Physics of Electric Launch
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Lyall Cooper Dr. Dann ASR – D Block 10 May 2012 the Mighty Railgun I. Abstract the Idea of This Project Is to Build a Railgun
Lyall Cooper Dr. Dann ASR – D Block 10 May 2012 The Mighty Railgun (All Bark no Bite) I. Abstract The idea of this project is to build a railgun capable of firing a small metal projectile at substantial velocity. The original plan was to build iterative prototypes capable of firing small projectiles, and using them to figure out the ideal design for the final version, but the smaller versions were not very successful due to their relative lack of power, so it was difficult to use them to learn what to do. The final, largest scale railgun is powered by a bank of capacitors with an equivalent capacitance of 24.6mF charged to around 350V. This produces 3013.5J of energy discharged over approximately 58.75 µs (it varies for each firing), drawing a peak of about 1425A when firing a projectile (it once again varies) and about 1600A when not firing a projectile (short circuiting the rails). The railgun is capable of consistently firing a small piece of metal (usually aluminum or copper); however the projectile does not usually travel very far, although this is hard to measure due to the nature of the gun and the speed at which the firing takes place. II. Introduction Electricity is often seemingly mysterious, but we have come to accept and understand how through the interaction of electric and magnetic fields we can create a simple motor, as we did in the first semester. A railgun is just a linear electric motor, at very high speeds. What makes it different, however, is that it uses neither magnets nor coils of wire, and relies entirely on the induced magnetic field in the rails due to the extremely large current to produce a Lorentz Force to propel the projectile (which will be discussed in greater depth in the theory section). -
An Introductory Electric Motors and Generators Experiment for a Sophomore Level Circuits Course
AC 2008-310: AN INTRODUCTORY ELECTRIC MOTORS AND GENERATORS EXPERIMENT FOR A SOPHOMORE-LEVEL CIRCUITS COURSE Thomas Schubert, University of San Diego Thomas F. Schubert, Jr. received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA in 1968, 1969 and 1972 respectively. He is currently a Professor of electrical engineering at the University of San Diego, San Diego, CA and came there as a founding member of the engineering faculty in 1987. He previously served on the electrical engineering faculty at the University of Portland, Portland OR and Portland State University, Portland OR and on the engineering staff at Hughes Aircraft Company, Los Angeles, CA. Prof. Schubert is a member of IEEE and ASEE and is a registered professional engineer in Oregon. He currently serves as the faculty advisor for the Kappa Eta chapter of Eta Kappa Nu at the University of San Diego. Frank Jacobitz, University of San Diego Frank G. Jacobitz was born in Göttingen, Germany in 1968. He received his Diploma in physics from the Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany in 1993, as well as M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA in 1995 and 1998, respectively. He is currently an Associate Professor of mechanical engineering at the University of San Diego, San Diego, CA since 2003. From 1998 to 2003, he was an Assistant Professor of mechanical engineering at the University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA. He has also been a visitor with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique at the Université de Provence (Aix-Marseille I), France. -
9.0 BACKGROUND “What Do I Do First?” You Need to Research a Card (Thruster Or 9.1 DESIGNER’S NOTES Robonaut) with a Low Fuel Consumption
9.2 TIPS FOR INEXPERIENCED ROCKET CADETS 9.0 BACKGROUND “What do I do first?” You need to research a card (thruster or 9.1 DESIGNER’S NOTES robonaut) with a low fuel consumption. A “1” is great, a “4” The original concept for this game was a “Lords of the Sierra Madre” in is marginal. The PRC player*** can consider an dash to space. With mines, ranches, smelters, and rail lines all purchased and claim Hellas Basin on Mars, using just his crew card. He controlled by different players, who have to negotiate between them- needs 19 fuel steps (6 WT) along the red route to do this. selves to expand. But space does not work this way. “What does my rocket need?” Your rocket needs 4 things: Suppose you have a smelter on one main-belt asteroid, powered by a • A card with a thruster triangle (2.4D) to act as a thruster. • A card with an ISRU rating, if its mission is to prospect. beam-station on another asteroid, and you discover platinum on a third • A refinery, if its mission is to build a factory. nearby asteroid. Unfortunately for long-term operations, next year these • Enough fuel to get to the destination. asteroids will be separated by 2 to 6 AUs.* Furthermore, main belt Decide between a small rocket able to make multiple claims, Hohmann transfers are about 2 years long, with optimal transfer opportu- or a big rocket including a refinery and robonaut able to nities about 7 years apart. Jerry Pournelle in his book “A Step Farther industrialize the first successful claim. -
