Nuclear Developments

NUCLEAR-RELATED TRADE AND COOPERATION DEVELOPMENTS, JUNE 1994-SEPTEMBER 1994 EMERGING NUCLEAR SUPPLIER STATES

9/94 center is not enriching uranium above 20 Latin American officials report that percent, the maximum enrichment level ARGENTINA Argentina’s pilot gaseous diffusion centri- which its license allows. Assistant Secre- fuge plant at Pilcaniyeu, currently only par- tary of the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for tially operational, will go fully online in Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materi- 1995 after repairs are completed. als (ABACC) Carlos Feu Alvim states that Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, p. 3 (11664). Brazil’s adherence to the Quadripartite INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Agreement (between Brazil, Argentina, 9/26/94 ABACC, and the IAEA) is evidence that 6/21/94 It is reported that although President Menem Brazil will use its nuclear facilities only for Argentine President Carlos Menem pledges said [in 6/94] that Argentina would join the peaceful purposes. to introduce legislation in the Argentine NPT, the Argentine legislature has not yet Agencia de Estado (Sao Paulo), 7/7/94; in FBIS- Congress “asking for approval” for Argen- given its approval. LAT-94-132, 7/11/94, p. 17 (11553). tina to sign the NPT. Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, pp. 3-4 (11966). Maria O’Donnell, Pagina/12 (Buenos Aires), 6/22/ Mid-9/94 94, p. 11; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 26 Latin American officials say ABACC wants (11822). ARGENTINA WITH ABACC, BRAZIL, to discuss terms for inspector access to safe- AND IAEA guarded nuclear facilities in Argentina and Mid-8/94 Brazil with the IAEA and facility operators Argentina’s CNEA takes bids for the sup- 7/7/94 prior to 1996. The IAEA has already writ- ply of approximately 130,000 lbs. U308. ten Facility Attachments for all Brazilian and NuclearFuel, 8/29/94, p. 17 (11907). It is reported that the IAEA will inspect Brazil’s Angra-1 nuclear power plant, the Argentine locations previously covered un- fuel element factory in Resende, the Coor- der INFCIRC-66 style safeguards agree- dinating Center for Special Projects ments. The IAEA is in the process of in- (Copesp) plant for conversion of uranium specting the military-run facilities not cov- The numbers listed in parenthesis following into uranium hexafluoride, and three re- ered by INFCIRC-66, and, under a bilat- the bibliographic references refer to the search reactors located at the Institute for eral agreement, Argentina and Brazil have identification number of the document in Nuclear and Energy Research (IPEN) in Sao already conducted joint inspections of all the Emerging Nuclear Suppliers Project Paulo, the Nuclear Technological Develop- nuclear facilities in both countries. All Database, from which the news summaries ment Center (CTDN) in Rio de Janeiro, and nuclear materials in Brazil and Argentina are abstracted. Because of the rapidly the Nuclear Energy Institute (IEN) in Belo will be under ABACC and IAEA control by changing nature of the subject matter, The Horizonte. The IAEA is currently analyz- 11/94. Nonproliferation Review is unable to Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, pp. 3-4 (11966). ing uranium samples which it obtained while guarantee that the information reported inspecting the Navy Aramar Research Cen- herein is complete or accurate, and ter in Ipero, Sao Paulo, to verify that the disclaims liability to any party for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions.

64 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

ARGENTINA WITH ABACC AND UNITED STATES Mid-9/94 BRAZIL Latin American officials say ABACC wants 9/26/94 to discuss terms for inspector access to safe- It is reported that ABACC is jointly design- guarded nuclear facilities in Argentina and ing a “safeguards regime” with U.S. Depart- Brazil with the IAEA and facility operators ment of Energy experts and the Martin prior to 1996. The IAEA has already writ- Marietta Corp. in order to effectively man- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ten Facility Attachments for all Brazilian and age the large process inventory at Argentina’s Argentine locations previously covered un- Pilcaniyeu station. 9/21/94 der INFCIRC-66 style safeguards agree- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, pp. 3-4 (11966). Senior Latin American officials report Bra- ments. The IAEA is in the process of in- zil is evaluating plans to build a centrifuge specting the military-run facilities not cov- enrichment plant using domestic technol- ered by INFCIRC-66, and, under a bilat- ARGENTINA WITH ALGERIA, EGYPT, AND ogy. The plant would be run by Brazil’s eral agreement, Argentina and Brazil have PERU commercial fuel cycle industry and would already conducted joint inspections of all have a capacity to supply separative work nuclear facilities in both countries. All 9/94 units (SWU) for up to 2,000 MW of “in- nuclear materials in Brazil and Argentina stalled nuclear generation capacity” for use Officials report that Argentina plans to ex- will be under ABACC and IAEA control by at Brazil’s Angra nuclear power complex. port enriched fuel with up to 20 percent U235 11/94. Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, p. 3 (11664). Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, pp. 3-4 (11966). to Algeria, Peru, and Egypt for use in their research reactors. Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, p. 3 (11664). BRAZIL WITH ABACC, ARGENTINA, BRAZIL WITH GERMANY AND IAEA ARGENTINA WITH CANADA Mid-7/94 7/7/94 Siemens AG reports that as a result of 6/21/94 It is reported that the IAEA will inspect Brazil’s agreement to implement full-scope Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs and Brazil’s Angra-1 nuclear power plant, the IAEA safeguards, it is negotiating with International Trade Guido Di Tella and Ca- fuel element factory in Resende, the Coor- Nuclebras of Brazil over terms for possible nadian Foreign Minister Andre Ouellette dinating Center for Special Projects restart of bilateral cooperation on Brazilian sign a nuclear cooperation agreement per- (Copesp) plant for conversion of uranium fuel cycle infrastructure development. The mitting Canadian firms to furnish reactor into uranium hexafluoride, and three re- German government had halted the coop- components and nuclear fuel to Argentina’s search reactors located at the Institute for eration program in the mid-1980s over sus- German-supplied reactor. The agreement Nuclear and Energy Research (IPEN) in Sao picions that Brazil was using German know- also allows for future reactor sales to Ar- Paulo, the Nuclear Technological Develop- how to clandestinely develop nuclear weap- gentina. ment Center (CTDN) in Rio de Janeiro, and ons. The two companies have received ap- Ray Silver, Nucleonics Week, 6/23/94, pp. 8-9 the Nuclear Energy Institute (IEN) in Belo proval to undertake the second and third (11822). Dave Todd, Ottawa Citizen, 6/21/94, p. Horizonte. The IAEA is currently analyz- steps of their initial agreement: building a A7 (11822). ing uranium samples which it obtained while plant in Brazil for enriched UO2 fuel pellet inspecting the Navy Aramar Research Cen- production and constructing a facility to ter in Ipero, Sao Paulo, to verify that the convert UO2 to UF6. Siemens still has not center is not enriching uranium above 20 applied for permits to export the facilities. percent, the maximum enrichment level Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 7/18/94, p. 12 (11592). ARGENTINA WITH UNITED STATES which its license allows. Assistant Secre- tary of the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for 8/94 8/29/94 Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materi- The Brazilian and German governments say The U.S. removes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, als (ABACC) Carlos Feu Alvim states that they will not abandon their nuclear coop- and South Africa from a list of countries Brazil’s adherence to the Quadripartite eration treaty, which is scheduled to end in (Section 810.8(a) list of 10 CFR Part 810) Agreement (between Brazil, Argentina, 1995. Construction of the Brazilian Angra- requiring specific authorization before U.S. ABACC, and the IAEA) is evidence that 2 reactor—the major remaining project of the firms can assist with nuclear power reac- Brazil will use its nuclear facilities only for bilateral treaty—is 75 percent complete. The tors. peaceful purposes. German government and Brazil’s Furnais Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 8/29/94, p. 5 (11607). Agencia de Estado (Sao Paulo), 7/7/94; in FBIS- Centrais Electricas will make available fur- LAT-94-132, 7/11/94, p. 17 (11553).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 65 Nuclear Developments ther financing for completion of the plant. agreement also covers high technology trans- (Section 810.8(a) list of 10 CFR Part 810) Nuclear Engineering International, 8/94, p. 5 fer. requiring specific authorization before U.S. (11554). Andrey Kurguzov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/16/94; in firms can assist with nuclear power reac- FBIS-SOV-94-180, 9/16/94, p. 13 (11687). tors. 8/17/94 Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 8/29/94, p. 5 (11607). Germany announces that it has removed 9/26/94 Brazil from its “H List,” thus lifting restric- Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commis- tions on the supply of sensitive nuclear tech- sion (CNEA) President Jose Mauro Esteves nologies from German companies. dos Santos says that although Russia and O Estado de Sao Paulo, 8/18/94, p. 1; in JPRS- Brazil recently signed a nuclear coopera- TND-94-017, 9/8/94, p. 14 (11594). tion agreement, Russia will not supply Bra- INDIA zil with technology or equipment for build- 9/26/94 ing a commercial-scale centrifuge enrich- Brazil is reportedly evaluating acquisition ment plant. of a pressurized water reactor fuel fabrica- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, p.3 (11664). tion plant from Siemens AG. Although INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Brazil does not currently have plans for con- structing industrial-scale chemical conver- BRAZIL WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED 6/94 sion plants, Siemens is interested in provid- STATES India’s Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) is in ing commercial-scale facilities for convert- the midst of an expansion and diversifica- 308 4 4 6 ing U to UF and UF to UF . 8/1/94 tion program, having already completed Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, p. 3 (11664). It is reported that the U.S. firm Nuexco made construction of new plants at its Moula Ali a deal to obtain uranium from Brazil. site. NFC will commission the new plants Nuexco may supply Brazil with nuclear in late 1995, thus doubling its yearly pro- BRAZIL WITH RUSSIA material from the CIS to be enriched at duction of fuel bundles to 32,000. Urenco. Nuclear Engineering International, 6/94, p. 10 6/9/94 Michael Knapik, NuclearFuel, 8/1/94, pp. 17-18 (11614). It is reported that although “no one has yet (11699). proposed it,” the possibility of Brazil trad- 6/10/94 ing its German-supplied Angra-2 nuclear Indian Prime Minister P.V.N. Rao tells power plant, which is still under construc- BRAZIL WITH UNITED STATES Congress Party delegates that “we do not tion, for a Russian nuclear submarine “is want to give up the choice of producing a already being considered.” 3/2/94 bomb.” India’s largest opposition party, the Alberto Tamer, O Estado de Sao Paulo, 6/9/94, p. The U.S. firm B&W Fuel Co. obtains nec- Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), applauds this B12; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 26 (11555). essary governmental approval to assist Bra- hardening of the government’s stance on zil with safety-related measures, including India’s nuclear weapons program. The BJP 8/94 the examination of fuel rods, at Brazil’s strongly advocates nuclear weapon devel- German Minister Bernd Schmidbauer dis- Angra-1 power station. opment, arguing that it is necessary to pro- closes in an intelligence analysis that the NuclearFuel, 7/4/94, p. 14 (11500). tect India’s “integrity, security, and sover- Brazilian Embassy in Moscow allegedly eignty” against nuclear threats from both forwarded to Brazil 60 employment appli- Early 1994 China and Pakistan. BJP leaders Lal K. cations from CIS scientists. Brazil reportedly exports a shipment of ura- Advani and A.B. Vajpayee have even sug- Heinz Vielain, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 8/21/ nium to Nuexco Trading Corp. of the U.S., gested that India declare itself a nuclear 94, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, pp. 43- 44 (11732). possibly via Canada. weapon state, contending that China’s re- NuclearFuel, 8/29/94, p. 17 (11907). cent nuclear testing and the emergence of 9/15/94 the U.S. as the only superpower require an Russia and Brazil sign an agreement to co- 8/94 independent Indian nuclear weapons capa- operate in civilian uses of nuclear energy. Sources indicate that Nuexco Trading Corp. bility. According to Brazilian Foreign Minister has a shipment of uranium en route from UPI, 6/11/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/94 (11579). Hindustan Times (Delhi), 6/13/94, p. 17; Selso Amorim and Victor Mikhaylov of Brazil. NuclearFuel, 8/29/94, p. 17 (11907). in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 37 (11579). Ian Russia’s Ministry of Atomic Energy, the Stewart, UPI, 8/31/94; in Executive News Service, agreement will promote cooperation in such 8/31/94 (11579). Reuter, 8/31/94; in Executive areas as space science, thermonuclear power, 8/29/94 News Service, 8/31/94 (11579). applied physics, and superconductivity. The The U.S. removes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and South Africa from a list of countries

66 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

6/15/94 parliament that India will recommend an INDIA WITH RUSSIA The Press Trust of India cites a report by international response to former Pakistani India’s Department of Atomic Energy that Prime Minster Nawaz Sharif’s declaration 8/94 accuses foreign nuclear powers of prevent- that Pakistan possesses a nuclear weapon. German Minister Bernd Schmidbauer dis- ing India from acquiring nuclear safety tech- According to Khursheed, reports that Paki- closes in an intelligence analysis that India nology and from obtaining fuel for its stan is smuggling nuclear material prove has purportedly received applications for Tarapur nuclear plant. Islamabad is secretly procuring material for employment from four Russian scientists. Reuter, 6/15/94; in Executive News Service, 6/15/ its weapons program by any means possible. Heinz Vielain, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 8/21/ 94 (11891). Alistair Lyon, Reuter, 8/25/94; in Executive News 94, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, pp. 43- Service, 8/25/94 (11752). K.K. Katyal, Hindu (In- 44 (11732). 8/25/94 ternational Edition), 9/3/94, p. 5 (11752). Asiaweek, 9/14/94, p. 32 (11752). Prime Minister Rao tells Congress Party INDIA WITH SOUTH KOREA members that India has the means to quickly 9/1/94 assemble a nuclear bomb if it needs to. The It is reported that India has rejected a Paki- statement is intended to reduce constituent 4/11/94 stani proposal to issue a joint declaration worries over former Pakistani Prime Minis- It is reported that the PRC and India will denouncing the use of nuclear weapons. ter Nawaz Sharif’s mid-8/94 statement that each supply South Korea with 100 metric Daily Telegraph, 9/1/94 (11748). Pakistan possesses a nuclear weapon. tons of heavy water, to be used in three 600 Jawed Naqvi, Reuter, 8/25/94; in Executive News MW Candu-type reactors under construc- Service, 8/25/94 (11556). tion at Wolsung, while Canada will supply INDIA WITH PAKISTAN AND RUSSIA the remaining heavy water requirements. Mid-9/94 8/29/94 The deal with India is worth $23 million. In reaction to former Pakistani Prime Min- BBC World Service, 4/11/94; in Programme for ister Nawaz Sharif’s mid-8/94 statement, It is reported that during his official visit to Promoting Nuclear Nonproliferation Newsletter, 2nd former head of India’s Atomic Energy Com- Moscow in 8/94, Indian Home Minister S. Quarter 1994, p. 11 (11871). Nuclear Engineering mission M.R. Sirinivasan states that India B. Chavan will discuss the migration of International, 6/94, p. 10 (11614). has nuclear weapons capability and that it Russian nuclear specialists to Pakistan with should become more “hawkish” on the Russian officials. nuclear issue. All India Radio (Delhi), 8/24/94; in FBIS-SOV-94- INDIA WITH UNITED STATES 167, 8/29/94, p. 12 (11640). Rahul Bedl, Daily Telegraph, 9/19/94 (11557). 7/94 India and the U.S. agree to cooperate on INDIA WITH ROMANIA INDIA WITH PAKISTAN commercial nuclear power plant safety is- sues. The U.S. hopes this step will bring 8/94 9/23/94 India closer to signing a convention on It is reported that India has proposed two Viorel Marculescu, director of Romania’s nuclear safety. U.S. Secretary of Energy nuclear arms control measures to Pakistan: Cernavoda nuclear power plant, says that Hazel O’Leary mentions the possibility of the expansion of an existing agreement not India’s State Department of Atomic Energy exchange visits between Indian and U.S. to attack one another’s nuclear facilities to will export 350 tonnes of heavy water to reactor sites. encompass the civilian population and eco- Romania as coolant for the country’s first Reuter, 7/14/94; in Uranium Institute News Brief- ing, 7/13/94-7/19/94, p. 3 (11892). UNI, 7/21/ nomic centers, and a “no-first-use” doctrine. nuclear power plant. Romania is building the plant’s 700 MW reactor, which is ex- 94; in Hindu (International Edition), 7/30/94, p. Indian analysts argue that Pakistan can no 12 (11892). longer justify not responding to India’s of- pected to come on stream in 1995, with fer now that “the Pakistani bomb has come Canadian Candu technology. The terms of out of its closet.” the deal allow Romania to pay for its im- Asian Age, 8/31/94; in International Security Di- ports with cash or with Romanian-produced gest, 9/94, p. 5 (11748). K. Subrahmanyam, Eco- heavy water once it is available; all but one nomic Times (New Delhi), 9/14/94 (11748). of the production units at Romania’s Halinga heavy water plant are currently closed for 8/25/94 safety reasons. Indian Junior Foreign Minster Salman Reuter, 9/23/94; in Executive News Service, 9/23/ Khursheed says in a statement to the Indian 94 (11502).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 67 Nuclear Developments

of-mass-destruction-free zone in the Gulf larly provides the names of nuclear suppli- region. ers suspected of dealing with Iran to other IRAN Robert Evens, Reuter, 9/1/94; in Executive News countries’ intelligence services, and adds Service, 9/1/94 (11994). that a first step in confronting Iran’s nuclear weapon development should “focus on sanc- 9/11/94 tions or a boycott.” Official Iranian radio cites Iranian Atomic Richard C. Barnard, Defense News, 7/4/94, pp. 4, INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Energy Organization head Reza Amrollahi 29 (11978). as saying that phase one of a nuclear energy Late 6/94 research program at the Bonab Atomic En- 9/19/94 Iran’s Kurdish Democratic Party General ergy Research Center in northwestern Iran Israeli army intelligence head Uri Saguy says Secretary Mostapha Hejri says that Iran in- will open in 1995. Amrollahi says the cen- that within about eight years, Iran is likely tends to develop its own nuclear arms. ter “will be used for agricultural purposes.” to have developed a nuclear weapon. Saguy Mouna Naim, Le Monde, 6/29/94 (11597). Reuter, 9/11/94; in Executive News Service, 9/11/ adds that Israel and other countries are un- 94 (11997). dertaking measures to thwart Iran’s nuclear 7/5/94 ambitions. Mid-9/94 It is reported that according to Pentagon Reuter, 9/19/94; in Executive News Service, 9/19/ A senior Iranian official says Tehran has 94 (11997). officials, Iran’s nuclear weapons develop- indicated it is considering withdrawing from ment program is not progressing as rapidly the NPT because Western nations continue as Western experts had previously predicted. to deny it nuclear technology, even though IRAN WITH NORTH KOREA Some intelligence analysts claim that Iran it has complied with NPT requirements. could now take over 10 years to develop a The official’s statement confirms “rumors” nuclear weapon since infighting in the gov- 7/17/94 circulating in the Western intelligence com- ernment over the allocation of decreasing According to sources in the U.S. Secret Ser- munity that Iran might decide to leave the finances is slowing nuclear development vice, North Korea may have agreed to ac- NPT. However, during the week of 9/19/ efforts. According to some reports, Iran is cept high payments made in counterfeit dol- 94, Iranian representatives at the IAEA using 10 nuclear facilities for military re- lars for the sale of nuclear technology to General Conference indicate that Iran will search. Western intelligence sources say Iran. Iran is reportedly involved in coun- not make a move to withdraw from the NPT Tehran spends over $1 billion annually on terfeiting U.S. $100 bills, possibly in coop- until after the 1/95 fourth Preparatory Com- its nuclear program, which will be expanded eration with North Korea. mittee (PrepCom) meeting for the 1995 NPT Nick Rufford, Sunday Times (London), p. 18 as soon as reactors bought from China and Review and Extension Conference. One (11851). Russia are put into operation. representative cautions that “quitting the Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 7/5/94, p. A1 8/94 (11977). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/30/94, pp. 30- NPT is a card which, at an appropriate time, 35 (11977). Iran could play,” if it fails to gain consensus During a news conference, President Akbar support on NPT issues in the Non-Aligned Hashemi Rafsanjani says that even if North 8/94 Movement prior to the Conference. Korea has developed nuclear weapons, Iran Iranian President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/22/94, pp. 1, 8-9 does not want them. Rafsanjani was re- says during a news conference that Iran is (12006). Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, pp. sponding to the question of whether or not 9-10 (11993). not trying to obtain nuclear weapons. Iran is attempting to buy nuclear weapons Rafsanjani reproaches the nuclear weapon from North Korea. states and requests that they give up their Asian Defence Journal, 8/94, p. 91 (11849). IRAN WITH ISRAEL nuclear weapons before demanding that Iran do so. Asian Defence Journal, 8/94, p. 91 (11849). 6/29/94 IRAN WITH PAKISTAN Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says 9/1/94 in an interview that Israel is asking the U.S. Mid-9/94 In a speech at the U.N. Conference on Dis- for help in stopping Iran and Iraq from de- Iranian officials say the U.S. “exerted heavy armament in Geneva, Iranian Foreign Min- veloping long-range ballistic missiles and pressure on Pakistan” to block the visit of ister Ali Akbar Velayati proposes that the nuclear weapons. According to an Israeli Iranian engineers and technicians to the con- Persian Gulf States create a forum for the intelligence official, China, North Korea, struction site of Pakistan’s Chinese-origin discussion of security issues, including a and some European countries are supply- Chashma pressurized water reactor. commitment to forswear nuclear weapons ing manufacturing tools and components Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, pp. 9-10 acquisition and establishment of a weapons- Iran is using in its nuclear weapons pro- (11993). gram. The official notes that Israel regu-

