THE COLONY AI,F_fi(

NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM THE NEW SWEDEN COLONY Map of the New Swedencolons/in the DelawareValley drawn by Per Lindestrom, ca. 1655 Courtesyof t• Rilcsarkiuet,Stocld•lm THE NEW SWEDEN COLONY February6-May 15, 1988

.J]'GERS

DEC5 1988

NJ. DEPOSITORY

NEW JERSEYSTATE MUSEUM TRENTON, 1988 NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF STATE Partiallyfunded by theNew Sweden Commemorative Commission of NewJersey, the governmentof Sweden, the Swedish National Committeefor New Sweden'88, the New JerseyCommittee for the Humanitiesand the PennsylvaniaHumanities Council with cosponsorshipfrom the State Museum and the New JerseyHistorical Commission

Copyright,¸ 1988,New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey

Libraryof CongressCatalogue Card Number 88-620581 ISBN 0-938766-07-4

Edited by Lorraine E. Williams Designedby JohnCrank & Associates,Inc. Photographsby Tony Masso,Courtesy of LendingInstitutions Typesetand producedby the New JerseyState Museum Printedby White EaglePrinting Co., Inc.

Cover: Detail of New Sweden colonists tradingwith the Indiansfrom Thomas CampaniusHolm Descriptionolc New Sweden,1702, published in Stockholm. CONTENTS

7 FOREWORD Leah P. Sloshberg

9 AC KN O WLED GE MENTS Lorraine E. Williams

11 INTRODUCTION

15 CHRONOLOGY

19 THE NEW SWEDEN COLONY Catalogueof Exhibition

69 BIBLIOGRAPHY FOREWORD

Leah P. Sloshberg The New JerseyState Museumis pleasedto participatein the Director commemorativecelebration of the 350th anniversaryof the founding of the New SwedenColony in the DelawareValley. The presentation of this exhibition documentsand visualizesthis brief but very influentialpart of our regionaland statehistory; brief, in that the actual life of the colony was only seventeenyears, but influential in its many culturalcontributions such as placenames, music and religioustraditions, architectural influences, and foodwaysthat are still strongand vibrant. In the developmentof the exhibition,the Museumstaff has had the pleasureof workingwith the New JerseySwedish community, with a national academiccommunity having specialinterest in SwedishAmerican cultural history, and with cultural, academic,and governmentalorganizations in Sweden.We appreciatethe assistance and guidanceof theselegions. We are especiallygrateful to our funders: The New Sweden Commemorative Commission of New Jersey,the governmentof Sweden,the SwedishNational Committee for New Sweden'88, the New JerseyCommittee for the Humanities and the PennsylvaniaHumanities Council. Without their financial supportand the loansfrom the many institutionswho have entrusted us with their treasures,this exhibitionwould not have been possible. Our appreciationand gratitudeto all of you.

AC KN OWLED GEMENTS

Lorraine E. Williams The recordof the New SwedenColony presentedin this exhibitionis Curatorof Archaeology/Ethnologythe outcomeof three yearsof cooperationamong scholars on both sidesof the Atlantic Ocean. We have benefitedfrom the generous sharingof expertiseby the staffof our cosponsorsand lending museums.Barry Kent and StephenWarfel of the State Museumof Pennsylvaniashared their detailedknowledge of the Susquehannock Indians. Richard Waldron of the New JerseyHistorical Commission researchedthe history of the colony both in Swedenand in the DelawareValley and helpedlocate documents and objects. The exhibitionwould not have been possiblewithout the unstintingcooperation of Swedishmuseums. The supportof director Sune Zachrissonand curatorsElizabeth Hidemark, Ingrid Bergman and JonasBerg at the NordiskaMuseet in Stockholmenabled us to presenta comprehensivevisual record of the New SwedenColony which would otherwisehave been impossible.Elizabeth Hidemark provideduntiring support and contributedthroughout the exhibition'sdevelopment. Specialappreciation is owed to Bo Karlsonof the JonkopingLans Museum for his researchon Johan Printz and the loan of associated objectsand graphicmaterial. We are extremelygrateful to Arne Losman,director of SkoklostersSlott, Balsta,and Ulla Wagner,director, and Staffan Brunius,Curator of the Americas,at the EtnografiskaMuseet, Stockholm,for their generosityin loaningus Middle Atlantic Indian objectsfrom their collections.These fragile objects, fashioned from organicmaterials, provide us with a rare opportunityto see 17th-centuryartifacts that have not survivedin North America. We would like to expressour appreciationfor the assistanceof Jon Lindroth of the Riksarkivet,Pontus Grate of the Nationalmuseumand Bjore Westlundof the KungligaBiblioteket in Stockholm. On this sideof the Atlantic we are gratefulfor the assistance of Paul Needhamand David Wright of the J. PierpontMorgan Library; Caterina Cherny and Zoriana Siokalo of the American SwedishHistorical Museum; Roger Allen of the Maritime Museum; Donald Winer of the State Museum of Pennsylvania;Stephen Ferguson of FirestoneLibrary, Princeton University; and Ruth Simmonsof SpecialCollections and Archives, RutgersUniversity Libraries.William Sturtevant, Richard Hulan, PeterWacker, CharlesGehring, and Marshall Beckershared the resultsof their many yearsof work on Indians and Europeansof the middleAtlantic area.Thorsten Karlsson, president of the ScandinavianAmerican Heritage Society of New Jerseyand the New SwedenCompany, Inc., JohnJacobson, assistant to the Secretaryof State, and Beth Linnerson•Daly,program director of the New Sweden CommemorativeCommission of New Jersey,helped throughout our

Such a complexproject would have beenimpossible without the continuingsupport of Secretaryof StateJane Burgio, Assistant Secretaryof State Alvin Felzenberg,and State MuseumDirector Leah Sloshberg.Magnus Faxen, Consul Generalof Swedenhas also providedunwavering support. Lars Georgsonof the Swedish Consulatein New York, and Gunnel Myhrbergof the Swedish Information Service Office in New York have assisted in countless ways. First Ulf Lundin and then BeateSydhoff as Cultural Counselor for the Embassyof Swedensupported the projectin Swedenand here in the States.In Sweden,Anders Clasomand BirgittaLonnell of the SwedishInstitute have providedvital coordinationbetween two continents. The staffof the New JerseyState Museumresponded admirably to the challengesof an internationalexhibition. The Archaeology Bureau staff, Karen Flinn, Gina Giambrone, Fran Mollett, and Marcia Sternbergcoped wonderfully with the extra work entailed with internationalshipments, catalogue entries from two continents for text and label copy in the exhibitionand catalogue,and developmentof educationalprogramming for schoolclasses. Karen Cummins,Suzanne Crilley and SusanFinkel developedadult educationalprogramming to enhancevisitors' enjoyment of the exhibition. The staff of the Exhibits Bureauworked creativelyand tirelesslyto installthe exhibitionaccording to the creativedesign preparedby John Crank Associates. Finally,it is appropriatethat the New SwedenColony exhibition be a joint Swedishand Americancontribution to the celebrationof the 350th anniversaryof the beginningof New Swedenin the DelawareValley. The SwedishNational Committeefor New Sweden '88 and the New SwedenCommemorative Commission of New Jersey have providedfunding to make the exhibitiona reality. Grants from the New JerseyCommittee for the Humanitiesand the Pennsylvania HumanitiesCouncil have supportedresearch for the exhibition.

10 INTRODUCTION

The 17th centurywas an ageof discoveryand expansion--inthe arts, science,industry, and globalexploration. European countries tried to spreadtheir commercialand politicalinfluence throughout the world. Inspiredby the richesthat Spain and Portugalgained through their overseascolonies, Sweden, England and the Netherlandscompeted for control of the middle Atlantic seaboard of North America throughoutthe first half of the century. While we generallythink of the Englishand the Dutch as 17th-centurycolonial powers, we do not associateSweden with early Europeancolonialism. Yet from 1620 to 1720, Swedenwas a EuropeanGreat Power.Her continentalpossessions made of the Baltic Sea a Swedishlake. was then a part of Sweden.At varioustimes, so were portionsof modern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Germany, and the Soviet Union. By mid-century,the Swedescontrolled trade in the Baltic and were one of the major military and politicalcombatants in Germanyduring the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). But Swedenlacked the moneyand manpowerto maintain her military and economicposition in Europe,especially since she was at war throughoutmost of the 17th century.By the 1630sthe English and the Dutch were beginningto realizeprofits from their colonial and commericalventures, and suchexamples probably led the Swedes to found New Sweden. In 1637, Swedish,Dutch and German stockholdersformed the New SwedenCompany to trade for furs and tobaccoin North America. Under the commandof PeterMinuit, the company'sfirst expeditionsailed from Swedenlate in 1637in two ships,Kalmar Nyckeland FogelGrip. Minuit had been the governorof the Dutch colony, New Netherland, centeredon Manhattan Island, from 1626 to 1631. The shipsreached in March 1638, and the settlersbegan to build a fort at the siteof modernWilmington, Delaware.They namedit , after Sweden'stwelve-year- old queen.It was the first permanentEuropean settlement in the Delaware Valley. In time, the colony consistedof farms and small settlements scatteredalong both banks of the DelawareRiver into modern Delaware,New Jerseyand Pennsylvania.In the next seventeenyears, elevenSwedish expeditions followed the first one, eachbringing suppliesand smallnumbers of Swedishand Finnish settlers.

ll New Swedenrose to its greatestheights during the governorship of JohanPrintz (1643-1653).He extendedsettlement northward from Fort Christina alongboth sidesof the DelawareRiver and improved the colony'smilitary and commercialprospects by buildingFort Elfsborg,near modern Salemon the New Jerseyside of the river, to sealthe Delawareagainst English and Dutch ships.Yet Printz managedto strengthenhis colonywhile living peacefullywith his neighbors. The Dutch had made the first trading contactsin the Delaware Valley and the Swedishsettlement was a commercialand possiblya military threat to New Netherland.Perhaps the Dutch toleratedthe Swedesbecause New Netherland'srelations with its Indian neighbors often degeneratedinto open warfare.Another reasonmay have been that the generallycordial relations among England, the Netherlands and Swedenin Europeextended to their coloniesin the New World. In 1654 Printz was succeededby a somewhatless judicious governor,Johan Rising. New Netherlandwas then governedby the energeticPeter Stuyvesant. Soon after arrivingin the New World, Risingattempted to dislodgethe Dutch from the valleyby seizing Fort Casimir (New Castle, Delaware),below Fort Christina on the westernshore of the river. Stuyvesantresponded by attackingNew Swedenlate in the summerof 1655. The virtually bloodlessDutch conquestended Swedish sovereignty--though not the Swedishand Finnish presence--inthe DelawareValley. While Swedesand continuedto settlein New Jersey, Delawareand Pennsylvania,they did not begin to arrive in the United Statesin largenumbers until after 1840. Swedishimmigration was highestbetween 1867 and 1914due to poor localeconomic conditions in Swedenand the availabilityof cheapland in the Americanwest. At the peak of immigrationin the 1880s,an averageof 37,000Swedes came to the United Stateseach year. Most of the new settlersbypassed New Swedenand headedwest to Minnesota,Illinois, Iowa, Kansas,Nebraska, Texas, California, and Washington,which remainthe stateswith the largestnumbers of Swedish-Americanstoday.

