02 Whole.Pdf (5.956Mb)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Functional Ecology's Non-Selectionist Understanding of Function
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biol & Biomed Sci xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Studies in History and Philosophy of Biol & Biomed Sci journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc Functional ecology's non-selectionist understanding of function ∗ Antoine C. Dussaulta,b, a Collège Lionel-Groulx, 100, Rue Duquet, Sainte-Thérèse, Québec, J7E 3G6, Canada b Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie (CIRST), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This paper reinforces the current consensus against the applicability of the selected effect theory of function in Functional biodiversity ecology. It does so by presenting an argument which, in contrast with the usual argument invoked in support of Function this consensus, is not based on claims about whether ecosystems are customary units of natural selection. Biodiversity Instead, the argument developed here is based on observations about the use of the function concept in func- Ecosystem function tional ecology, and more specifically, research into the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem func- Biological individuality tioning. It is argued that a selected effect account of ecological functions is made implausible by the fact that it Superorganism would conflict with important aspects of the understanding of function and ecosystem functional organization which underpins functional ecology's research program. Specifically, it would conflict with (1) Functional ecology's adoption of a context-based understanding of function and its aim to study the functional equivalence between phylogenetically-divergent organisms; (2) Functional ecology's attribution to ecosystems of a lower degree of part-whole integration than the one found in paradigm individual organisms; and (3) Functional ecology's adoption of a physiological or metabolic perspective on ecosystems rather than an evolutionary one. -
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Competitive exclusion principle In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle,[1] sometimes referred to as Gause's law,[2] is a proposition named for Georgy Gause that two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. When one species has even the slightest advantage over another, the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term. This leads either to the extinction of the weaker competitor or to an evolutionary or behavioral shift toward a different ecological niche. The principle has been paraphrased in the maxim "complete competitors can not coexist".[1] 1: A smaller (yellow) species of bird forages Contents across the whole tree. 2: A larger (red) species competes for resources. History 3: Red dominates in the middle for the more abundant resources. Yellow adapts to a new Experimental basis niche restricted to the top and bottom of the tree, Prediction avoiding competition. Paradoxical traits Redefinition Phylogenetic context Application to humans See also References History The competitive exclusion principle is classically attributed to Georgii Gause,[3] although he actually never formulated it.[1] The principle is already present in Darwin's theory of natural selection.[2][4] Throughout its history, the status of the principle has oscillated between a priori ('two species coexisting must have different niches') and experimental truth ('we find that species coexisting do have different niches').[2] Experimental basis Based on field observations, Joseph Grinnell formulated the principle of competitive exclusion in 1904: "Two species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. -
The Ngati Awa Raupatu Report
THE NGATI AWA RAUPATU REPORT THE NGAT I AWA RAUPATU REPORT WA I 46 WAITANGI TRIBUNAL REPORT 1999 The cover design by Cliä Whiting invokes the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the consequent interwoven development of Maori and Pakeha history in New Zealand as it continuously unfolds in a pattern not yet completely known A Waitangi Tribunal report isbn 1-86956-252-6 © Waitangi Tribunal 1999 Edited and produced by the Waitangi Tribunal Published by Legislation Direct, Wellington, New Zealand Printed by PrintLink, Wellington, New Zealand Text set in Adobe Minion Multiple Master Captions set in Adobe Cronos Multiple Master LIST OF CONTENTS Letter of transmittal. ix Chapter 1Chapter 1: ScopeScopeScope. 1 1.1 Introduction. 1 1.2 The raupatu claims . 2 1.3 Tribal overlaps . 3 1.4 Summary of main åndings . 4 1.5 Claims not covered in this report . 10 1.6 Hearings. 10 Chapter 2: Introduction to the Tribes. 13 2.1 Ngati Awa and Tuwharetoa . 13 2.2 Origins of Ngati Awa . 14 2.3 Ngati Awa today . 16 2.4 Origins of Tuwharetoa. 19 2.5 Tuwharetoa today . .20 2.6 Ngati Makino . 22 Chapter 3: Background . 23 3.1 Musket wars. 23 3.2 Traders . 24 3.3 Missionaries . 24 3.4 The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi . 25 3.5 Law . 26 3.6 Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. 28 Chapter 4: The Central North Island Wars . 33 4.1 The relevance of the wars to Ngati Awa. 33 4.2 Conclusion . 39 Chapter 5: The Völkner And Fulloon Slayings . -