68 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

IRAN WITH PRC inspectors in Iraq who will carry out rou- tine and ad hoc inspections of nuclear sites Mid-6/94 IRAQ under the ongoing monitoring program. Iran’s Interior Ministry acknowledges the Inspection activities will include the col- 6/7/94 kidnapping of a Chinese nuclear lection of environmental samples to mea- engineer working with a group of Chinese sure isotopes indicative of nuclear activity experts for the Iranian Atomic Energy Or- and the checking of dual-use machine tools ganization (IAEO). The Chinese experts INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS to ensure they are not employed for nuclear are assisting with the construction of ura- use. The IAEA will monitor 24 sites that nium enrichment plants at Rudan in Shiraz. 6/29/94 housed nuclear activities or activities sup- Intelligence Newsletter, 6/23/94, p. 5 (11850). Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says porting or related to Iraq’s nuclear program that Iraq’s nuclear development capability before the Gulf War. At a number of sites, has not yet been destroyed by international the IAEA is installing video cameras for IRAN WITH RUSSIA inspections. further monitoring activities. According to Philip Finnegan, Theresa Hitchens, and Barbara Western officials, the IAEA has “no infor- Opall, Defense News, 9/12/94-9/18/94, pp. 3, 24 mation” showing any continuing Iraqi 6/16/94 (11847). It is reported that Russia will assist Iran in nuclear development activities. completing construction of the Bushehr Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/1/94, pp. 16-17 Mid-9/94 (11969). nuclear power plant. The plant—expected to It is reported that U.S. officials expect Iraq produce one-seventh of Iran’s electricity will now concentrate on enriching uranium Early 9/94 demand—is scheduled for completion by by using gas centrifuge technology, which U.N. inspectors present evidence, includ- 1995. Currently, Russian specialists are fin- would be easily concealed and could be ing papers written by two scientists, prov- ishing technical research for the project. spread among several sites. One U.S. offi- ing that from 1981 to 1986 Iraq had a laser Oleg Kuzmin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/16/94; in FBIS- cial says Iraq may still have much of the SOV-94-117, 6/17/94, p. 12 (11801). isotope enrichment research program. Iraq necessary equipment, and former U.N. in- had previously denied that it was attempt- 7/5/94 spector David Kay says the team of Iraqi ing to develop a laser enrichment capabil- According to unverified reports, Russia has nuclear scientists involved in Iraq’s weap- ity. refused to sell two nuclear power reactors ons program is still intact. Israeli intelli- Washington Times, 9/17/94, p. A10 (11971). to Iran [for a plant at Gorgan] due to Tehran’s gence officials say Iraq still has a nuclear inability to pay for them. procurement network in place. IRAQ WITH JORDAN Philip Finnegan, Theresa Hitchens, and Barbara Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 7/5/94, p. A1 Opall, Defense News, 9/12/94-9/18/94, pp. 3, 24 (11977). (11847). 3/94 U.S. customs officials accuse Jordanian na- 8/94 tional Al M. Harb of having “procured for German Minister Bernd Schmidbauer dis- IRAQ WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS shipment” through Jordan motor brushes, closes in an intelligence analysis that Iran globe valves, and other technical items in- has purportedly had 14 CIS nuclear scien- 6/21/94 tended for Iraq’s nuclear program. tists within its borders since the beginning A 14-member U.N. nuclear team travels to Amy Kaslow, Christian Science Monitor, 7/18/94 of 1992, and may have concluded employ- (11972). Baghdad to install video cameras at the most ment contracts with 200 technicians and over important Iraqi nuclear sites in order to pre- 50 nuclear experts. 7/94 vent Iraq from restarting its nuclear weap- Heinz Vielain, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 8/21/ U.S. Customs is investigating Jordanians 94, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, pp. 43- ons program. On 6/28/94 Chief Inspector living in the U.S. who were involved in ex- 44 (11732). Garry Dillon says the team has installed a porting dual-use equipment to Iraq through “camera installation in Um al-Ma’rik... and companies based in Jordan. According to 9/28/94 a bigger camera installation in Nasr” to U.S. court documents, the dual-use equip- It is reported that Iran is trying to secretly monitor the machines at the facilities. ment illegally exported to Iraq includes “de- acquire nuclear materials and related tech- Reuter, 6/21/94; in Executive News Service, 6/21/ 94 (11848). vices used for testing nuclear military equip- nology, particularly from Russia. ment.” U.S. Customs Service Senior Spe- Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 9/28/94 (12004). 8/30/94 cial Agent Thomas Madigan says that “Jor- The IAEA informs U.S. Ambassador to the dan has served as the primary point of di- U.N. Madeline Albright that during the version for illegal smuggling into Iraq since week of 8/21/94 the IAEA posted resident implementation of the [U.N.] embargo.” Amy Kaslow, Christian Science Monitor, 7/18/94 (11972).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 69 Nuclear Developments

IRAQ WITH RUSSIA 1990 Heinz Vielain, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 8/21/ A team of Saudis makes a $15 million down 94, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, pp. 43- 44 (11732). 8/94 payment to Russian middlemen in a $75 German Minister Bernd Schmidbauer dis- million deal to obtain one tonne of red mer- closes in an intelligence analysis that Iraq cury. IRAQ WITH UNITED KINGDOM may employ 50 nuclear experts from the Marie Colvin, Sunday Times (London), 7/24/94 former Soviet Union, including a laser spe- (11996). cialist from Arzamas-16. 5/29/94 Heinz Vielain, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 8/21/ 8/94 It is reported that U.N. documents show that 94, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, pp. 43- In response to allegations made by former British technology was discovered at 10 Iraqi 44 (11732). Saudi diplomat Mohammed al-Khilewi re- nuclear weapons facilities. According to the garding Saudi attempts to acquire a nuclear documents, there are 16 companies which weapon capability, Adel al-Jubir of Saudi manufactured British technology supplied IRAQ WITH SAUDI ARABIA Arabia’s embassy in Washington questions to Iraq. Twelve of the 16 companies are the authenticity of documents revealed by British, while the other four are foreign 1985 Khilewi but verifies that the Saudis had firms that “made...equipment in Britain or According to former Saudi diplomat openly made an offer to fund the rebuilding received British export licenses” for the tech- Mohammed al-Khilewi, “by at least 1985” of Iraq’s Osiraq reactor after the 1981 bomb- nology they supplied to Iraq. The former Saudi nuclear experts were cooperating with ing by Israel. group is comprised of Bridgeport, their Iraqi counterparts. Khilewi makes the Paul Lewis, New York Times, 8/7/94, p. 20 (11995). Colchester Lathes, FMT, Hadland charges in 7/94 after defecting. Khilewi con- Photonics, Harrison, Instron, Lumonics, tends that by 1985 Saudi Arabia and Iraq Matrix Churchill, Millitorr, Morgan had reached an agreement under which the IRAQ WITH FORMER SOVIET UNION Rushworth, Renishaw-Probe, and Wickman Saudis would fund Iraqi efforts to enrich Bennett; the latter firms are Cincinatti uranium to weapons-grade in exchange for Mid-9/94 Milacron, Fanuc, Hardinge Brothers, and some of the nuclear weapons Iraq developed. It is reported that senior U.S. officials indi- Heidenhain. Millitorr supplied equipment Khilewi estimates that of the $25 billion in cate that Iraq could have a nuclear device in supposedly for the manufacture of “electri- Saudi funding for Iraq’s war against Iran, at three to six months if Baghdad obtains the cal components” but which Iraq used in least $5 billion was designated for Iraq’s needed enriched uranium or plutonium from EMIS uranium enrichment. Wickman nuclear program. Reports in the U.S. in 7/ the former Soviet Union. Although Iraq Bennett supplied machine tools. TDG and 94 and 8/94 claim that the CIA determined would need longer to develop a nuclear Meed International both acted as defense in 1990 that the Saudis had indeed financed weapon deliverable by a missile or plane, it procurement agents for Iraq and as middle- Iraqi nuclear efforts in exchange for tech- could easily load a device on a truck to be men in Iraqi acquisitions for its nuclear nology and weapons developed. By 1985, driven to a detonation site in a nearby coun- weapons program. According to U.S. ana- after seeking to obtain nuclear weapons from try, according to one of the U.S. officials. lyst Ken Timmerman, in 8/90 the British Pakistan and Iraq, Saudi Arabia began “to U.S. expert Michael Eisenstadt says that Iraq government confiscated from TDG “three think seriously about starting its own nuclear has already been involved in attempts to truckloads” of documents on Iraqi procure- weapons program.” acquire nuclear materials from the former ment which it has never revealed to the pub- Marie Colvin, Sunday Times (London), 7/24/94 Soviet Union. Historical ties between the lic. (11996). Paul Lewis, New York Times, 8/7/94, p. Russian and Iraqi militaries also increase Mark Watts and Bill Goodwin, Daily Telegraph 20 (11995). the possibilities that Iraq could obtain Rus- (London), 5/29/94, p. 14; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 53 (11970). 1989 sian nuclear materials. Philip Finnegan, Theresa Hitchens, and Barbara A team of Saudi nuclear experts secretly Opall, Defense News, 9/12/94-9/18/94, pp. 3, 24 meet with their Iraqi counterparts in the (11847). IRAQ WITH UNITED STATES desert outside of Judeida. The Saudis hand over 30 boxes of unspecified “special equip- 9/26/94 ment” and hear Iraqi requests for more fund- IRAQ WITH UKRAINE U.S. officials say that Iraq has a new under- ing, according to notes transcribed at the ground research facility, where more than meeting by former Saudi diplomat 8/94 7,000 scientists are working on nuclear, Mohammed al-Khilewi. German Minister Bernd Schmidbauer dis- chemical, and biological weapons develop- Marie Colvin, Sunday Times (London), 7/24/94 closes in an intelligence analysis that Iraq ment. On 9/23/94, CIA Director James (11996). may have 50 nuclear experts from the former Woolsey said Iraq “is accelerating construc- Soviet Union, including a Ukrainian MIRV tion of deep underground shelters and tun- expert.

70 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments nels to produce and store weapons of mass ISRAEL WITH IAEA ISRAEL WITH SOUTH AFRICA destruction.” Sid Balman, Jr., UPI, 9/26/94; in Executive News 9/23/94 7/94 Service, 9/26/94 (12004). The IAEA elects to reinstate technical co- Armaments Corporation of South Africa operation with Israel and start a technical (ARMSCOR) head Tielman de Waal de- assistance program for the autonomous ter- nies allegations that South Africa developed ritories of Jericho and the West Bank. The nuclear weapons in conjunction with Israel. IAEA had refused technical aid to Israel Channel Africa Radio; in Africa Intelligence Re- ISRAEL since its 1981 bombing of Iraq’s Tammuz-1 port, 7/14/94 (11544). research reactor. The decision meets with resistance from other Middle Eastern states, and on 9/27/94 Syrian newspapers accuse the IAEA of hurting the cause of peace in the Middle East and of harming the possi- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS JAPAN bility of making it a weapons-of-mass-de- 6/94 struction-free zone. Washington Times, 9/28/94, p. A12 (11551). Mark Israel remains ambiguous about whether its Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/29/94, p. 6 (12008). Dimona nuclear complex—where foreign ex- perts estimate that it has fabricated some INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 200 nuclear bombs—is indeed a nuclear weap- ISRAEL WITH IRAN ons facility. Israel’s nuclear program is in- 6/94 creasingly under fire, as international atten- 6/29/94 The Japanese Science and Technology tion has been focused on the issue by the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says Agency announces that of the 3,224 new situation in North Korea, the progress of in an interview that Israel is asking the U.S. technologies that were imported into Japan Middle East peace talks, and the forthcom- for help in stopping Iran and Iraq from de- in fiscal year 1992, 75 (2.3 percent) were ing 1995 NPT Review and Extension Con- veloping long-range ballistic missiles and nuclear-related. From 1988 to 1992, Japan ference. According to one diplomat, it has nuclear weapons. According to an Israeli has imported an average of 70 to 90 new been proposed that Israel should either uni- intelligence official, China, North Korea, nuclear-related technologies per year. laterally stop producing fissionable mate- and some European countries are supply- Atoms in Japan, 6/94, pp. 24-25 (11980). rial or simply declare the Dimona facility ing manufacturing tools and components closed for repairs. Iran is using in its nuclear weapons pro- 6/3/94 Bradley Burston, Reuter, 6/19/94; in Executive The Japanese Minister of Science and Tech- News Service, 6/19/94 (11599). gram. The official notes that Israel regu- larly provides the names of nuclear suppli- nology announces plans to regularly pub- lish figures on the amount of plutonium 6/2/94 ers suspected of dealing with Iran to other countries’ intelligence services, and adds stored in Japan. Israeli Ambassador to the U.N. Itzhak Libor Yomuri Shimbun, 6/4/94 (11890). expresses Israel’s support for “a global and that a first step in confronting Iran’s nuclear universally applicable” comprehensive test weapons development should “focus on sanc- tions or a boycott.” 6/17/94 ban treaty (CTBT). Libor emphasizes the Japanese Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata an- importance of the agreement for “stability Richard C. Barnard, Defense News, 7/4/94, pp. 4, 29 (11978). nounces that although Japan has the capa- and security” in the Middle East and ex- bility to produce nuclear weapons, it will presses the hope that Israel’s neighbors will 9/19/94 not do so in accordance with its commit- adhere to a CTBT. Israeli army intelligence head Uri Saguy says ment under the NPT. Reuter, 6/2/94; in Executive News Service, 6/2/94 Kyodo (Tokyo), 6/17/94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/ (11601). that within about eight years, Iran is likely to have developed a nuclear weapon. Saguy 13/94, p. 14 (11889). 8/31/94 adds that Israel and other countries are un- dertaking measures to thwart Iran’s nuclear 6/24/94 Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres re- In response to proliferation and environmen- jects both an Egyptian proposal that Israel ambitions. Reuter, 9/19/94; in Executive News Service, 9/19/ tal concerns, Japan’s Atomic Energy Com- adhere to the NPT and a proposal to create 94 (11997). mission (AEC) approves a plan to reduce a weapons-of-mass-destruction-free zone in the amount of plutonium produced and the Middle East. stockpiled in the country by postponing sev- Reuter, 8/31/94; in Executive News Service 8/31/ eral nuclear projects. The plan pushes back 94 (11860). AP; in Le Monde, 9/2/94 (11860).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 71 Nuclear Developments plutonium use projects, including fast 8/3/94 JAPAN WITH FRANCE AND UNITED breeder reactor (FBR) construction, opera- Japanese Foreign Minister Yohei Kono says KINGDOM tion of reprocessing plants, and MOX fuel Japan has never sought to develop nuclear use, by about 10 years and cuts 10 tons off weapons. 6/94 the previously predicted plutonium supply Gordon Cramb, Financial Times, 8/4/94 (11863). Due to problems with the construction of and demand level for 1991-2010. To com- its first Rokkashomura reprocessing plant, pensate for the reduction of plutonium use, 8/28/94 Japan is considering cancelling plans to con- the plan suggests increasing the percentage Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and struct another plant on the site and instead of MOX fuel used in Japan’s light water re- Industry is reported to be considering a plan rely on further reprocessing contracts with actors. Additionally, the plan promotes do- to develop a cost-effective, simplified light Cogema and British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL). mestic reprocessing over contracting with water reactor design for export to other Asian Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 7/4/94, pp. 1, 15-17 European reprocessors. countries. (11982). Nuke Info Tokyo, 6/94-7/94, pp. 1-2 (11981). Nuke Info Tokyo, 9/94-10/94, pp. 9-10 (11663). Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 7/4/94, pp. 12-13 6/20/94 (11981). Japanese utilities and fuel cycle companies JAPAN WITH BELARUS 7/25/94 announce that beginning in the spring of 1995, Cogema of France and BNFL of the Japan’s Science and Technology Minister 9/94 U.K. will ship over 3,000 canisters of high- Makiko Tanaka states that the Murayama The Japanese Foreign Ministry sends a rep- level waste (HLW) back to Japan over the administration will not change its commit- resentative group to Belarus to consider is- next fifteen years. The returned HLW is to ment to the continuing use of plutonium. sues for the Committee for Nuclear Non- be stored at the Rokkasho storage facility, Tanaka says that plutonium should be placed proliferation, a joint committee created by which is to be completed in 1/95. under international management and con- the two countries in 1993. At the conclu- Naoaki Usui, NuclearFuel, 7/4/94, pp. 13-14 trol. sion of the talks, it is expected that the (11984). Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 7/28/94, p. 7 (11867). Belarusian State Nuclear Industry Inspec- tion body and the new committee will fi- JAPAN WITH IAEA 7/28/94 nalize an agreement to create a physical se- The Advisory Committee of Japan’s Fast curity system for nuclear materials in Breeder Reactor (FBR) Development Pro- Belarus. 6/10/94 gram submits a report on the promotion of Radio Minsk Network (Minsk), 9/23/94; in FBIS- Japan’s Science and Technology Agency SOV-94-185, 9/23/94, p. 58 (11793). FBRs to the Japanese Atomic Energy Com- (STA) announces that the Power Reactor and mission, stating that FBRs may be economi- Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation cally and technically superior to light water (PNC) of Japan and the IAEA have agreed JAPAN WITH FRANCE reactors. The group urges the completion to reduce the amount of plutonium buildup of two demonstration FBRs and the estab- at the Tokai Plutonium Fuel Production lishment of a commercial FBR in Japan by 6/15/94 Facility by 85 percent over the next two 2030. The Nuclear Power Engineering Corpora- years. Approximately 70 kg of plutonium Atoms in Japan, 7/94, pp. 4-7 (11989). Naoaki tion (NUPEC) of Japan signs an agreement had been heldup in the plant, causing a dis- Usui, Nucleonics Week, 7/28/94, p. 10 (11989). with the Comissariat a l’Energie Atomique crepancy in Japan’s plutonium accountancy (CEA) of France to work together on light and thus raising international concern that 8/1/94 water reactor research and development. Japan was attempting to divert plutonium Japanese Foreign Ministry spokesperson The agreement provides for the exchange of for non-civilian use. Hiroko Taniguchi confirms the existence of nuclear specialists and information. Atoms in Japan, 6/94, p. 19 (11859). Naoaki Usui, a 1969 Japanese government document en- Atoms in Japan, 6/94, p. 20 (11986). Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 8-9 (11859). Arms Control Today, 7/94-8/94, p. 27 (11859). titled “Outline of Our Nation’s Diplomatic Policy” which urged Japan to maintain a 7/29/94 nuclear weapons production capability. The Japan Atomic Energy Research Insti- JAPAN WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP Taniguchi refuses to reveal its contents and tute (JAERI) and the Commissariat a claims that the document was “an informal l’Energie Atomique (CEA) of France sign a working document” which was never acted cooperation agreement covering radioactive 6/4/94 upon. waste and spent fuel management. The ar- At an unofficial meeting to study an inter- Michael Williams, Wall Street Journal, 8/2/94, p. rangement is based on a 9/92 five-year co- national framework for the uses of pluto- A9 (11863). operation agreement between JAERI and nium, Japan proposes a regime for pluto- CEA for nuclear research and development. nium management which would encompass Atoms in Japan, 8/94, pp. 27-28 (11868).

72 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments materials used in both civilian and military serving punishment for it.” Japanese offi- North Korea. These figures show a three sectors. cials respond to these threats by reiterating percent increase over exports during the Asahi Shimbun, 6/7/94 (11886). Nikkei Sangyo their continued support for the possible use same period in 1993. Nuclear equipment Shimbun, 6/7/94 (11886). Plutonium, Summer of sanctions to alleviate the North Korean is Japan’s main export category to North Ko- 1994, p. 19 (11886). nuclear problem. However, Japanese offi- rea and includes reactors, boilers, and ma- 6/17/94 cials have been hesitant to use any forceful chines. action against North Korea, since Japan is Munwha Ilbo (Seoul); in PAC RIM Intelligence Re- The Japanese Steering Committee on Fast vulnerable to North Korea’s military and port, 7/14/94 (11549). BBC Monitoring Service, Breeder Reactor (FBR) Research and De- Summary of World Broadcasts, 7/16/94; in Ura- faces the possibility of terrorist attacks from velopment signs a cooperation agreement nium Institute News Briefing, 7/13/94-7/19/94, p. 3 North Korean residents in Japan. with its European analog. The Japanese (11549). David P. Hamilton, Wall Street Journal, 6/10/94, group is comprised of the Japan Atomic p. A7 (11911). Power Company, the Power Reactor and 7/7/94 It is reported that ethnic Koreans running Nuclear Fuel Development Company 6/10/94 (PNC), the Japan Atomic Energy Research pachinko (pinball) parlors in Japan are an- Japan offers its own three-step plan to deal nually filtering 375 to 500 million British Institute (JAERI), and the Central Research with the North Korean nuclear issue: “a Institute of the Electric Power Industry pounds worth of Japanese currency earned warning, sanctions on arms sales and tech- from the game into North Korea, where it (CRIEPI); the European signatory is com- nical cooperation, and then [sanctions] that posed of the Commissariat a l’Energie has become an important source of funding include financial remittances” in order to for North Korean imports of nuclear weap- Atomique (CEA) of France (which also rep- avoid cutting off the money flow from North resents the Kernforschungszentrum ons technology. Ethnic Koreans hold a one- Koreans living in Japan to their relatives in third share in the Japanese pachinko indus- Karlsruhe [KFK] and Siemens AG of Ger- North Korea. A cut-off would reduce North many) and the Atomic Energy Authority try, and they often transfer Japanese currency Korea’s available foreign exchange and ag- to North Korea through front companies in (AEA) of the U.K. The agreement foresees gravate the increasing tension between To- information and personnel exchanges, R & Macau. Katsumi Sato, head of the Japanese kyo and Pyongyang. think tank Modern Korea, admits that Japa- D collaboration, and reciprocal use of each Daniel Williams, Reuter, 6/10/94; in Executive News others’ facilities, especially as they relate to Service, 6/10/94 (11939). nese “tax authorities have been helping Japan’s 660 MW Demonstration Fast Pyongyang to make a bomb by their failure Breeder Reactor (DFBR) project and to the 6/12/94 to get tough with the pachinko parlors.” Ichiro Ozawa, chief coalition strategist for Terry McCarthy, Independent, 7/7/94 (11819). European countries’ 1,500 MW European Charles Smith, Far Eastern Economic Review, 7/7/ Fast Reactor (EFR). Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata, says that Ja- 94 (11819). Atoms in Japan, 6/94, p. 20 (11985). pan should implement economic sanctions against North Korea “after consulting South 8/17/94 7/94 Korea and the [U.S.],” and not wait for a It is reported that U.S. Assistant Secretary Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute’s U.N. Security Council resolution to be of State Robert Gallucci will go to the capi- (JAERI) High Temperature Engineering Test passed to deal with the North Korean nuclear tals of South Korea, China, Russia, and Ja- Reactor (HTTR) Director Osamu Kobayashi issue. pan to raise $4 billion needed to pay for the indicates that JAERI intends to use the 30 Reuter, 6/12/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ construction of light water reactors in North 94 (11941). MW HTTR currently under construction in Korea, provided North Korea allows inspec- Japan in an international research venture 6/19/94 tions of two undeclared nuclear facilities. known as IAEA-CPR4 with France, Ger- South Korean officials say that the U.S. will Japanese Foreign Minister Koji Kakizawa many, Israel, the PRC, Russia, and the U.S. not contribute to the cost of building the says that Japan is willing to help North Korea Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 7/28/94, p. 16 light water reactors because U.S. law pro- (11885). convert its nuclear facilities to light water hibits financial exchanges with countries reactors. Kakizawa says the offer was categorized as “hostile.” prompted by North Korea’s acceptance [dur- Yonhap (Seoul), Washington Times, 8/18/94, p. A13 JAPAN WITH NORTH KOREA ing talks held with former U.S. President (12001). Washington Times, 8/19/94, p. A16 Jimmy Carter on 6/15 and 6/16] of IAEA (12001). 6/9/94 inspections of its nuclear facilities. The North Korean Foreign Ministry an- Peter Kenny, UPI, 6/19/94 (11874). 8/28/94 nounces that if Japan joins the U.S. and According to the Japanese daily newspaper, South Korea in efforts to impose sanctions 7/94 Yomiuri Shimbun, Japan is ready to con- on North Korea, North Korea would con- It is reported that from 1/94 to 5/94, Japan tribute some funding for the North Korean sider this a “declaration of war” by Japan, sold nuclear power plant equipment valued light water reactors without pressuring and “Japan would be unable to evade a de- at 1.1 billion yen (U.S. $11 million) to North Korea to allow IAEA inspections of

