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Castlering Archaeology CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT NO.355 FINSLEY GATE MILL BURNLEY LANCASHIRE SD 84190 32050 HISTORIC BUILDING RECORDING OCTOBER 2011 CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT 355, 2 CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT NO. 355 FINSLEY GATE MILL BURNLEY LANCASHIRE SD 84190 32050 HISTORIC BUILDING RECORDING CONTRACTED BY: ST MODWEN DEVELOPMENTS LTD CHEPSTOW HOUSE TRIDENT BUSINESS PARK DATEN AVENUE RISLEY WARRINGTON WA3 6BX UNDERTAKEN BY PAT FROST BA, MIFA, CONSULTANT ARCHAEOLOGIST CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY 33, STALLION LANE, PONTESBURY, SHROPSHIRE. SY5 0PN TEL: 01743 792297 MOBILE: 07971751978 email: [email protected] www.castleringarchaeology.co.uk CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT 355, 3 SYNOPSIS This report contains the result of a programme of building recording undertaken at Finsley Gate Mill, Burnley, prior to any redevelopment. The mill site comprises a series of 19th century buildings on the north bank of the Leeds & Liverpool Canal. The mill lies within the Canalside Conservation Area but has not fulfilled the current criteria for Listed building status by English Heritage. The mill is one of the many former steam-powered buildings purpose-built on the principle of rectangular design, with floors supported by cast iron columns, to house the growing 19th century cotton industry in Burnley. Nevertheless the mill is considered to be of sufficient historical, architectural and industrial archaeological interest to warrant a programme of building recording prior to any further developments on the site. Fishwick provides the first cartographic record of a mill on the site, which has taken its name from the nearby Turn Bridge. The mill was built in the 1820s and subsequently renamed Finsley Gate Mill. Little evidence remains of the first mill on the site as occupied by Holgates, other than the sandstone walls that form the west side of the existing 4- storey mill. Holgates are recorded in Trade Directories from 1828 until 1843 and from 1846 Henry Knowles & Sons appear to have taken over the premises. Cartographic evidence suggests that the existing 3-storey stone-built warehouse was added to the west side of the site c.1848 / 1849 by Henry Knowles. At this time the engine house and chimney were sited between the old mill and the canal. In September 1852 the Burnley Advertiser reported on the horrific boiler explosion at the mill when eleven were injured, four of whom died within 24 hours. It seems likely that the sandstone Power House that stands on site today was built shortly after this 1852 explosion, the size and location of the building being dictated by the warehouse built shortly before. In 1866, the Burnley Gazette reported on a fire that almost gutted the mill, reportedly causing £20,000 worth of damage and one fatality, an eleven year old boy. Following the fire, most of the 1820s Turn Bridge Mill appears to have been cleared and a new mill built by the Knowles family. The 1866 building is represented in the lower three storeys of the prominent mill building that stands on the site today. The northeast elevation fronting Finsley Gate bears the 1866 datestone and Knowles containing 30,000 spindles with machinery that . The fourth and upper storey is clearly added at a later date. Towards the end of the 19th century, Witham Bros. took over the mill. The 1893 OS map shows that by this time the canalside chimney had been demolished and the existing brick chimney built together with the boiler house. The existing steel framed bridge over the canal had been constructed connecting Finsley Gate Mill to a Coal Depot, which provided a source of fuel for the three Lancashire boilers that survive on the site today. In 1945 Joshua Hoyle & Sons took over the Mill from Witham Bros. and continued to work there until 1959. Under their ownership, the modern lift shaft on the northwest corner of the 1866 building was added c.1950. In 1959, Lambert Howarth, who had taken over Healey Royd Mill in 1939, acquired Finsley Gate Mill, thus operating premises on both banks of the canal. The company went into administration in January 2007 and Healey Royd and Finsley Gate were bought by St Modwen Developments Ltd. The present site principally comprises three buildings of sandstone construction: the mill built in 1866; the mid-19th century Power House and Warehouse together with the red-brick late 19th century Chimney and Boiler House and the early 20th century single storey shed. The 1866 Mill and c.1848 Warehouse are constructed around the principle of rectangular design with floors supported by cast iron columns. All machinery associated with the spinning mill was presumably removed in 1959 and the rare survival of three Lancashire boilers on the site is attributed to their continued use for heating. The Mill has stood empty since 2007. Sadly, in the intervening years, the building has been subjected to several forays of vandalism and robbery, notwithstanding the security arrangements made by St. Modwens. In consequence, several major decisions have to be made in respect of both sites. The current programme of work and the plans undertaken by Tower Surveys in 2004 have ensured that a record has