mississippi State University. Location: Missis- to the applicant and to a staff member at LANL. encouraged to apply. The application deadline is follow-on projects. Winners will be notified via sippi State, MS. Mississippi State University Depart- Please visit the EES Division website at http://www May 15, 2009. email by July 1, 2009. Internships can be used at a ment of Geosciences invites applications for a .ees .lanl .gov/ for information on current projects, mutually agreed upon time between September 1, full-time, tenure-track, assistant professor position and http://www.lanl.gov/science/postdocs/ for Graduate Research Assistantships in 2009 and August 31, 2010. Please visit our web site in geology. Starting date August 16th, 2009. ABD information on the LANL postdoc program. Post- GIScience, Geology, Engineering and Applied at http:// www . nosams .whoi .edu. applicants will be considered, Ph.D. preferred. doc proposals must be prepared in collaboration Sciences. The Dept of Geosciences at Idaho Although the specialty is open, an ability to teach with and submitted by a LANL staff member. State University has openings for MS and PhD Postdoctoral Research Position/Cosmogenic mineralogy and petrology is a must. Applicant may Required Skills: Applicants must have excep- students to work on NOAA, DOE, and NSF-funded Nuclides. The Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) also be required to teach courses in introductory tional academic and publication records to com- remote sensing projects. Projects include LiDAR at the University of California, Berkeley seeks geology, and area of specialty. The successful appli- pete for one of the limited number of Postdoctoral and hyperspectral image processing (fusion), applicants for a Postdoctoral Research position. cant will be expected to develop an externally- Fellow appointments awarded quarterly. programming for LiDAR analysis, and applications The candidate would conduct research involving funded research program involving master’s level Education: A Ph.D. completed within the last to environmental processes such as wind erosion the application of long-lived cosmogenic nuclides and doctoral students and publish in peer-reviewed five years or soon to be completed is required. and fire induced soil and vegetation change, and to extraterrestrial and terrestrial materials. The journals. For further information please contact Donald snowmelt/watershed modeling. Contact Dr. Nancy candidate will be responsible for development The department currently has twenty-nine fac- Hickmott ([email protected]; 505-667-8753) or Glenn (glennanc@ isu .edu; 208.345.1994; http://bcal and application using cosmogenic nuclides to ulty and instructors, of whom sixteen are tenure- Dave Vaniman ([email protected]; 505-667-1863). .geology .isu .edu/). date extraterrestrial and terrestrial materials and track faculty, and six of those are geologists. The to study planetary surficial processes. The fields of department offers the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Two Postdoctoral Positions in (1) Geomechan- Graduate Assistantship, Antarctic Geomicro- application include isotope cosmo- and geochemis- Geosciences and beginning with the Fall of 2009, ics/Borehole Geophysics (2 Year) and (2) Reac- Biology. A graduate research assistantship is try and geomorphology. will be offering a Ph.D. in Earth and Atmospheric tive Transport Simulations (3 Year) at ETH available for a highly qualified student at Montana A strong background in analytical chemistry, Sciences. The Department of Geosciences offers Zurich. We have immediate openings for two post- State University. The successful applicant will be radiochemistry, nuclear chemistry, or/and geomor- emphasis areas in: both broadcast and profes- doctoral researchers to work on different elements involved in an NSF-funded project that examines phology is preferable, as is considerable chemistry sional meteorology, climatology, environmental of a large interdisciplinary project on enhanced microbial communities and dissolved organic mat- laboratory experience. Requirements include a geoscience, geography, geographic information geothermal systems (http:// www . geotherm .ethz .ch): ter in the Transantarctic Mountains and McMurdo recent Ph.D. in chemistry, earth-planetary sciences systems, and professional geology. In addition to The core task of position 1 is the evaluation of Dry Valleys of Antarctica. or related fields. Salary is commensurate with quali- the on-campus programs, the distance learning borehole imaging and logging data from the 5 km Ph.D. students are preferred, but M.S. stu- fication and experience, and is based on University programs have an enrollment of more than 700 deep hole drilled into crystalline rock near the dents may apply. The assistantship includes a of California salary scales. The position is available undergraduate and graduate students. Further city of Basel in Switzerland. The objectives are to stipend, tuition, health insurance and expenses immediately for a one-year term, renewable for a information about the Department of Geosciences produce refined geological and stress models for for research. Interested applicants should contact second year based on performance. can be found at http://www.msstate.edu/dept/ the reservoir rock mass, and investigate stress het- Dr. Christine Foreman ([email protected]) A complete curriculum vitae and names and geosciences/. erogeneity and its relation to natural fractures and and send a letter of interest, CV, transcripts, and addresses (including e-mail) of three references Candidates should submit a letter of applica- fracture zones. Interested candidates should send a GRE scores. Details about the graduate program at should be sent by May 31, 2009 to Dr. Kunihiko tion, curriculum vitae, copies of transcripts, and CV and three letters of recommendation by regular MSU can be found through the Department of Land Nishiizumi, Space Sciences Laboratory, Univer- names and addresses (including email) of three mail (NOT e-mail) to Dr. Keith Evans, ETH Zurich, Resources and Environmental Sciences (http:// sity of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA; people who may be contacted for letters of recom- Geological Institute, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, landresources . montana .edu), and the graduate e-mail: kuni@ ssl . berkeley .edu. Applicants should mendation to the below address. Applicants must Switzerland. school (http://www . montana .edu/ wwwdg/). Start ask referees to review the UC Berkeley statement complete a Personal Data Information Form (PARF Position 2 will initially participate in the cou- date is summer/fall 2009. of confidentiality found at: http:// apo .chance # 4529) online at https://www.jobs.msstate.edu/. pling and benchmarking of cutting-edge fluid flow . berkeley .edu/ evalltr .html. The University of Cali- Screening of applicants will begin May 1st and (CSMP++) and chemical reaction (GEMS) computer Graduate Research Assistantship in Geochem- fornia is an Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action continue until the position is filled. Mississippi State programs developed by our consortium. This will istry/Cosmochemistry. The Department of Earth Employer.

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