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 73 Nuclear Developments its nuclear facilities. Some Japanese offi- 9/21/94 will process 1.5 cubic meters of polluted cials say that Japan will try to find other According to the Japanese newspaper Nihon water per hour, which will purify accumu- ways to solve the North Korean nuclear is- Keizai Shimbun, a U.S. Department of State lated wastes as well as those which will re- sue, and if possible, will ask the G-7 and official is quoted as saying that the U.S. is sult from further utilization of nuclear-pow- other Asian countries to supply aid for the likely to ask Japan to contribute $1 billion ered vessels in the next 10 years. The sides light water reactors. and technical aid for light water reactors to agree that actual construction should be open Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/29/94, p. 2 replace North Korea’s graphite-moderated to international bidders. The project will (11998). reactors. be funded out of the $70 million that Japan Reuter, 9/21/94; in Executive News Service, 9/21/ is providing to Russia for nuclear disarma- 9/3/94 94 (11864). ment. In the two days prior to the signing, It is reported that U.S. Assistant Secretary experts from Japan and the British consult- of State Robert Gallucci will visit Japan and ing firm “Kram-Adjins” meet with represen- South Korea beginning on 9/12/94 to coor- JAPAN WITH PAKISTAN tatives of the Pacific Fleet, the “Zvezda” dinate the policies of the U.S., Japan, and nuclear submarine repair plant, the State South Korea on the provision of light water 9/94 Committee for Nuclear Safety, the Minis- nuclear reactors to North Korea. Officials Pakistani news sources state that Pakistani try of Environment and Natural Resources, must consult on which country will pro- Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto will formally and the “Morskoy Registr” as well as the vide technology or financing for the North report to Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Maritime Kray administration and scientists Korean reactors since North Korea has re- Murayama that Pakistan does not have from Far Eastern Branch of Russian Acad- fused proposals for light water reactors based nuclear weapons. Bhutto’s announcement is emy of Sciences to discuss ways of solving on South Korean technology. designed to assure the release of a 50 mil- the problem of accumulated liquid radioac- Yonhap (Seoul), 9/3/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-172, 9/ lion yen aid package which the Japanese tive wastes. 6/94, p. 59 (12015). government suspended after former Pakistani Kyodo (Tokyo), 6/23/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-122, 6/ 24/94, pp. 16-17 (11811). Nikolay Litkovets, 9/6/94 Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif stated that Pakistan did indeed possess nuclear weap- Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/16/94, p. 4 (11639). Yevgeniy U.S. Vice President Al Gore asks Japan to Lents, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/24/94; in FBIS-SOV- ons. help financially support the international 94-119, 6/21/94, p. 14 (11639). “Pacific Ocean” Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/13/94 (11755). Program, Vladivostok Radiostantsiya Tikhiy Okean effort [agreed to in 8/94 bilateral talks be- Maritime Network, 6/22/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-119, tween the U.S. and North Korea] to redo 6/24/94, p. 39 (11639). North Korea’s nuclear progam by replacing JAPAN WITH PRC its graphite-moderated nuclear reactors with Western-style light water reactors. Japanese 9/2/94 JAPAN WITH UKRAINE Foreign Minister Yohei Kono indicates that Japan’s Chubu Electric Power Co. announces Japan will entertain the U.S. request, pro- its intention to purchase a total of 250 short 5/6/94 vided that North Korea cooperate in resolv- tons of uranium concentrate (yellowcake) The Japanese Embassy in Ukraine an- ing suspicions about its nuclear program. from the China Nuclear Energy Industry nounces that $16 million of the $100 mil- Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/6/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-172, 9/6/ lion Tokyo pledged for nuclear weapon dis- 94, p. 1 (11864). Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/6/94; in FBIS- Corporation from 1995 through 2000, at EAS-94-173, 9/7/94, pp. 8-9 (11864). 50 short tons per year. Japan will ship the mantlement in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Rus- yellowcake to North American or European sia, and Ukraine, will be allocated to 9/13/94 conversion plants. Ukraine. Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/2/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-174, 9/8/ Kiev Radio Ukraine World Service, 5/6/94; in JPRS- According to the Japanese Kyodo news TND-94-012, 6/7/94, p. 40 (11571). agency, it is reported that U.S. and Japa- 94, p. 8 (11887). Japan Atomic Industrial Forum; in ENS NucNet, 9/7/94 (11512). nese officials agree to support the replace- 9/26/94 ment of North Korea’s graphite-moderated In a meeting with Ukrainian Foreign Min- reactors with South Korean light water re- JAPAN WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED ister Hennadiy Udovenko, Japanese Foreign actors. The agreement was reached at a KINGDOM Minister Igiro Kono says Japan supports G- meeting between U.S. Assistant Secretary 7 aid to Ukraine for disarmament, of State Robert Gallucci and Japanese se- Chernobyl clean-up, and economic reforms. nior officials from its foreign, trade, and 6/23/94 Russia and Japan sign an agreement to con- Interfax (Moscow), 9/27/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-188, finance ministries. 9/28/94, pp. 42-43 (11717). Reuter, 9/13/94; in Executive News Service, 9/13/ struct a processing facility near Vladivostok 94 (11864). to extract radioactive materials from liquid nuclear wastes. The mobile barge-type fa- cility — which will be completed in 1995 —

74 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

JAPAN WITH UNITED KINGDOM the U.S. Non-Proliferation Act and a 1987 agreement between the U.S. Department of 8/94 Energy and Japan’s Power Reactor & Fuel NORTH KOREA British Nuclear Fuels Ltd. (BNFL) subsid- Development Corporation on the transfer of iaries Pacific Nuclear Transport, Ltd. sensitive nuclear technologies. Much of the (PNTL) and Nuclear Transport, Ltd. safely equipment transferred will be used at Japan’s transport over 400 tons of spent nuclear fuel Recycle Equipment Test Facility (RETF) in Japan and Europe. PNTL has contracts which is expected to annually produce 20 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS for transporting spent fuel with all 10 Japa- kg of plutonium with a greater than 96 per- nese utilities. cent content of Pu239. 1989 BNFL News, 8/94, pp. 8-9 (11883). Dave Airozo, Nucleonics Week, 9/8/94, pp. 1, 16- On 7/14/94, it is reported that the U.S. CIA 17 (11897). estimates that North Korea shut down its 5 MWe (25 MWt) Yongbyon reactor for ap- JAPAN WITH UNITED STATES proximately 75 days in 1989, rather than for 100 days as previously believed. Thus, 7/13/94 North Korea was probably only able to ex- The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission LIBYA tract enough plutonium at that time to con- grants final design approval for General struct one bomb. Electric Nuclear Energy’s 3,926 MWt Ad- Frank Ching, Far Eastern Economic Review, 7/14/ 94, p. 32 (11821). vanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) de- sign. Hitachi, Toshiba, and GE are incor- 2/22/90 porating 90 percent of the approved features LIBYA WITH IAEA AND UNITED STATES On 6/24/94 Izvestia publishes a memo writ- in two ABWRs they are building for the ten by former Russian KGB Head Vladimir Tokyo Electric Power Company’s 6/7/94 Kryuchkov on 2/22/90 claiming that the Kashiwazaki nuclear plant. The Secretariat of The Libyan General KGB had learned from a “reliable source” David Stellfox, Nucleonics Week, 7/21/94, pp. 1, 12-13 (11861). People’s Committee for Foreign Liaison and that North Korea was continuing nuclear International Cooperation releases a decla- weapons research and had completed the 8/23/94 ration refuting the concerns aired by the U.S. development of an atomic nuclear device at Tokyo Electric Power Corporation (Tepco) assistant secretary of state about Libya’s the Yongbyon research center. installs the 890 ton reactor pressure vessel nuclear activities. The statement, empha- Warren Strobel, Washington Times, 7/5/94, pp. A1, A8 (11820). for Japan’s Kashiwazaki-Kariwa-6, the sizing comments made by IAEA Director General [Hans Blix] after a 1/93 visit to world’s first advanced boiling water reactor 1992 (ABWR) for commercial use. An interna- Libya, in which Blix confirmed “Libya’s U.S. surveillance satellites reveal last-minute tional consortium including Toshiba and noninterest in possessing weapons of mass installation of electric turbines before the Hitachi of Japan and General Electric of the destruction,” argues that the U.S. should stop arrival of IAEA inspectors on the site of a U.S. is building the nuclear unit for Tepco’s criticizing Libya and should instead scruti- 200 MW nuclear reactor under construc- ABWR. nize its own relationship with “the Zionist tion in North Korea. Apparently, the North Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 8/25/94, p. 14 entity” which has not signed the NPT. (11869). Great Jamahiriyah Radio Network (Tripoli), 6/7/ Koreans are attempting to make it look as 94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 41 (11598). though the reactor will be used for generat- 9/94 ing electricity, but U.S. officials claim that Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC) con- LIBYA WITH RUSSIA North Korea has never made any effort to tracts with Hitachi Zosen Corp. and NAC connect the reactor to the national power Services of the U.S. for the supply of casks 8/94 grid. for on-site dry storage of spent nuclear fuel German Minister Bernd Schmidbauer dis- R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post Service; in In- ternational Herald Tribune, 7/8/94 (11622). at JAPC’s Tsuruga-1 and Tokai-2 plants. closes in an intelligence analysis that two Nuclear Engineering International, 9/94, p. 63 nuclear experts from Russia turned down (11887). “official offers” from Libya, but that Libya 6/1/94 may be employing a number of Russians in An IAEA official announces that North 9/8/94 research institutes. Korea has removed over 60 percent (5,000 Greenpeace releases a report alleging that Heinz Vielain, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 8/21/ of the 8,000) of the fuel rods from its in supplying equipment to Japan’s fast 94, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, pp. 43- Yongbyon 5 MW nuclear reactor. breeder reactor program, the U.S. violated 44 (11732). Cha Man-sun, KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 6/1/ 94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, p. 14 (11917).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 75 Nuclear Developments

6/8/94 imposition of U.N. sanctions and that it will Foreign Minister Kang Sok-ju states that IAEA officials announce that it is expected go to war to defend itself. North Korea will not reprocess the spent that North Korea will have discharged all of Barry James, International Herald Tribune, 6/15/ fuel rods recently removed from its 5 MW the fuel rods from its 5 MW Yongbyon re- 94 (11926). nuclear reactor nor refuel the reactor. actor within a few days. IAEA officials also Douglas Jehl, New York Times, 6/23/94, pp. A1, say that North Korea now appears to have 6/15/94 A4 (11951). the ability to reprocess the spent fuel by early South Korean Defense Minister Yi Pyong- 8/94, especially if worker safety is ignored. tae says there are indications that North 7/12/94 An IAEA official adds that the fuel rods Korea is testing nuclear bomb detonators. North Korean Deputy Permanent Represen- contain enough plutonium for four or five Yi therefore concludes that North Korea has tative to the U.N. Kim Su-man says that Kim nuclear weapons. developed “a nuclear explosive device at least Jong-il’s government will maintain the freeze Stewart Stogel, Washington Times, 6/9/94, p. A13 to an elementary stage.” on North Korea’s nuclear program as a con- (11832). KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 6/15/94; in JPRS- dition for negotiations with the U.S., as TND-94-014, 7/13/94, pp. 20-20 (11954). promised by Kim Il-sung before his death 6/13/94 on 7/8/94. Kim explains that North Korea Director of South Korea’s Agency for Na- 6/16/94 will refrain from reprocessing the fuel rods tional Security Planning Kim Deok an- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace removed from the 5 MW Yongbyon reactor nounces to the South Korean Parliament’s scholar Selig Harrison reports that during and will not refuel the reactor. Experts in Defense Committee that North Korea’s “ul- his recent visit to North Korea, Kim Il-sung South Korea and the U.S. express concern timate goal is to develop nuclear weapons offered to freeze operation of a reprocess- that Kim Jong-il will have difficulty main- and [that North Korea is] employing delay- ing plant and construction of a 200 MW taining control of the North Korean armed ing tactics to earn time.” Kim’s announce- reactor (due to be completed in 1996) in forces, which could threaten successful ne- ment is a reversal of Seoul’s earlier position exchange for a foreign commitment to pro- gotiations with the U.S. on the nuclear is- that Pyongyang was using the nuclear issue vide technology and financing for the con- sue. Several analysts agree that Kim Jong- simply to gain economic aid from South struction of a light water reactor in North il has had control over North Korea’s nuclear Korea and Japan and diplomatic recogni- Korea. activities for some time. Frank J. Murray, Washington Times, 6/17/94, pp. Reuter; in International Herald Tribune, 7/13/94 tion from the U.S. Kim says that North A1, A16 (11950). Paul F. Horvitz, International Korea will finish construction of its third (11914). Yomuri Shimbun, 7/12/94 (11914). AP, Herald Tribune, 6/17/94 (11950). WP, Reuter; in International Herald Tribune, 7/11/ reactor, a 50 MW reactor at Yongbyon, by 94, pp. 1, 4 (11945). Robert Guest, Daily Tele- 1995, and its fourth reactor, a 200 MW re- Mid-6/94 graph, 7/12/94 (11945). actor at Taechon, by 1998 thus enabling Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev North Korea to produce about 200 kg of says that according to reliable intelligence 7/18/94 plutonium a year. Kim adds that this is sources, North Korea does not have a nuclear CIA Director James Woolsey states at a con- enough plutonium for North Korea to be- bomb and will need three to seven years ference at the Center for Strategic and In- come a nuclear weapons exporter. before it could develop a nuclear weapon. ternational Studies that the fuel rods ex- Shim Sung-won, Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News It is also reported that experts from Russia’s tracted from North Korea’s 5 MW Yongbyon Service, 6/13/94 (11934). UPI, 6/13/94; in Ex- Ministry for Nuclear Power Engineering nuclear reactor in 6/94 contain enough plu- ecutive News Service, 6/13/94 (11934). David E. Sanger, New York Times, 6/14/94, pp. A1, A5 agree that North Korea does not possess tonium for North Korea to build about five (11934). nuclear weapons. One of the Ministry’s atomic bombs. Woolsey estimates that the leading experts says even though North North Koreans have the “technical compe- 6/14/94 Korea has “produced several dozens or hun- tence” to produce at least one nuclear The IAEA announces that North Korea has dreds of grams of plutonium [it is] not weapon. successfully removed all of the fuel rods enough to make a nuclear bomb.” Kozyrev AFP; in Liberation, 7/19/94 (11821). from the 5 MW Yongbyon nuclear reactor says that even though North Korea does not and will begin the process of reloading new have a nuclear bomb, there is a possibility 7/27/94 fuel rods. that it could build one in the future. North Korean defector Kang Myong-do an- Asahi Shimbun, 6/15/94 (11934). John Burton, Financial Times, 6/20/94, p. 4 nounces in Seoul that North Korea has al- (11929). Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass (Mos- ready developed five atomic bombs and that cow), 6/21/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-120, 6/22/94, p. 7 another five are scheduled to be completed 6/14/94 (11943). Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/21/94; in FBIS- North Korean Ambassador to France Pak SOV-94-120, 6/22/94, p. 8 (11943). by the end of the year. Kang, who claims to Dong-chun announces that North Korea be a businessman and son-in-law of North neither wants nor currently has nuclear 6/22/94 Korean Prime Minister Kang Song-san, weapons, but indicates that its “vital inter- A letter to U.S. Assistant Secretary of State states that an operations chief at the ests” are being threatened by the possible Robert Gallucci from North Korean Deputy Yongbyon nuclear plant told him about the

76 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments plans. Kang says that North Korean leader 8/6/94 Agency says the story was made up to cre- Kim Jong-il will build delivery systems for A high-ranking South Korean government ate suspicion over the North Korean nuclear the bombs and will reveal the North Korean official estimates that North Korea extracted problem and to reverse any progress made nuclear capability at the end of 1994 in or- a total of 22 to 27 kg of plutonium—enough at the recently concluded talks between der to have an advantage in talks with the for three to four nuclear warheads—from its North Korea and the U.S. U.S. and Japan and preempt any possibility 5 MW Yongbyon nuclear reactor while op- KCNA (Pyongyang), 8/23/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-164, of a U.S. attack. U.S. Defense Secretary erations were suspended for 71 days in 1989, 8/24/94, p. 25 (11964). KBS-1 (Seoul), 8/24/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-164, 8/24/94, p. 37 (11964). William Perry says that the U.S. still holds for about 30 days in 1990, and for 50 days to intelligence appraisals which assert that in 1991. Another South Korean govern- North Korea has built no more than two ment official states that although U.S. in- NORTH KOREA WITH GERMANY AND bombs. North Korea denies Kang’s allega- telligence satellites have shown that North FRANCE tions about the nuclear weapons, as well as Korea suspended operations of the reactor his claim to be the prime minister’s son-in- three times from 1989-1991, U.S. intelli- law. gence authorities are skeptical that North 9/15/94 Michael Breen, Washington Times, 7/28/94, pp. A1, Korea replaced and reprocessed nuclear fuel During bilateral technical talks with the A12 (11947). James Sterngold, New York Times, rods in either 1990 or 1991. U.S., North Korea expresses interest in re- 7/28/94, p. A5 (11947). Shim Sung-won, Wash- Kyong Yong-won, Choson Ilbo (Seoul), 8/7/94 p. placing its [graphite-moderated] reactors ington Times, 7/29/94, p. A15 (11947). Econo- with the European PWR (EPR)—being de- mist, 7/30/94, p. 31 (11947). 1; in FBIS-EAS-94-152, 8/8/94, p. 50 (11546). veloped jointly by Siemens of Germany and 7/28/94 8/31/94 the French comany Framatome—or Russia’s South Korean government officials disown North Korean Ambassador to Austria Kim new reactor design, the VVER-650. It is claims made by North Korean defector Kang Gwang-sop admits that North Korea has reported that North Korean trade officials Myong-do that North Korea has five nuclear produced plutonium in the past, but states have already approached Siemens to talk bombs and plans to build more, saying that that its use was restricted to its civilian about Germany’s light water reactor tech- Kang was not directly involved in nuclear nuclear power plants. nology. AFP; in Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 9/12/94 (12010). activities and therefore has no first-hand Steve Pagani, Reuter, 8/31/94; in Executive News Service, 8/31/94 (12000). Nuclear News, 10/94, pp. 18, 75 (12010). information. South Korean Foreign Minis- try official Choi Won-son confirms that 9/14/94 South Korea has no evidence that North U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Robert NORTH KOREA WITH IAEA Korea has “even one bomb.” Russian Fed- Gallucci warns that if construction of the eration Foreign Ministry Deputy Director two nuclear plants in Yongbyon and Taechon 5/31/94 of the department for press and information is not stopped, North Korea will be able to IAEA Director General Hans Blix an- Mikhail Demurin also states that North produce “hundreds and hundreds” of pounds nounces that due to continued North Ko- Korea does not possess nuclear weapons. of plutonium. Gallucci says that such lev- rean non-compliance with IAEA inspec- Shim Sung-won, Washington Times, 7/29/94, p. A15 (11947). Aleksandr Krylovich and Petr els of plutonium production will make North tions, North Korea is “no longer in compli- Cheremushkin, Itar-Tass, 7/28/94; in FBIS-SOV- Korea “a strategic nuclear threat to South ance with IAEA safeguards.” The two IAEA 94-146, 7/29/94, p. 4 (11947). Korea, Japan, and the international commu- inspectors at Yongbyon announce that North nity.” Korea has already removed from its 5 MW 7/29/94 Willis Witter, Washington Times, 9/15/94, p. A1 reactor some of the 300 key fuel rods that South Korea admits that North Korea has (11901). the IAEA had determined are essential for the necessary plutonium for nuclear weap- measuring to determine any past diversion ons, but claims the North is unable to make of plutonium. North Korean chief repre- it into bombs. Based on its own informa- NORTH KOREA WITH GERMANY sentative to the IAEA Yun Ho-jin says that tion regarding the amount of plutonium the refuelling of the reactor will continue North Korea possesses, the IAEA rejects 8/23/94 despite the IAEA’s appeal to North Korea statements made by North Korean defector North Korea denies giving financial assis- to stop the process and adds that his coun- Kang Myong-do. South Korean Unifica- tance to a German businessman who was try has removed 40 fuel rods under IAEA tion Ministry Spokesman Kim Hyong-ki recently arrested in Germany for trying to camera surveillance for storage until an in- also dismisses Kang’s claims, noting the lack smuggle plutonium. The German newspa- spection agreement can be reached. How- of concrete evidence. per Cologne Express reports that the Ger- ever, the IAEA announces that this proposed Financial Times, 7/29/94, p. 4 (11947). Steve man arrested had received financial assis- method of measurement is unacceptable Pagani, Washington Times, 7/30/94, p. A9 (11947). tance and held “credentials” from North because it does not allow for confirmation AP; in Wall Street Journal, 8/1/94, p. A14 (11545). Korea. North Korea’s Korean Central News of the fuel rods’ original position in the re-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 77 Nuclear Developments actor, a vital piece of data for future mea- 6/7/94 6/10/94 surements. The IAEA sends a telex to North Director General Hans Blix tells the IAEA The IAEA Board of Governors passes a reso- Korea reiterating that it will accept two other Board of Governors that because North lution suspending technical aid to North methods of measuring the remaining fuel Korea blocked inspections of spent fuel rods Korea which cuts off approximately rods, although North Korea had refused the withdrawn from the Yongbyon reactor, in- $250,000 of technical aid and support that methods the previous week due to “political spections of the two suspected North Ko- North Korea’s civilian nuclear program re- constraints.” rean nuclear waste facilities are now “even ceives from the Agency each year. Libya Washington Post, 6/1/94, p. A22 (11917). Art Pine, more important” for establishing possible votes against the resolution, two countries Los Angeles Times, 6/1/94 (11917). Martin Walker, North Korean weapons development. Blix are absent, and India, Lebanon, Syria, and Guardian, 6/1/94 (11917). Yonhap (Seoul), 6/1/ 94; in JPRS—TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 15 (11917). states that North Korea’s “intention [in re- China abstain, resulting in a 28 member vote moving the fuel rods] must have been to in support of the resolution. North Korean 6/2/94 destroy the possibility of the [IAEA] ob- representative to the IAEA Yun Ho-jin an- In a letter to the U.N. Security Council, taining sufficient information about the his- nounces that due to the IAEA Board’s deci- IAEA Director General Hans Blix says that tory of the core [of the Yongbyon reactor] sion to withdraw technical aid, the North North Korea’s unloading of spent fuel at the through independent measurements and Korean government has ordered the two Yongbyon reactor has caused “irreversible” thereby to maintain uncertainty about the IAEA inspectors at the Yongbyon reactor to damage to IAEA inspection activities. amount of nuclear material, specifically plu- leave and will prohibit further IAEA nuclear Ann Devroy and Julia Preston, Washington Post, 6/ tonium, that may be present.” North Ko- inspections. Director General Hans Blix 3/94, p. A1, A28 (11918). rean delegate to the IAEA Yun Ho-jin an- announces that the resolution calls for con- nounces that North Korea will “never allow tinued IAEA inspections and that pressure 6/3/94 special inspections” of the two suspected by the IAEA to continue inspections will Director General Hans Blix tells the Secu- nuclear waste sites at Yongbyon, and adds be upheld in spite of North Korea’s declara- rity Council that the IAEA is unable to that the IAEA can carry out “satisfactory” tions. Blix encourages North Korea to re- verify whether North Korea has in the past inspections by examining the removed fuel consider its decision. extracted plutonium from spent fuel with- rods. Douglas Hamilton, Reuter, 6/9/94; in Executive drawn from its Yongbyon reactor. However, Cha Man-sun, KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 6/7/ News Service, 6/9/94 (11909). Mainichi Shimbun, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Robert 94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 15 (11912). 6/10/94 (11909). Adriana Pontieri, UPI, 6/10/94; in Executive News Service, 6/10/94 (11910). Steve Gallucci states that although the IAEA’s Kyodo (Tokyo), 6/8/94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/ 13/94, p. 16 (11832). David Ottaway, Washington Pagani, Reuter, 6/10/94; in Executive News Ser- ability to substantiate the extent of North Post, 6/8/94; in Executive News Service, 6/8/94 vice, 6/10/94 (11910). Reuter, 6/11/94; in Execu- Korea’s plutonium diversion has been “seri- (11919). tive News Service, 6/13/94 (11923). ously eroded,” it has not been “destroyed,” and IAEA requirements can still be assured 6/8/94 6/11/94 by the provision of further information by North Korea has removed almost 6,500 of An IAEA spokesman says that the North North Korea about its history of plutonium the original 8,000 fuel rods from the core Korean government has not asked the two production. of its Yongbyon reactor and placed them in IAEA inspectors to leave, thus allowing Paul Lewis, New York Times, 6/4/94, p. A3 (11552). storage facilities, where two IAEA inspec- them to continue to monitor fuel rods with- Thomas Lippman, Washington Post, 6/4/94, p. A14 tors are monitoring them. However, accord- drawn from the Yongbyon reactor. (11552). ing to IAEA spokesman David Kyd, North Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 6/12/94, p. 1, 6 (11939). 6/6/94 Korea will not allow the inspectors to take any samples from the rods. Kyd adds that North Korean Atomic Energy Department 6/13/94 if North Korea decides to reprocess the fuel, Director Pak Yong-nam sends a letter to the The North Korean Foreign Ministry an- the IAEA will be unable to “physically stop” IAEA claiming that North Korea is “pre- nounces that North Korea will leave the it from doing so. According to a Western serving the technical possibility” that would IAEA immediately and that it will no longer diplomat, the ability to reconstruct North allow the IAEA to determine whether North allow IAEA inspectors in the country. IAEA Korea’s nuclear history “is now lost.” Korea has diverted nuclear material from spokesman Hans Meyer says that North Douglas Hamilton, Reuter, 6/8/94; in Executive its Yongbyon reactor. North Korea an- News Service, 6/8/94 (11832). Mainichi Shimbun, Korea has not officially withdrawn from the nounces its intention to withdraw from the 6/8/94 (11912). Kyodo (Tokyo), 6/8/94; in JPRS- IAEA because the Agency has not yet re- IAEA if the Agency pressures North Korea TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 16 (11832). Stewart ceived written confirmation from North by once again referring the nuclear issue to Stogel, Washington Times, 6/9/94, p. A13 (11832). Korea or the U.S., which is the IAEA de- Raymond Whitaker, Indian Times, 6/9/94 (11924). the U.N. Security Council. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 6/9/94 (11912). pository state. Mainichi Shimbun, 6/7/94 (11834). Sankei Steve Pagani, Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News Shimbun, 6/7/94 (11834). Washington Times, 6/8/ Service, 6/13/94 (11924). David E. Sanger, New 94, p. A10 (11919). York Times, 6/14/94, pp. A1, A5 (11924).