Frequency-Dependent Selection by Wild Birds Promotes Polymorphism in Model Salamanders
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ecology and Evolutionary Biology July 2013 Frequency-dependent selection by wild birds promotes polymorphism in model salamanders Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Kim Shook University of Tennessee - Knoxville Reuben Izally Farragut High School Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_ecolpubs Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation BMC Ecology 2009, 9:12 doi:10.1186/1472-6785-9-12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BMC Ecology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Frequency-dependent selection by wild birds promotes polymorphism in model salamanders Benjamin M Fitzpatrick*1, Kim Shook2,3 and Reuben Izally2,3 Address: 1Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, USA, 2Pre-collegiate Research Scholars Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, USA and 3Farragut High School, Knoxville TN 37934, USA Email: Benjamin M Fitzpatrick* - [email protected]; Kim Shook - [email protected]; Reuben Izally - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 8 May 2009 Received: 10 February 2009 Accepted: 8 May 2009 BMC Ecology 2009, 9:12 doi:10.1186/1472-6785-9-12 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/9/12 © 2009 Fitzpatrick et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. -
The Evolution of Müllerian Mimicry
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Naturwissenschaften (2008) 95:681–695 DOI 10.1007/s00114-008-0403-y REVIEW The evolution of Müllerian mimicry Thomas N. Sherratt Received: 9 February 2008 /Revised: 26 April 2008 /Accepted: 29 April 2008 /Published online: 10 June 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract It is now 130 years since Fritz Müller proposed systems based on profitability rather than unprofitability an evolutionary explanation for the close similarity of co- and the co-evolution of defence. existing unpalatable prey species, a phenomenon now known as Müllerian mimicry. Müller’s hypothesis was that Keywords Müllerian mimicry. Anti-apostatic selection . unpalatable species evolve a similar appearance to reduce Warning signals . Predation the mortality involved in training predators to avoid them, and he backed up his arguments with a mathematical model in which predators attack a fixed number (n) of each Introduction distinct unpalatable type in a given season before avoiding them. Here, I review what has since been discovered about In footnote to a letter written in 1860 from Alfred Russel Müllerian mimicry and consider in particular its relation- Wallace to Charles Darwin, Wallace (1860)drewattentionto ship to other forms of mimicry. Müller’s specific model of a phenomenon that he simply could not understand: “P.S. associative learning involving a “fixed n” in a given season ‘Natural Selection’ explains almost everything in Nature, but has not been supported, and several experiments now there is one class of phenomena I cannot bring under it,—the suggest that two distinct unpalatable prey types may be repetition of the forms and colours of animals in distinct just as easy to learn to avoid as one. -
Summary of Native Bat, Reptile, Amphibian and Terrestrial Invertebrate Translocations in New Zealand
Summary of native bat, reptile, amphibian and terrestrial invertebrate translocations in New Zealand SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 303 Summary of native bat, reptile, amphibian and terrestrial invertebrate translocations in New Zealand G.H. Sherley, I.A.N. Stringer and G.R. Parrish SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 303 Published by Publishing Team Department of Conservation PO Box 10420, The Terrace Wellington 6143, New Zealand Cover: Male Mercury Islands tusked weta, Motuweta isolata. Originally found on Atiu or Middle Island in the Mercury Islands, these were translocated onto six other nearby islands after being bred in captivity. Photo: Ian Stringer. Science for Conservation is a scientific monograph series presenting research funded by New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). Manuscripts are internally and externally peer-reviewed; resulting publications are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. Individual copies are printed, and are also available from the departmental website in pdf form. Titles are listed in our catalogue on the website, refer www.doc.govt.nz under Publications, then Science & technical. © Copyright April 2010, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1173–2946 (hardcopy) ISSN 1177–9241 (PDF) ISBN 978–0–478–14771–1 (hardcopy) ISBN 978–0–478–14772–8 (PDF) This report was prepared for publication by the Publishing Team; editing by Amanda Todd and layout by Hannah Soult. Publication was approved by the General Manager, Research and Development Group, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. When printing, recycled paper is used wherever possible. CONTENTS Abstract 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Methods 7 3. -
