Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Naturally Assembled Communities
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The Interaction of Drought and the Outbreak of Phoracantha
The interaction of drought and the outbreak of Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on tree collapse in the Northern Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest. by Stephen Seaton (BSc Environmental Science) This thesis is presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia November 2012 ii Declaration I declare that that the work contained within this thesis is an account of my own research, except where work by others published or unpublished is noted, while I was enrolled in the Bachelor of Science with Honours degree at Murdoch University, Western Australia. This work has not been previously submitted for a degree at any institution. Stephen Seaton November 2012 iii Conference Presentations Seaton, S.A.H., Matusick, G., Hardy, G. 2012. Drought induced tree collapse and the outbreak of Phoracantha semipunctata poses a risk for forest under climate change. Abstract presented at the Combined Biological Sciences Meeting (CBSM) 2012, 24th of August. University Club, University of Western Australia. Seaton, S.A.H., Matusick, G., Hardy, G. 2012. Occurrence of Eucalyptus longicorn borer (Phoracantha semipunctata) in the Northern Jarrah Forest following severe drought. To be presented at The Australian Entomological Society - 43rd AGM & Scientific Conference and Australasian Arachnological Society - 2012 Conference. 25th – 28th November. The Old Woolstore, Hobart. iv Acknowledgments I greatly appreciate the guidance, enthusiasm and encouragement and tireless support from my supervisors Dr George Matusick and Prof Giles Hardy in the Centre of Excellence for Climate Change Forests and Woodland Health. I particularly appreciate the interaction and productive discussions regarding forest ecology and entomology and proof reading the manuscript. -
Functional Ecology's Non-Selectionist Understanding of Function
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biol & Biomed Sci xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Studies in History and Philosophy of Biol & Biomed Sci journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc Functional ecology's non-selectionist understanding of function ∗ Antoine C. Dussaulta,b, a Collège Lionel-Groulx, 100, Rue Duquet, Sainte-Thérèse, Québec, J7E 3G6, Canada b Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie (CIRST), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This paper reinforces the current consensus against the applicability of the selected effect theory of function in Functional biodiversity ecology. It does so by presenting an argument which, in contrast with the usual argument invoked in support of Function this consensus, is not based on claims about whether ecosystems are customary units of natural selection. Biodiversity Instead, the argument developed here is based on observations about the use of the function concept in func- Ecosystem function tional ecology, and more specifically, research into the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem func- Biological individuality tioning. It is argued that a selected effect account of ecological functions is made implausible by the fact that it Superorganism would conflict with important aspects of the understanding of function and ecosystem functional organization which underpins functional ecology's research program. Specifically, it would conflict with (1) Functional ecology's adoption of a context-based understanding of function and its aim to study the functional equivalence between phylogenetically-divergent organisms; (2) Functional ecology's attribution to ecosystems of a lower degree of part-whole integration than the one found in paradigm individual organisms; and (3) Functional ecology's adoption of a physiological or metabolic perspective on ecosystems rather than an evolutionary one. -
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Competitive exclusion principle In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle,[1] sometimes referred to as Gause's law,[2] is a proposition named for Georgy Gause that two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. When one species has even the slightest advantage over another, the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term. This leads either to the extinction of the weaker competitor or to an evolutionary or behavioral shift toward a different ecological niche. The principle has been paraphrased in the maxim "complete competitors can not coexist".[1] 1: A smaller (yellow) species of bird forages Contents across the whole tree. 2: A larger (red) species competes for resources. History 3: Red dominates in the middle for the more abundant resources. Yellow adapts to a new Experimental basis niche restricted to the top and bottom of the tree, Prediction avoiding competition. Paradoxical traits Redefinition Phylogenetic context Application to humans See also References History The competitive exclusion principle is classically attributed to Georgii Gause,[3] although he actually never formulated it.[1] The principle is already present in Darwin's theory of natural selection.[2][4] Throughout its history, the status of the principle has oscillated between a priori ('two species coexisting must have different niches') and experimental truth ('we find that species coexisting do have different niches').[2] Experimental basis Based on field observations, Joseph Grinnell formulated the principle of competitive exclusion in 1904: "Two species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. -