12 LENDERS TO THE EXHIBITION

American Swedish Historical Foundation-Museum Mr. Bo Erhner EtnografiskaMuseet Rare Book Collections, FirestoneLibrary, Princeton University Higgins Armory Museum JonkopingLans Museum Memory of Linnea Zackariasson Nationalmuseum New JerseyState Archives Nordiska Museet PhiladelphiaMaritime Museum PierpontMorgan Library Riksarkivet SpecialCollections and Archives,Rutgers University Libraries Skoklosters Slott State Museum of Pennsylvania

13 14 CHRONOLOGY

1607-20 The Englishbegin to settleVirginia and .

1609-24 The Dutch beginto exploreand settleNew Netherland.

1618-48 The Thirty Years'War. At varioustimes both Swedenand the Netherlands are combatants.

1621 The Dutch West India Companyis founded,in largepart to colonizeand exploitNew Netherland.

1620s-30s The Englishand the Dutch explorethe DelawareRiver and its bay. While eachclaims the region,neither plants a permanent settlement,though the Dutch attempt to.

1624 William Usselinx visits Sweden and discussesthe idea of a colonialventure with Swedishofficials, including King Gustavus Adolphus(Gustav II Adolf). Usselinxreceives a charterfor a generalSwedish trading company "for Asia,Africa, America, and Magellenica."The king purchasesshares in the companyand lendshis nameto a campaignto raisemoney for it amongthe Swedishnobility. But the Swedishtrading companylanguishes throughoutthe 1620sfor lack of capitaland becausethe king and his chief minister, Axel Oxenstierna,are distractedby European matters,especially the Thirty Years'War, which Swedenenters in 1630.

1624 The Dutch settlea handfulof peopleon BurlingtonIsland in the Delaware. By 1630 the settlershave moved back to New Amsterdam.

1626 The Dutch establisha tradingpost, Fort Nassau,at the siteof presentGloucester, New Jersey,but they garrisonit only intermittently.

1631 The Dutch found Swanendael on the western shore of Delaware Bay. It is destroyedby Indians in the sameyear.

1632 GustavusAdolphus is killed during the battle of Leutzen.He is succeededas Swedishmonarch by his six-year-olddaughter Christina. Swedenis governedby a regencyduring the queen's

15 minority, with Oxenstiernathe effectivehead of state. He is instrumentalin revivingthe idea of a colonialventure.

1635 SamuelBlommaert, like Usselinxan originalstockholder of the Dutch West India Companyand a Swanendaelinvestor, proposes a colonialscheme to the Swedes.It is Blommaert'splan-- essentially--whichis adoptedtwo yearslater.

1635-36 Blommaert selects to lead a settlement to the DelawareValley, once a colony is chartered.Minuit had been the governorof New Netherland in the late 1620sand the early 1630s and is familiar with the DelawareValley.

1637 In August,the Swedishgovernment charters the New Sweden Company.Many of the stockholdersare Dutch or German, but they alsoinclude such Swedish grandees as Oxenstiernaand membersof his family. Early in November, and FogelGrip sail from Gothenburg(Goteborg). On the voyageto the Netherlandsboth shipssustain severe damage. In December they arrive at Texel in the Netherlandsto be repairedand outfitted for the voyageto America. On December31, Kalmar Nyckeland FogelGrip sailfor America.

1638 The Swedesand Finns arrive in the Delaware Valley sometimein March. They found Fort Christina, the colony'smain settlement, and the first permanentEuropean settlement in the Delaware valley.Minuit purchasesland from the SusquehannockIndians and perhapsfrom the Lenapeas well. On the return voyage, Minuit is lost at sea.

1640 PeterHollander Ridder arrivesin New Swedenin April and assumesthe governorship.

1640-41 The Swedesextend the limits of New Swedenfrom the Schuylkill River to the fallsat presentTrenton. Ridderbuys land from the Indians that extendsfrom RaccoonCreek eastto Cape May. Englishfrom New Haven Colony settlenear SalemCreek (Varkens or Varkins Kill) on territory claimedby the Swedes.

1641 In February,the Swedishgovernment buys out the foreign

16 shareholdersin the New SwedenCompany.

1642-60 The EnglishCivil War and the Commonwealth.Relations betweenEngland and Swedenare cordialthroughout the period.

1643 Johan Printz arrivesin New Swedenand assumesthe governorship.He buildsFort Elfsborgon the New Jerseyside of the Delawareto sealthe river to the Dutch and the English.The fort was probablynear SalemCreek; its exactlocation still eludessearchers.

1643-53 The decadeof Printz'sgovernorship is the colony'smost prosperoustime. Farmingsettlements are plantedup and down both sidesof the river in modernDelaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and in Maryland, and Printz buildshis headquarters,Printzhof, at Tinicum Island, near presentPhiladelphia. He absorbsthe Englishat SalemCreek into the Swedishcolony. While New Swedenis never self-sufficient,and is constantly harrassedby the Dutch, Printz maintainsit by his energyand the forceof his flamboyantpersonality.

1644 Christinareaches her majorityand assumespersonal rule of Sweden.

1648 The Peaceof Westphaliaends the Thirty Years' War. The Swedes abandonFort Elfsborg.

1651 The Dutch build Fort Casimir at the site of modern New Castle, Delaware.

1653 When his repeatedrequests for recallare ignored,Printz returnsto Sweden,leaving the colony without a governor.

1654 JohanRising arrives in New Swedento assumethe governorship. On May 21, Risingcaptures Fort Casimir from the Dutch and renamesit Fort Trinity. Christina abdicatesand is succeededby her cousin,Karl X Gustav. Karl Gustav is immediatelypreoccupied with war with Denmark. Axel Oxenstierna dies in November.

1655 The Dutch retaliate for the Swedish attack on Fort Casimir. On September1, GovernorPeter Stuyvesant recaptures Fort Trinity and seizesFort Christina, endingSwedish sovereignty in the DelawareValley.

17 1655-74 The Dutch governthe DelawareValley until they in turn are conqueredby the Englishin 1664--asNoodlessly as they had conqueredthe Swedes.The Dutch briefly regainNew Netherlandin 1674,but are again--andfinally--ejected by the English.The Swedes and the Finns remain on the Delaware.

1693 Swedesand Finns in the DelawareValley petition Sweden'sKing Karl XI to sendthem Lutheranpriests, hymnals, prayer books, and catechisms,to help them to preservetheir Lutheran faith and their language.

1697 In June,the first three priestsof the new Swedishmission to America--Anders Rudman, Erik Bjork, and JonasAuren--arrive in the DelawareValley. Thereafterthe missionis continuously resuppliedwith pastorsthroughout the 18th century,including Andreas Hesselius,Israel Acrelius, and Nils Collin. The missionhelps to maintain a "cultural"New Swedenlong after the politicalend of the colony.

1831 With the death of Nils Coilin, pastorof Old Swedes(Gloria Dei) Church in Philadelphia,the SwedishLutheran mission to the DelawareValley ends, as doescultural New Sweden.

18 THE NEW SWEDEN COLONY Catalogueof Exhibition

19

SWEDEN IN THE 17TH CENTURY CLIMATE FOR COLONIALISM

Colonialismwas in the air throughoutnorthern Europeduring the 17th century.It was an ageof discoveryand expansion--inthe arts, scienceand industry.Europeans tried to spreadtheir commercialand politicaldominion throughoutthe world. Inspiredby the richesSpain and Portugalhad won from their coloniesin the New World, Sweden, Englandand the Netherlandscompeted throughout the first half of the century for control of the middle Atlantic seaboardof North America. While we are usedto thinking of the Englishand the Dutch as 17th-centurycolonial powers,we do not as readily associateSweden with early Europeancolonialism. The Swedenof 1620 to 1720 was, however,a EuropeanGreat Power.Her continentalpossessions made the Baltic Sea a Swedish lake. At various times Sweden controlled Finland, portionsof modern Poland,Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, the SovietUnion and even northern portionsof Germany.In the middle yearsof the century the Swedescontrolled trade in the Baltic Sea and wereone of the major military and politicalcombatants in Germany during the Thirty Years'War (1618-1648),after enteringthe war in 1630. As early as 1624 GustavusAdolphus encouragedthe effortsof Willem Usselinx,a director, to found a Swedish overseastrading company-- the South Company. The South Com- pany soonfailed becausethe Swedeslacked investment capital. But Axel Oxenstiernaremained keenly interestedin a colonial venture to raisemoney for Sweden.In 1637,the Chancellorsupported a pro- posalby SamuelBlommaert, another Dutch West India Company director, for a Swedishcolony in North America. In 1637 the New SwedenCompany, with heavy Dutch financial support,sent its first two shipsto the middle Atlantic seaboard.Peter Minuit commandedthe expedition. He had been the Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Netherland from 1626 to 1631. Sweden was about to join Spain, France,England and the Netherlandsin the generalEuropean effort to extract richesfrom the New World. The Swedesset sail for DelawareBay in searchof furs and tobacco.