Polymorphism Under Apostatic
Heredity (1984), 53(3), 677—686 1984. The Genetical Society of Great Britain POLYMORPHISMUNDER APOSTATIC AND APOSEMATIC SELECTION VINTON THOMPSON Department of Biology, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60805 USA Received31 .i.84 SUMMARY Selection for warning colouration in well-defended species should lead to a single colour form in each local population, but some species are locally polymor- phic for aposematic colour forms. Single-locus two-allele models of frequency- dependent selection indicate that combined apostatic and aposematic selection may maintain stable polymorphism for one, two or three aposematic forms, provided that at least one form is subject to net apostatic selection. Frequency- independent selective differences between colour forms broaden the possibilities for aposematic polymorphism but lead to monomorphism if too large. Concurrent apostatic and aposematic selection may explain polymorphism for warning colouration in a number of jumping or moderately unpalatable insects. 1. INTRODUCTION Polymorphism for warning colouration poses a paradox for evolutionists because, as Fisher (1958) seems to have been the first to note, selection for warning colouration (aposematic selection) should lead to monomorphism. Under aposematic selection predators tend to avoid previously encountered phenotypes of undesirable prey, so that the fitness of each phenotype increases as it becomes more common. Given the presence of two forms, each will suffer at the hands of predators conditioned to avoid the other and one will eventually prevail because as soon as it gets the upper hand numerically it will drive the other to extinction. Nonetheless, many species are polymorphic for colour forms that appear to be aposematic. The ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) furnish a number of particularly striking examples (Hodek, 1973; and see illustration in Ayala, 1978). -
A Global Method for Calculating Plant CSR Ecological Strategies Applied Across Biomes World-Wide
Functional Ecology 2016 doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12722 A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide Simon Pierce*,1, Daniel Negreiros2, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini3, Jens Kattge4, Sandra Dıaz5, Michael Kleyer6, Bill Shipley7, Stuart Joseph Wright8, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia9, Vladimir G. Onipchenko10, Peter M. van Bodegom9, Cedric Frenette-Dussault7, Evan Weiher11, Bruno X. Pinho12, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen13, John Philip Grime14, Ken Thompson14, Roderick Hunt15, Peter J. Wilson14, Gabriella Buffa16, Oliver C. Nyakunga16,17, Peter B. Reich18,19, Marco Caccianiga20, Federico Mangili20, Roberta M. Ceriani21, Alessandra Luzzaro1, Guido Brusa3, Andrew Siefert22, Newton P. U. Barbosa2, Francis Stuart Chapin III23, William K. Cornwell24, Jingyun Fang25, Geraldo Wilson Fernandez2,26, Eric Garnier27, Soizig Le Stradic28, Josep Penuelas~ 29,30, Felipe P. L. Melo12, Antonio Slaviero16, Marcelo Tabarelli12 and Duccio Tampucci20 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy; 2Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; 3Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100 Varese, Italy; 4Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany; 5Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologıa Vegetal (CONICET-UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield 299, -
Conservation Ecology: Using Ants As Bioindicators
Table of Contents Using Ants as bioindicators: Multiscale Issues in Ant Community Ecology......................................................0 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................0 SCALE DEPENDENCY IN ANT COMMUNITIES....................................................................................1 Functional groups .............................................................................................................................2 Regulation of diversity......................................................................................................................3 Measuring species richness and composition...................................................................................4 Estimating species richness...............................................................................................................6 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE USE OF ANTS AS BIOINDICATORS..........................................................8 Using functional groups to assess ecological change.......................................................................8 Assessing species diversity...............................................................................................................9 RESPONSES TO THIS ARTICLE.............................................................................................................10 -