78 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

6/14/94 and 6/16/94, says that North Korea has sug- Late 6/94 IAEA spokesman David Kyd says that even gested other methods that the IAEA can use Two IAEA inspectors arriving at the if North Korea pulls out of the IAEA, it is to verify the past history of the spent fuel Yongbyon nuclear complex to replace the still obligated under the NPT to allow rods. According to U.S. safeguards experts, inspection team stationed there do not no- nuclear inspections in its country. the alternative means of measuring the 8,000 tice “any particular activity,” according to Steve Pagani, Reuter, 6/14/94; in Executive News fuel rods is “expensive, time-consuming, and an IAEA spokesman. Service, 6/14/94 (11924). elaborate” and the IAEA “is less than enthu- AFP; in Times (London), 7/5/94 (11618). siastic” about having to implement these 6/15/94 procedures. 7/6/94 The IAEA Secretariat receives North Korea’s Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 6/16/94, p. 14 Director General Hans Blix states that be- official document announcing its withdrawal (11948). David E. Sanger, New York Times, 6/17/ cause North Korea has removed fuel rods at from the Agency. North Korean Defense 94, p. A5 (11929). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 6/18/94, p. 17 (11929). the Yongbyon reactor, inspections cannot Minister O Jin-u reiterates that as a “self- produce conclusive evidence of North defensive measure,” North Korea will no 6/17/94 Korea’s plutonium levels unless Pyongyang longer permit IAEA inspectors to continue North Korean Ambassador to the U.N. Pak makes a new declaration of plutonium in its monitoring the Yongbyon reactor, even Gil-yon announces that North Korea will possession and then presents it to the though North Korea is still obligated under not allow “so-called special inspections” Agency. Blix says the IAEA cannot con- the NPT to allow IAEA safeguards inspec- [contrary to a statement made by U.S. As- duct accurate tests on the extracted fuel rods tors to continue the monitoring. However, sistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci since it is now impossible to determine U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Robert on 6/16/94] by the IAEA of two North Ko- where they were located in the reactor and Gallucci states that the two IAEA inspec- rean sites that are suspected of being unde- the North Korean records are not “suffi- tors are continuing their inspections and have clared nuclear waste dumps but which North ciently orderly.” not been asked to leave, adding that the in- Korea claims are “military sites that are out Raymond Whitaker, Independent, 7/7/94, p. 13 spectors’ work is “extremely important” in (11818). of bounds.” IAEA spokesman David Kyd verifying that North Korea will not obtain says that the IAEA’s main interest is to be any more plutonium. North Korea reiter- 7/12/94 able to monitor North Korea’s seven declared ates threats to withdraw from the NPT. Following the death of Kim Il-sung [on 7/ nuclear facilities that the IAEA has been Cha Man-sun, KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 6/ 8/94], North Korean Deputy Permanent 15/94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 20 able to monitor in the past. Two IAEA in- Representative to the U.N. Kim Su-man says (11925). Steve Pagani, Reuter, 6/15/94; in Execu- spectors report to the IAEA from Yongbyon that IAEA inspectors can remain at the tive News Service, 6/15/94 (11925). Reuter, 6/15/ that they are not being obstructed from ob- nuclear complex in Yongbyon. 94; in Executive News Service, 6/15/94 (11913). serving the refuelling of North Korea’s 5 Reuter, 6/15/94; in Executive News Service, 6/15/ John Burton and Bruce Clark, Financial Times, 7/ 94 (11926). Hugo Gurdon, Daily Telegraph, 6/16/ MW reactor. 11/94 (11945). Reuter; in International Herald Tri- 94 (11916). Steve Pagani, Reuter, 6/17/94; in Executive News bune, 7/13/94 (11914). Service, 6/17/94 (11949). David Brunnstrom, Reuter, 6/17/94; in Executive News Service, 6/17/ 8/16/94 6/16/94 94 (11929). David Brunnstrom, Reuter, 6/18/94; Although the IAEA has refused North in Executive News Service, 6/21/94 (11929). IAEA spokesman David Kyd says that, as a Korea’s offer of limited access to spent fuel result of the 8/12/94 U.S.-North Korean rods in Yongbyon because inspectors would 6/21/94 agreement, the two IAEA inspectors will be unable to choose which rods to sample North Korea extends visas which were due stay at the 5 MW Yongbyon reactor to verify and because the North Korean system of to expire in early 7/94 for the two IAEA that the 8,000 nuclear fuel rods are not re- indexing the rods is not accurate, a Western inspectors stationed at Yongbyon. processed, and will replace batteries and safeguards official claims it is still “theo- Steve Pagani, Reuter, 6/21/94; in Executive News video tapes at the five other nuclear sites retically possible” to recreate an inventory Service, 6/21/94 (11949). North Korea has allowed to be inspected, . of North Korea’s fissile material “within a KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 8/16/94; in JPRS- 90-95 percent confidence level.” This would 6/23/94 TND-94-017, 9/8/94, p. 50 (11961). AFP (Paris), 8/16/94; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94 (11961). require that North Korea provide the IAEA North Korea confirms that it will allow IAEA inspectors to remain in North Korea with improved operations records for the 9/5/94 reactor, permission to sample two unde- and maintain IAEA monitoring equipment in compliance with the NPT. North Korea indicates to IAEA inspectors clared sites suspected of containing repro- stationed at Pyongyang that it is willing to cessing wastes, and access to all of the re- Yonhap (Seoul), 6/23/94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/ 13/94, p. 20 (11949). expand the scope of IAEA inspections. moved fuel rods for examination. Former Yonhap (Seoul), 9/13/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-177, 9/ U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who met with 13/94 (12009). the North Korean government on 6/15/94

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 79 Nuclear Developments

9/10/94-9/11/94 9/23/94 lations with the U.N. Security Council could North Korea allows IAEA inspectors to en- The IAEA General Conference votes 76 to prove costly to North Korea. The warning ter a fuel-fabrication plant and a fresh-fuel 1 (Libya voting ‘no’) with 10 abstentions to stems from North Korea’s rejection of the storage facility at the Yongbyon nuclear com- pass a resolution stating that North Korea U.N. Security Council’s 5/30/94 statement plex to which they were previously denied should allow IAEA inspections of its two calling on North Korea to allow IAEA in- access. On 9/13/94, IAEA spokesman suspected nuclear facilities. spections of spent fuel rods at its Yongbyon David Kyd says the inspectors report “noth- Reuter, AP, WP; in International Herald Tribune, complex. ing unusual.” Kyd says the new inspections 9/24/94 (12013). Eugene Moosa, Reuter, 6/2/94; in Executive News are a “modest step in the right direction,” Service, 6/2/94 (11953). Reuter, 6/2/94; in Ex- ecutive News Service, 6/2/94 (11953). but that the IAEA is still unable to resume NORTH KOREA WITH INDONESIA normal inspections and therefore cannot 6/3/94 confirm if North Korea is complying with 6/9/94 Japan indicates that it does not support the its safeguards agreement. The IAEA still immediate implementation of U.N. sanc- The Indonesian Foreign Ministry’s public wants to inspect two undeclared sites at tions against North Korea. affairs director announces that Indonesia, Yongbyon that are suspected to be nuclear Steve Pagani, Reuter, 6/3/94; in Executive News waste dumps. as head of the Non-Aligned Movement Service, 6/3/94 (11918). AP, Reuter; in International Herald Tribune, 9/14/ (NAM), wants to resolve the North Korean 94 (12014). nuclear issue through “quiet diplomatic ef- 6/9/94 forts” by maintaining communication with The North Korean Foreign Ministry an- 9/12/94 the parties who are directly involved in the nounces that if Japan joins the U.S. and The IAEA Board of Governors urges North dispute. South Korea in efforts to impose sanctions Korea to fully comply with its nuclear safe- Radio Moscow, 6/9/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-112, 6/ on North Korea, North Korea would con- 10/94, pp. 6-7 (11935). guards agreement, which the Board agrees sider this a “declaration of war” by Japan, is still valid, regardless of North Korea's and “Japan would be unable to evade a de- withdrawal from the Agency. Director Gen- serving punishment for it.” Japanese offi- NORTH KOREA WITH IRAN eral Hans Blix reports to the Board that cials respond to these threats by reiterating nuclear samples taken from the radiochemi- their continued support for the possible use cal laboratory at Yongbyon during 3/94 and 7/17/94 of sanctions to alleviate the North Korean 5/94 inspections have yielded no evidence According to sources in the U.S. Secret Ser- nuclear problem. However, Japanese offi- that plutonium has been extracted there since vice, North Korea may have agreed to ac- cials have been hesitant to use any forceful 2/93. However, there is suspicion that fuel cept high payments made in counterfeit dol- action against North Korea, since Japan is rods were reprocessed at a second repro- lars for the sale of nuclear technology to vulnerable to North Korea’s military and cessing line—under construction at Yongbyon Iran. Iran is reportedly involved in coun- faces the possibility of terrorist attacks from during the spring of 1994—to which IAEA terfeiting U.S.$ 100 bills, possibly in coop- North Korean residents in Japan. inspectors were not given access. Blix also eration with North Korea. David P. Hamilton, Wall Street Journal, 6/10/94, indicates that North Korea has not yet re- Nick Rufford, Sunday Times (London), p. 18 p. A7 (11911). processed the spent fuel rods removed from (11851). the 5 MW Yongbyon reactor, but that there 6/10/94 is no confirmation that new fuel rods have 8/94 Japan offers its own three-step plan to deal not been installed in the reactor. During a news conference, Iranian Presi- with the North Korean nuclear issue: “a KBS-1 Television Network (Seoul), 9/11/94; in dent Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani says that warning, sanctions on arms sales and tech- FBIS-EAS-94-176, 9/12/94 (12009). Yonhap even if North Korea has developed nuclear nical cooperation, and then [sanctions] that (Seoul), 9/13/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-177, 9/13/94 weapons, Iran does not want them. (12009). Neue Zuercher Zeitung, 9/15/94 (12009). include financial remittances” in order to Rafsanjani was responding to the question avoid cutting off the money flow from North of whether or not Iran is attempting to buy 9/16/94 Koreans living in Japan to their relatives in nuclear weapons from North Korea. North Korea. A cut-off would reduce North North Korea says it will never allow the Asian Defence Journal, 8/94, p. 91 (11849). IAEA to conduct special inspections of un- Korea’s available foreign exchange and ag- declared nuclear facilities because such in- gravate the increasing tension between To- kyo and Pyongyang. spections would infringe on North Korean NORTH KOREA WITH JAPAN sovereignty. A North Korean foreign min- Daniel Williams, Reuter, 6/10/94; in Executive News Service, 6/10/94 (11939). istry spokesman states that the “nuclear is- 6/1/94 sue” can only be resolved through negotia- Japanese Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata tions with the U.S. warns North Korea that its deteriorating re- Reuter, 9/16/94; in Executive News Service, 9/16/ 94 (12032).

80 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

6/12/94 from the game into North Korea, where it of State Robert Gallucci and Japanese se- Ichiro Ozawa, chief coalition strategist for has become an important source of funding nior officials from its foreign, trade, and Prime Minister Tsutomu Hata, says that Ja- for North Korean imports of nuclear weap- finance ministries. pan should implement economic sanctions ons technology. Ethnic Koreans hold a one- Reuter, 9/13/94; in Executive News Service, 9/13/ against North Korea “after consulting South third share in the Japanese pachinko indus- 94 (11864). Korea and the [U.S.],” and not wait for a try, and they often transfer Japanese currency U.N. Security Council resolution to be to North Korea through front companies in 9/21/94 passed to deal with the North Korean nuclear Macau. Katsumi Sato, head of the Japanese According to the Japanese newspaper Nihon issue. think tank Modern Korea, admits that Japa- Keizai Shimbun, a U.S. Department of State Reuter, 6/12/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ nese “tax authorities have been helping official is quoted as saying that the U.S. is 94 (11941). Pyongyang to make a bomb by their failure likely to ask Japan to contribute $1 billion to get tough with the pachinko parlours.” and technical aid for light water reactors to 6/13/94 Terry McCarthy, Independent, 7/7/94 (11819). replace North Korea’s graphite-moderated Japanese Foreign Minister Koji Kakizawa Charles Smith, Far Eastern Economic Review, 7/7/ reactors. expresses Japan’s and South Korea’s agree- 94 (11819). Reuter, 9/21/94; in Executive News Service, 9/21/ ment that the imposition of sanctions on 94 (11864). North Korea should be intended to convince 8/28/94 North Korea to continue allowing IAEA According to the Japanese daily newspaper, inspections, and should not be intended as Yomiuri Shimbun, Japan is ready to con- NORTH KOREA WITH PRC “punitive.” tribute some funding for the North Korean UPI, 6/13/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/94 light water reactors without pressuring 6/6/94 (11942). North Korea to allow IAEA inspections of A spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Min- its nuclear facilities. Some Japanese offi- istry says that China will “seriously” con- 6/19/94 cials say that Japan will try to find other sider a Russian proposal to solve the North Japanese Foreign Minister Koji Kakizawa ways to solve the North Korean nuclear is- Korean nuclear problem through an inter- says that Japan is willing to help North Korea sue, and if possible, will ask the G-7 and national conference. However, the spokes- convert its nuclear facilities to light water other Asian countries to supply aid for the man adds that China envisions bilateral talks reactors. Kakizawa says the offer was light water reactors. between North Korea and the IAEA, North prompted by North Korea’s acceptance [dur- Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/29/94, p. 2 Korea and the U.S., and North Korea and ing talks held with former U.S. President (11998). South Korea as the best means to solve the Jimmy Carter on 6/15 and 6/16] of IAEA dispute. According to diplomatic sources, inspections of its nuclear facilities. 9/6/94 China and North Korea will maintain an Peter Kenny, UPI, 6/19/94 (11874). U.S. Vice President Al Gore asks Japan to “active dialogue” with each other over the help financially support the international problem. 7/94 effort [agreed to in 8/94 bilateral talks be- Pavel Spirin and Vyacheslav Tomilin, Itar-Tass (Mos- It is reported that from 1/94 to 5/94, Japan tween the U.S. and North Korea] to redo cow), 6/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-109, 6/7/94, p. 3 sold nuclear power plant equipment valued North Korea’s nuclear progam by replacing (11838). at 1.1 billion yen (U.S. $11 million) to its graphite-moderated nuclear reactors with North Korea. These figures show a 3 per- Western-style light water reactors. Japanese 6/7/94 cent increase over exports during the same Foreign Minister Yohei Kono indicates that It is reported that China will veto a U.N. period in 1993. Nuclear equipment is Japan will entertain the U.S. request, pro- Security Council decision to impose eco- Japan’s main export category to North Ko- vided that North Korea cooperate in resolv- nomic sanctions against North Korea. Chi- rea and includes reactors, boilers, and ma- ing suspicions about its nuclear program. nese Minister-Counsellor at the Chinese chines. Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/6/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-172, 9/6/ Embassy in Moscow Sui Tsin says that any 94, p. 1 (11864). Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/6/94; in FBIS- Munwha Ilbo (Seoul); in PAC RIM Intelligence Re- reports indicating possible Chinese support EAS-94-173, 9/7/94, pp. 8-9 (11864). port, 7/14/94 (11549). BBC Monitoring Service, of U.N. sanctions are false, and adds that Summary of World Broadcasts, 7/16/94; in Ura- China supports negotiations and compro- nium Institute News Briefing, 7/13/94-7/19/94, p. 3 9/13/94 mise as the means to resolve the problem. (11549). According to the Japanese Kyodo news Andrey Kirillov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/7/94; in agency, it is reported that U.S. and Japa- FBIS-SOV-94-109, 6/7/94, p. 3 (11835). Simon 7/7/94 nese officials agree to support the replace- Long, Guardian, 6/7/94 (11835). It is reported that ethnic Koreans running ment of North Korea’s graphite-moderated pachinko (pinball) parlors in Japan are an- reactors with South Korean light water re- 6/9/94 nually filtering 375 to 500 million British actors. The agreement was reached at a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Shen pounds worth of Japanese currency earned meeting between U.S. Assistant Secretary Guofang announces that China does not want

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 81 Nuclear Developments

U.N. sanctions to be imposed on North Korean Peninsula. 8/5/94 Korea because the sanctions will provoke a Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/7/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-110, It is reported that during a meeting in Mos- conflict between the states involved and 6/8/94, p. 1 (11838). cow, representatives of the Russian Minis- cause undesirable repercussions. Shen notes try of Atomic Energy and U.S. Assistant the importance of “patience and time” for 6/15/94 Secretary of State Robert Gallucci discussed the solution of the North Korean nuclear Russian Federal Counter-Intelligence Ser- the idea of replacing the Soviet-origin gas- issue, and encourages further negotiations. vice Chief Sergei Stepashin reveals that on graphite nuclear reactor in North Korea. According to Western officials, China’s 6/13/94, three North Koreans were arrested Viktor Sidorenko, deputy Minister of stance reflects an attempt to maintain good near the Russian-North Korean border in Atomic Energy, informed Gallucci of relations with North Korea. Primorskoye territory because they were Russia’s willingness to deliver a new reac- David Schlesinger, Reuter, 6/9/94; in Executive believed to have been attempting to obtain tor. The idea for the replacement, suggested News Service, 6/9/94 (11836). Tony Walker, Fi- nuclear weapons components. It is believed by the U.S. earlier in 1994, was discussed nancial Times, 6/10/94, p. 8 (11836). that Russian organized crime is involved in with Japan and South Korea as a possible the transactions. Russia’s Justice Minister 6/13/94 means to settle the nuclear crisis. The reac- Yuri Kalmykov says that Russia’s organized tor delivery could be funded either by Ja- Chinese Central Military Commission Vice- criminals only have nuclear “spare parts,” Chairman Lui Huaqing tells North Korean pan or South Korea. According to the Min- not core technology. istry of Atomic Energy’s preliminary esti- Army Chief of Staff Choi Gwang that China Alan Philps, Hugo Gurdon, and Robert Guest, Daily wants to resolve the North Korean nuclear Telegraph, 6/16/94 (11927). Warren Strobel, Wash- mates, payments for the project could ex- issue through diplomatic means and nego- ington Times, 7/5/94, pp. A1, A8 (11820). ceed $1.5 billion and would partially alle- tiations between all parties involved, and viate the financial problems the Russian that China’s “basic goals for the Korean Pen- 6/17/94 nuclear industry is experiencing. During insula [are] denuclearization, peace, and Valentin Stepanov, head of the main direc- the meeting, the U.S. also raised the possi- stability” and not the imposition of sanc- torate for space rocket technology of the bility of reprocessing and storing North tions against North Korea. Russian State Committee on the Defense Korean spent fuel in Russia. Alexander Platkovskiy, Izvestiya, 8/5/94, p. 3 Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ Industry, describes how, at the end of 1991, (11728). 94 (11942). Russia was able to prevent a mass exodus of Russian missile researchers and their fami- 9/25/94 lies to North Korea. Stepanov says that he 8/9/94 According to South Korea’s Ministry of does not know whether there were nuclear It is reported that Russian Ministry for Foreign Affairs, China has indicated that it scientists among the group. Nuclear Power Engineering specialists, in would be willing to store North Korea’s spent Sergei Pulzhnikov and Sergei Sokolov, accordance with the Russian-North Korean fuel rods if the process is financed by a Komsomolskaya Pravda, 6/17/94-6/20/94; in FBIS- Agreement, have discussed the possibility SOV-94-117, 6/17/94, p. 1 (11698). source other than China. China had previ- of replacing a North Korean nuclear facility capable of producing weapon-grade pluto- ously rejected a U.S. proposal of this na- 7/5/94 ture. nium with three 640 MW reactors. The It is reported that Komsomolskaya Pravda KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 9/25/94; in FBIS- feasibility of the deal is dependent on find- EAS-94-1865, 9/25/94 (12011). recently published an article citing claims ing a means to finance the project. Itar- that Russian scientists working on Tass was told by “reliable sources” in Tokyo Pyongyang’s nuclear program are now able that Japan is unofficially considering a fi- to avoid risky border crossings into North NORTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA nance package whereby North Korea would Korea by sending their nuclear-related cal- receive a Russian-made light water reactor 3/94 culations through unmonitored computer to replace the current North Korean facil- mail. Five North Koreans are forced to leave ity. Warren Strobel, Washington Times, 7/5/94, pp. A1, Marina Barinova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/9/94; in Moscow for “showing too much interest in A8 (11820). FBIS-SOV-94-117, 8/10/94, pp. 10-11 (11798). nuclear components.” Marina Barinova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/9/94; in Warren Strobel, Washington Times, 7/5/94, pp. A1, 7/8/94 FBIS-SOV-94-154, 8/9/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-154, A8 (11820). 8/10/94, p. 11 (11798). Georgi F. Kunadze, Russia’s Ambassador to 6/7/94 Seoul, announces that Russia is prepared to 9/94 provide a light water nuclear reactor to North North Korean Foreign Minister Kim Young- It is reported that Russia prefers to update Korea to replace its graphite-moderated re- nam announces that North Korea is consid- the Russian-North Korean agreement and actor once Pyongyang complies with inter- ering Russia’s proposal for an international supply three 660 MW VVERs [as reported] national nuclear safeguards under the NPT. conference to discuss the North Korean — the 1985 agreement gives Russia a con- International Herald Tribune, 7/9/94-7/10/94 nuclear issue and a nuclear-free zone on the (11855). tract to build four 440 MW VVERs — which would cost approximately $4 billion. Rus-