Forest Conservation and Management in the Anthropocene
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Conservation and Management in the Anthropocene: Adaptation of Science, Policy, and Practices Forest Rocky Mountain Proceedings Service Research Station RMRS-P-71 July 2014 Sample, V. Alaric and Bixler, R. Patrick (eds.). 2014. Proceedings. RMRS-P-71. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Abstract - - - change. Forest Conservation and Management in the Anthropocene: Adaptation of Science, Policy, and Practices Edited by: V. Alaric Sample, President, Pinchot Institute for Conservation, Washington, DC; and R. Patrick Bixler, Research Fellow, Pinchot Institute for Conservation, Washington, DC FOREWORD The future of America’s forests is more uncertain now than at any time since science-based sustainable forest management was established in this country more than a century ago. The Conservation Movement of the late 19th and early 20th century saw the creation of federally protected public forests, establishment of the basic laws and policies that guide the sustainable management of state, private, and tribal forests, and development of an unrivaled capacity for forest research and science. Our knowledge of forests has never been better, yet an area of forest larger than that of several states stands dead or dying, with millions more acres imperiled not by foreign invasive species, but by native insects and pathogens with which these forests have co- acknowledged as the best in the world. Yet millions of acres of public and private forests go up they are today. What is going on here? What has changed? Since the days of the Conservation Movement and Gifford Pinchot’s urgent call to action to protect America’s forests, our population has grown from 76 million people to 325 million. -
Inventory and Review of Quantitative Models for Spread of Plant Pests for Use in Pest Risk Assessment for the EU Territory1
EFSA supporting publication 2015:EN-795 EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT Inventory and review of quantitative models for spread of plant pests for use in pest risk assessment for the EU territory1 NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 2 Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK ABSTRACT This report considers the prospects for increasing the use of quantitative models for plant pest spread and dispersal in EFSA Plant Health risk assessments. The agreed major aims were to provide an overview of current modelling approaches and their strengths and weaknesses for risk assessment, and to develop and test a system for risk assessors to select appropriate models for application. First, we conducted an extensive literature review, based on protocols developed for systematic reviews. The review located 468 models for plant pest spread and dispersal and these were entered into a searchable and secure Electronic Model Inventory database. A cluster analysis on how these models were formulated allowed us to identify eight distinct major modelling strategies that were differentiated by the types of pests they were used for and the ways in which they were parameterised and analysed. These strategies varied in their strengths and weaknesses, meaning that no single approach was the most useful for all elements of risk assessment. Therefore we developed a Decision Support Scheme (DSS) to guide model selection. The DSS identifies the most appropriate strategies by weighing up the goals of risk assessment and constraints imposed by lack of data or expertise. Searching and filtering the Electronic Model Inventory then allows the assessor to locate specific models within those strategies that can be applied. -
A Global Method for Calculating Plant CSR Ecological Strategies Applied Across Biomes World-Wide
Functional Ecology 2016 doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12722 A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world-wide Simon Pierce*,1, Daniel Negreiros2, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini3, Jens Kattge4, Sandra Dıaz5, Michael Kleyer6, Bill Shipley7, Stuart Joseph Wright8, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia9, Vladimir G. Onipchenko10, Peter M. van Bodegom9, Cedric Frenette-Dussault7, Evan Weiher11, Bruno X. Pinho12, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen13, John Philip Grime14, Ken Thompson14, Roderick Hunt15, Peter J. Wilson14, Gabriella Buffa16, Oliver C. Nyakunga16,17, Peter B. Reich18,19, Marco Caccianiga20, Federico Mangili20, Roberta M. Ceriani21, Alessandra Luzzaro1, Guido Brusa3, Andrew Siefert22, Newton P. U. Barbosa2, Francis Stuart Chapin III23, William K. Cornwell24, Jingyun Fang25, Geraldo Wilson Fernandez2,26, Eric Garnier27, Soizig Le Stradic28, Josep Penuelas~ 29,30, Felipe P. L. Melo12, Antonio Slaviero16, Marcelo Tabarelli12 and Duccio Tampucci20 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy; 2Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; 3Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, I-21100 Varese, Italy; 4Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany; 5Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologıa Vegetal (CONICET-UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield 299, -