An Engineering Guide to Soft Starters
An Engineering Guide to Soft Starters Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 Benefits of soft starters 1.3 Typical Applications 1.4 Different motor starting methods 1.5 What is the minimum start current with a soft starter? 1.6 Are all three phase soft starters the same? 2 Soft Start and Soft Stop Methods 2.1 Soft Start Methods 2.2 Stop Methods 2.3 Jog 3 Choosing Soft Starters 3.1 Three step process 3.2 Step 1 - Starter selection 3.3 Step 2 - Application selection 3.4 Step 3 - Starter sizing 3.5 AC53a Utilisation Code 3.6 AC53b Utilisation Code 3.7 Typical Motor FLCs 4 Applying Soft Starters/System Design 4.1 Do I need to use a main contactor? 4.2 What are bypass contactors? 4.3 What is an inside delta connection? 4.4 How do I replace a star/delta starter with a soft starter? 4.5 How do I use power factor correction with soft starters? 4.6 How do I ensure Type 1 circuit protection? 4.7 How do I ensure Type 2 circuit protection? 4.8 How do I select cable when installing a soft starter? 4.9 What is the maximum length of cable run between a soft starter and the motor? 4.10 How do two-speed motors work and can I use a soft starter to control them? 4.11 Can one soft starter control multiple motors separately for sequential starting? 4.12 Can one soft starter control multiple motors for parallel starting? 4.13 Can slip-ring motors be started with a soft starter? 4.14 Can soft starters reverse the motor direction? 4.15 What is the minimum start current with a soft starter? 4.16 Can soft starters control an already rotating motor (flying load)? 4.17 Brake 4.18 What is soft braking and how is it used? 5 Digistart Soft Starter Selection 5.1 Three step process 5.2 Starter selection 5.3 Application selection 5.4 Starter sizing 1. -
Electric Motors
SPECIFICATION GUIDE ELECTRIC MOTORS Motors | Automation | Energy | Transmission & Distribution | Coatings www.weg.net Specification of Electric Motors WEG, which began in 1961 as a small factory of electric motors, has become a leading global supplier of electronic products for different segments. The search for excellence has resulted in the diversification of the business, adding to the electric motors products which provide from power generation to more efficient means of use. This diversification has been a solid foundation for the growth of the company which, for offering more complete solutions, currently serves its customers in a dedicated manner. Even after more than 50 years of history and continued growth, electric motors remain one of WEG’s main products. Aligned with the market, WEG develops its portfolio of products always thinking about the special features of each application. In order to provide the basis for the success of WEG Motors, this simple and objective guide was created to help those who buy, sell and work with such equipment. It brings important information for the operation of various types of motors. Enjoy your reading. Specification of Electric Motors 3 www.weg.net Table of Contents 1. Fundamental Concepts ......................................6 4. Acceleration Characteristics ..........................25 1.1 Electric Motors ...................................................6 4.1 Torque ..............................................................25 1.2 Basic Concepts ..................................................7 -
Electromagnetic Launcher: Review of Various Structures
Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 9 Issue 09, September-2020 Electromagnetic Launcher : Review of Various Structures Siddhi Santosh Reelkar Prof. Dr. U. V. Patil Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Karad Karad Prof. Dr. V. V. Khatavkar Department of Electrical Engineering, P.E.S. Modern college of Engineering, Pune Hrishikesh Mehta Utkarsh Alset Aethertec Innovative Solutions, Aethertec Innovative Solutions, Bavdhan, Pune Bavdhan, Pune Abstract— A theoretic review of electromagnetic coil-gun This paper is mainly focusing the basic principle of launcher and its types are illustrated in this paper. In recent electromagnetic coil-gun launcher, inductance and resistance years conventional launchers like steam launchers, chemical calculations, construction and modeling concept of different launchers are replaced by electromagnetic launchers with coil-gun launcher. auxiliary benefits. The electromagnetic launchers like rail- gun and coil-gun elevated with multi pole field structure delivers II. WORKING PRINCIPLE great muzzle velocity and huge repulse force in limited time. Rail gun has two parallel rails from which object is launched. Various types of coil-gun electromagnetic launchers are When current passes through the rails to the object it compared in this paper for its structures and characteristics. The paper focuses on the basic formulae for calculating the produces arc. Because of high current pulse it has more values of inductance and resistance of electromagnetic contact friction losses [4]. Compare to the rail-gun launcher, launchers. Coil-gun launchers have no contact friction losses as there is no electrical contact between coils and object. -
High-Performance Specialty Motors & Application-Specific Motion Systems