82 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments sia insists that other countries must pay for 6/7/94 6/10/94 the reactors. Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev A South Korean government spokesman says Foreign Report, 9/29/94 (12019). emphasizes that in attempting to resolve the that South Korea wants to see agreement at North Korean nuclear issue, economic sanc- the earliest possible date on a U.N. sanc- 9/20/94 tions cannot be implemented until other tions resolution to pressure North Korea into Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander “possibilities have been exhausted,” and cooperating on the nuclear issue. Panov travels to North Korea for bilateral should then only be implemented in stages Reuter, 6/10/94; in Executive News Service, 6/10/ discussions on Russian participation in the and by “the U.N. Security Council alone.” 94 (11939). replacement of North Korea’s nuclear reac- Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 6/7/94; in FBIS- tors. Russia proposes replacing North SOV-94-110, 6/8/94, p. 5 (11835). 6/15/94 Korea’s graphite-moderated reactors with South Korean officials say that during his 640 MW light water VVER reactors. Panov 6/10/94 visit to North Korea, former U.S. President says the North Koreans are interested in the Russian Parliment’s Lower House Foreign Jimmy Carter is delivering an informal mes- Russian reactor, but that further discussion Affairs Committee Chairman Vladimir sage from South Korea stating that if North at U.S-North Korean bilateral talks sched- Lukin says that if North Korea is using ne- Korea takes action to eliminate the doubts uled for 9/23/94 is required. Russia reached gotiations to stall the resolution of its nuclear surrounding its nuclear arms program, then an agreement with North Korea in 1985 to issue in order to allow more time for its South Korea will cooperate with diplomatic modernize North Korea’s reactors with four nuclear weapons development, the “coun- and economic measures. 440 MW VVER reactors on credit, but the tries concerned should resort to collective Reuter, 6/15/94; in Executive News Service, 6/16/ deal was called off in 1992 when North resolute sanctions.” 94 (11913). Korea withdrew its part of the funding for Pavel Kuznetsov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/10/94; in the project. FBIS-SOV-94-113, 6/13/94, p. 4 (11922). 6/24/94 Andrey Smirnov, Kommersant Daily, 9/2/94; in It is reported that the South Korean govern- FBIS-USR-94-105, 9/2/94, p. 4 (11899). Reuter, 9/27/94 ment will initiate a program to construct 9/20/94; in Executive News Service, 9/20/94 Head of the North and South Korean sec- light water reactors for North Korea when a (11899). Aleksandr Valiyev, Itar-Tass, 9/22/94; in tion of the first Asian department of the bilateral or multilateral agreement for FBIS-SOV-94-185, 9/23/94, p. 14 (11899). Frances Williams, Financial Times, 9/29/94, p. 4 (12037). Russian Foreign Ministry, Valentin nuclear power aid for North Korea is signed Izvestiya (Moscow), 9/28/94, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV- Moiseyev, states that an international con- between South Korea, the U.S., and Japan. 94-189, 9/29/94, p. 21 (12037). ference on Korean peninsula nuclear safety The construction of one light water reactor remains a Russian diplomatic objective, but for North Korea is estimated to cost $1-$1.5 9/29/94 that preparations for the conference will have billion over a 10-year period [other sources Mikhail Demurin, spokesman for the Rus- to wait until the conclusion of bilateral U.S.- estimate a cost of $2 billion]. sian Foreign Ministry, denies the validity North Korean talks in Geneva. Carol Giacomo, Reuter, 6/23/94; in Executive News of statements made by North Korean defec- RIA (Moscow), 9/27/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-189-A, Service, 6/23/94 (11936). Kim Chae-mok, Munhwa tor Lee Chung-kuk that North Korea tested 9/27/94 (11610). Ilbo (Seoul), 6/24/94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/ 94, p. 6 (11936). three nuclear bombs in Ukraine and Russia in 1992. 6/28/94 Interfax (Moscow), 9/29/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-190, NORTH KOREA WITH SOUTH KOREA 9/30/94, p. 13 (11694). At a preparatory meeting in Panmunjom, North Korea and South Korea agree to hold 6/6/94 a three-day summit meeting between their South Korean President Kim Young-sam presidents in Pyongyang beginning on 7/ NORTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA AND warns North Korea that “reckless 25/94. The place and time for an additional UNITED NATIONS adventurism” [referring to North Korea’s summit is to be determined during the first declaration that a war will begin if the U.N. summit and the agenda remains ambiguous. 6/2/94 implements sanctions against it] will lead South Korean President Kim Young-sam is Russian President Boris Yeltsin acknowl- Pyongyang to self-destruction, and adds that expected to suggest during the summit that edges his country’s concern over the North he is determined to prevent North Korea North Korea and South Korea consider re- Korea nuclear issue, but says that Russia will from getting a nuclear bomb. North Ko- suming the 1991 declaration on the denucle- not support U.N. economic sanctions. rean Foreign Minister Kim Young-nam says arization of the Korean peninsula, which However, Yeltsin adds that if North Korea that the only way to solve the nuclear prob- provides for mutual monitoring of their leaves the NPT, Russia will support the lem on the Korean Peninsula is to hold di- nuclear programs. implementation of gradual sanctions against rect talks between South Korea and North David E. Sanger, New York Times, 6/29/94, pp. A1, North Korea. Korea. A6 (11952). Shim Jae-hoon, Far Eastern Economic Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/2/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-106, Interfax (Moscow), 6/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-109, Review, 7/14/94 (11915). 6/2/94, p.7 (11918). Ann Devroy and Julia Preston, 6/7/94, p. 44 (11834). Paul Shin, Washington Times, Washington Post, 6/3/94, p. A1, A28 (11918). 6/7/94, p. A18 (11837).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 83 Nuclear Developments

7/11/94 8/20/94 ‘precondition’ for the improvement of the North Korea announces the indefinite post- North Korea rejects South Korea’s proposed DPRK-U.S. relations at the DPRK-U.S. ponement of the North-South Korean sum- exchange of light water reactors for full talks for the solution to the nuclear issue, a mit scheduled for 7/25/94-7/27/94 due to IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. fatal roadblock would be erected in the way the death of President Kim Il-sung. South North Korea’s Foreign Ministry states that of the solution to the nuclear issue.” Korean Foreign Minister Han Sung-joo re- inspections of its nuclear facilities comes at Washington Times, 7/26/94, p. 5 (11858). sponds to the delay by saying the “spirit of the expense of North Korea’s sovereignty, the agreement [to hold a summit remains] but adds that North Korea “is willing to in- 8/9/94 very much valid,” and emphasizing that a volve [itself] in clearing up ‘nuclear suspi- It is reported that the South Korean govern- North-South summit is not possible until cion’ in the future.” South Korean Deputy ment is studying a plan whereby the U.S. the new leadership in North Korea is con- Prime Minister Lee Hong-koo says that and North Korea will conclude a contract solidated. South Korea will offer to help North Korea for South Korea to build a light water reac- Hugo Gurdon and Robert Guest, Daily Telegraph, build a light water reactor and supply it with tor for the North. An international consor- 7/12/94 (11857). Cameron W. Barr, Christian Sci- electricity only if North Korea allows full tium will try to pay for the construction and ence Monitor, 7/12/94 (11857). T.R. Reid, Wash- the South Korean government may try to ington Post Service; in International Herald Tribune, inspections of all its nuclear sites as required 7/12/94 (11857). by the NPT. Lee also maintains that the supplement the construction through unifi- U.S. and Japan should help pay for the light cation funds. North Korea does not want to 8/15/94 water reactors, which will cost about U.S.$1 use a South Korean-type reactor, but has not South Korean President Kim Young-sam billion. According to South Korean offi- been as opposed to the idea as it was during offers North Korea the technology and capi- cials, South Korea wants the light water re- talks on 8/5/94. tal to build light water reactors if North actors to be a South Korean design and Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 8/10/94, p. 5; in FBIS-EAS- 94-154, 8/10/94, p. 48 (11957). Korea allows IAEA inspections of its nuclear manufacture. AP; in New York Times, 8/21/94 (12012). facilities. North Korean Deputy Foreign 8/14/94 Minister Kang Sok-ju neither agrees to the South Korean officials express approval of South Korean offer nor rejects it. the agreement reached between the U.S. and Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/15/94, p. A1 NORTH KOREA WITH SOUTH KOREA North Korea on 8/12/94 at bilateral talks in (11960). Washington Times, 8/15/94, p. A11 AND UNITED STATES (11960). Geneva, saying that the Korean Peninsula’s nuclear problem is now closer to a resolu- 7/21/94 8/16/94 tion. After a meeting in Seoul between U.S. As- South Korean Foreign Minister Han Sung- Observer, 8/14/94 (11963). sistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci joo says that North Korea is obliged to ac- and South Korean Foreign Minister Han cept South Korean-style light water reactors 8/17/94 Sung-joo, the U.S. and South Korea repeat because there is no other realistic solution. South Korean officials say that the U.S. will an offer of economic and diplomatic aid for South Korean officials say that no other not contribute to the cost of building light North Korea if the government of North country besides South Korea has offered to water reactors in North Korea because U.S. Korea will halt its nuclear weapons program. finance as much of the cost, and that con- law prohibits financial exchanges with coun- The U.S. and South Korea are willing to struction of a South Korean light water re- tries categorized as “hostile.” South Korean carry the “financial or other burdens” nec- actor for North Korea will increase coop- President Kim Young-sam and President essary to convert North Korean graphite- eration in inter-Korean affairs. Clinton agree that North Korea must allow moderated nuclear reactors to light water Reuter, 8/18/94; in Executive News Service, 8/18/ the IAEA to inspect two undeclared nuclear 94 (11962). Washington Times, 8/19/94, p. A17 reactors. South Korea prefers to cooperate sites before North Korea is provided with (11962). with the U.S. and Japan to finance and build light water reactors. light water reactors—for which South Korea Reuter, 8/18/94; in Executive News Service, 8/18/ 8/18/94 has reportedly developed 95 percent of the 94 (11962). Yonhap (Seoul), Washington Times, 8/ South Korean President Kim Young-sam says necessary technology—rather than have Rus- 18/94, p. A13 (12001). Washington Times, 8/19/ that any nuclear reactor accepted by North sia provide the technology as previously 94, p. A16 (12001). Korea must be a South Korean-style light proposed by the U.S. water reactor using the South’s capital and Reuter; in International Herald Tribune, 7/22/94 8/27/94 technology. (11946). Korea Newsreview, 7/30/94, p. 5 (11946). A North Korean radio broadcast announces Reuter, 8/18/94; in Executive News Service, 8/18/ that the problem concerning which country 94 (11962). 7/25/94 should provide the light water reactor to A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokes- North Korea should be solved between the man warns that “if the improvement of U.S. and North Korea, and that South Ko- North-South [Korean] relations is set as a rea should not get involved. North Korea

84 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments indicates that it will stop its current nuclear 6/3/94 then the U.S. may implement sanctions uni- program if the U.S. supplies North Korea The U.N. Security Council begins discus- laterally or with U.S. allies to try to pres- with the light water reactors. sions to seek a solution to North Korea’s sure North Korea into accepting interna- Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/29/94, p. 2 defiance of IAEA nuclear inspections. tional inspections of its [Yongbyon] nuclear (11998). Paul Lewis, New York Times, 6/4/94, p. A3 (11552). reactor. Perry adds that the aim of impos- ing sanctions against North Korea would be 9/7/94 6/6/94 both to gain North Korean acceptance of South Korean Foreign Minister Han Sung- North Korea’s Committee for Peaceful Re- IAEA nuclear inspections and to “modify joo and U.S. Secretary of State Warren unification of the Fatherland, its principle [North Korea’s] behavior [regarding] the Christopher meet in Washington to discuss organization overseeing inter-Korea affairs, future development of nuclear weapons.” the North Korean nuclear issue. Christo- responds to the possibility of U.N. sanc- Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 6/6/94, p. A4 pher encourages South Korea to support an tions against Pyongyang by declaring that (11833). Sharon LaFraniere, Washington Post, 6/ 6/94, p. A13 (11833). inter-Korean summit, stating that the North “sanctions mean outright war.” Korean nuclear dispute cannot be solved Paul Shin, Washington Times, 6/7/94, p. A18 without direct dialogue between the North (11837). 6/9/94 and the South. South Korea wants the bi- U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Robert lateral talks which started on 7/8/94 between Gallucci announces to a House Foreign Af- the U.S. and North Korea to be linked to NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED NATIONS fairs Subcommittee that discussion by the the progress made in inter-Korean relations. AND UNITED STATES U.N. Security Council on the possible Han also wants to verify that unless North implementation of U.N. sanctions on North Korea is committed to replacing its nuclear 5/31/94 Korea will “continue over the next few technology [graphite-moderated reactors] U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher, weeks.” The U.S. administration calls for with South Korean-type light water reactors, Secretary of Defense William Perry, and an initial set of sanctions to be implemented South Korea will not help finance the im- other top officials—anticipating continued by the Security Council, to be followed by provements to North Korea’s nuclear energy North Korean non-compliance in allowing “tougher sanctions” if North Korea contin- program. IAEA inspectors to verify fuel rod removal ues its nuclear program. Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 6/10/94, p. Lee Su-wan, Reuter, 9/5/94; in Executive News from the Yongbyon reactor—outline a plan Service, 9/5/94 (11902). T.R. Reid, Washington A1 (11938). Post, 9/6/94; in Executive News Service, 9/5/94 that will be submitted to the U.N. Security (11902). R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 9/8/ Council proposing the implementation of 6/11/94 94, p. A33 (11902). economic sanctions against North Korea. Taking into consideration diplomatic pres- Washington Post, 6/1/94, p. A22 (11917). sures, U.S. officials decide to push for less stringent sanctions on North Korea in order NORTH KOREA WITH UKRAINE 6/2/94 to prevent Pyongyang from taking further President Clinton announces plans to seek steps toward developing its nuclear weap- 9/29/94 U.N. economic sanctions against North ons program. The less stringent plan will Mikhail Demurin, spokesman for the Rus- Korea as a result of North Korea’s non-com- ask the U.N. Security Council to impose a sian Foreign Ministry, denies the validity pliance with IAEA inspections. block on U.N. technical aid and to termi- of statements made by North Korean defec- Ann Devroy and Julia Preston, Washington Post, 6/ 3/94, p. A21, A28 (11918). nate scientific and cultural exchanges. An tor Lee Chung-kuk that North Korea tested oil embargo, implementation of a cut-off in three nuclear bombs in Ukraine and Russia remittances from Japan to North Korea, and in 1992. 6/3/94 U.S. Representative to the U.N. Madeleine other harsher measures will be postponed. Interfax (Moscow), 9/29/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-190, Tougher sanctions would be implemented 9/30/94, p. 13 (11694). K. Albright announces that the U.S. sup- ports the “consideration of sanctions” to deal if North Korea continued to develop its with the North Korean nuclear issue and nuclear program after the milder sanctions are implemented. NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED NATIONS that it is looking for support in the Security Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 6/12/94, pp. Council. 1, 6 (11939). 6/2/94 Paul Lewis, New York Times, 6/4/94, p. A3 (11552). North Korea warns that it will leave the 6/12/94 NPT if U.N. sanctions are implemented. 6/5/94 North Korean President Kim Il-sung, fac- Ann Devroy and Julia Preston, Washington Post, 6/ U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry says ing possible U.N. sanctions, is said “to be 3/94, p. A1, A28 (11918). that if the attempt to impose sanctions on ready to suspend plutonium processing in North Korea through the U.N. fails due to exchange for American diplomatic recogni- lack of consensus in the Security Council, tion and assistance” in building its nuclear

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 85 Nuclear Developments energy program and gaining recognition rea once talks begin. 6/17/94 from the international community. Douglas Jehl, New York Times, 6/23/94, pp. A1, It is reported that senior U.S. officials say Ian Brodie, Times (London), 6/13/94 (11939). A4 (11951). that high-level bilateral negotiations between the U.S. and North Korea will be feasible 6/13/94 only if North Korea allows IAEA inspec- U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Madeleine K. NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES tors to continue monitoring its nuclear fa- Albright announces that the first draft of a cilities and refrains from reactivating its resolution calling for sanctions to be imple- 6/9/94 Yongbyon reactor and reprocessing the spent mented against North Korea will be ready U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry fuel rods recently unloaded from the reac- within one day for presentation to the U.N. states that a U.S. pre-emptive strike against tor. Security Council. North Korea’s nuclear facilities continues to Robert S. Greenberger, Wall Street Journal, 6/17/ David E. Sanger, New York Times Service; in In- be a viable U.S. option in resolving the 94, p. A6 (11929). ternational Herald Tribune, 6/14/94 (11942). North Korean nuclear issue. Quentin Hardy, Wall Street Journal, 6/9/94, p. A10 6/18/94 6/16/94 (11911). It is reported that President Kim Il-sung will President Clinton says that the call for sanc- not halt North Korea’s nuclear program un- tions against North Korea will be dropped 6/15/94-6/16/94 til North Korea is given a guarantee that it and a third round of talks on the nulcear Former President Jimmy Carter holds talks will receive light water reactors. issue between the U.S. and North Korea can with the North Korean government. U.S. David Brunnstrom, Reuter, 6/18/94; in Executive take place if North Korea is prepared to put diplomatic envoys say that the purpose of News Service, 6/21/94 (11929). “a freeze on any nuclear activity.” Clinton’s Carter’s visit is to clearly explain the U.S. statement is in response to reports from position on North Korea’s suspected nuclear 6/19/94 former President Jimmy Carter, on an un- arms program and on its decision to leave White House Press Secretary Dee Dee official visit to North Korea, that North the IAEA. Myers states that confirmation from North Korean President Kim Il-sung has reversed Reuter, 6/15/94; in Executive News Service, 6/16/ Korea that it will put a freeze on its nuclear his decision to expel two IAEA inspectors 94 (11913). James Pringle, Times (London), 6/16/ program must include a commitment to al- 94 (11913). from North Korea. Clinton will request that low IAEA inspections to continue, a will- Kim elaborate on promises he made to 6/16/94 ingness to convert to [light water reactor] technology to reduce its production of plu- Carter; meanwhile, the U.S. will continue President Clinton says that if North Korea’s tonium, and compliance with obligations to pursue sanctions against North Korea in statements [presented to Carter during the under the NPT. the U.N. Security Council until the U.S. 6/15-6/16 talks] that it will end its nuclear can be sure that North Korea has really Laurence McQuillan, Reuter, 6/18/94; in Execu- weapons program are sincere and verifiable, tive News Service, 6/21/94 (11951). changed its position. the U.S. will be willing to proceed with Frank J. Murray, Washington Times, 6/17/94, pp. A1, A16 (11950). Reuter, 6/16/94; in Executive high-level bilateral talks. Carter says that 6/20/94 News Service, 6/17/94 (11950). during the talks President Kim Il-sung White House Press Secretary Dee Dee voiced two conditions that North Korea Myers says that the U.S. will not respond to 6/19/94 would like to achieve with the help of the North Korean President Kim Il-sung’s de- White House Press Secretary Dee Dee U.S: the conversion of North Korea’s nuclear mand for a formal no-first-strike promise. Myers clarifies confusion caused by former reactors from graphite-moderated to light Frank J. Murray, Washington Times, 6/21/94, pp. President Jimmy Carter’s statement on 6/ water, and an agreement between South A1, A10 (11930). 18/94 that the U.S. was no longer pressing Korea and the U.S, “of an official nature... for sanctions against North Korea by ex- that there would be no nuclear weapons 6/21/94 plaining that in fact, the U.S. is still con- deployed or used against anyone on [the] President Clinton states that there are “hope- sulting on possible U.N. sanctions. entire Korean Peninsula.” Clinton says the ful signs” for renewed talks with North Ko- Laurence McQuillan, Reuter, 6/18/94; in Execu- U.S. is prepared to help North Korea con- rea in promises made by North Korea to tive News Service, 6/21/94 (11951). vert its nuclear program to one which uses former President Carter, but he emphasizes light water reactors. Clinton will request that the U.S. must confirm that Pyongyang 6/22/94 that Kim elaborate on promises he made to is willing to freeze its nuclear program. U.S. After receiving a letter from North Korean Carter. Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci Deputy Foreign Minister Kang Sok-ju con- UPI, 6/16/94; in Executive News Service, 6/17/94 sends a letter to North Korean Deputy For- firming that North Korea is willing to freeze (11929). Lee Su-wan, Reuter, 6/17/94; in Execu- eign Minister Kang Sok-ju offering nego- its nuclear program, President Clinton states tive News Service, 6/17/94 (11929). Frank J. tiations with North Korea if Pyongyang will Murray, Washington Times, 6/17/94, pp. A1, A16 that the U.S. will discontinue its campaign (11950). confirm it will freeze its nuclear weapons for economic sanctions against North Ko- program.