Portraitof QueenChristina as a child by J.H. Elbfas Courtesyof the Nationalmuseum,Stockholm

21 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS BUILDS AN EMPIRE ON THE BALTIC

The greatKing, whosezeal for the GustavusAdolphus (1594-1632)was recognizedthroughout Europe as a militarygenius in [4isown time. From the beginning ofhis reign in honorof God wasnot lessardent 1611 until his death at the Battle of Leutzen in 1632, Sweden was mosdy at war. He continuedthe House of Vasa's acquisitionof thanfor the welfareof his territory around the Bakic Sea and, in 1630, he enteredthe Thirty Years'War as the Protestantchampion against the Catholic forcesof subjects.... the Holy Roman Empire.Gustavus Adolphus reorganized the governmentof Sweden,including the army and navy. His successon Israel Acrelius, 1759 the battlefieldsof Europespread his military innovationsand brought Swedenrecognition as a Great Power.Even the Battleof Leutzen,at which he was killed, was a Swedishvictory.

1. GustavusAdolphus 2. Sword engraving wood,metal w.42cm., h.55cm. h. 87cm. WilleraJacobsz Delft after 17th century Michiel Janszvan Miervelt Northern Sweden (1580-1638) 57.535 Sweden Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Lent by the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm Stockholm

ST•KHOLM • •E 17• CEN•RY AS D• BY E•K DAHLBERG Courtesyof the Nationalmus•m, Stockholm

22 Sweden,the Nation's History by Franklin D. Scott(1977) University of MinnesotaPress

Breastplate popular with colonistsin America. steel,iron, brass Steelbreastplates such as this w.37.8 cm., h.46.Scm.,d. 14.4cm. provided an excellent defensefrom 1620-1625 the arrows of the Native ProbablyHolland Americans. Acc. 15 Lentby the HigginsArmory Cabasset Helmet Museum,Worcester, Mass. steel,iron, brass,leather Wellinto the 17thcentury Sweden h.22.3cm.,w.24.9cm., d.32.3cm. washeavily dependent upon 1600-1650 importedarms and armor, Germanyor Austria particularlyfrom Holland. Very Acc. 442 similarbreastplates are shownworn Lentby the HigginsArmory by infantrymenin Adam van Museum,Worcester, Mass. Breen's De Nassausche Light, open-facedhelmets were Wapen-Handelinge(1618), and producedin the thousandsfor Dutchpieces which were captured Europeanarmies during the late by Englishtroops in 1627are 16ththrough mid 17thcenturies. preservedin the RoyalArmouries, Suchpractical headgear was widely H. M. Towerof London.Although adoptedby infantryof theperiod. the useof metalbody armor in The fiat brim and unrestrictedfield Europehad entered into a period of visionafforded by the cabasset of steadydecline by the timeof madeit popularwith musketeers Sweden'sparticipation in the who requireda defensethat did Thirty Years'War, it remained not interferewith aiming.

23 QUEEN CHRISTINA AND THE REGENCY

...the most illustrious and most GustavusAdolphus' death in 1632left his only child, the six-year-old Queen Christina,on the Swedishthrone. The King had left mightyPrincess and Virgin instructionsthat she was to be raisedto rule, making Christina's educationlike that of a 17th-centuryprince. She grewup C}trisœina,elected Queen of the strong-willedand well educated,with a knowledgeof Latin and Greek, philosophyand science.During her minority, until 1644,the Swedes,Goths and $g/ends. country wasruled by a regencyheaded by Axel Oxenstierna,Sweden's Chancellor.Oxenstierna,a great statesman, had been responsiblefor Four men from the Key of much of Sweden'sinternal government under the late King, who was often out of the country at war. Kalmar, 1638 Queen and Chancellorstruggled for power,each with a different visionof Sweden'sgreatness. Oxenstierna shared the King'sview of Swedenas a politicaland military and growingeconomic power. For Christina,Sweden's greatness lay in importedhigh culture,an opulent court and nobleswhose lifestyles rivaled their Frenchcounterparts. By the time she abdicatedin 1654,her lavishspending had helpedto put Swedendeeply in debt.

Terence'sComoediae from Queen No mint mark appears,but mints in Christina'sLibrary Sweden are known to have been ink, paper,leather, gilt locatedat Avesta,Nykoping and 1.30cm.,w.23cm., d.4cm. Sater 1642 Paris One Mark (Eight Ore) Coin of Lent by the PierpontMorgan Queen Christina Library silver With the armsof Queen Christina d.26mm. on the cover Undated, believed to be 1651 Sweden . One Ore Coin of Queen Christina Lent in memoryof Linnea silver Zackariasson d. 19mm. 1634 SueciaAntiqua Et Hodiernaby Erik Sweden Dahlber Lent in memoryof Linnea ink, paper Zackariasson w.44cm., h.34cm., d.9cm. 1667-1716 One Quarter Ore Coin Of Queen Stockholm Christina Lent by the American Swedish copper Historical Foundation-Museum, d.29mm. Philadelphia 1636 Sweden Lent in memoryof Linnea Zackariasson

24 I0 10. Axel Oxenstierna engraving w.42cm., h.55cm. Willem JacobszDelft after Michiel Janszvan Miervelt (1580-1638) Sweden Lent by the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm NEW LIFESTYLES FOR ROYALTY AND ARISTOCRACY

...the liberalarts, expelled from the Sweden'swars of expansi9nand her participationin the Thirty Years' War broughtthe Swedisharistocracy new wealthfrom the conquered countrieswhere they formerly territoriesand exposureto the more lavishlifestyles of the noblesof continentalEurope. Queen Christina's interest in increasingthe fiourished...wouldfind refugein the grandeurof her court at Tre Kronorpalace and her royal city of Stockholmencouraged the nobles'development of a more North. ostentatiousmode of living in the city. Swedishnobles began to build lavishtownhouses in Stockholm. ProfessorMenius of Dorpat, On their countryestates they built chateausin the Frenchmanner. Both town and countryhouses were richly furnished,often with 1632 goodsimported from the Netherlandsand the German states. Extravagantdisplays of wealth becamethe norm for court and nobles,although Sweden remained for the first half of the 17th centurya countrywith little commerceor industry,wealthy in land but not in money.

11. Wall Sconce 14. Candle Stick chasedbrass brass w.36cm.,h.46cm. h.24cm.,d.15.5 17thcentury (?) 17thcentury Sweden Sweden 52.534 19.401 Lentby the NordiskaMuseet, Lentby the NordiskaMuseet, Stockholm Stockholm

15. Knife and Fork PicturingGustavus Adolphus II 12. Gilded Leather"Wallpaper" steel, silver, enamel gilt paint on leather 1.19.2cm.,w. 18cm. w. 112cm., h.45cm. ca. 1650 late 17th century Sweden Sweden 265.996 a,b 101.850 Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Stockholm Stockholm 16. FoldingKnife Used at Banquets 13. Fireback steel, brass cast iron 1. 9cm. w.66.5cm., h.99cm. 17th century inscribed "anno 1632 Gustawus 44.485 a-b Adolph D.B. Svecia" Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Sweden Stockholm 46.600 Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Stockholm

26 ? _.... "1'

Makalos, Stockholm,townhouse of the De LaGardiefamily in the l?th century Courtesyo/the Livrustkammaren,Stockholm

19

17. Drinking Bowl 20. Bedcover painted wood, gilded blue silk taffeta, embroidered with d. 22cm. black silk 17th-centurystyle 1.187.5cm.,w. 155cm. Sweden Dated 1630 48.601 Sweden Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, 192.040 Stockholm Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Stockholm Inscribed"Empty no man praisesme but full I am taken..." EmbroideredWeapons Of HornoOxenstierna,Count Gustaf 18. Tankard Horn of Bjorneborg(1592-1657) married 1628 to the Baroness curly-grainedbirchwood Christina Oxenstierna (1612-1681) w.25.5cm., h.32cm. 17th-centurvstyle Fellingsbroparish, Vastmonland 78.271 Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm

19. "The Rich Man's Supper" Wallhanging paint on canvas 1.292cm., h.120cm. part of a suite dated 1645 Alfta parish,Halsningland, Sweden 15 199.675 Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm 28 THE VALLEY IN THE 17TH CENTURY SETTING FOR A COLONIAL VENTURE

The DelawareRiver Valley was openedto Europeanexploration and trade with the Indians by Henry Hudson'svoyage of 1609. In the succeedingdecades, the river was visitedby Dutch and Englishships bearingglass beads and metal toolsto trade with the Indiansfor beaver and otter pelts.The fur trade led the Dutch at New Amsterdam,now New York City, to establisha small post, Fort Nassau,on the Delaware River a little south of what is today Camden. The Dutch usedthe post only intermittently,and they establishedno permanentsettlements in the DelawareValley. But they claimedthe river as a part of New Netherland and calledit the South River. The Englishand Dutch traderswho visitedthe river boughtfurs not only from the local Indians(whom the Englishcalled the Delawareand the Swedescalled the Renappi),but alsofrom the Indiansof the SusquehannaRiver Valley of presentPennsylvania. These Indians, calledthe Minquas by the Dutch and the Swedes,and the Susquehannockby the English,came to the DelawareRiver to trade. They competed,often violently,with the DelawareIndians for accessto the prizedmetal tools and gunsoffered by the Europeans.

Indian Familydrawn by Per Lindestrom ca. 1655 Courte.•of the RiksaLkivet , Stockholm

29 THE INDIANS OF THE DELAWARE RIVER VALLEY

Duringthe summerthey have no The Indianswe today call the Delaware.were in the early 1600sa numberof smallgroups living alongthe streamswhich flow into the certaindwellings, but moveabout DelawareRiver. They calledthemselves by a varietyof nameswhich are recordedon early Europeanmaps: Sanhican, Armewamen, hereand therearound the country. Naraticon,Mantaes and Sewapois.The Dutch and the Swedescalled them the Indians of "the River," and the Swedeseventually called However,in thefall eachand every them the Renappi.Each group was politically independent, but all spokedialects of the Algonkianlanguage and practiceda seasonal sachemhas a Musebuilt for roundof food-gettingactivities with a stone-agetechnology. They locatedtheir unfortifiedvillages of scatteredlonghouses along the himself,which he and hissubjects streamswhere the soilscould be farmedwith woodendigging sticks and hoestipped with bone,stone or shellblades. They huntedthe can live in duringthe winter... white-taileddeer for food throughoutthe year.Wild plant foods, shellfishand seasonallymigratory fish and waterfowlwere also sources Per Lindestrom, 1654-1656 of food.