Functional Ecology of Secondary Forests in Chiapas, Mexico
Functional ecology of secondary forests in Chiapas, Mexico Madelon Lohbeck AV2010-19 MWM Lohbeck Functional Ecology of Secondary forests in Chiapas, Mexico Master thesis Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group FEM 80439 and FEM 80436 April 2010, AV2010-19 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Frans Bongers (Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University and Research centre, the Netherlands) Dr. Horacio Paz (Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico) All rights reserved. This work may not be copied in whole or in parts without the written permission of the supervisor. 2 Table of contents General introduction 5 Acknowledgements 8 Chapter 1: Environmental filtering of functional traits as a driver of 9 community assembly during secondary succession in tropical wet forest of Mexico Chapter 2. Functional traits related to changing environmental conditions during 27 secondary succession: Environmental filtering and the slow-fast continuum Chapter 3. Functional and species diversity in tropical wet forest succession 48 Chapter 4. Functional diversity as a tool in predicting community assembly 65 processes 3 List of tables and figures General introduction Figure 1: General overview of the study area in Chiapas, Mexico 6 Chapter 1 Table 1: Leaf trait abbreviations and descriptions 13 Figure 1: Pathmodel showing the causal relations between age, stand 15 structure, environment and functional traits Figure 2: Stand structure in time since abandonment 15 Figure 3: -
Visual and Other Selection in Cepaea
Heredity (1974), 33 (1), 17-31 VISUALAND OTHER SELECTION IN CEPAEA: A FURTHER EXAMPLE J. 3. D. GREENWOOD Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee Received4.iv.73 SUMMARY Populations of Cepaea nenwralis and C. hortensis have been sampled in a small area in north-west Worcestershire. No clear ecological separation between the two species is apparent. Morphs of C. nemoralis that one would expect to vary in frequency between woods and open habitats on the basis of visual selection do so in the manner expected. The variation shown by C. hortensis in the region is quite different and much reduced, compared with that of C. nernoralis. The expected differences between woods and open habitats still occur, however. Tests for any relations between morph-frequency and two other environmental variables (altitude and proximity to water) have been made. Only altitude shows such relations: unbanded in C. hortensis tends to rise in frequency with altitude and listeria in C. nemoralis may do so. The Index of Polymorphism of C. nemoralis is always high if C. hortensis is present, but may be low if the latter is absent. Several mechanisms which could explain this are suggested. Linkage disequiibria are apparent in C. nemoralis. Banding is deficient in browns and at an excess in yellows, compared with pinks, in all habitats. It is concluded that the diversity of selective forces acting affectively on Cepaea populations, not random events, is responsible for the wide variation between them in morph-frequencies. 1. INTRODUCTION DURING the last quarter of a century studies of the genetic variation of Cepaea nemoralis (L.) and C. -
A Phylogeny and Revised Classification of Squamata, Including 4161 Species of Lizards and Snakes
BMC Evolutionary Biology This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:93 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robert Alexander Pyron ([email protected]) Frank T Burbrink ([email protected]) John J Wiens ([email protected]) ISSN 1471-2148 Article type Research article Submission date 30 January 2013 Acceptance date 19 March 2013 Publication date 29 April 2013 Article URL http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/93 Like all articles in BMC journals, this peer-reviewed article can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in BMC journals are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in BMC journals or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/ © 2013 Pyron et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes Robert Alexander Pyron 1* * Corresponding author Email: [email protected] Frank T Burbrink 2,3 Email: [email protected] John J Wiens 4 Email: [email protected] 1 Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St.