been made of the existing site prior to any demolition and subsequent redevelopment. CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT 355, 4 LIST OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Aim of the Project 3. Methodology Fig. 1 Site Location Plate 1 Site Location, view from the south 2006 Plate 2 Site Location, view from the south 2011 4. History of the Mill Site Cartographic evidence Figs 3-7 Plate 3 5. The Existing Site Plates 4-22 6. Photographic Illustration Plates 23- 90 7. Site Survey Drawings 8. Discussion 9. Acknowledgements 10. Sources Appendix 1 Copy of the Project Briefs Appendix 2 Copy of the Project Design Appendix 3 Digital Photographic Archive Abbreviations BL Burnley Library c. circa DoE Department of the Environment LCC Lancashire County Council LRO Lancashire Record Office LSMR Lancashire Sites and Monuments Record OS Ordnance Survey PRN Primary Record Number CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT 355, 5 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 This report forms Stage 2 of a programme of archaeological recording undertaken on two mill sites located south of the town centre of Burnley. Healey Royd Mill and Finsley Gate Mill were bought by St Modwen Developments Ltd in 2007 with a view to developing a high quality mixed use scheme that would enable re-use of the two mill sites (Application No. 12/07/0042). The subject of this report is Finsley Gate Mill, sited between the road also known as Finsley Gate and the north bank of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal that separates the two former mill sites (Fig. 1 & Plates 1 & 2 following). Stage 1 works were completed on Healey Royd Mill in January 2009 and the results published as Castlering Archaeology Report No. 300. 1.2 Finsley Gate Mill lies within Burnley Canalside Conservation Area, which extends along much of the length of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal within the town. Finsley Gate Mill, Healey Royd Mill, and the adjacent Finsley Wharf, the former canal boat yard, . is a concentration of mills and terraced housing that developed from the end of the eighteenth century following the construction of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Both Healey Royd and Finsley Gate Mills lie outside the core of the Weavers Triangle and neither has been afforded statutory protection by English Heritage. Planning Background 1.3 Consultation with Doug Moir, Planning Officer (Archaeology), Lancashire County Archaeology Service, acting as advisor to Burnley Borough Council, resulted in proposals for a programme of historic building recording to be undertaken prior to future phases of development on both mill sites (Appendix 1A; May 2007). In June 2007, Castlering Archaeology was contracted by St Modwen Developments Ltd. to undertake the prescribed archaeological work following the guidance of the Planning Officer (Archaeology). A Written Scheme of Investigation (Appendix 2 WSI) for the prescribed works was submitted to and subsequently approved by the Planning Officer (Archaeology). 1.4 The recommendation followed the advice given by central government as set out in Planning Policy Guidance: Planning and the Historic Environment (PPG 15) and Planning Policy Guidance: Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16) issued by the DoE. Both PPG 15 and PPG 16 have since been replaced by the Department for Communities and Local Government Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment (March 2010). 2011 Revised Proposals 1.5 Since 2007 both mills have suffered from vandalism and professional looting, rendering them too damaged for restoration. In consequence, several major decisions have had to be made in respect of both sites. 1.6 In March 2011 outline planning permission and conservation area consent were granted by Burnley Borough Council in respect of revised proposals for the two mill sites. The revised proposals comprise the demolition of Healey Royd Mill and at Finsley Gate Mill demolition of modern brick additions demolition of the late 19th century Chimney demolition of the late 19th early 20th century single storey shed alongside Finsley Gate CASTLERING ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT 355, 6 stripping out the internal fabric of the mill, including all floors and supporting cast iron columns insertion of modern structural support retention of the façade of Finsley Gate Mill in the short to medium term with the ultimate aim of regenerating the present site. 1.7 In September 2011, a revised Specification for archaeological recording of Finsley Gate Mill was prepared by Doug Moir, Planning Officer (Archaeology) for Drivers Jonas Deloitte, acting on behalf of St Modwen Developments (Appendix 1B). In April and October 2011 Castlering Archaeology was granted limited access to the interior of the mill in order to complete the programme of building recording as recommended in 2007. 1.8 This report is submitted as a condition of Conservation Area Consent APP/2010/0608 which proposes the partial demolition of Finsley Gate Mill complex with the exception of the elevations of the stone-built structures on site, which comprise the 1866 mill, the 1848 Warehouse and the former Power House that links these two buildings.
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