86 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

AP, Reuter; in International Herald Tribune, 6/21/ definitely as a prerequisite to resolving the first day of talks interrupts the negotiations 94 (11951). Douglas Jehl, New York Times, 6/23/ nuclear issue. and North Korea postpones their continua- 94, pp. A1, A4 (11951). Paul Lewis, New York Times, 6/30/94, p. A4 tion. (11948). Kevin Rafferty, Guardian, 7/8/94 (11944). Warren 6/22/94 Strobel, Washington Times, 7/8/94, pp. A1, A12 After receiving a letter from North Korean 6/30/94 (11944). John Burton, Financial Times, 7/8/94 Deputy Foreign Minister Kang Sok-ju con- During the bilateral talks scheduled for 7/ (11944). Alan Riding, New York Times, 7/9/94, p. firming that North Korea is willing to freeze 3 (11944). John Burton and Bruce Clark, Finan- 8/94, the U.S. will offer North Korea eco- cial Times, 7/11/94 (11945). its nuclear program, President Clinton states nomic and diplomatic gains if North Korea that the U.S. and North Korea will hold talks halts its nuclear weapons program, ends its 7/11/94 in Geneva, which are likely to begin on 7/ ballistic missile development effort, and Chief North Korean negotiator Kang Sok- 8/94. According to Clinton, the U.S. agree- adheres to obligations under the Missile ju tells senior U.S. representative Robert ment to hold talks provides a “basis for seek- Technology Control Regime (MTCR). The Gallucci that North Korea will be ready to ing a solution” to the North Korean nuclear U.S. has prepared a set of incentives to of- resume negotiations regarding nuclear is- problem. Clinton states that the U.S. is fer North Korea which may include the or- sues after the funeral of former North Ko- prepared to include “the full range of secu- ganization by the U.S. of an international rean President Kim Il-sung on 7/17/94. rity, political, and economic issues that af- effort to provide Pyongyang with light wa- President Clinton says it appears North fects North Korea’s relationship with the ter reactors, U.S. diplomatic recognition Korea will relaunch the nuclear dialogue international community” during the talks through new diplomatic liaison offices, and following an “appropriate period” of mourn- in Geneva. possible aid and investment from South ing and will suspend reprocessing of the fuel Douglas Jehl, New York Times, 6/23/94, pp. A1, Korea and Japan. A4 (11951). Robert S. Greenberger, Wall Street rods removed from the 5 MW Yongbyon Warren Strobel, Washington Times, 6/30/94, p. A16 Journal, 6/23/94, p. A11 (11951). reactor. (11933). New York Times, 7/11/94, p. A3 (11856). John 6/23/94 Burton and Quentin Peel, Financial Times, 7/12/94 7/8/94 (11856). U.S. State Department spokesman Michael It is reported that the U.S. is prepared to McCurry says that the U.S. and North Ko- offer aid for North Korea to build more 7/13/94 rea will meet on 6/24/94 at the U.N. to for- modern [light water] nuclear reactors for A senior official at the North Korean U.N. malize the agenda for high-level bilateral peaceful purposes if North Korea agrees to mission in New York states that North diplomatic talks to be held between the two stop construction on its 200 MW [graphite- Korea’s nuclear policies will remain un- countries on 7/8/94. moderated] reactor and dismantle its [5 changed under the leadership of Kim Jong- Carol Giacomo, Reuter, 6/23/94; in Executive News Service, 6/23/94 (11936). MWe] 25 MWt [Yongbyon] reactor and a il and that pledges made by the late Kim Il- plutonium reprocessing laboratory. U.S. sung to former President Jimmy Carter will 6/27/94 Defense Department officials feel that re- be honored by the new North Korean gov- U.S. State Department spokesman Michael ducing North Korea’s capability to produce ernment. Radio Pyongyang reports that the McCurry says that it is the U.S. understand- plutonium in the future should take prior- U.S. and North Korea will convene talks in ing that North Korea has frozen “the major ity over uncovering plutonium it may have New York during the week of 7/17/94 to elements” of its nuclear program. North separated in the past. discuss a resumption of negotiations. Korea has only offered a short-term nuclear R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post Service; in In- Kyodo (Tokyo), 7/14/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-135, 7/ ternational Herald Tribune, 7/8/94 (11622). 14/94, p. 8 (11856). Washington Times, 7/14/94, freeze, which will just last through the bi- p. A1 (11856). lateral meetings between North Korea and 7/8/94 the U.S. set to begin on 7/8/94 in Geneva. Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci 7/22/94 The U.S. is concerned about the long-term and North Korean Deputy Foreign Minis- A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokes- monitoring of North Korea’s spent fuel rods ter Kang Sok-ju meet in Geneva to begin man announces that North Korea and the and fears that after the 7/94 talks are over, the third round of high-level U.S.-North U.S. agreed during a working-level talk on North Korea may reprocess the rods to ex- Korean negotiations on the nuclear issue. 7/21/94 to resume talks on nuclear issues tract the plutonium. Gallucci reports that the talks are “produc- in Geneva on 8/5/94. Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 6/28/94, p. tive,” but have not reached the level of mak- Lim Yun-suk, Reuter; in Washington Times, 7/23/ A4 (11932). 94, p. 48 (11858). ing commitments. Kang is optimistic about 6/29/94 prospects for compromise. The talks were 8/5/94 expected to continue on 7/9/94 before paus- It is reported that the U.S. will require North The U.S. and North Korea resume talks in ing to allow negotiators to communicate with Korea to turn the 8,000 spent fuel rods re- Geneva on North Korea’s nuclear program. their governments; however, the death of moved from its 5 MW reactor in Yongbyon The negotiations are led by U.S. Assistant over to a third country or to bury them in- North Korean President Kim Il-sung on the

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 87 Nuclear Developments

Secretary of State Robert Gallucci and North Russian-design VVER’s,” since they could team of experts to provide the technical as- Korean First Deputy Foreign Minister Kang be easier to finance than U.S. LWR’s, and sistance required to prolong storage. North Sok-ju. North Korea claims that it must since Russia carried out some site selection Korean Deputy Foreign Minister Kang Sok- start reprocessing 8,000 spent nuclear fuel work in North Korea in the 1980s. Deputy ju says during the Geneva talks that if North rods—which are being stored in a cooling tank Foreign Minister Kong Sok-ju says that if Korea is provided with a light water reactor at the Yongbyon nuclear complex under North Korea could receive LWR’s for free and “proper and appropriate” economic IAEA supervision—by the end of 8/94 to and be compensated for stopping work on compenstation, it would stop its graphite- avoid a radiological contamination of the its two graphite reactors, it will be willing moderated nuclear reactor program. storage site. The U.S. says storage of the to switch to the LWR technology. Although Yonhap (Seoul), 8/9/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-153, 8/ fuel rods can be prolonged by chemically North Korea has claimed that the fuel dis- 9/94, p. 38 (11958). treating the water in the holding tanks. The charged from its 5 MW reactor at Yongbyon North Korean government opposes the U.S. in 5/94 and 6/94 “must be reprocessed im- 8/12/94 idea that the spent fuel rods be transported mediately to avoid corrosion,” U.S. officials The U.S. and North Korea reach an agree- to a third country for reprocessing, but of- have said that steps can be taken to store the ment on the North Korean nuclear issue fers to reprocess the rods and accept out- fuel safely for at least a year. The 50 metric which calls for North Korea to stop the con- side control over the extracted plutonium in tons of fuel taken from the reactor was placed struction of a graphite-moderated reactor in exchange for diplomatic ties with the U.S. in a storage pool under IAEA surveillance, exchange for a light water reactor, which and assistance in making the transition to and although the IAEA was not allowed to will cost as much as $2 billion. The U.S. light water reactor technology. The U.S. tag and sample a section from the core dur- agrees to supply North Korea with alterna- demands that North Korea allow IAEA in- ing refuelling, the IAEA and the U.S. be- tive sources of energy during the estimated spections of two sites suspected to be nuclear lieve that none of the fuel has been removed six years it will take to build the reactor. waste dumps to determine if North Korea from the storage site. Within the last few North Korea agrees that the 8,000 spent fuel has extracted plutonium from its 5 MW re- weeks, the U.S. and North Korea had dis- rods removed from the Yongbyon reactor actor in the past. The U.S. offers to help cussed the possibility of “advanced nuclear will stay in their cooling pond and will not North Korea build four light water nuclear countries in Europe and elsewhere” provid- be reprocessed. North Korean Deputy For- reactors financed by South Korea and Ja- ing assistance for the long-term storage and eign Minister Kang Sok-ju says North Ko- pan. North Korea wants to continue con- processing of spent fuel from Yongbyon. rea will employ methods to prolong the stor- struction on its 50 MW and 200 MW reac- This could involve long-term concrete dry age of the fuel rods under IAEA supervi- tors until a light water reactor is installed, storage; initial stop-gap measures could in- sion, in accordance with the NPT. The U.S. and the U.S. responds with an offer to fur- volve short-term wet storage of the fuel. One and North Korea also agree to move toward nish an alternative power facility if North proposal is to transfer North Korean spent normalizing their political and economic Korea will suspend the construction of the fuel to China, but this proposal was eventu- relations by establishing liaison offices in new reactors. North Korea suggests it will ally discarded. North Korea claims that each other’s capitals and reducing barriers need economic support during the ten years problems with the integrity of the fuel clad- to trade and investment, and to continue to required to construct a light water reactor. ding makes it risky to store the fuel for more pursue a nuclear-free zone on the Korean The U.S. and North Korea will meet again than a few weeks. The U.S. has downplayed Peninsula. The U.S. will also offer assur- on 8/8/94 after a two-day break for nego- these problems, while the IAEA has indi- ances that it will not threaten to use nuclear tiators to consult with the home govern- cated that these problems may be more se- weapons against North Korea. The U.S. ments. rious. According to U.S. officials, the IAEA and North Korea agree to meet again in Peter James Spielmann, Washington Times, 8/5/94, has told Robert Gallucci, the head of the Geneva on 9/23/94 to resume bilateral talks. p. A13 (11611). John Burton, Financial Times, 8/ U.S. negotiating team, that the Agency will KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 8/12/94; in FBIS- 5/94, p. 3 (11611). Alan Riding, New York Times, SOV-94-157, 8/15/94, p. 30 (11959). Clare Nullis, 8/6/94, p. 7 (11955). Edward Luce, Guardian, 8/ be required to allow North Korea to repro- Washington Times, 8/13/94, p. A1 (11959). 6/94 (11955). Yonhap (Seoul), 8/6/94; in FBIS- cess the spent fuel, as long as the material Salzbuger Nachrichten, 8/16/94 (11959). EAS-94-152, 8/8/94, p. 47 (11955). Yomuri is subject to safeguards, unless the U.S. can Shimbun (Tokyo), 8/6/94, p. 5; in FBIS-EAS-94- persuade North Korea not to do so. 8/25/94 153, 8/9/94, p. 1 (11955). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 8/11/94, p. 6 The U.S. State Department and the North (12003). Philippe Naughton, Washington Times, Korean Mission to the U.N. meet at the U.N. 8/8/94 8/10/94, p. A11 (12003). headquaters in New York to discuss the During bilateral talks with the U.S., North agenda for high-level bilateral talks in 9/ Korea proposes to put the approximately 8/9/94 94. 8,000 fuel rods that it removed from the North Korea and the U.S. approach an agree- KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 8/25/94; in FBIS- Yongbyon reactor in dry storage instead of ment to extend the safekeeping of spent EAS-94-166, 8/26/94, p. 32 (11965). sending them abroad for reprocessing. nuclear fuel rods in temporary storage at North Korea says that it should “at least get the facility in Yongbyon by sending a U.S.

88 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

9/10/94-9/15/94 over transferring the spent fuel rods [at logue with the U.S. if the discussion is “ac- U.S. and North Korean representatives meet Yongbyon] to another country. Gallucci companied by pressure.” in Berlin for technical talks centering on the explains that the rods will remain at Reuter, 9/26/94; in Executive News Service, 9/26/ replacement of North Korea’s graphite-mod- Yongbyon for an interim period of storage 94 (12034). Washington Times, 9/27/94, p. A20 (12034). Philippe Naughton, Reuter, 9/27/94; in erated reactors with light water reactors before they are transferred. North Korea Executive News Service, 9/27/94 (12035). Frances (LWRs), an issue which the U.S. and North has threatened to retract its agreement to stop Williams, Financial Times, 9/29/94, p. A4 (12036). Korea agreed upon in principle during the its nuclear program [reached during the talks R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 9/30/94, p. A36 8/94 bilateral talks in Geneva. The U.S. on 8/12/94] if the U.S. continues to pres- (12037). Alan Riding, New York Times, 9/30/94, p. A3 (12037). team is lead by the senior aide to Assistant sure North Korea to allow the IAEA inspec- Secretary of State Robert Gallucci, Gary tions of its two suspected nuclear sites. The Saymore. The North Koreans are repre- North Korea Central News Agency quotes a NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES sented by top foreign trade official Kim North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman AND IAEA Jong-u. A leader from North Korea’s del- as saying “if the dishonest forces create dif- egation says that Pyongyang wants $4 bil- ficulties in the provision of [light water re- lion in financing to build two 1000 MW actors], insisting on ‘special inspections’, 6/8/94 light water reactors, as well as $1.2 billion [North Korea] would not feel the need to North Korean Foreign Minister Kim Young- to cover investments it had made in its in- freeze its independent graphite-moderated nam announces that North Korea will com- digenous reactor development program. It reactor programme.” ply with IAEA inspections and allow “test- is reported that during the talks North Ko- R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 9/23/94, p. A32 ing, measuring, and the preservation of rea rejects the idea of South Korean help in (12038). Reuter, 9/23/94; in Executive News Ser- nuclear fuel” if the U.S. agrees to a third- vice, 9/23/94 (12038). Steve Pagani, Washington round of bilateral talks. The U.S. does not replacing the North’s nuclear reactors and Times, 9/24/94, p. A7 (12013). expresses more interest in the European accept the offer and reiterates that North PWR (EPR)—being developed jointly by Si- Korea must comply with IAEA inspections 9/24/94 before the U.S. will consider reopening bi- emens of Germany and the French comany North Korean chief negotiator Kang Sok-ju Framatome—or Russia’s new reactor design, lateral talks. tells reporters that North Korea “has never Rostislav Khotin, Reuter, 6/8/94; in Executive News the VVER-650. North Korea and the U.S. recognized special inspections. In [the] fu- Service, 6/9/94 (11920). are holding simulanteous talks, also start- ture when both sides have built up trust and ing on 9/10/94, in Pyongyang to discuss confidence, [North Korea] would be pre- 6/15/94 diplomatic relations between the two coun- pared to demonstrate the transparency of [its] North Korean Ambassador to France Pak tries. nuclear program.” Pyongyang’s demand for Dong-chun states that if the U.S. continues Robert Evans, Reuter, 9/10/94; in Executive News $2 billion in financial compensation for to support the use of sanctions against North Service, 9/13/94 (12010). AFP; in Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 9/12/94 (12010). Patrick Worsnip, Reuter, stopping its graphite-moderated nuclear pro- Korea to resolve the North Korean nuclear 9/13/94; in Executive News Service, 9/13/94 gram and insistence that the light water re- issue, the North Korean government may (12033). AP; in Washington Post, 9/10/94, p. A24 actors come from Germany or Russia have quit the NPT and order the last two IAEA (12033). complicated the bilateral talks. inspectors to leave the country. Pak adds Steve Pagani, Washington Times, 9/24/94, p. A7 that “with the current situation, we believe 9/23/94 (12013). Reuter, 9/24/94; in Executive News Ser- the inspectors will not have anything left to vice, 9/27/94 (12013). The U.S. and North Korea resume high-level do. We are following very closely how the bilateral talks in Geneva. Before leaving 9/29/94 situation develops, and especially the atti- for Geneva, Assistant Secretary of State tude of the [U.S.].” Senior officials from Robert Gallucci says that “recognizing that After seven days of meetings, bilateral talks between the U.S. and North Korea are sus- the U.S. State Department and Pentagon say [special inspection] is a sensitive political that if IAEA inspectors are forced to leave issue for all, particularly for the North, [the pended, with Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci announcing that the talks North Korea or are prevented from deter- U.S.] is prepared to defer the conduct of the mining the status of the 8,000 fuel rods [IAEA] inspections until somewhat into the will resume on 10/5/94. The two sides were unable to agree on key issues concerning North Korea removed from its Yongbyon settlement process.” During the talks, U.S. reactor in 5/94, the U.S. will consider con- officials will attempt to convince North financial compensation, North Korean de- mands, and special inspections. On 9/27, a ducting a pre-emptive airstrike on North Korea that it should allow South Korea to Korea’s reprocessing facility before the fuel play the key role in the light water reactor North Korean spokesman for the Ministry of the People's Armed Forces had threat- rods can be moved there. project. South Korea has said that it will John Follain, Reuter, 6/15/94; in Executive News fund 60 percent of the effort, but will only ened that North Korea might leave the ne- Service, 6/15/94 (11926). Sid Balman Jr., UPI, 6/ do so if it can provide its own technology. gotiations due to the recent deployment of 15/94; in Executive News Service, 6/16/94 (11928). Gallucci says that the U.S. will also attempt U.S. naval carriers to the Sea of Japan, add- to come to an agreement with North Korea ing that North Korea will not continue dia-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 89 Nuclear Developments

6/16/94 reprocessing in North Korea. It is reported NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES, Former President Jimmy Carter announces that North Korea may be willing to discuss SOUTH KOREA, AND RUSSIA that during talks he held with the North allowing full safeguards inspections as speci- Korean government, North Korean President fied in the NPT as part of an “overall solu- 8/5/94 Kim Il-sung “committed himself to main- tion” during negotiations with the U.S. North Korea rejects the U.S. offer to supply tain the [IAEA] inspectors on site in the Douglas Jehl, New York Times, 6/23/94, pp. A1, North Korea with a South Korean light wa- disputed [Yongbyon] nuclear reactor and to A4 (11951). Frank J. Murray, Washington Times, 6/23/94, pp. A1, A11 (11951). ter reactor and renews its request for a Rus- guarantee [IAEA] surveillance equipment to sian-model reactor. The request is based stay in good operating order.” U.S. Assis- 8/31/94 on North Korea’s technical experience with tant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci states North Korean Ambassodor to Austria Kim the Russian model, tensions between North that during talks with Carter, North Korea Gwang-sop says that full inspections of and South Korea, and claims that the Rus- “expressed its willingness to return to full North Korea’s nuclear facilities should be sian reactor costs less. compliance with NPT and IAEA safeguards, forthcoming following the recent accord Yonhap (Seoul), 8/6/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-152, 8/ 8/94, p. 47 (11955). including special inspections, as part of an between the U.S. and North Korea in overall settlement of the [North Korean Geneva. nuclear] issue.” Steve Pagani, Reuter, 8/31/94; in Executive News UPI, 6/16/94; in Executive News Service, 6/17/94 Service, 8/31/94 (12000). NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES, (11929). David Brunnstrom, Reuter, 6/17/94; in SOUTH KOREA, RUSSIA, JAPAN, AND Executive News Service, 6/17/94 (11929). 9/9/94 PRC 6/17/94 Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci It is reported that senior U.S. officials say announces at a news conference that “spe- 8/17/94 that one condition for high-level bilateral cial” inspections of undeclared nuclear sites It is reported that U.S. Assistant Secretary negotiations between the U.S. and North in North Korea can be implemented after a of State Robert Gallucci will go to the capi- Korea is that North Korea allow IAEA in- full settlement is reached between the U.S. tals of South Korea, China, Russia, and Ja- spectors to continue monitoring its nuclear and North Korea on the North Korean pan to raise $4 billion needed to pay for the facilities. nuclear program. Gallucci states that North construction of light water reactors in North Robert S. Greenberger, Wall Street Journal, 6/17/ Korea will not be provided with light water Korea, provided North Korea allows inspec- 94, p. A6 (11929). reactors unless it agrees to fully comply with tions of two undeclared nuclear facilities. its safeguards agreement (including special South Korean officials say that the U.S. will 6/21/94 inspections), but that the inspections could not contribute to the cost of building the North Korean Ambassador to Russia Son be delayed for months or years until the light light water reactors because U.S. law pro- Song-pil says that North Korea will not al- water reactors are ready to be installed in hibits financial exchanges with countries low international inspections of its nuclear North Korea. categorized as “hostile.” program until a comprehensive agreement AP; in Washington Post, 9/10/94, p. A24 (12033). Washington Times, 8/18/94, p. A13 (12001). Wash- is reached with the U.S. ington Times, 8/19/94, p. A16 (12001). Yonhap (Seoul), 6/21/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-119, 6/ 9/25/94 21/94, p. 6 (11916). A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokes- 9/3/94 man announces that his country “resolutely It is reported that U.S. Assistant Secretary 6/22/94 reject[s] the recent [IAEA General Confer- of State Robert Gallucci will visit Japan and A letter to U.S. Assistant Secretary of State ence] ‘resolution’, regarding it as the same South Korea beginning on 9/12/94 to coor- Robert Gallucci from North Korean Deputy attempt as the previous ‘resolutions’, dinate the policies of the U.S., Japan, and Foreign Minister Kang Sok-ju states that adopted by the IAEA to infringe on the sov- South Korea on the provision of light water North Korea will not reprocess the spent ereignty and security of [North Korea].” The reactors to North Korea. Officials must fuel rods recently removed from its 5 MW official adds that “the adoption of another consult on which country will provide tech- nuclear reactor nor refuel the reactor, and ‘resolution’. . . at a time when the [North nology or financing for the reactors since that international inspectors will be allowed Korean]-U.S. dialogue is in progress, is an North Korea has refused proposals for light to continue monitoring activity at the open challenge aimed at laying artificial water reactors based on South Korean tech- Yongbyon nuclear complex. This commit- obstacles in the way of a negotiated solu- nology. ment to freeze the North Korean nuclear tion to the nuclear issue.” Yonhap (Seoul), 9/3/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-172, 9/ program applies only to the 5 MW reactor Reuter, 9/25/94; in Executive News Service, 9/25/ 6/94, p. 59 (12015). in Yongbyon and excludes assurances that 94 (12013). Robert Evans, Reuter; in Washington North Korea will maintain evidence from Times, 9/26/94, p. A12 (12013). its previous nuclear activities so that inspec- tors can reconstruct the history of plutonium

90 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

8/23/94 machine-by-machine basis, which would not Former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz be done in an advanced centrifuge program. PAKISTAN Sharif states at a public rally in Kashmir, “I A German export official notes that Paki- confirm that Pakistan possesses the atomic stan and other proliferant nations are now bomb.” On 8/24/94, Prime Minister Benazir targeting “small metalworking firms with no Bhutto responds to Sharif’s claim by declar- experience in nuclear component manufac- ing that Sharif’s statement was “irrespon- turing” which may not be aware of the buy- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS sible.” Other Pakistani government officials ers’ intended end-use for their products. also quickly deny Sharif’s claims and For- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 6/20/94, pp. 9-11 5/94 eign Minister Sardar Assef Ahmad Ali (11896). Former Pakistani Army Chief General Mirza states, “I want to say categorically and fi- Aslam Beg reveals that Pakistan’s nuclear nally that Pakistan has not made nuclear 8/3/94 arsenal is controlled by the National Nuclear weapons.” Some analysts view Sharif’s state- At a press briefing in New Delhi, a German Command Authority (NNCA). Beg alleges ment as an attempt to embarrass Bhutto official of the External Affairs Ministry says that the NNCA, created in the 1970s, is publicly in order to bring down her govern- that the German government has taken ac- operated by the Joint Operations Center out ment before its five-year term is over. Sharif, tion against German firms covertly supply- of the General Headquarters of the army in however, says that his remark was “a well ing nuclear technology to Pakistan and has Rawalpindi and is led by the “chief execu- thought out statement,” which was designed deported two Pakistani diplomats who were tive.” According to Beg, the Nuclear Com- to keep Prime Minister Bhutto from com- involved in the transactions. Asian Recorder, 8/27/94-9/2/94, pp. 24201-24202 mand Committee, composed of the prime promising Pakistan’s nuclear program in the (11757). minister, the president, the army chief, and face of recent U.S. pressure. The IAEA says three unspecified individuals, makes all it is not able to confirm or deny that Paki- NNCA decisions. stan has nuclear weapons, since Pakistan is PAKISTAN WITH INDIA Ahmed Rashid, Far Eastern Economic Review, 5/5/ not a signatory of the NPT, which would 94, p. 23 (11758). allow comprehensive international inspec- 8/94 tions of Pakistan’s nuclear facilities. It is reported that India has proposed two 6/14/94 Rauf Siddiqi and Shahid-ur-Rehman Khan, Nucle- Pakistani Foreign Minister Sardar Aseff onics Week, 9/1/94, p. 16 (11751). Reuter; in New nuclear arms control measures to Pakistan: Ahmad Ali states that Pakistan cannot “give York Times, 8/25/94, p. A5 (11751). Ben Barber, the expansion of an existing agreement not up the nuclear option” until its disputes with Washington Times, 8/24/94, pp. A1, A18 (11751). to attack one another’s nuclear facilities to Ahmed Rashid, Daily Telegraph, 8/26/94 (11751). encompass the civilian population and eco- India over Kashmir are resolved. Ali de- Kyodo (Tokyo), 8/24/94 (11751). nies a claim made by the opposition party nomic centers, and a “no-first-use” doctrine. that Pakistan has agreed unilaterally to sign Indian analysts argue that Pakistan can no longer justify not responding to India’s of- the NPT because of U.S. pressure. PAKISTAN WITH GERMANY UPI, 6/14/94; in Executive News Service, 6/14/94 fer now that “the Pakistani bomb has come (11603). out of its closet.” Fall 1993 Asian Age, 8/31/94; in International Security Di- 6/23/94 In 6/94 a prosecutor’s office in Stuttgart gest, 9/94, p. 5 (11748). K. Subrahmanyam, Eco- nomic Times (New Delhi), 9/14/94 (11748). At an annual conference of scientists held reveals that in the fall of 1993 the German Federal Customs Criminal Office (ZKA) in Nathiagali, Pakistan, Pakistani President 8/25/94 Farooq Leghari says that his country would interdicted a shipment of 1,000 preforms Indian Junior Foreign Minster Salman like to attract private investment for build- for scoops in gas centrifuges at the Stuttgart Khursheed says in a statement to the Indian ing nuclear power plants so that it can con- Airport; the preforms were en route to Pa- parliament that India will recommend an front its power shortage. Farooq states that kistan from the German firm Team GmbH. international response to former Pakistani all new nuclear power plants will be placed ZKA officials say that evidence shows that Prime Minster Nawaz Sharif’s declaration under IAEA safeguards and that he hopes prior to the raid, Team GmbH successfully that Pakistan possesses a nuclear weapon. the U.S. and other countries advanced in shipped similar preforms, labelled as ball According to Khursheed, reports that Paki- nuclear technology will reevaluate Pakistan’s point pen bodies, to Pakistan. Investigative stan is smuggling nuclear material prove that nuclear program and give it “credit for the sources say Pakistan may have received sev- Islamabad is secretly procuring material for tremendous self-restraint” that it has shown eral thousand preforms and has the capabil- its weapons program by any means possible. and remove restrictions against it. ity to manufacture them into scoops based Alistair Lyon, Reuter, 8/25/94; in Executive News Anwar Iqbal, UPI, 6/23/94; in Executive News on centrifuge design information stolen from Urenco in the 1970s. Western officials say Service, 8/25/94 (11752). K.K. Katyal, Hindu (In- Service, 6/23/94 (11750). ternational Edition), 9/3/94, p. 5 (11752). the discovery of the preforms shows Paki- Asiaweek, 9/14/94, p. 32 (11752). stan is replacing its oldest centrifuges on a