21. Celt 24. Hand Grinding Stone black slate sandstone 1.6.5cm.,w.5cm., d.2cm. 1.1lcm., w.8cm., h.4cm. Oreen Swamp Site Abbott Farm Site Cumberland County, New Jersey Mercer County, New Jersey Delaware Indians Delaware Indians NJSM 36 NJSM Acc. 788 Gift of Princeton University 22. Celt Museum of Natural History stone 1.$cm.,w.4.Scm., d.2.5cm. 25. GrindingSlab BurlingtonCounty, New Jersey sandstone Delaware Indians 1.29.5cm.,w.26cm., h.9cm. NJSM 704 Abbott Farm Site Mercer County, New Jersey 23. Nutting Stone Delaware Indians sandstone NJSM Acc. 788 1.16cm.,w. 10cm., h.5cm. Gift of Princeton University Abbott Farm Site Museum of Natural History Mercer County, New Jersey Delaware Indians NJSM Acc. 788 Gift of Princeton University Museum of Natural History

30 34

26. Scraper 29. ProjectilePoints (3) chert chert, sandstone 1.4cm.,w.3cm., h.l.Scm. Green Swamp Site Abbott Farm Site CumberlandCounty, New Jersey Mercer County, New Jersey Delaware Indians Delaware Indians NJSM 31, 32, 34 NJSM Acc. 788 Gift of PrincetonUniversity 30. Pestle Museumof Natural History sandstone 32 1.33cm.,d.6cm. 27. Knife Camden County, New Jersey chert Delaware Indians 1.10.2cm.,w.4.Scm., d.3cm. NJSM 656 Abbott Farm Site Mercer County, New Jersey 31. Awl Delaware Indians bone NJSM Acc. 788 1.8.5cm. Gift of PrincetonUniversity Green SwampSite Museumof Natural History CumberlandCounty, New Jersey Delaware Indians 28. Net Sinkers (6) NJSM 42 sandstone average7.5cm., w.Scm., d.2cm. 32. Fish Hook Abbott Farm Site bone Mercer County, New Jersey 1. 5.5cm. Delaware Indians GloucesterCounty, New Jersey NJSM Acc. 788 Delaware Indians Gift of PrincetonUniversity NJSM 313 b.18 Museumof Natural History

33

31 4O

33. EffigyFace 38. Pipe ceramic ceramic w.4cm.,h.4.Scm. 1.9cm. Mercer County, New Jersey Pemberton Delaware Indians BurlingtonCounty, New Jersey NJSM 1825 Delaware Indians NJSM 66.652 34. Carved Pendantin Shapeof an Animal stone 39. Pipe 1. 4.3cm. ceramic GloucesterCounty, New Jersey l.Scm. Delaware Indians Millville NJSM 344 CumberlandCounty, New Jersey Delaware Indians 35. Pendant NJSM 66.563 shale 1.3.Scm.,w.2.Scm. 40. Pipe 37 GloucesterCounty, New Jersey ceramic Delaware Indians 1.16.5cm. NJSM 666 Murray Farm Site BurlingtonCounty, New Jersey 36. Pot Rim Fragment Delaware Indians day NJSM 1307 1.5.Scm.,h.Scm. Indian Head Site 41. Ax Salem County, New Jersey sandstone Delaware Indians 1.20cm.,w.10.Scm.,d.4.Scm. NJSM 26946 early 1600s SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania 37. Small Vessd Susquehannocklndians clay B. 161 h. 16.5cm. Lent by the State Museumof JohnsonSite Pennsylvania CumberlandCounty, New Jersey Delaware Indians NJSM 27736 a

32 THE INDIANS OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER VALLEY

The Minquas,who are yetfaithful The Indians who have cometo be known as the Susquehannock wereIroquoian-speaking groups who livedin the lowerSusquehanna to us and call themselvesour River Valley of Pennsylvania.They werecalled the Minquasby the Dutch and Englishtraders who visitedthe DelawareRiver in the protectors... early 1600s,a nameby whichthe Swedesalso knew them. While their lifestylewas similar technologically to that of the Delaware Johan Rising, 1655 Indians,the Susquehannockwere organized into largerpolitical units of thousandsof peoplewho lived in fortifiedvillages. During the 1620sand 1630sthe Susquehannocktraveled down the Schuylkilland ChristinaRivers to reachthe Dutch and English shipstrading in the DelawareRiver Valley. They raidedthe Delaware Indiansto drive the latter awayfrom the river banksand gain control of all Native American trade with the Europeansin the DelawareValley. The Susquehannockwere largely successful in this becausetheir largewar partiescould retreat, if necessary,to the safety of their fortifiedvillages.

42. Arrowpoints LA 7-2/265 stone Lent by the State Museumof 1645-1665 Pennsylvania Strickler Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 45. Fish Hook SusquehannockIndians None LA 3/472 a 1.3cm. Lent by the State Museum of 1575-1600 Pennsylvania Schultz Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 43. Awl SusquehannockIndians bone LA 7-1/592 1. 5cm. Lent by the State Museum of 1575-1600 Pennsylvania Schultz Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 46. End Scraper SusquehannockIndians quartz LA 7-1/401 1. 5.5cm., w. 3.5cm., h. 2cm. Lent by the State Museum of 1575-1600 Pennsylvania Funk/Schultz Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 44. Harpoon Tip LA 9/116 antler Lent by the State'Museum of 1.21cm.,w.2.5cm., d..75cm. Pennsylvania 1575-1600 Schultz Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania SusquehannockIndians

33 62

47. 50. Spoon with Animal Effigy Handle sandstone wood 1.30cm.,d.5.5cm. 1.1l.lcm., h.6.2cm. 17th century 1645-1665 SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania Strickler Site SusquehannockIndians LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania uncat. SusquehannockIndians Lent by the State Museumof LA 3/521 Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museum of Used for poundingcorn into meal Pennsylvania

48. Bell Pestle 51. Double-MouthedWashington granitic stone Boro Incised Pot SusquehannockIndian as drawn on John 1.11.2cm.,d.8. lcm. clay Smith'smap of Virginia 17th century h.7.9cm., w.12.5cm. SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania 17th century SusquehannockIndians SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania I 566 SusquehannockIndians Lent by the State Museum of B. 9 Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania 49. Ladle bone 52. Toy Pot With Schultz Incised 1.15cm.,d.18.5cm. Decoration 1575-1600 clay Funk/Schultz Site h.6.3cm., d.6.Scm. LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 17th century SusquehannockIndians SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania LA 9/128 SusquehannockIndians Lent by the State Museum of B. 75 Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania

34 53. Toy Pot with Incised 58. Charred Corn Cobs Decoration 1575-1600 clay Funk/Schultz Site h.3.Scm., d.3.Scm. LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 17th century LA 9 SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museumof SusquehannockIndians Pennsylvania 856 Lent by the State Museumof 59. PumpkinSeeds Pennsylvania 1645-1665 Strickler Site 54. WashingtonBoro IncisedPot LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania clay LA 3/31 h. 19.Scm.,d. 16cm. Lent by the State Museumof early 1600s Pennsylvania WashingtonBoro Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Pipe SusquehannockIndians painted clay B. 101 1.17.5cm., d.2.Scm. Lent by the State Museumof 1645-1665 Pennsylvania Striclder Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 55. Grinding Slab SusquehannockIndians siltstone LA 3/472 b 1.28cm.,w.26cm., h. Scm. Lent by the State Museumof 17th century Pennsylvania 49 SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania SusquehannockIndians 61. Tulip Bowl Pipe Lent by the State Museumof day Pennsylvania 1.15cm.,d.2.5cm. 1645-1665 Strickler Site 56. Milling Stone LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania sandstone SusquehannockIndians d. 9cm. LA 3/540 1645-1665 Lent by the State Museumof Striclder Site Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania SusquehannockIndians 62. Bird EffigyPipe LA 3/501 clay Lent by the State Museumof 1.12.5cm.,d.3.2cm. Pennsylvania early 1600s Frey-HaverstickSite 57. Parched Corn LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 17th century SusquehannockIndians SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania LA 6/96 IA 36.6 Lent by the State Museum of Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

35 63. SpottedBird EffigyPipe Lent by the State Museumof clay Pennsylvania 1. 18cm.,d. 3cm. 1645-1665 68. Human Figure Strickler site steatite LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 1. 9.5cm., w. 4cm. SusquehannockIndians 17th century LA 3/451 b SusquehannalValley, Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania Pennsylvania SusquehannockIndians B. 236 Masquette Lent by the State Museumof schist Pennsylvania w. 1.7cm., h. 2cm. 17th century 69. Beads (10) Byrd Leibhart Site elk teeth York County, Pennsylvania 1575-1600 SusquehannockIndians Schultz Site YO 170/65 LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museumof SusquehannockIndians Pennsylvania LA 7-2/314 Lent by the State Museum of Masquette Pennsylvania steatite 70. 68 1. 3cm., w. 2.5cm. Beads0) 17th century deer phalanges SusquehannaValley, 1575-1600 Pennsylvania Schultz Site SusquehannockIndians LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 2/591 SusquehannockIndians Lent by the State Museum of LA 7-1/896/686/561 Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania 66. Turtle Figure steatite 71. Beads(20) 1. 4cm., w. 2.5cm., h. 1.2cm. bird bone 17th century 1575-1600 SusquehannaValley, Schultz Site Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania SusquehannockIndians SusquehannockIndians B. 232 LA 7

51 Lent by the State Museumof Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

67. Turtle Figure 72. Gorget bone shell 1. 3cm., w. 2cm. 1. 7cm., w. 7.5cm. 17th century 1575-1600 SusquehannaValley, Funk/Schultz Site Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania SusquehannockIndians LA 9/116 B. 234 Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania

36 Dutch map of the Atlantic coastshowing what is now New Jerseyin the early 1600s Courtesyo•t the KungligaBiblioteket, Stockholm

73. Disk Beads 74. Rattle shell turtle shell middle 1600s 1. 12cm., w. 10cm., h. 6.5cm. Strickler Site 1575--1600 LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Funk/Schultz Site LA 3/7 LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museumof LA 9/151 Pennsylvania Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania

37 INDIANS AND EUROPEANS COMPETE FOR TRADE

...threeIndians of the Armewamen The Native Americans of the Atlantic seaboardwere not mainly interestedin the glassbeads and trinkets the Europeantraders camebefore the yacht.They told us brought, althoughthey usedthe beadsand trinketsfor decorating clothingand as ornaments.Much more important to the Indians that theywere fugitives--that the were the gunsand metal tools the traderswere willing to exchange for beaver and otter skins.The Indians could not producemetal tools Minquashad killedsome of their themselves,having a stonetechnology. The iron knives,hoes, hatchetsand gunsmade the Indians' hunting and farming much more people... productive. As Europeanships appeared in the rivers of easternNorth David DeVries, 1633 America, Indian groupsmoved toward them, eagerto trade. The ,

/ // Delaware River Valley was no exceptionto this pattern. As Dutch and Englishships came to trade in the river in the 1620sand 1630s conflict betweenthe Susquehannockand Delaware Indians increased as each soughtto control accessto the Europeantools and guns.