Motion Solutions That Change the Game Aerospace & Defense Automation Commercial-Consumer Industrial High-Performance Specialty Motors Medical & Application-Specific Motion Systems Pumps Robotics Vehicles A World of Solutions Allied Motion products are in use around the globe in a wide range of demanding applications. Our companies possess the expertise, products, and global presence to provide you with the motion solutions you need in today’s globally competitive world. Aerospace & Defense Automation Commercial-Consumer Industrial Medical Pumps Robotics Vehicles www.alliedmotion.com 2 [email protected] Motion Solutions That Change the Game The Allied Motion Culture “VIA” – Value, Integrity, AST – encapsulates the Allied Motion culture. It means we work to create tangible Value for our customers and stakeholders; we maintain the highest Integrity in all of our business relationships; and we utilize Allied Systematic Tools to continuously improve Quality, Delivery, Cost and Innovation. Why Choose Allied Motion to be Your Motion Solution Provider? Global Reach Solution Centers Three strategically located Solution Centers – North America, Europe, Asia – offer local application engineering and sales support to make it easy to do business with us. “We speak your language.” Advanced Technology Products Allied Motion develops advanced-technology products that enable our customers to “change the game.” We strive to produce the most compact, innovative products with the highest performance at a competitive price. Allied Motion Solutions Brushless Torque Motors 4-5 Lean Enterprise: Allied Systematic Tools (AST) Brushless Servo Motors 6-7 Allied Systematic Tools (AST) is our set of lean enterprise business tools that drive continuous improvement. AST insures that our Brushless & PMDC Gear Motors 8-9 customers receive the highest quality products and service at the Brushless Motors with Integrated Controllers 10-11 best possible price. -
Linear Induction Motor
Linear Induction Motor Electrical and Computer Engineering Tyler Berchtold, Mason Biernat and Tim Zastawny Project Advisor: Professor Steven Gutschlag 4/21/2016 2 Outline of Presentation • Background and Project Overview • Microcontroller System • Final Design • Economic Analysis • Hardware • State of Work Completed • Conclusion 3 Outline of Presentation • Background and Project Overview • Microcontroller System • Final Design • Economic Analysis • Hardware • State of Work Completed • Conclusion 4 Alternating Current Induction Machines • Most common AC machine in industry • Produces magnetic fields in an infinite loop of rotary motion • Current-carrying coils create a rotating magnetic field • Stator wrapped around rotor [1] [2] 5 Rotary To Linear [3] 6 Linear Induction Motor Background • Alternating Current (AC) electric motor • Powered by a three phase voltage scheme • Force and motion are produced by a linearly moving magnetic field • Used in industry for linear motion and to turn large diameter wheels [4] 7 Project Overview • Design, construct, and test a linear induction motor (LIM) • Powered by a three-phase voltage input • Rotate a simulated linear track and cannot exceed 1,200 RPM • Monitor speed, output power, and input frequency • Controllable output speed [5] 8 Initial Design Process • Linear to Rotary Model • 0.4572 [m] diameter 퐿 = 훳푟 (1.1) • 0.3048 [m] arbitrary stator length • Stator contour designed for a small air gap • Arc length determined from stator length and diameter • Converted arc length from a linear motor to the circumference of a rotary motor • Used rotary equations to determine required [6] frequency and verify number of poles 9 Rotational to Linear Speed (1.2) (1.3) 10 Pole Pitch and Speed (1.4) • For fixed length stator τ= L/p • L = Arc Length τ A B C A B C [7] 11 Linear Synchronous Speed Ideal Linear Synchronous Speed vs. -
Mass Driver CDR March 10, 2020 Mission Profile (Mars → Phobos)
Mass Driver CDR March 10, 2020 Mission Profile (Mars → Phobos) ● Launch windows are defined by phobos position and tether sling spin up time ○ Phobos must be -29.033° from Olympus Mons (right ascension) ○ Max turnover = 3 launches/sol ● Acceleration Profile ○ 4.77 km/s Launch Velocity ○ 4.47 km/s Velocity past atmosphere ○ 2 G’s net ● Total Orbital Flight Time 14.69 hrs Orbital Trajectory ΔV (km/s) Time (hrs) Launch 4.77 6.17 Burn 1 0.286 8.52 Burn 2 0.375 RNDVZ Total 0.661 14.69 Considerations & Deviations ● Acceleration modification ○ Make time and distance shorter ○ Launch Velocity includes drag and rotation ● Orbital analysis ○ No perturbations ○ No eccentricity/inclinations ● Risk Assessment ○ If launch fails, more ΔV is required ○ If burn 1 fails, the taxi will return to Olympus Mons ○ If burn 2 fails, no return possibility without significant ΔV Mass Driver Objectives • Handle loads of our magnitude (passenger trains) • Allows us to more easily decelerate the cradle for reusability • Located at the base of Olympus Mons • Using Null-Flux Coils for Repulsive Levitation Mass Driver Objectives • Updated battery sizing, spacing and model • Two 1x1x1 m battery banks every 409 meters down the track Mass Driver Overview Important Parameters • Track Length: 635 km (for taxi + cradle acceleration) 106 km (for cradle deceleration) • Launch Duration: 4 minutes 14 seconds • 2g constant acceleration • Force required: 6.49 MN (propulsion) 1.11 MN (levitation) • Propellant saved: 477 Mg Maglev System Diagram 0.31 m 0.55 m HTS Magnets: 80 magnets -