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 91 Nuclear Developments

9/1/94 PAKISTAN WITH PRC PAKISTAN WITH SAUDIA ARABIA It is reported that India has rejected a Paki- stani proposal to issue a joint declaration 6/94 Early 1970s denouncing the use of nuclear weapons. China refuses a Pakistani request for Chi- Saudi Arabia begins funding Pakistan’s bud- Daily Telegraph, 9/1/94 (11748). nese scientists to “correct” Pakistan’s nuclear ding nuclear program in the early 1970s in weapons program and denies a Pakistani exchange for a nuclear guarantee, accord- request to use China’s Lop Nor test range. ing to claims made in 7/94 by former Saudi PAKISTAN WITH IRAN Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 8/20/94, p. diplomat Mohammed al-Khilewi, who de- 3; in FBIS-SOV-94-162, 8/22/94, p. 16 (11895). fected in 5/94. According to the agreement Mid-9/94 signed by the two countries, Pakistan would Iranian officials say the U.S. “exerted heavy 7/94 use its nuclear arsenal to respond to any pressure on Pakistan” to block the visit of A group of 61 Pakistani engineers and sci- nuclear attack against Saudi Arabia. Iranian engineers and technicians to the con- entists are undergoing formal training in Marie Colvin, Sunday Times (London), 7/24/94 struction site of Pakistan’s Chinese-origin China in the operation and maintenance of (11996). Paul Lewis, New York Times, 8/7/94, p. Chashma pressurized water reactor. a nuclear plant. 20 (11995). Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 9/26/94, pp. 9-10 PakAtom, 7/94 (11753). (11993). 1985 After seeking to obtain nuclear weapons PAKISTAN WITH RUSSIA, GERMANY, AND from Pakistan and Iraq, Saudi Arabia be- PAKISTAN WITH JAPAN POLAND gins “to think seriously about starting its own nuclear weapons program”, according 9/94 8/17/94 to former Saudi diplomat Mohammed al- Pakistani news sources state that Pakistani A plutonium smuggling operation involv- Khilewi. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto will formally ing a Pakistani, a German, and two Poles is Paul Lewis, New York Times, 8/7/94, p. 20 (11995). report to Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi uncovered in Berlin. Based on documents Murayama that Pakistan does not have seized from the dealers, German authori- nuclear weapons. Bhutto’s announcement is ties assert that the intended recipient for the PAKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES designed to assure the release of a 50 mil- plutonium is Pakistan; Russia is named as lion yen aid package which the Japanese the origin point for the fissile material. 7/94 government suspended after former Pakistani J. N. Dixit, Indian Express (New Delhi), 8/30/94 Pakistani President Farooq Leghari states in Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif stated that (12017). Jansatta (New Delhi), p. 6; in JPRS-TND- an interview that recent bilateral talks with Pakistan did indeed possess nuclear weap- 94-017, 9/8/94, p. 21 (12017). Indian Express (New the U.S. have succeeded in abating U.S. Delhi), 8/20/94, p. 8; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/ ons. 94, p. 20 (12017). Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya, 8/ pressure on Pakistan to roll back its nuclear Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/13/94 (11755). 20/94, p. 3 (12017). Press Association (London), program. Farooq says that Pakistani offi- 8/18/94; JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, p. 47 cials have told the U.S. that Pakistan will (11587). not allow unilateral inspections of its nuclear PAKISTAN WITH MULTI-COUNTRY facilities. GROUP Radio Pakistan Network (Islamabad), 6/19/94; in PAKISTAN WITH RUSSIA AND INDIA JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 31 (11604). 7/94 9/9/94 It is reported that the European Nuclear 8/24/94 U.S. Ambassador to Delhi Frank Wisner Research Centre (CERN), an organization It is reported that during an official visit to states in an interview with the Times of In- based in Geneva which studies high energy Moscow in 8/94, Indian Home Minister S. dia that the U.S. will not supply F-16 air- sub-nuclear physics, has offered to cooper- B. Chavan plans to discuss the migration of craft to Pakistan, even though Pakistan has ate with Pakistan. CERN Director General Russian nuclear specialists to Pakistan with already purchased the planes. Wisner says Llewellyn Smith assured Pakistan Atomic Russian leaders. All India Radio (Delhi), 8/24/94; in FBIS-SOV-94- that the decision not to supply the planes Energy Commission (PAEC) Chairman 167, 8/29/94, p. 12 (11640). will contribute to halting the arms race be- Ishfaq Ahmad of CERN’s intent to cooper- tween India and Pakistan. The Clinton ad- ate when Ahmad recently visited Geneva. ministration has considered supplying the Pakatom, 7/94 (11754). planes to Pakistan in exchange for Pakistan committing to end its nuclear program. Guardian, 8/10/94 (11761).

92 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

9/24/94 nuclear tests before it halts its testing pro- PRC WITH CANADA U.S. Secretary of Energy Hazel O’Leary says gram. The tests are allegedly designed to the U.S. and Pakistan are considering a co- develop MIRVed missiles, and improve 5/30/94 operation agreement for nuclear power mobile ICBMs and submarine-launched A spokesperson for Canadian Minister of safety. O’Leary says she has spoken with ballistic missiles. China says that the U.S. Trade Roy Maclaren states that Canadian Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission has conducted 25 times as many nuclear tests government officials have a mandate from (PAEC) Chairman Ishfaq Ahmad about pos- as China and claims its efforts to improve the Ministers of Trade, External Affairs, and sible cooperation and adds that she is “open its nuclear technology are not for offensive Natural Resources to negotiate a nuclear to continue the discussions.” military purposes. cooperation agreement with the China Na- Shahid-ur-Rehman Khan, Nucleonics Week, 9/29/ John Leicester, Washington Times, 6/11/94, pp. A1, tional Nuclear Corp. (CNNC) as a precur- 94, pp. 6-7 (12005). A9 (11974). Program for Promoting Nuclear Non- proliferation Newsbrief, 2nd Quarter 1994, p. 10 sor to nuclear trade. The spokesperson adds (11974). that the Canadian government has already worked with its embassy in Beijing and 7/7/94 Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (AECL) in PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF A group of geophysical experts from Rus- completing a market assessment of China sia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan report that and hopes to finalize a bilateral agreement CHINA China’s 6/10/94 underground nuclear test in summer 1994. AECL sees the potential resulted in a discharge of nuclear particles to sell up to 10 Candu reactors to China. in regions west of China. Russia’s Minis- China is paying attention to a joint feasibil- try of Atomic Energy, however, states that ity study by the U.S. Department of En- the test was an “ideally clean explosion.” ergy, Canada’s AECL, and South Korea’s INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Boris Mainayev, Itar-Tass, 7/7/94; in JPRS-TEN- Atomic Energy Research Institute on the 94-019, 8/5/94, p. 69 (11878). Beronika reuse of spent pressurized water reactor fuel 6/94 Romanenkova, Itar-Tass, 7/7/94; in JPRS-TEN-94- to fuel Candus. China also views favorably 019, 8/5/94, p. 5 (11878). It is reported that officials in both the PRC the performance of South Korea’s Candu and South Korea are rethinking plans for 7/19/94 reactor. fast breeder reactors (FBRs). Ray Silver and Margaret Ryan, Nucleonics Week, Chinese newspapers report that Chinese Peter McKillop, Newsweek (International Edition- 6/2/94, p. 16 (11904). Atlantic), 6/13/94, pp. 20-25 (11884). Premier Li Peng invites foreign companies to participate in its nuclear program. Reuter, 7/19/94 (11876). 6/8/94 PRC WITH FRANCE U.S. government officials announce that 9/4/94 China will conduct an underground nuclear 4/94 At a press conference in Moscow, Chinese test within days at the Lop Nor site in Using French technology, China begins fab- Foreign Minister Qian Qichen neither de- Xinjiang Province. One official states that ricating fuel at its Yibin plant for its 900 nies nor confirms rumors of Chinese plans the Chinese are currently sealing a nuclear MWe reactors. France also trained Chinese to conduct a nuclear test in 10/94. device in a test shaft using concrete and can technicians at its Franco-Belge de Fabrica- carry out the test as soon as the sealing is Itar-Tass, 9/4/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-172, 9/6/94, pp. 19-20 (11605). tion des Combustible’s Roman plant to work complete. at Yibin. Washington Times, 6/9/94, p. A15 (11509). 9/6/94 Nuclear News, 6/94, p. 52 (11510). 6/10/94 At an IAEA conference in Vienna, Deputy Director of China’s Bureau of Nuclear Power 9/7/94 China’s Foreign Ministry announces that Shen Wen Quan states that the PRC plans to China Nuclear Energy Industrial Corpora- China conducted an underground nuclear attract foreign investment and expertise and tion (CNEIC) signs a letter of intent to pur- test hours earlier. China does not divulge import equipment and technology for its chase parts for the nuclear islands of two the site of the test nor the size of the explo- nuclear program. Chinese-designed 600 MW blocks at sion, but London’s Verification Technology Steve Pagani, Reuter, 9/6/94; in Executive News Qinshan from Framatome of France. Information Center (VERTIC) identifies the Service, 9/6/94 (11826). CNEIC plans to begin constructing the units location as the Lop Nor test site in Xinjiang in 1995. France and CNEIC had signed a province and estimates the force at between cooperation agreement in 7/92 that allows 10 and 60 kilotons of TNT. The U.S. and China to import French technology to up- Japan release statements expressing disap- grade its indigenous 300 MW pressurized proval of the test. VERTIC has stated that water reactors (PWRs) to 600 MW PWRs. China will try to conduct five or six more It is reported that China plans to extend its

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 93 Nuclear Developments

Daya Bay (Guangdong) nuclear project with PRC WITH IRAN Korean nuclear problem through an inter- as many as four 1000 MW plants. A final national conference. However, the spokes- decision on the extension is expected by Mid-6/94 man adds that China envisions bilateral talks early 1996. Since Framatome built the is- Iran’s Interior Ministry acknowledges the between North Korea and the IAEA, North lands for the first two units at Daya Bay, it 6/7/94 kidnapping of a Chinese nuclear Korea and the U.S., and North Korea and is in a good position to be involved in the engineer working with a group of Chinese South Korea as the best means to solve the extension. experts for the Iranian Atomic Energy Or- dispute. According to diplomatic sources, ENS NucNet News, 9/15/94 (11877). Framatome; ganization (IAEO). The Chinese experts China and North Korea will maintain an in La Correspondance Nucleaire (Societe Francaise “active dialogue” with each other over the d’Energie Nucleaire), 9/7/94 (11877). are assisting with the construction of ura- nium enrichment plants at Rudan in Shiraz. problem. Intelligence News Letter, 6/23/94, p. 5 (11850). Pavel Spirin and Vyacheslav Tomilin, Itar-Tass (Mos- cow), 6/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-109, 6/7/94, p. 3 PRC WITH GERMANY (11838).

PRC WITH JAPAN 6/28/94 6/7/94 Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung reports It is reported that China will veto a U.N. that a 7/94 visit to Germany by Chinese 9/2/94 Security Council decision to impose eco- Premier Li Peng will include discussion of Japan’s Chubu Electric Power Co. announces nomic sanctions against North Korea. Chi- Germany’s disposal of radioactive waste in its intention to purchase a total of 250 short nese Minister-Counsellor at the Chinese China. Federal Environment Minister Klaus tons of uranium concentrate (yellowcake) Embassy in Moscow Sui Tsin says that any Toepfer and officials from Germany’s from the China Nuclear Energy Industry reports indicating possible Chinese support nuclear industry deny that such a discus- Corporation from 1995 through 2000, at of U.N. sanctions are false, and adds that sion is planned. 50 short tons per year. Japan will ship the China supports negotiations and compro- DPA (Hamburg), 6/28/94; in JPRS-TEN-94-018, yellowcake to North American or European mise as the means to resolve the problem. 7/12/94, p. 52 (11976). conversion plants. Andrey Kirillov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/7/94; in Kyodo (Tokyo), 9/2/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-174, 9/8/ FBIS-SOV-94-109, 6/7/94, p. 3 (11835). Simon 7/94 94, p. 8 (11887). Japan Atomic Industrial Forum; Long, Guardian, 6/7/94 (11835). in ENS NucNet, 9/7/94 (11512). Officials accompanying Chinese Premier Li Peng on a visit to Germany state that China 6/9/94 is interested in receiving spent fuel storage Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Shen PRC WITH KYRGYZSTAN technology from German industry. In an- Guofang announces that China does not want U.N. sanctions to be imposed on North ticipation of a technology transfer agreement 7/94 between Germany and China to be signed Korea because the sanctions will provoke a Following the PRC’s 6/10/94 nuclear test in 7/94, the German Federal Ministry of conflict between the states involved and at Lop Nor—the third such test in less than Economics had looked at plans from Ger- cause undesirable repercussions. Shen notes two years—Kyrgyz Deputy Foreign Minister man industries to provide China with tech- the importance of “patience and time” for A. Aytmatov delivers a message of concern nology for interim and long-term waste dis- the solution of the North Korean nuclear to China’s ambassador in Bishkek, Pan posal. German officials stated that the Eco- issue, and encourages further negotiations. Ranglin. Kyrgyzstan opposes nuclear test- nomics Ministry was satisfied the technol- According to Western officials, China’s ing on the grounds that it threatens the health ogy would not be used to develop nuclear stance reflects an attempt to maintain good of the region’s inhabitants and undermines weapons. relations with North Korea. negotiations on a comprehensive test ban Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 7/7/94, pp. 1, 13- David Schlesinger, Reuter, 6/9/94; in Executive 14 (11976). treaty. China expresses its willingness to News Service, 6/9/94 (11836). Tony Walker, Fi- ban all nuclear testing if a corresponding nancial Times, 6/10/94, p. 8 (11836). 8/24/94 international treaty is signed prior to 1997. 6/13/94 The German Office of Foreign Information Vladimir Berezovskiy, Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Mos- cow), 7/21/94, p. 6; in FBIS-SOV-94-142, 7/25/ Chinese Central Military Commission Vice- prints a brochure, “Foreign Trade Opportu- 94, p. 59 (11566). Chairman Lui Huaqing tells North Korean nities,” which includes an offer from China Army Chief of Staff Choi Gwang that China to sell 5 kg of metallic lithium at $1.71 wants to resolve the North Korean nuclear million per kg for Li-6 and $1.81 million PRC WITH NORTH KOREA issue through diplomatic means and nego- per kg for Li-7. The seller is listed as China tiations between all parties involved, and Harbin National Medicines and Health 6/6/94 that China’s “basic goals for the Korean Pen- Products. According to a nuclear expert, A spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Min- insula [are] denuclearization, peace, and Li-6 is only used for nuclear weapons. istry says that China will “seriously” con- stability” and not the imposition of sanc- Kurier, 8/24/94 (11602). sider a Russian proposal to solve the North tions against North Korea.

94 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ 8/94 that Saudi Arabia needs a “nuclear reactor 94 (11942). German Minister Bernd Schmidbauer dis- and training program” and sends him docu- closes in an intelligence analysis that in ments on the reactor project, according to 8/17/94 1992, the PRC’s Army General Staff pub- an English translation of a letter produced It is reported that U.S. Assistant Secretary lished plans for locating and recruiting Rus- by former Saudi diplomat Mohammed al- of State Robert Gallucci will go to the capi- sian nuclear experts. Khilewi. Khilewi claims that Saudi Arabia tals of South Korea, China, Russia, and Ja- Heinz Vielain, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 8/21/ purchased at least two of the research reac- pan to raise $4 billion needed to pay for the 94, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND-94-017, 9/8/94, pp. 43- tors as part of its secret effort to acquire construction of light water reactors in North 44 (11732). nuclear weapons. Korea, provided North Korea allows inspec- Marie Colvin and Peter Sawyer, Sunday Times (Lon- tions of two undeclared nuclear facilities. 8/23/94 don), 8/7/94, p. 17 (11995). Paul Lewis, New York South Korean officials say that the U.S. will It is reported that the Russian representa- Times, 8/7/94, p. 20 (11995). not contribute to the cost of building the tive from Sverdlovsk Oblast, Vitaliy light water reactors because U.S. law pro- Mashkov, sent a letter to the Russian gov- hibits financial exchanges with countries ernment protesting a plan by the Ministry PRC WITH SOUTH KOREA categorized as “hostile.” of Atomic Energy to help China construct a Yonhap (Seoul), Washington Times, 8/18/94, p. A13 centrifuge enrichment plant. Mashkov be- 4/11/94 (12001). Washington Times, 8/19/94, p. A16 lieves that the Chinese will use the technol- It is reported that the PRC and India will (12001). ogy to narrow the gap between Russian and each supply South Korea with 100 metric Chinese science and will, in turn, eventu- tons of heavy water, to be used in three 600 9/25/94 ally dominate the market for such technol- MW Candu-type reactors under construc- South Korea’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs ogy. In return for the assistance on the cen- tion at Wolsung, while Canada will supply reports to its National Assembly that China trifuge plant, China will place an order with the remaining heavy water requirements. has indicated that it would be willing to store the Ministry of Atomic Energy for construc- The deal with India is worth $23 million. North Korea’s spent fuel rods if the process tion of a nuclear power plant. BBC World Service, 4/11/94; in Programme for is financed by a source other than China. Aleksandr Pashkov, Izvestiya, 8/23/94, p. 2 (11805). Promoting Nuclear Nonproliferation Newsletter, 2nd China had previously rejected a U.S. pro- Quarter 1994, p. 11 (11871). Nuclear Engineering International, 6/94, p. 10 (11614). posal of this nature. 9/2/94 KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 9/25/94; in FBIS- Chinese President Jiang Zemin begins talks EAS-94-1865, 9/25/94 (12011). 6/2/94 with Russian leaders in Moscow; the talks It is reported that as part of a two-year main- are to culminate in the signing of a bilateral tenance and operations contract signed in agreement under which China and Russia PRC WITH RUSSIA 12/93 between the Korea Electric Power will detarget their nuclear missiles. Corp. (Kepco) and the management of the G. Hutchings, Daily Telegraph, 9/2/94 (11511). 1994 PRC’s Daya Bay (Guangdong) nuclear plant, Sun Guangdi, chief engineer for nuclear six Kepco nuclear experts visited the power at the China National Nuclear Cor- Guangdong plant. Chinese engineers are PRC WITH SAUDIA ARABIA poration, confirms that the design of two to visit Kepco stations in 6/94. Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, VVER-1000s — which will be supplied by 1/10/89 Russia to Liaoning, China’s northeast in- 10-16 (11872). The China Nuclear Energy Industry Cor- dustrial province — has begun. The plant poration (Beijing) reportedly sends a letter will be located at Wafangdian. to Saudi Prince Abdel Rahman, offering to Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 5-6/94, p. 25 (11695). PRC WITH UKRAINE sell the Saudis miniature neutron source 6/94 reactors for an unspecified price, and to give 6/30/94 Russia and China are jointly carrying out the Prince five percent in commission, ac- PRC Ambassador to Ukraine Zhang Zhen technical and economic feasibility studies cording to a document produced in 7/94 by and Ukrainian Supreme Council Chairman to build two VVER-1000s in China’s former Saudi diplomat Mohammed al- Oleksandr Moroz discuss the benefits of Liaoning province for a barter exchange Khilewi, who defected in 5/94. expanding technical, scientific, and eco- Paul Lewis, New York Times, 8/7/94, p. 20 (11995). worth $2.5 billion. nomic relations between their two countries. Chuangying Wang, Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 7/ Zhen and Moroz agree that cooperation in 94-8/94, pp. 46, 48 (11876). Chen Zhaobo; in 2/5/89 these areas has yet to reach its potential. ENS NucNet, 6/21/94 (11876). Saudi Prince Abdel Rahman, returning from UT-1 Television Network (Kiev), 6/30/94; in FBIS- a visit to China’s nuclear industries, writes SOV-94-127, 7/1/94, p. 41 (11658). to King Khalid University's dean of research

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 95 Nuclear Developments

PRC WITH UNITED STATES SOUTH AFRICA WITH FRANCE, GER- MANY, AND UNITED KINGDOM 9/30/93 SOUTH AFRICA The U.S. Department of Energy authorizes 3/94 B&W Nuclear Service Co. to exchange A group of 16 scientists laid off from South nuclear plant operation safety information Africa’s nuclear weapons program alleges between the B&W Owners Group and the that the equipment used to produce the weap- Framatome Owners Group; the PRC and INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ons was obtained from France, Germany, South Africa are members of the latter and the U.K. group. 3/94 Programme for Promoting Nuclear Nonproliferation NuclearFuel, 7/4/94, p. 14 (11824). A group of 16 scientists laid off from South Newsletter, 2nd Quarter 1994, p. 19 (11823). Africa’s nuclear weapons program accuses 6/94 the South African government of not fully According to the Piers import record sys- disclosing all aspects of Pretoria’s nuclear SOUTH AFRICA WITH IAEA tem of the Journal of Commerce, U.S. program. The group also believes South Nuexco Trading Corp. imports 207,400 Africa has not completely disposed of all of Late 9/94 pounds of low-enriched uranium from its nuclear capability. The IAEA General Conference reinstates China. Programme for Promoting Nuclear Nonproliferation South Africa to a permanent seat on the Nuclear Energy Industry Corp. NuclearFuel, 8/29/ Newsletter, 2nd Quarter 1994, p. 19 (11823). Board of Governors by designating it the 94, p. 17 (11907). most advanced nuclear country in Africa. 6/27/94 In 1976 the African Group of nations at the 8/94 South Africa’s intelligence service chief IAEA had removed South Africa from this The U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency pro- Mike Louw testifies before the South Afri- position due to Pretoria’s apartheid policies. duces a report for the U.S. Senate Intelli- can Parliament that there is an increase in Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 9/29/94, p. 6 gence Committee which indicates that China foreign spies seeking South Africa’s nuclear (12007). continues to make questionable transfers of weapons technology. nuclear technology. Washington Times, 6/30/94, p. A18 (11606). Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 8/18/94, p. A3 SOUTH AFRICA WITH ISRAEL (11873). 8/18/94 South Africa’s Atomic Energy Corporation 7/94 8/4/94 (AEC) Chief Executive Waldo Stumpf tes- Armaments Corporation of South Africa In a speech before the U.N. Conference on tifies before South Africa’s Parliament that (ARMSCOR) head Tielman de Waal de- Disarmament, which is currently negotiat- AEC needs outside investment to construct nies allegations that South Africa developed ing a comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT), a molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) nuclear weapons in conjunction with Israel. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament pilot plant. AEC plants to build a 10,000 Channel Africa Radio; in Africa Intelligence Re- Agency Director John Holum urges China SWU/year capacity pilot plant at Pelindaba, port, 7/14/94 (11544). to join other nuclear weapons states in a but Stumpf says construction will depend moratorium on nuclear tests. China wants in part on the “export possibilities” of the to include a no-first-use clause in the CTBT, plant’s enrichment services. Stumpf adds SOUTH AFRICA WITH UNITED STATES but also wants to conduct additional tests that cooperation could involve building a before it will fully support a treaty. laser enrichment plant based on South 9/30/93 Washington Times, 8/6/94, p. A11 (11906). In- Africa’s technology in another country. The U.S. Department of Energy authorizes side the Pentagon, 7/15/94, pp. 1-2 (11906). Evan Stumpf reports that AEC is negotiating with B&W Nuclear Service Co. to exchange S. Medeiros, Christian Science Monitor, 6/21/94, p. 16 (11906). a large Western firm to establish a joint ven- nuclear plant operation safety information ture with AEC for the construction of the between the B&W Owners Group and the pilot plant, and that the firm’s home gov- Framatome Owners Group; South Africa ernment has approved of the deal. and the PRC are members of the latter group. Ann MacLachlan, NuclearFuel, 8/29/94, pp. 1-2 NuclearFuel, 7/4/94, p. 14 (11824). (11825). Nuclear News, 10/94, p. 65 (11825). 4/8/94 The U.S. Department of Energy issues au- thorization, valid for three years, for two nuclear reactor specialists to train operators