75. Pistol Barrel 78. Hoe Blade iron iron 1.25.5cm., d.2.5cm. 1. 18cm., w. 15.5cm., h. 6cm. early 1600s middle 1600s Frey-HaverstickSite Strickler Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LA 6/94 LA 3/518 Lent by the State Museum of Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

76. Pistol Flintlock 79. Small Belt Axe iron iron 1.12.8cm.,w.2.5cm., h.6.8cm. 1. 13cm., w. 2.5cm. early 1600s mid 1600s Frey-HaverstickSite Strickler Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LA 6/94 LA 3/571 Lent by the State Museum of Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

77. Gunflint chert 1.3.5cm.,h.3cm.,w..5cm. 17th century Monmouth County, New Jersey NJSM 2102

38 80. Small Hammer Head 84. Drift Pendant iron made from a delft dish 1. 9cm., w. 2.4cm., h. 2.3cm. d. 3.5cm. middle 1600s early 1600s Striclder Site Frey-HaverstickSite LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LA 3/315 LA 6/110 Lent by the State Museumof Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

81. Cek Head 85. Spoon iron latten 1. 8.5cm., w. 1.2cm. 1. 5.1cm., w. 17.5cm. 1575-1600 Holland Schultz Site Frey-HaverstickSite LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LA 7/358 LA 6/97 Lent by the State Museumof Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

82. Harpoon Tip 86. BagpiperKnife Handle iron cast bronze 1. 21cm., w. 3cm. 1.7cm.,w.2cm.,d.l.6cm. middle 1600s early 1600s Strickler Site Ere¾-HaverstickSite LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LA 3/611 LA 6/116 Lent by the State Museumof Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

83. Awl 87. Mouth Harp iron brass 1. 7cm. 1. 5.5cm., w. 3.3cm. middle 1600s middle 1600s Strickler Site Strickler Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 86 LA 3/86 LA 3/319 Lent by the State Museum of Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

39 88. Snuff Box 93. TobaccoPipe brass white clay 1.6.6cm.,w. Scm., h.3.7cm. 1.16.Scm.,d.l.9cm. 1634 (marked) 17th century Holland Martins Creek, Pennsylvania Byrd Leibhart Site NJSM 2492 York County, Pennsylvania YO 170/114 Lent by the State Museum of 94. Case Bottle Pennsylvania glass h.19.5cm., d.bcm. 89. TobaccoBox with Tamper and 17th century Lid Strickler Site brass LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania h.5cm., d.6.5cm. LA 3/22 17th century Lent by the State Museum of SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania LA 6/99 Lent by the State Museumof 95. Bottle FragmentWith Seal Mark "BM" Pennsylvania glass d.4.5cm. 90. Trade Pipe mid 1600s brass Strickler Site I. 12cm., w. 10cm., h. 6.5cm. LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania early 1600s LA 3/519 Frey-HaverstickSite Lent by the State Museum of LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania LA 6/115 a Lent by the State Museum of 96. Green GobletStem with SpiralDesign 94 Pennsylvania glass l.bcm., d.2cm. 91. TobaccoPipe mid 1600s tan clay Strickler Site 1.13cm., d.l.Scm. LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania early 1600s LA 3/517 Frey-HaverstickSite Lent by the State Museumof LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania LA 6/116 Lent by the State Museum of 97. Green Goblet Base Pennsylvania glass mid 1600s 92. TobaccoPipe Strickler Site white clay LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 1.11.1cm., d..bcm. LA 3/517 mid 1600s Lent by the State Museumof Byrd Leibhart Site Pennsylvania York County, Pennsylvania YO 170/114 Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania

40 106

88

98. String of Black SeedBeads 101. String of WashingtonBoro Blue Beads glass glass average1..5cm. averagel..9cm. early 1600s mid 1600s WashingtonBoro Site SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania uncat. B 299 Lent by the State Museum of Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania 108, 109 Pennsylvania 102. String of Black and White Beads 99. String of PaleGreen and White Seed glass Beads averaged..Scm. glass 17th century average1..3cm. Monmouth County, New Jersey early 1600s NJSM 80417 WashingtonBoro Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 103. String of Black,Red and White Beads B 290 glass Lent by the State Museum of averaged..5cm. Pennsylvania 17th century Monmouth County, New Jersey String of Blue and Black SeedBeads NJSM 80428 glass average1..4cm. early 1600s WashingtonBoro Site LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania B 302 Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania

41 BRASS AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR NATIVE AMERICAN CREATIVITY

...a kind oj:people of brownish A populartrade item wasthe brasskettle, sturdier than the Indians' claycooking pot. However,the kettleswere not of high qualityand color,quick, skillful in working quicklydeveloped cracks making them uselessfor their original purpose.The remnantsprovided the Native Americanswith a with their hands,willing, clever workableraw material.Indian groupsof easternNorth Americahad a thousands-year-oldtradition of cold hammeringnative copper. This and readyto learnand graspa technologyworked well with the brasskettle remnants, which were softenough to be cut, hammeredand rolledinto new objects. thing. Pendants,beads and tinklerswere popular ornaments produced in this manner.Brass was also shaped into awls,formerly made of bone. Per Lindestrom, 1654-1656

104.Washington Boro Incised Effigy Pot Delaware Indians clay NJSM 5340 w. 10.5cm.,h.10cm.,d.9.5cm. 17th century 108. Triangular Arrowpoints(3) SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania brass SusquehannockIndians mid 1600s B. 66 Strickler Site Lent by the State Museumof SusquehannockIndians Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LA 3/472 b 105. Large Kettle Lent by the State Museum of brass Pennsylvania h. 13.5cm., d.23.5cm. mid 1600s 109. Hafted BrassArrowpoint Strickler Site brass, wood LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 1.5cm.,w.1.5cm. LA 3/27 1645-1665 Lent by the State Museumof Strickler Site Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania SusquehannockIndians 106. Small Kettle LA 3/437 brass Lent by the State Museum of h. 6.5cm., d. 7.5cm. Pennsylvania 1575-1600 Funk/Schultz Site It is rare to have part of the wooden arrow shaft preserved LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania LA 9/184 Lent by the State Museumof 110. Tinkler Pennsylvania brass h.5cm., w.l.9cm., d..7cm. 17th century 107. Necklaces with Pendants (2) New Jersey copper Delaware Indians 1.45cm. NJSM 66.727 17th century Camden County, New Jersey

42 SETTING FOR A COLONIAL VENTURE

They setsail from By 1638 when the two Swedishships Kalmar Nyckeland FogelGrip approachedthe Delaware River to begin the New Sweden Colony, Gothenburg...ladenwith people, they were not comingto a wilderness.The Dutch had been exploring the navigableportion of the river up to the Falls at Trenton for provisions,ammunition, and twenty years.The Indianshad becomeused to the trade goodsthe Dutch and Englishbrought to exchangefor furs. The competition merchandisesuitable for traffic amongthe Susquehannockand the DelawareIndians for the traders' goodshad led to conflictsevere enough to forcethe DelawareIndians and giftsto the Indians. to abandonthe westernside of the river. They retreatedup alongthe streamson the easternbank to seekrefuge from Susquehannock Israel Acrelius, 1759 attacks.The Swedishcolonists came to the DelawareRiver led by Dutchmenwho knew the languagesof the Indiansand that the emptywest bank of the river was availablefor colonialoccupation.

111. Swedish Settlement At Fort Christina oil on canvas GeorgeRobert Bonfield(1802-98} w.99.2cm.,h.?lcm.(framed} Acc. 1413 Lent by the PhiladelphiaMaritime Museum

Coteborg,Sweden, the city from which Swedishships bound for the colonysailed from a drawingby Erik Dahlberg Courtesyof the Nationalmuseum,Stockholm

43 Map of the New SwedenColony by J. Vingboons,ca. 1640 Courtesyolr the KungligaBiblioteket, Stockholm

44 THE NEW SWEDEN COLONY 1638-1655

Swedish,Dutch and German stockholdersformed the New Sweden Companyto trade for furs with the Indiansand to grow tobaccoin North America.The DelawareRiver Valley was chosenas the site for the New SwedenColony becausePeter Minuit and the Dutch stockholders knew the area was well suited for both trade and tobaccogrowing. Minuit alsoknew that the Dutch and English coloniesof the Atlantic seaboardwere not strongenough to enforce their prior claimsto the Delaware. The Swedeslanded at what is today Wilmington, Delaware,in March 1638, and beganthe first permanentEuropean settlement in the DelawareValley. Wars in Europeand economicproblems at home kept Swedenfrom supportingthe colonyadequately. In the succeeding17 yearsonly 11 expeditionssailed from Swedento the colony, which by 1655 consistedof scatteredfarms and small settlementsof Swedesand Finns along both banks of the Delaware River. The colonistssurvived the lack of supportfrom their homeland by pursuinga vigoroustrade with the Dutch and Englishcolonies from New Englandto Virginia. Conflict with the Dutch in New Amsterdamincreased during the late 1640sand early 1650s.New Swedencame to an end as a Swedishcolony when Governor Johan Risingsurrendered to the Dutch in 1655.