A Rapid and Scalable Approach to Planetary Defense Against Asteroid Impactors
THE LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MACHINES: A RAPID AND SCALABLE APPROACH TO PLANETARY DEFENSE AGAINST ASTEROID IMPACTORS Version 1.0 NASA INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED CONCEPTS (NIAC) PHASE I FINAL REPORT THE LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MACHINES: A RAPID AND SCALABLE APPROACH TO PLANETARY DEFENSE AGAINST ASTEROID IMPACTORS Prepared by J. OLDS, A. CHARANIA, M. GRAHAM, AND J. WALLACE SPACEWORKS ENGINEERING, INC. (SEI) 1200 Ashwood Parkway, Suite 506 Atlanta, GA 30338 (770) 379-8000, (770)379-8001 Fax www.sei.aero [email protected] 30 April 2004 Version 1.0 Prepared for ROBERT A. CASSANOVA NASA INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED CONCEPTS (NIAC) UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (USRA) 75 5th Street, N.W. Suite 318 Atlanta, GA 30308 (404) 347-9633, (404) 347-9638 Fax www.niac.usra.edu [email protected] NIAC CALL FOR PROPOSALS CP-NIAC 02-02 PUBLIC RELEASE IS AUTHORIZED The League of Extraordinary Machines: NIAC CP-NIAC 02-02 Phase I Final Report A Rapid and Scalable Approach to Planetary Defense Against Asteroid Impactors Table of Contents List of Acronyms ________________________________________________________________________________________ iv Foreword and Acknowledgements___________________________________________________________________________ v Executive Summary______________________________________________________________________________________ vi 1.0 Introduction _________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 2.0 Background _________________________________________________________________________________________ -
1 Iac-06-C4.4.7 the Innovative Dual-Stage 4-Grid Ion
IAC-06-C4.4.7 THE INNOVATIVE DUAL-STAGE 4-GRID ION THRUSTER CONCEPT – THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Cristina Bramanti, Roger Walker, ESA-ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands [email protected], Roger. Walker @esa.int Orson Sutherland, Rod Boswell, Christine Charles Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. David Fearn EP Solutions, 23 Bowenhurst Road, Church Crookham, Fleet, Hants, GU52 6HS, United Kingdom [email protected] Jose Gonzalez Del Amo, Marika Orlandi ESA-ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT A new concept for an advanced “Dual-Stage 4-Grid” (DS4G) ion thruster has been proposed which draws inspiration from Controlled Thermonuclear Reactor (CTR) experiments. The DS4G concept is able to operate at very high specific impulse, power and thrust density values well in excess of conventional 3-grid ion thrusters at the expense of a higher power-to-thrust ratio. A small low-power experimental laboratory model was designed and built under a preliminary research, development and test programme, and its performance was measured during an extensive test campaign, which proved the practical feasibility of the overall concept and demonstrated the performance predicted by analytical and simulation models. In the present paper, the basic concept of the DS4G ion thruster is presented, along with the design, operating parameters and measured performance obtained from the first and second phases of the experimental campaign. -
FINAL PROGRAM Innovations in Propulsion and Energy Driving System Solutions
2O16 25–27 JULY 2016 SALT LAKE CITY, UT Innovations in Propulsion and Energy Driving System Solutions FINAL PROGRAM www.aiaa-propulsionenergy.org #aiaaPropEnergy 16-1225 Real-Time Q&A and Polling during AIAA Propulsion NEW! and Energy 2016 withwith ConferenceConference IO!IO! During Plenary and Forum 360 Sessions, go to aiaa.cnf.io Getting Your Question Answered is as EASY as 1-2-3! 1. Click the “Ask” button to submit a question. 2. Check out the questions that other attendees are asking. 3. If you see a question that you want answered, click on the arrow on the left. The most popular questions automatically rise to the top. Participate in Session Polls 1. If Polls are available they will appear at the top of the page. Simply click/tap on a Poll to respond. 2. Choose your response(s) and hit “submit”. 3. After responding you will be able to see the results on your own device!* * Some Poll results may be hidden NO DOWNLOADING REQUIRED! Executive Steering Committee 2O16 AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2016 Welcome Welcome to Salt Lake City, Utah, and AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2016. We are excited to share the next few days with you as we explore the most pressing issues facing the future of propulsion and energy systems – the true heart of aerospace. With so many insightful and dynamic speakers and panelists, we are confident you will find the information presented here thought-provoking, impactful, and immediately useful to you in your work. Daniel “Dan” Michael Heil During the forum you will hear from thought leaders, learn about the latest technical Dumbacher Ohio Aerospace breakthroughs, and most importantly collaborate with other attendees from Purdue University Institute (Ret.) government, industry, and academia.