Conservation Ecology: Using Ants As Bioindicators
Table of Contents Using Ants as bioindicators: Multiscale Issues in Ant Community Ecology......................................................0 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................0 SCALE DEPENDENCY IN ANT COMMUNITIES....................................................................................1 Functional groups .............................................................................................................................2 Regulation of diversity......................................................................................................................3 Measuring species richness and composition...................................................................................4 Estimating species richness...............................................................................................................6 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE USE OF ANTS AS BIOINDICATORS..........................................................8 Using functional groups to assess ecological change.......................................................................8 Assessing species diversity...............................................................................................................9 RESPONSES TO THIS ARTICLE.............................................................................................................10 -
CURRICULUM VITAE Matthew P. Ayres
CURRICULUM VITAE Matthew P. Ayres Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 (603) 646-2788, [email protected], http://www.dartmouth.edu/~mpayres APPOINTMENTS Professor of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 2008 - Associate Director, Institute of Arctic Studies, Dartmouth College, 2014 - Associate Professor of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 2000-2008 Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 1993 to 2000 Research Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Research Entomologist, 1993 EDUCATION 1991 Ph.D. Entomology, Michigan State University 1986 Fulbright Fellowship, University of Turku, Finland 1985 M.S. Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks 1983 B.S. Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Ecological Society of America Entomological Society of America PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Member, Board of Editors: Ecological Applications; Member, Editorial Board, Population Ecology Referee: (10-15 manuscripts / year) American Naturalist, Annales Zoologici Fennici, Bioscience, Canadian Entomologist, Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Climatic Change, Ecography, Ecology, Ecology Letters, Ecological Entomology, Ecological Modeling, Ecoscience, Environmental Entomology, Environmental & Experimental Botany, European Journal of Entomology, Field Crops Research, Forest Science, Functional Ecology, Global Change Biology, Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal of Biogeography, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, Journal of Economic -
Functional Ecology of Secondary Forests in Chiapas, Mexico
Functional ecology of secondary forests in Chiapas, Mexico Madelon Lohbeck AV2010-19 MWM Lohbeck Functional Ecology of Secondary forests in Chiapas, Mexico Master thesis Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group FEM 80439 and FEM 80436 April 2010, AV2010-19 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Frans Bongers (Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University and Research centre, the Netherlands) Dr. Horacio Paz (Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico) All rights reserved. This work may not be copied in whole or in parts without the written permission of the supervisor. 2 Table of contents General introduction 5 Acknowledgements 8 Chapter 1: Environmental filtering of functional traits as a driver of 9 community assembly during secondary succession in tropical wet forest of Mexico Chapter 2. Functional traits related to changing environmental conditions during 27 secondary succession: Environmental filtering and the slow-fast continuum Chapter 3. Functional and species diversity in tropical wet forest succession 48 Chapter 4. Functional diversity as a tool in predicting community assembly 65 processes 3 List of tables and figures General introduction Figure 1: General overview of the study area in Chiapas, Mexico 6 Chapter 1 Table 1: Leaf trait abbreviations and descriptions 13 Figure 1: Pathmodel showing the causal relations between age, stand 15 structure, environment and functional traits Figure 2: Stand structure in time since abandonment 15 Figure 3: -
Landscape Modeling for Red Oak Borer Enaphalodes Rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Using Geographic Information Systems