45 THE NEW SWEDENCOLONY BEGINS

Thefirst abode of thenewly Thefirst landing ofthe New Sweden colonists in March 1638 was at whatis today Wilmington, Delaware. There, Peter Minuit claimed the arrivedemigrants was at a place valleyfor Sweden and began tobuild Fort Christina, named for Sweden's12-year-old Queen. Minuit bought land on the west bank of calledby theIndians theDelaware from the Susquehannock andDelaware Indians and tradedwith them for furs. In thespring, he sailed for Europe but was Hopakahacking.There, in theyear lostat sea in a Caribbeanstorm. His ship returned safely, though, bringingSweden word of thecolony's start. 1638,Peter Menuit built a fortress, TheDutch protested the Swedish settlement, butthey were too oftenat war with the Indians of northern New Jersey and southern whichhe namedFort Christina... NewYork and Connecticut to be ableto evictthe newcomers. Frictionbetween the Dutch and the Swedes would continue for the Israel Acrelius, 1759 next 17 years.

SWEDISH COLONIES 1638- 1663 ANDROUTES FROM SWEDEN xoNEW SWEDEN 1637 - 1656

Cape May

Canary IS. •

'...x '"'...

ST CHRISTOPHER

ANTIGUA • PORTORICO • •'"'-.... CARIBBEANIS.% BARBADOES Swedish Settlements in Africa 1648-1663

Carlsborg (CoastCastle, Cabo

Routesacross the Atlantic Ocean of Swedish expeditions Courtesyofthe Swedish Colonial Society

46 FortChristina as drawn by PerLindestrom ca. 1655 Couztesyof theRiksarkivet, Stockholm

47 THE FIRST COLONISTS FARMERS, SOLDIERS AND TRADERS

...accompaniedby the firing of The main purposeof the colony was to produceincome for the investors.This is shown clearly by the compositionof the first canon...thecountry was calledNew settlement.Soldiers accompanied the coloniststo defend them from the Dutch and the English,who protestedthat they had already Sweden. claimed the Delaware Valley, and the Indians. Farmerswere to producetobacco for shipmenthome to Swedenand to grow food for Four men from the Key of the colony. Traders were to exchangemetal hoes,knives, axesand other productsfor furs. Kalmar, 1639 Like most other colonies,New Swedenfailed to producea profit for its investors.But the colonistsrarely receivedsupplies of trade goodsfrom Sweden.They wereunable to competesuccessfully with the Dutch and the Englishfor the Indian fur trade. Swedenwas not overpopulatedand there was no pressurefor the Swedesand Finns to emigrate.The governmentsometimes forced those guilty of minor crimesto go to the colony. Finns living in central Swedenwere sometimessent to the colony for clearingforests which the Swedes protectedfor their iron and copperindustries.

112. Flintlock Firearm 115. Large Ax Head iron, wood iron 1. 138cm., w. 13cm., d. 7cm. 1.18cm.,w. 10.5cm.,d.3.5cm. 17th century early 1600s Falkenberg,Halland, Sweden SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania 73.575 b B. 721 Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Lent by the State Museum of Stockholm Pennsylvania

113. Finnish Plow 116. Knife wood, iron bone, iron 1.134cm.,h.101cm. 1. 10.3cm. 17th-centurystyle mid 1600s Ljusnonsbergparish, Vastmanland Strickler Site Sweden LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 97.266 LA 3/119 Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Lent by the State Museum of Stockholm Pennsylvania

114. Large Hoe 117. Crooked Knife iron iron 1.19cm.,w. 15.5cm., d.6cm. w.l.5cm., d. 15cm. mid 1600s 17th century Strickler Site SusquehannaValley, Pennsylvania LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Morgan Hebbard Collection LA 3/518 Lent by the State Museum of Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

48 118

49 JOHAN PRINTZ FIGHT FOR SURVIVAL

He wasnamed Captain Prins, and Johan Printz (1592-1663)arrived in New Swedenas governorin 1643. An ex-soldier,Printz soughtto strengthenthe colonyduring his ten a manof bravesize, who weighed yearsof rule. He moved its headquartersfrom Fort Christina to Tinicum Island, which is today a part of Philadelphia.The househe overfour hundredpounds. built there--Printzhof--remainedin his family until the 1680s. Printz tried to centralizethe colony'sgovernment. This frequently David DeVries, 1643 madehim unpopularwith his own colonists,but it earnedhim the respectof the surroundingDutch and English.He forcedthe small groupof Englishfrom New Haven, who had settlednear present Salem,New Jersey,in 1641or 1642,to swearallegiance to Sweden. He built Fort New Elfsborgnear Salemto control accessby the Dutch and the Englishto the Delaware.Throughout his serviceas governorPrintz wrote to the governmentofficials in Swedenasking for soldiers,artisans, settlers and trade goods.His requestswent unanswered. In 1653,despairing of help for the colonyfrom Sweden,Printz traveledto New Amsterdamand set sail for Europeon a Dutch ship.

118. Portraits of Governor Printz' Printzhof is the name of the house built Daughters (2) by Johan Printz at what is now oil on canvas Philadelphiaas the governor's w.75.7cm., h. 105.5cm. residence for the New Sweden 17th century Colony anonymous artist 64.76.1, 64.76.2 121. Two-Handled Bowl Lent by the State Museum of glazed,decorated red earthenware Pennsylvania h.llcm., d.3 lcm. 17th century 119. Pieceof FireplaceFrame with Coat Found in excavationof old city of of Arms of Governor Printz Jonkoping sandstone Lent by the JonkopingLans Museum, w.20cm., h.22cm., d.6cm. Jonkoping ca. 1660 Gunillaberg,Bottnaryd, Jonkoping 122. Two-Handled Bowl County, Sweden glazedred earthenware Lent by Mr. Bo Erhner, Jonkoping h.7.4cm., d. 15.8cm. mid 1600s 120. Brick From Printzhof Strickler Site clay LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 1.17.2cm.,w.dcm., d.3.5cm. LA 3/588 17th century Lent by the State Museum of Sweden or Holland Pennsylvania 36DE3 Lent by the State Museum of Pennsylvania

50 JohanPrintz, governorof New Swedenfrom 1643through 1653 as paintedby an anonymous artist Courtesyo] theJonkoping Lans Museum, Jonkoping 121

123. Cup Foundin excavationof old city of glazedred earthenware lonkoping h.5cm., d.Scm. Lent by the JonkopingLans Museum, 17th century Jonkoping Foundin excavationof old city of Jonkoping 126. Pipe Lentby the JonkopingLans Museum, white clay Jonkoping 1.20cm. 17th century 124. Stove Plate Possiblymade in Holland glazedclay Foundin excavationof old city of 122 w.17cm., h.25cm. Jonkoping 17th century Lent by the JonkopingLans Museum, Foundin excavationof old city of Jonkoping Jonkoping Lent by the JonkopingLans Museum, 127. Account Book of the New Sweden Jonkoping Company Decoratedwith religiousfigures ink, paper w.23.Scm., h.38.Scm., d.2cm. 125. Tap 1655 bronze Stockholm 1.15cm. Lent by the Riksarkivet,Stockholm ca. 1600

51 WAMPUM MEDIUM FOR EXCHANGE

...if sewantis not alwayson hand Wampum (calledsewant by the Dutch and the Swedes)was a variety of small shell beads.It was a valuablemedium of exchangebetween here,together with the other Europeansand Indians as early as the 1620s.It was also exchanged among the Indians and, until the 1640s,served as a form of "money" cargoesfor the savages,it is amongthe Europeancolonists who had difficultysecuring European coins. difficultto tradewith thesavages; The manufactureof wampumwas time-consumingand difficult. White beads were made from the central column of a whelk shell that JohanPrintz, 1644 had been trimmed, ground smoothon gritty stones,drilled lengthwise,and finally slicedinto a numberof separatebeads. The Indiansof coastalNew York and southernNew Englandfrequently madewampum with smalliron drills they receivedfrom Europeans. "Black"or purplewampum was madefrom sectionsof the purple lining of a hard-shellclam. The shellswere groundto a smooth cylindricalshape on gritty stones,then drilled lengthwise. A numberof white beadscould be made from a singlewhelk column, but only a few "black" beadscould be made from the small area of purpleon a clam shell.Consequently, purple wampum was worth at leasttwice as much as white wampum. PeterMinuit wasdirected on the first voyageto try to secure wampumbefore landing in the DelawareValley. But Minuit took the Caribbeanroute rather than that by way of New England,where wampumcould have been securedeasily.

Tomahawk 128.wood, iron, shell, leather, hair 1. 49.5cm., w. 30cm., d. 2.5cm. 17th century Delawareor SusquehannockIndians Livrustkammaren 3932 Lent by the EmografiskaMuseet, Stockholm

[ 129.Ball-Headed Club wood, shell 1.64cm.,h.18cm., d.12cm. early 1600s Delawareor Susquehannock Indians Livrustkammaren 1010 129 Lent by the EtnografiskaMuseet, Stockholm

52 128

53 PEACE WITH THE INDIANS

...no Christian nation is in better New Swedendiffers from all other Europeancolonies on the Atlantic coastof North Americain one importantrespect--in all of its 17-year creditwith the savagesthan we historyit was never at war with the Indians.Although leadersof the colonysuch as JohanPrintz and JohanRising had a poor opinion of now are. the Delaware Indians once the fur trade in the valley had been exhausted,the Swedishand Finnish settlersseem to have gotten Johan Rising, 1654 alongwell with both the Delawareand the SusquehannockIndians. One reasonfor this is probablythat the Swedesand Finns never numbered more than a few hundred settlers and therefore did not threaten to overwhelmthe Indian populations. The settlersmade smallclearings in the woods,burning the forest to clear trees and add fertilzer to the soil, much as the Indians themselves did. This left the settlers and the Indians free to hunt in the woodsbetween farms. The settlerswere used to hunting with the crossbowand to fishingwith nets, spearsand trapsin the rivers. Thesepatterns resembled the waysthe Indiansmade their living.