96 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments at South Africa’s Koeberg nuclear reactor Early 6/94 SOUTH KOREA WITH INDIA, PRC, AND facility. South Korean Minister for Unification Lee CANADA NuclearFuel, 8/15/94, pp. 14-15 (11826). Hong-koo states that South Korea should weigh the benefits of developing its own 4/11/94 6/21/94 plutonium separation infrastructure given It is reported that the PRC and India will The U.S. Department of Energy issues au- that North Korea is engaged in clandestine each supply South Korea with 100 metric thorization for Westinghouse to provide reprocessing operations and that the U.S. tons of heavy water, to be used in three 600 South Africa’s Eksom with support for “op- may be softening its commitment to prevent MW Candu-type reactors under construc- eration, maintenance, repair, and servicing” the DPRK from obtaining nuclear weapons. tion at Wolsung, while Canada will supply for the reactors and nuclear fuel at its Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 6/6/94, pp. 6-7 (11968). the remaining heavy water requirements. Koeberg nuclear facility. The deal with India is worth $23 million. NuclearFuel, 8/15/94, pp. 14-15 (11826). BBC World Service, 4/11/94; in Programme for SOUTH KOREA WITH CANADA AND Promoting Nuclear Nonproliferation Newsletter, 2nd 8/29/94 Quarter 1994, p. 11 (11871). Nuclear Engineering TURKEY The U.S. removes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, International, 6/94, p. 10 (11614). and South Africa from a list of countries 6/2/94 (Section 810.8(a) list of 10 CFR Part 810) It is reported that Atomic Energy of Canada requiring specific authorization before U.S. SOUTH KOREA WITH NORTH KOREA Ltd. (AECL) is considering working with firms can assist with nuclear power reac- the Korea Power Engineering Corp. (Kopec) tors. 6/6/94 and Korea Heavy Industries (KHIC) in its Kathleen Hart, NuclearFuel, 8/29/94, p. 5 (11607). South Korean President Kim Young-sam planned bid for Turkey’s Akkuyu nuclear warns North Korea that “reckless reactor project. adventurism” [referring to North Korea’s Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, 10-16 (11872). declaration that a war will begin if the U.N. implements sanctions against it] will lead SOUTH KOREA Pyongyang to self-destruction, and adds that SOUTH KOREA WITH FRANCE he is determined to prevent North Korea from getting a nuclear bomb. North Ko- Mid-4/94 rean Foreign Minister Kim Young-nam says Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute that the only way to solve the nuclear prob- (Kaeri) Vice President of Nuclear Power lem on the Korean Peninsula is to hold di- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Projects Lee Byung-ryung signs a contract rect talks between South Korea and North with Framatome for a joint study of the Korea. 6/94 Interfax (Moscow), 6/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-109, possibility of applying French instrumen- It is reported that officials in both South 6/7/94, p. 44 (11834). Paul Shin, Washington Times, tation and control (I & C) systems in Ko- Korea and the PRC are rethinking plans for 6/7/94, p. A18 (11837). rean units. fast breeder reactors (FBRs). Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, 6/10/94 Peter McKillop, Newsweek (International Edition- 10-16 (11872). Atlantic), 6/13/94, pp. 20-25 (11884). A South Korean government spokesman says that South Korea wants to see agreement at 7/25/94 the earliest possible date on a U.N. sanc- 6/2/94 Framatome announces that two of its sub- It is reported that the first attempts at ex- tions resolution to pressure North Korea into sidiaries, Fragema and FBFC, have been cooperating on the nuclear issue. porting South Korean nuclear technology are awarded contracts by the Korean Nuclear underway, and that South Korean officials Reuter, 6/10/94; in Executive News Service, 6/10/ Fuel Company (KNFC) to build a UF6 to 94 (11939). are discussing openly when and how South UO2 conversion plant that will use the Korea should penetrate the nuclear export French company’s dry path process. 6/15/94 market. South Korea has already begun the AFP Sciences, 7/28/94, p. 20; in JPRS-TND-94- South Korean officials say that former U.S. process of creating export partnerships with 017, 9/8/94, pp. 50-51 (11666). President Jimmy Carter is delivering an in- vendors who have formerly sold pressur- formal message from South Korea stating ized water reactor and pressurized heavy that if North Korea takes action to elimi- water reactor technology to Korean indus- nate the doubts surrounding its nuclear arms try. program, then South Korea will cooperate Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, 10-16 (11872). with diplomatic and economic measures. Reuter, 6/15/94; in Executive News Service, 6/16/ 94 (11913).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 97 Nuclear Developments

6/24/94 tal to build light water reactors if North SOUTH KOREA WITH NORTH KOREA It is reported that the South Korean govern- Korea allows IAEA inspections of its nuclear AND UNITED STATES ment will initiate a program to construct facilities. North Korean Deputy Foreign light water reactors for North Korea when a Minister Kang Sok-ju neither agrees to the 7/21/94 bilateral or multilateral agreement for South Korean offer nor rejects it. After a meeting in Seoul between U.S. As- nuclear power aid for North Korea is signed Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/15/94, p. A1 sistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci between South Korea, the U.S., and Japan. (11960). Washington Times, 8/15/94, p. A11 (11960). and South Korean Foreign Minister Han The construction of one light water reactor Sung-joo, the U.S. and South Korea repeat for North Korea is estimated to cost $1-$1.5 8/16/94 an offer of economic and diplomatic aid for billion over a 10-year period [other sources South Korean Foreign Minister Han Sung- North Korea if the government of North estimate a cost of $2 billion]. joo says that North Korea is obliged to ac- Korea will halt its nuclear weapons program. Carol Giacomo, Reuter, 6/23/94; in Executive News The U.S. and South Korea are willing to Service, 6/23/94 (11936). Kim Chae-mok, Munhwa cept South Korean-style light water reactors Ilbo (Seoul), 6/24/94; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/ because there is no other realistic solution. carry the “financial or other burdens” nec- 94, p. 6 (11936). South Korean officials say that no other essary to convert North Korean graphite- country besides South Korea has offered to moderated nuclear reactors to light water 6/28/94 finance as much of the cost, and that con- reactors. South Korea prefers to cooperate At a preparatory meeting in Panmunjom, struction of a South Korean light water re- with the U.S. and Japan to finance and build North Korea and South Korea agree to hold actor for North Korea will increase coop- light water reactors—for which South Korea a three-day summit meeting between their eration in inter-Korean affairs. has reportedly developed 95 percent of the presidents in Pyongyang beginning on 7/ Reuter, 8/18/94; in Executive News Service, 8/18/ necessary technology—rather than have Rus- 25/94. The place and time for an additional 94 (11962). Washington Times, 8/19/94, p. A17 sia provide the technology, as previously summit is to be determined during the first (11962). proposed by the U.S. summit and the agenda remains ambiguous. Reuter; in International Herald Tribune, 7/22/94 South Korean President Kim Young-sam is 8/18/94 (11946). Korea Newsreview, 7/30/94, p. 5 (11946). expected to suggest during the summit that South Korean President Kim Young-sam says North Korea and South Korea consider re- that any nuclear reactor accepted by North 7/25/94 suming the 1991 declaration on the denucle- Korea must be a South Korean-style light A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokes- arization of the Korean peninsula, which water reactor using the South’s capital and man warns that “if the improvement of provides for mutual monitoring of their technology. North-South [Korean] relations is set as a Reuter, 8/18/94; in Executive News Service, 8/18/ ‘precondition’ for the improvement of the nuclear programs. 94 (11962). David E. Sanger, New York Times, 6/29/94, pp. A1, DPRK-U.S. relations at the DPRK-U.S. A6 (11952). Shim Jae-hoon, Far Eastern Economic talks for the solution to the nuclear issue, a Review, 7/14/94 (11915). 8/20/94 fatal roadblock would be erected in the way North Korea rejects South Korea’s proposed of the solution to the nuclear issue.” 7/11/94 exchange of light water reactors for full Washington Times, 7/26/94, p. 5 (11858). North Korea announces the indefinite post- IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. ponement of the North-South Korean sum- North Korea’s Foreign Ministry states that 8/5/94 mit scheduled for 7/25/94-7/27/94 due to inspections of its nuclear facilities comes at North Korea rejects the U.S. offer to supply the death of President Kim Il-sung. South the expense of North Korea’s sovereignty, North Korea with a South Korean light wa- Korean Foreign Minister Han Sung-joo re- but adds that North Korea “is willing to in- ter reactor and renews its request for a Rus- sponds to the delay by saying the “spirit of volve [itself] in clearing up ‘nuclear suspi- sian-model reactor. The request is based the agreement [to hold a summit remains] cion’ in the future.” South Korean Deputy on North Korea’s technical experience with very much valid,” and emphasizing that a Prime Minister Lee Hong-koo says that the Russian model, tensions between North North-South summit is not possible until South Korea will offer to help North Korea and South Korea, and claims that the Rus- the new leadership in North Korea is con- build a light water reactor and supply it with sian reactor costs less. solidated. electricity only if North Korea allows full Yonhap (Seoul), 8/6/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-152, 8/ Hugo Gurdon and Robert Guest, Daily Telegraph, inspections of all its nuclear sites as required 8/94, p. 47 (11955). 7/12/94 (11857). Cameron W. Barr, Christian Sci- by the NPT. Lee also maintains that the ence Monitor, 7/12/94 (11857). T.R. Reid, Wash- U.S. and Japan should help pay for the light 8/9/94 ington Post Service; in International Herald Tribune, It is reported that the South Korean govern- 7/12/94 (11857). water reactors, which will cost about U.S.$1 billion. According to South Korean offi- ment is studying a plan whereby the U.S. 8/15/94 cials, South Korea wants the light water re- and North Korea will conclude a contract South Korean President Kim Young-sam actors to be a South Korean design and for South Korea to build a light water reac- offers North Korea the technology and capi- manufacture. tor for the North. An international consor- AP; in New York Times, 8/21/94 (12012).

98 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments tium will try to pay for the construction and 9/3/94 SOUTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA the South Korean government may try to It is reported that U.S. Assistant Secretary supplement the construction through unifi- of State Robert Gallucci will visit Japan and 6/3/94 cation funds. North Korea does not want to South Korea beginning on 9/12/94 to coor- At a meeting with South Korea’s Minister use a South Korean-type reactor, but has not dinate the policies of the U.S., Japan, and for Trade, Industry, and Energy Kim Chol- been as opposed to the idea as it was during South Korea on the provision of light water su, Russian First Vice Premier Oleg talks on 8/5/94. nuclear reactors to North Korea. Officials Soskovets announces that Russia is ready to Hanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 8/10/94, p. 5; in FBIS-EAS- must consult on which country will pro- increase the annual amount of LEU sup- 94-154, 8/10/94, p. 48 (11957). vide technology or financing for the North plied to South Korea from 40 tons to 100 Korean reactors since North Korea has re- 8/14/94 tons. fused proposals for light water reactors based Interfax (Moscow), 6/3/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-109, South Korean officials express approval of on South Korean technology. 6/7/94, p. 7 (11690). the agreement reached between the U.S. and Yonhap (Seoul), 9/3/94; in FBIS-EAS-94-172, 9/ North Korea on 8/12/94 at bilateral talks in 6/94, p. 59 (12015). 6/14/94 Geneva, saying that the Korean Peninsula’s In parliamentary hearings, Chairman of the nuclear problem is now closer to a resolu- 9/7/94 Russian State Committee on Atomic Energy tion. South Korean Foreign Minister Han Sung- Uriy Vishnevskiy confirms a statement by Observer, 8/14/94 (11963). joo and U.S. Secretary of State Warren Chang Chung-Cheing, Chairman of Taiwan Christopher meet in Washington to discuss Energy Company, that negotiations have 8/17/94 the North Korean nuclear issue. Christo- taken place over the possibility of storing It is reported that U.S. Assistant Secretary pher encourages South Korea to support an Taiwanese nuclear waste on Russian terri- of State Robert Gallucci will go to the capi- inter-Korean summit, stating that the North tory. According to Chang, the Russian Re- tals of South Korea, China, Russia, and Ja- Korean nuclear dispute cannot be solved search Center, which own 10 nuclear waste pan to raise $4 billion needed to pay for the without direct dialogue between the North storage sites, agreed to reprocess and store construction of light water reactors in North and the South. South Korea wants the bi- Taiwan’s nuclear waste if the two parties Korea, provided North Korea allows inspec- lateral talks which started on 7/8/94 between could settle the cost of the anticipated job. tions of two undeclared nuclear facilities. the U.S. and North Korea to be linked to Vishnevskiy added that Russia held similar South Korean officials say that the U.S. will the progress made in inter-Korean relations. discussions with South Korean representa- not contribute to the cost of building the Han also wants to verify that unless North tives, although no final agreement was light water reactors because U.S. law pro- Korea is committed to replacing its nuclear signed in either of the two cases. hibits financial exchanges with countries technology [graphite-moderated reactors] Spaseniye, 6/94, No. 12(13) (11709). categorized as “hostile.” South Korean Presi- with South Korean-type light water reactors, dent Kim Young-sam and U.S. President Bill South Korea will not help finance the im- Clinton agree that North Korea must allow provements to North Korea’s nuclear energy SOUTH KOREA WITH TURKEY the IAEA to inspect two undeclared nuclear program. sites before North Korea is provided with Lee Su-wan, Reuter, 9/5/94; in Executive News 4/26/94 light water reactors. Service, 9/5/94 (11902). T.R. Reid, Washington The Korea Atomic Energy Research Insti- Post, 9/6/94; in Executive News Service, 9/5/94 Reuter, 8/18/94; in Executive News Service, 8/18/ tute (Kaeri) bids to help the Turkish national 94 (11962). Yonhap (Seoul), Washington Times, 8/ (11902). R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 9/8/ 18/94, p. A13 (12001). Washington Times, 8/19/ 94, p. A33 (11902). utility TEK with bid-document preparation 94, p. A16 (12001). and the evaluation of tenders for Turkey’s planned Akkuyu nuclear station. 8/27/94 SOUTH KOREA WITH PRC Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, A North Korean radio broadcast announces 10-16 (11872). that the problem concerning which country 6/2/94 should provide the light water reactor to It is reported that as part of a two-year main- North Korea should be solved between the tenance and operations contract signed in SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES U.S. and North Korea, and that South Ko- 12/93 between the Korea Electric Power rea should not get involved. North Korea Corp. (Kepco) and the management of the 6/2/94 indicates that it will stop its current nuclear PRC’s Daya Bay (Guangdong) nuclear plant, It is reported that according to an official of program if the U.S. supplies North Korea six Kepco nuclear experts visited the the Korea Atomic Energy Research Insti- with the light water reactors. Guangdong plant. Chinese engineers are tute (Kaeri), Kaeri officials have talked with Andrew Pollack, New York Times, 8/29/94, p. 2 to visit Kepco stations in 6/94. Southwest Research Institute and other U.S. (11998). Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, non-destructive examination (NDE) firms 10-16 (11872). concerning possible collaboration between

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 99 Nuclear Developments

U.S. and South Korean NDE experts. The SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES Southwest Research Institute has already AND TAIWAN carried out “pre- and in-service inspections” TAIWAN at Korean units. 6/2/94 Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, It is reported that the U.S. company ABB- 10-16 (11872). Combustion Engineering, if successful in its bid for the two-unit Taiwan Power Co. 6/27/94 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Westinghouse says that 80 of its Vantage-5h [Lungmen] nuclear power plant, will work in conjunction with engineers from the Ko- fuel assemblies suffer from a design flaw 6/94 which may cause a departure from nucleate rea Atomic Energy Research Institute (Kaeri) for the design of the nuclear steam supply It is reported that certain officials in Taiwan boiling and could lead to damage to the fuel believe that a fast breeder reactor (FBR) assemblies’ metal surface. Both South systems and with the Korea Power Engineer- ing Corp. (Kopec) for the balance-of-plant program would be a good idea, although Korea’s Yonggwang-1 and Kori-3 reactors Taiwan currently has no plans for FBR de- are currently using Westinghouse fuel with work. Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, velopment. this design flaw. Operators of the South 10-16 (11872). Peter McKillop, Newsweek (International Edition- Korean units will have to return the fuel to Atlantic), 6/13/94, pp. 20-25 (11884). the vendor, change their fuel buying plans, or revise existing reactor operations. 6/23/94 Wilson Dizard III, NuclearFuel, 7/4/94, pp. 3-4 It is reported that Taiwan is waiting to award (11870). contracts for its Lungmen Nuclear Power SPAIN Station pending parliamentary approval of 7/94 the construction budget. The Taiwanese It is reported that South Korea selects the Parliament is scheduled to vote within the team of Stone and Webster Engineering week on the budget. Corp., Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs, and Donald Shapiro and Margaret Ryan, Nucleonics Daewoo Engineering to design a fuel test Week, 6/23/94, pp. 2-3 (11616). Enerpresse, 6/ INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS loop for a research reactor near Seoul. 23/94 (11550). Nuclear News, 7/94, p. 53 (11593). 9/94 6/28/94 7/8/94 A group of Spanish utilities with nuclear Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) an- At the Pentagon, U.S. Commander Joe interests forms a trade association which nounces it will postpone for several months Gradisher confirms that the withdrawal of plans to undertake research, development, the selection of a supplier for the two nuclear tactical nuclear weapons from South Korea and technical support on a domestic and reactors to be used at Lungmen, Taiwan’s was completed in 7/92. international level. The group is exploring fourth nuclear power plant. Taipower had Michael Binyon, Times (London), 7/9/94 (11840). cooperation on several projects in Eastern originally planned to announce the winning Europe. bid on 7/1/94. Spanish Atomic Forum; in ENS NucNet, 9/29/94 Reuter, 6/28/94; in Executive News Service, 6/28/ (11791). SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES 94 (11786). AND CANADA 7/12/94 SPAIN WITH UNITED STATES 6/2/94 The Taiwanese legislature approves the NT$112.5 billion (U.S.$4.25 billion) bud- It is reported that specialists from the Ko- 7/94 get for the completion of the Lungmen rea Atomic Energy Research Institute (Kaeri) It is reported that Gamma-Metrics of the nuclear power plant. Companies bidding have traveled to ABB-Combustion U.S. was selected to upgrade the nuclear on the project expect contracts will be Engineering’s office in Connecticut and to instrumentation system at Union Electrica awarded in fall 1994. Atomic Energy of Canada’s (AECL’s) Fenosa’s Jose Cabrera Nuclear Plant. Donald Shapiro, Nucleonics Week, 7/21/94, p. 2 Ontario office to learn about Nuclear Steam Nuclear News, 7/94, p. 55 (11593). (11789). Don Shapiro, Nucleonics Week, 7/7/94, Supply Systems technology. p. 3 (11789). Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, 10-16 (11872).

100 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Nuclear Developments

TAIWAN WITH FRANCE work for future technology transfer, coop- erative development projects, technical train- 7/5/94 ing, information sharing, and consulting Taiwan’s Vice Minister of Economy Yang assistance. Shih-Chien and Framatome’s General Di- Nuclear Engineering International, 9/94, p. 63 (11547). rector Dominique Degot sign a letter of in- tent for future nuclear cooperation. It is 7/94 reported that Taiwan and Framatome are The British Nuclear Industry Forum pre- proposing a “strategic alliance” to penetrate sents a report to the British government that the Asian nuclear technology market. cites the Taiwanese Lungmen nuclear power Enerpresse, 7/6/94 (11596). plant project as a prime example of export 9/94 opportunities for British nuclear technology It is reported that Framatome signed a con- and service firms. Pearl Marshall, Nucleonics Week, 7/28/94, pp. 14- tract with Taiwan Power Company 15 (11790). (Taipower) to design, manufacture, and in- stall new spent fuel racks for two pressur- ized water reactors at the Maanshan nuclear TAIWAN WITH UNITED STATES power station. Nuclear Engineering International, 9/94, p. 2 (11615). 6/94 Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) awards Teledyne Brown Engineering-Engineering TAIWAN WITH RUSSIA Services a contract to evaluate the safety- related Motor Operated Valves (MOV) at 6/14/94 three of its nuclear power plants. Nuclear News, 6/94, p. 69 (11548). In parliamentary hearings, Chairman of the Russian State Committee on Atomic Energy 7/26/94 Yuri Vishnevskiy confirms a statement by The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission Chang Chung-Cheing, Chairman of Taiwan (NRC) grants final design approval to ABB- Energy Company, that negotiations have Combustion Engineering’s (ABB-CE) Sys- taken place over the possibility of storing tem 80+ reactor design, an important step Taiwanese nuclear waste on Russian terri- in ABB-CE’s bid to Taiwan Power Company tory. According to Chang, the Russian Re- for the construction of two reactors [at the search Institutes, which own 10 nuclear Lungmen site]. waste storage sites, agreed to reprocess and Dave Airozo, Nucleonics Week, 7/28/94, pp. 1, 10 store Taiwan’s nuclear waste if the two par- (11788). ties could settle the cost of the anticipated job. Vishnevskiy added that Russia held similar discussions with South Korean rep- TAIWAN WITH UNITED STATES AND resentatives, although no final agreement SOUTH KOREA was signed in either of the two cases. Spaseniye, 6/94, No. 12(13) (11709). 6/2/94 It is reported that the U.S. company ABB- Combustion Engineering, if successful in TAIWAN WITH UNITED KINGDOM its bid for the two-unit Taiwan Power Co. [Lungmen] nuclear power plant, will work 6/8/94 in conjunction with engineers from the Ko- The Taiwan Nuclear Energy Society and the rea Atomic Energy Research Institute (Kaeri) British Nuclear Industry Forum sign a co- for the design of the nuclear steam supply operation agreement on nuclear fuel cycle systems and with the Korea Power Engineer- services, nuclear reactor safety and service, ing Corp. (Kopec) for the balance-of-plant control and instrumentation, and waste man- work. agement. The agreement sets up a frame- Margaret L. Ryan, Nucleonics Week, 6/2/94, pp. 1, 10-16 (11872).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 101