LANDSCAPE MODELING FOR RED OAK BORER ENAPHALODES RUFULUS (HALDEMAN) (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS LANDSCAPE MODELING FOR RED OAK BORER (ENAPHALODES RUFULUS) HALDEMAN (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By LEAH D. LUCIO, B.S. University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2001 December 2004 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council Thesis Director: ________________________________________________ Dr. Frederick M. Stephen Thesis Committee: __________________________________________________ Dr. C. Fred Limp ___________________________________________________ Dr. Timothy Kring ____________________________________________________ Dr. Fiona Goggin THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this thesis when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed_______________________________________ Refused_______________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Fred Stephen for his patience, direction and advice. I have grown to appreciate his leadership style. Because of it, I feel that I may be better prepared than most other students in my position. I also owe much gratitude to Dr. Tim Kring who is ever willing to listen to the complaints and concerns of all students as well as for picking on me from time to time; it set me at ease and let me know he cared. To Dr. Fred Limp, for always answering the GIS and statistics questions I posed, despite being cross-country, I am ever grateful. Special thanks also to Dr. Fiona Goggin for the excellent comments regarding my thesis. It was immensely improved because of her efforts. To the USDA Forest Service: I wouldn’t have a results section if not for the groups of employees who completed most of the field plots. -
Functional Island Biogeography: the Next Frontier in Island Biology
Functional island biogeography: the next frontier in island biology Holger Kreft∗1,2 1Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of G¨ottingen{ B¨usgenweg 1 37077 G¨ottingen,Germany 2Biodiversity, Macroecology Biogeography, University of G¨ottingen{ B¨usgenweg 1. 37077 G¨ottingen, Germany Abstract Island biota exhibit a fascinating diversity of form and function, and the specular morpho- logical and behavioral oddities of island species compared to mainland relatives have received considerable scientific interest. Interestingly, all influential theories in island biogeography including the Equilibrium Theory and the General Dynamic Model of Island Biogeography do not consider such differences in species traits but instead treat all species as functionally equivalent. Such an ecologically neutral perspective clearly represents an oversimplification of the nature of island biota and limits our ability to understand the complex interplay of processes underpinning the distribution and diversity of island species and to predict how island species are affected by global environmental change. The large body of literature that exists on traits associated with dispersal and colonization, island syndromes (e.g. derived island woodiness, disharmony) or convergent trait evolution on different islands, however, currently lacks a coherent framework. Here, we argue that islands are particularly suited for a trait-based approach to study how different dispersal and environmental filters shape species assemblages at different spatial scales and how functional diversity emerges over time. We propose functional island biogeography, as an emerging sub-discipline that studies the distribution and composition of traits and functional diversity of island organisms across different organizational levels, and argue that this approach has great potential to link cur- rently disparate areas of island research at the interface of functional ecology, biogeography and evolutionary biology. -
New Central American and Mexican Enaphalodes Haldeman, 1847 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with Taxonomic Notes and a Key to Species
New Central American and Mexican Enaphalodes Haldeman, 1847 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with taxonomic notes and a key to species Steven W. Lingafelter¹ & Antonio Santos-Silva² ¹ University of Arizona (UA), Department of Entomology, Insect Collection (UAIC). Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. E‑mail: [email protected] ² Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Museu de Zoologia (MZUSP). São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E‑mail: [email protected] Abstract. A review of Enaphalodes Haldeman, 1847 is presented. Descriptions of four new species of Enaphalodes are included: E. antonkozlovi, sp. nov. from Costa Rica, E. bingkirki, sp. nov. from Nicaragua, E. monzoni, sp. nov. from Guatemala, and E. cunninghami, sp. nov. from Mexico. Enaphalodes senex (Bates, 1884) is revalidated and it is newly recorded from Nicaragua and Guatemala. A key to the 15 currently recognized species of Enaphalodes is included. Key-Words. Cerambycinae; Elaphidiini; Key; Long horned beetle; Taxonomy. INTRODUCTION Enaphalodes were known, with only two species known from Central and South America. The genus Enaphalodes Haldeman (1847) was In this work, we describe four new species originally listed in Dejean’s (1836) catalogue, but it of Enaphalodes: E. antonkozlovi from Costa Rica, is an unavailable name since it had no description E. bingkirki from Nicaragua, E. monzoni from or included species and therefore did not meet Guatemala, and E. cunninghami from Mexico. We Article 12 of the International Code of Zoological revalidate E. senex (Bates, 1884) and newly record Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). This was further cor‑ it from two countries, Nicaragua and Guatemala. roborated by Bousquet & Bouchard (2013) in their We provide a key to the 15 species of Enaphalodes analysis of available names from this publication.