130. Wolfhead Headdress 133. Burden Strap wolPsskull with teeth intact, hide, twined fiber shell, sinew,with fur dyed red 1.560cm., w.4.7cm. 1.84cm., w. 14cm., h.9.5cm. 17th century 17th century Delaware or SusquehannockIndians Delawareor SusquehannockIndians 6908 6912 Lent by Skoklostersslott, Balsta Lent by Skoklostersslott, Balsta. The burden strap was worn by Indian women around their foreheads to 131. Ball-Headed Club wood, brass supportheavy loadson their backs. 1.40cm., d.9.5cm. 17th century Delaware or SusquehannockIndians 6906 Lent by Skoklostersslott, Balsta

132. Linked Fur-Covered Cords hide, fur, sinew, twined fiber and blue trade cloth 1.75cm.,w.30.5cm., d.l.3cm. 17th century Delaware or SusquehannockIndians 6910 Lent by Skoklostersslott, Balsta

54 130

55 132

56 5? A BRIEF WAR--AND THE END OF A COLONY

...the Dutch...broughtthe gunsof The Dutch-Swedishrivalry for control of the Delaware Valley was intense.The Swedishsettlement was a commercialand potentially a all their batteriesto bearupon us, military threat to New Netherland.Perhaps the Dutch toleratedthe Swedes on their flank because New Netherland's relations with the and on the 14th instant,formally neighboringIndians were poor at best, and often degeneratedinto open warfare.Another reasonmay have been that the generally summonedFort Christina,with cordialrelations in Europeamong England, the Netherlandsand Swedenextended to a measureof mutual toleranceamong their harshmenaces, by a drummerand colonies in the New World. But in 1654 Printz was succeededas governorby the somewhat a messenger,to capitulatewithin lessjudicious Johan Rising, when New Netherlandwas governedby the energeticPeter Stuyvesant. Soon after he arrivedin the New twenty-fourhours. World, Risingattempted to dislodgethe Dutch from the valleyby seizingFort Casimir (presentNew Castle, Delaware),below Fort Johan Rising, 1655 Christina on the westernshore of the river. Stuyvesantresponded by attackingNew Swedenlate in the summerof 1655.The virtually bloodlessDutch conquestended Swedishsovereignty•though not the Swedishand Finnish presence•in the Delaware Valley.

134.Novi Belgii,Novaeque Angliae 135. Charles II Medallion engraving,color silver w.55.6cm., h.46.7cm. h.3.6cm., w.2.8cm. Nikolaus J. Visscher post 1660 ca. 1656 Strickler Site Holland LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania Lent by the New JerseyState Archives LA 3/450 a Lent by the State Museumof Pennsylvania

58 f

1

Fort Christinasurrounded by Dutch gunsin 1655 as drawn by Per Lindestrom Courtesyo[ the Riksarki•et,Stockholm

59 Huntingand fishing in 17th-century Scandinaviaasdrawn by ErikDahlberg Courtesyof theNationalmuseum, Stockholm

60 SELF-SUFFICIENT SWEDES AND FINNS

While the New Swedencolony was a politicaland economicfailure, the settlersmade a successfuladaptation to life in the Delaware Valley. The Swedishand Finnish colonistsprobably made the transition from the Old World to the new more successfullythan any other groupof Europeansettlers. This resultedfrom similaritiesof natural environment between northeastern North America and Sweden- Finland, and similaritiesin the lifestylesof the colonistsand the Indians which minimizedconflict between the two peoples. New Swedenfell, but the Scandinavianpresence on the Delaware River remained. Swedish and Finnish contributions to the culture of colonialNorth America remainedimportant throughoutthe 18th century and are significantin the modern United States(enhanced by later, heavierSwedish and Finnish immigrationfrom the 1840sto the 1920s). These influencesinclude foodways, local placenames, music, churchorganization, log architecture,domestic weaving, Appalachian dulcimers,several boat types,and a number of castiron objects.New Swedenalso influenced culture at higherlevels through the paintings of Gustav Hesselius,published and unpublishedpoetry and hymns, and historiesand descriptionsof North America by Swedishand Finnish visitorssuch as Pehr Kalm, Per Lindestrom,Israel Acrelius, and Nils Coilin.

61 THE FIRST AMERICAN PIONEERS

...a plain, strong,industrious The Swedes and the Finns who came to the Delaware as colonists were probablybetter preparedto deal with the New World's climates people,. and landformsthan any other Europeansettlers. Sweden was similar physicallyin many waysto North America. The techniques William Penn, 1683 developedin Swedenover past centuriesto extract a living from such an environment servedthem as well in the Delaware River Valley. The lifestylethey brought with them was also similarto that of the Indians. Like the Native Americans, the Swedesand the Finns were used to supportingthemselves through a combinationof farming,hunting and fishing.They lived in self-sufficienthouseholds, where men built their own log housesand outbuildings,made their farming and hunting tools and much of the householdequipment, such as furniture and bowls. The women spun, wove and sewedthe clothing for their families and their household "linens."

136.Chest 139.Forge Hammer wood, iron iron, wood 1.134.5cm.,w.56cm., h.52cm. 1.36cm.,w.14.5cm. 1621 17th-centurystyle Sweden Sweden 161.840 144.552 Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Stockholm Stockholm

137. Plow 140. Forge Tongs wood, iron forgediron I. 123cm., h.89cm. 1.61.5cm., w.20cm. 17th-centurystyle 17th-centurystyle Sweden farmer'sforge, Drangsered parish, 79.319 Halland, Sweden Lent by the Nordiska Museet, 91.394e Stockholm Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm 138. Door From a Peasant Storehouse pinewood,iron 141. Brickmaker's Mold w. 129cm., h. 188cm. pinewood 17th century (?) 1. 36.2cm., w. 22cm. Mora parish, Dalarna, 17th-centurystyle Sweden Ranea parish,Norrbottan, Sweden 85.585a-c 171.670 Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm Stockholm

62 136

142. Cloth Used by Beatersin Communal 145. Fishing Spear Hunts (6) wood, iron paint on canvas, rope 1.297cm., w. 11.Scm. average1. 50cm., w. 50cm. 17th-centurystyle 17th century (?) Lyckselelappmark, Lappland Sweden 114.189 T 281a-f Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm Stockholm 146. Fish Trap 143. Hunting Spear wood, birchbark iron, wood, brass 1.105cm., d.35cm. 17th-centurystyle 17th-centurystyle Sweden Sweden 303.118 149.559 Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm Stockholm

144. Crossbow 147. Netsinker wood, iron, stone, birchbark 1.98cm., w.66cm. 17th-century style 17thecenturystyle Sweden Sweden 227.753 29.691 Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm Stockholm

63 146

148. Butter Churn 151. Spoon wood wood h. 100cm. 1.14.5cm., w.7.5cm. marked IES 1640 17th-centurystyle Borgsjoparish, Jamtland, Sweden Vackelsangparish, Smaland, Sweden 45.599 63.090a Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Stockholm Stockholm

149. Plate 152. Dragonfly wood wood d.19cm. 1.48cm., d.6.5cm. Probably 18th century 17th-centurystyle JonkopingCounty, Sweden Sarna parish,Dalarna, Sweden Lent by the JonkopingLans Museum, 26.805 a Jonkoping Lent by the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm 150. Spoon horn 153. Needle Box 1.15cm., w.8cm. elk horn 17th-centurystyle 1. 10cm. Sweden dated 1641 160.274 Transtrondparish, Dalarna, Sweden Lent by the Nordiska Museet, 30.677 Stockholm Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Stockholm

64 THE LUTHERAN CHURCH TIES WITH OLD SWEDEN

...I have caused a church to be Longafter the end of the New Swedencolony in 1655,the Swedish and Finnishsettlers in the DelawareValley tried to maintain cultural built in New Gothenburg, tieswith Sweden.In 1693,feeling lost, perhaps,in the Englishnessof their surroundings,they petitionedKing Karl XI to sendthem priests, decoratingit accordingto our catechismsand hymnalsto help them keepalive their Lutheranfaith and their Swedishlanguage. Thereafter ministers from Swedenhelped Swedishfashion, so far as our to maintain the settlers'ties with the old country until the American Revolution. resourcesand means would allow. The role of the SwedishLutheran Church in maintainingthis tie wasboth formal and very important.Beginning early in the 18th Johan Printz, 1647 century,Jasper Swedberg, the Bishopof Skara in westernSweden, was givencharge of the missionto the New World. He and his successorssent over suchLutheran priests as AndreasHesselius, Erik Bjork, Israel Acrelius and Nils Coilin. Their parsonageswere a networkof culturalcontinuity for visitors from home. For example,when in the late 1740sand early 1750s,the Finnishnaturalist Pehr Kalm traveledthrough the DelawareValley, he stayedat Lutheran parsonagessuch as the one at Swedesboro,New Jersey. The reportsand lettershome of Lutherandivines such as Erik Bjork contain early descriptionsof the region,the livesof the Swedes and the Finns in the river, and the culture of the Englishcolonies in which they lived. Later publishedaccounts by IsraelAcrelius and Nils Coilin echo Bjork's observations. The Lutheran missionariesto New Sweden not only succored their coreligionists,they alsotried to bring the Christian messageto the Indians. In 1696 the Swedishgovernment printed Thomas Campanius'stranslation of Martin Luther's catechisminto the DelawareIndian language,and the first ministersof the Swedish Mission in America brought copieswith them to the Delaware Valley.

65 Skara, seatof the LutheranBishops who sent ministersto the Delaware Valley in the 18th Century as drawn by Erik Dahlberg Com'tesyo[ the Nationalmuseum,Stockholm

154.Johannes Campanius' Translation Church of Aker, Jonkoping of Martin Luther's Catechism County, Sweden Into the Delaware Indian Lent by the JonkopingLans Language Museum,Jonkoping ink, paper,leather w.10.5cm., h.6.5cm., d. lcm. 157. Israel Acrelius' Account of the Swedish 1696 Churches in New Sweden Stockholm ink, paper Lent by SpecialCollections and 1759 Archives, RutgersUniversity Stockholm Libraries Lent by Rare Book Collections, FirestoneLibrary, Princeton 155. Thomas CampaniusHolm's University Descriptionof the Provinceof New Sweden 158. Pehr Kalm's Travels in North ink, paper,leather America 1702 ink, paper Stockholm w.22cm., h.28cm., d.5.Scm. Lent by Rare Book Collections, Dutch edition of 1772 FirestoneLibrary, Princeton Utrecht, Holland University Lent by SpecialCollections and Archives, RutgersUniversity 156. Priest's Altar Service Robe Libraries Red velvetwith embroideredgilt and silver thread 156 w.88cm., h.121cm. 1761

66 CULTURAL INFLUENCES

Severalold men in thiscountry told The influencesof New Swedengo deep into American material culture. me that the Swedes on their arrival The colonistsare usuallycredited with bringingto North America suchcommon Americanisms as log architecture,post-and-rail fences heremade such/ences as are usual and the sauna. But there are numerousother ways in which they may have influencedthe manner in which Americans have lived over in Sweden,but theywere/orced to the past three and a half centuries. Some folklife scholarstheorize that the Swedesand the Finns may leaveof/in a few yearstime, have learned from the Indians to make canoes. But the colonists were usedto traveling the waterwaysof Sweden-Finlandin church boats, becausethey could not get posts and they may have been familiar with the technologyof the dugout from building theseboats. The church boats may, in fact, have been enough. the ancestors of the famous Durham boats in which the Continental army crossedthe Delaware to attack the Hessiansat Trenton on Pehr Kalm, 1749 Christmas night, 1776. Other Swedishcrafts may have influencedcolonial American technologies.Swedish iron working may have influencedearly Pennsylvaniairon working techniques,and the weavingstyles of Swedish and Finnish women seem to have contributed to the middle Atlantic tradition of woven coverlets. There is even a tradition that the Swedishand Finnish style of living in a forestedenvironment, a style that conservedat least as much as it used,was the basisof the forestryindustry of southern New Jersey. The settlersmay also have influencedIndian crafts and technologies,other than through the obviousmechanism of trading metal implementsfor furs. For example,by the early yearsof the 19th centurythe DelawareIndians were producingbeautiful splint baskets to sell to European-Americans,and they seemto have taught the techniqueto other Indians of the easternseaboard. But this technologyis originallySwedish and Finnish, and the Delawaremay have learned it from the settlers.And east-coastIndian storehouses, from New Englandto the middleAtlantic, resemblenothing so much as the traditional Finnish style of storehouse.

67 159. Knapsack 162. Basket birchbark paint, dye, wood 17th-centurystyle 1.32cm.,w.26cm., h.14.5cm. Sweden 19th or early 20th century 88.781 Burlington County, New Jersey Lent by the NordiskaMuseet, Delaware Indians Stockholm NJSM 66.336 It has been suggestedthat the 160. Basket Delaware Indians may have wood learned to make woven splint 1.46cm., h.33.5cm. baskets from the Swedish and 19th or early 20th century Finnish settlers in the Delaware Northeastern United States Valley. PossiblyMohegan Indians NJSM 3261 163. Dugout Canoe The practiceof makingwoven white cedar splintbaskets spread from the 1.335.3cm. Delaware Indians to other Native 17th century Americans in the eastern United Cape May County, New Jersey States. NJSM

161. Basket Hollowedout by burning and scraping,dugout canoeswere used dye, wood by the Indiansof the Delaware 1.32cm.,w.24cm., h.14cm. Valley and accordingto Pehr 19th or early 20th century Kalm by Swedishsettlers in the BurlingtonCounty, New Jersey 1750s. Delaware Indians NJSM 66.343

Swedesboro,New Jersey(called Raccoon by the Swedish settlers) in the 1840s J.W. Barber and Henry Howe, Historical Collectionsof the Stateof New Jersey(1844)

68 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acrelius, Israel 1874 A Historyof New Sweden:or, The Settlementson the DelawareRiver. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Andersson,Ingvar 1956A Historyof Sweden.New York: Praeger.

Clay, Jehu Curtis 1858 Annalsof the Swedeson the Delaware,From Their First Settlementin •636, To the PresentTime. Philadelphia: H. Hooker & Co.

Coilin, Nicholas 1936 The Journaland Biographyof NicholasCollin. Philadelphia:The New JerseySociety of Pennsylvania.

FederalWriters' Project,New Jersey 1938The Swedesand Finnsin New Jersey.The New JerseyCommission to Commemoratethe 300th Anniversaryof the Settlementby the Swedesand Finns on the Delaware.

Goddard, Ives 1978 Delaware,Handbook of North AmericanIndians Northeast Vol. 15. Washington,D.C.: SmithsonianInstitution.

Holm, ThomasCampanius 1702A BriefDescription of theProvince of New Sweden,Now Calledby theEnglish, Pennsylvania,in America. Compiled from the Relationsand Writingsof Persons Worthyof Credit,and Adornedwith Mapsand Plates. Stockholm.

Jameson,J. F. (Ed.) 1909 Narrativesof New Netherland,1609-I 664. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Johnson,Amandus 1911The SwedishSettlements on theDelaware: Their History and Relation to the Indians,Dutch and English, 1638-1664. 2 Vols.Philadelphia: University of PennsylvaniaPress. 1927The Swedeson theDelaware, 1638-1664. Philadelphia. 1930The Instruction for Johan Printz, Governor of NewSweden. Philadelphia: SwedishColonial Society.

Kalm, Peter 1987Peter Kalm's Travels in NorthAmerica, The English Version of 1770.New York: Dover Publications.

Kent, Barry C. 1984Susquehanna's Indians. Harrisburg, Pa.: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

69 Kraft, Herbert C. 1986 The :Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. Newark, N.J.: New JerseyHistorical Society.

Leiby, Adrian C. 1964 The Early Dutch and SwedishSettlers of New Jersey. Princeton,N.J.: Van Nostrand.

Lindestrom, Peter 1925 GeographiaAmericae, With an Accountof the DelawareIndians, Based on Surveysand NotesMade in 1654-I656. Philadelphia:Swedish Colonial Society.

Myers, Albert Cook (Ed.) 1912 Narrativesof Early Pennsylvania,West New Jerseyand Delaware,1630-1707. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Rink, Oliver A. 1986 Hollandon the Hudson:An Economicand SocialHistory of Dutch New York. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Roberts, Michael 1968 The SwedishImperial Experience, 1560-I 718. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Scott, Franklin D. 1977 Sweden:The Nation'sHistory. Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress.

Wacker, Peter O. 1975 Land and People:A CulturalGeography of PreindustrialNew Jersey:Origins and SettlementPatterns. New Brunswick,N.J.: RutgersUniversity Press.

Ward, Christopher 1930 The Dutch and Swedeson the Delaware, 1609-64. Philadelphia:University of PennsylvaniaPress. 1938New Swedenon the Delaware.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Weslager,C. A. 1961 DutchExplorers, Traders and Settlersin the DelawareValley, 1609-I664 (in collaborationwith A.R. Dunlap). Philadelphia:University of PennsylvaniaPress. 1967The Englishon theDelaware, 1610-1682. New Brunswick,N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1987The Swedesand Dutchat New Castle.Wilmington: Middle Atlantic Pressof Delaware. 1988 New Swedenon the Delaware,1638-1655. Wilmington: Middle Atlantic Press.

Wuorinen, John H. 1938The Finnson theDelaware, 1638-1655: An Essayin AmericanColonial History. New York: Columbia UniversityPress.

70 STATE OF NEW JERSEY BUREAU OF EDUCATION The Honorable Thomas H. Kean, Governor Karen G. Cummins, Curator Howard W. Danser,II, PrincipalAudio-Visual DEPARTMENT OF STATE Technician Jane Burgio,Secretary of State J. Timothy Martin, PrincipalAudio-Visual Alvin S. Felzenberg,Assistant Secretary of Technician State Harry P. Scarborough,Senior Audio-Visual Technician MUSEUM ADVISORY COUNCIL Marie Tassone,Technical Assistant, Museum Walter E Gips, Jr., Chairman, Princeton Joan Fidler, Senior Clerk Typist CelesteS. Penney,Short Hills Diane Fitzpatrick,Clerk Typist William L. Kirchner, New Providence Lloyd B. Wescott,Rosemont BUREAU OF EXHIBITS Wallace X. Conway, Curator MUSEUM STAFF RussellR. Baker,Supervisor, Museum LeahPhyfer Sloshberg, Director Exhibits Allan L. Thomas,Senior MuseumPreparator BUREAU OF ADMINISTRATION Alfred R. Coleman,Museum Preparator Daniel Aubrey,Development Officer Theodore L. Delbo, Museum Preparator Marie R. Murawski, ExecutiveAssistant JamesP. Vairo, Electrician ConstanceDeRemigis, Secretarial Assistant III Charles Ralph, Carpenter Helen V. Estepp,Secretarial Assistant III EzekielFleming, Senior Repairer Cheryl J. Hancock,Principal Clerk Maureen G. Morse, PrincipalClerk Typist Stenographer Edgar C. Craven, Painter RussellS. LaMendola,Principal Stock Clerk Morris C. Johnson,Principal Industrial Eileen Peterson,Principal Audit-Account Assistant Clerk ElsayedA. Aboyoussef,Graphic Artist MarleneB. Zotta,Principal Clerk Typist Betty T. Zierler,Assistant Museum Preparator Kathy Kapraszewski,Principal Clerk Typist Floyd R. Ford, Senior BuildingMaintenance JerryL. Williams,Office ApplianceOperator Worker Noel Vento, Senior Industrial Assistant BUREAU OF ARCHAEOLOGY/ETHNOLOGY BUREAU OF SCIENCE Lorraine E. Williams, Curator, State David C. Parris, Curator Archaeologist ShirleyS. Albright, AssistantCurator, Col- FrancesL. Mollett, AssistantCurator, lections and Exhibitions Interpretation Anthony E Miskowski,Assistant Curator, Karen Flinn, MuseumRegistrar Interpretation Gina Giambrone,Senior Clerk Typist RichardD. Peery,Assistant Curator, Planetarium Services BUREAU OF ARTS William B. Gallagher,Museum Registrar Zoltan E Buki, Curator Kenneth E Mailloux, Senior Museum PaulaR. Foley,Assistant Curator, Collections Technician and Exhibitions Craig DeTample,Senior MuseumTechnician PatriciaA. Nardelli, PrincipalClerk StephenJ. Garots,Taxidermist Stenographer Jay Schwartz,Planetarium Technician JeanA. Williams,Senior Clerk Typist BUREAU OF CULTURAL HISTORY Linda S. Hill, Clerk Typist SuzanneC. Crilley, Curator SusanR. Finkel, AssistantCurator, Interpretation Maxine C. Friedman,Museum Registrar PriscillaBuckley Dolan, Administrator of Morven BarbaraT. Soganic,Senior Museum Technician JoyceK. Acolia,Principal Clerk Stenographer

71 GOVERNMENTPUBLICATIONS ALEXANDERLIBRARY RUTGERSUNIVERSITY NEWBRUNSWICK, NJ

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