Export Control Notice Export or re-export of information contained herein may be subject to restrictions and requirements of U.S. export laws and regulations and may require advance authorization from the U.S. Government. April 22, 2019

Today astronomers announced that they had discovered the 27th exoplanet known to have approximately the same mass and temperature as the Earth. They don’t know what it is made of or whether it has an atmosphere. But they are excited because it circles a well-known nearby star and the planet might be searched for life in another decade or so.

2 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope April 22, 2019

Today astronomers announced that they had discovered the 27th exoplanet known to have approximately the same mass and temperature as the Earth.

They released this photo of the Tau Ceti planetary system, lying just 16 light years away. At the center of the image is a black dot where the light from the star has been removed. Three major planets are visible.

Of particular interest is the pale blue dot to the right of the black dot. Detailed study has shown this planet has oceans, polar caps, and two continents the size of Australia. Cloud banks drift across the landscape. Not only is the equatorial temperature a pleasant 80F, the atmosphere is equal parts oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide and appears breathable. Scientists speculate this atmosphere can only be the result of abundant plant life3 in the ocean and on the land. 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Where Next with Space Missions for Exoplanets?

• There Has Been Stunning Progress in Study of Exoplanets – It takes 10 to 20 years to launch a space observatory – 14 years ago this field didn’t exist – where will it be in 20 years with or without space???? • A Space Exoplanet Mission Must Have A – Dramatic Leap In Sensitivity and Inner Working Angle – High Quality Spectroscopy – Capability WAAAAAY Beyond What We have Seen So Far • Otherwise the Mission Will Be Rendered Mundane • In Short We Need High Quality Spectroscopy of Earth-twins – And broad capability to study planetary systems in detail – Anything less would be a gamble

4 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope NWO Team Membership: Organizations, Roles, and Leads

• Team consist of 43 active members – 9 organizations are participating • Additional involvement is provided from each organization and includes technical area experts and graduate/undergraduate students

• Organizations, Roles and Leads: – Colorado University: PI, Science, Optical Design, and Systems Analysis: Webster Cash – Northrop Grumman: Deputy PI and Starshade Development: Amy Lo – Ball Aerospace Technology Corporation: Telescope Development: Charley Noecker – USNO: Astrometry: Rachel Dudik – NASA GRC: Occulter (Starshade) Propulsion: Scott Benson – KinetX: Mission Design and Navigation: Bobby Williams – GSI: Lead Scientist: Maggie Turnbull – University College of London: Exoplanet Spectra Modeling: Giovanna Tinetti – NASA GSFC: Study Management: Kate Hartman

5 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Overview

• New Worlds Observer – NIAC Study 2005-2007 $400k – Breakthrough in Apodization Revived Old Idea • ASMCS Study - 2008-now Results on http://newworlds.colorado.edu • BUT WE HAVE: – A buildable, affordable design – Demonstrated full 10-10 contrast in the lab – Showed starshades will bring unparalleled scientific return – The only path to Habitable Planets and Life in the coming decade – Shown can be fully implemented in 10 years

6 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope The New Worlds Observer

• The telescope is shaded from the star by the starshade – Beside a vanishingly small residual signal, starlight never enters the telescope

Starshade

100% of the planet light still reaches the telescope

7 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope A Starshade Can Work with Any Telescope

1.2m

4m 10m

2.4m

8 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope NWO’s Scientific Return

• Map Over 100 Neighboring Planetary Systems • Perform Spectroscopy of Nearby Exoplanets • Measure Planetary System Characteristics • Perform General Astronomy • Address Most of NASA’s Astrophysics Goals And • Search for Habitable Planets with a completeness of 30 • Search for Life by measuring biomarkers such as oxygen and water

9 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Map Over 100 Planetary Systems

• Prime Goal is Exploration of the Solar Neighborhood

Uranus • NWO will allow us to Galaxies make maps of over 100 nearby planetary systems from the habitable zone outward Zodiacal Light Jupiter • Detect and classify all Saturn major planets

Neptune

10 10 arcseconds 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Map Over 100 Planetary Systems

Export Control Notice Export or re-export of information contained herein may be subject to restrictions and requirements of U.S. export laws and regulations and may require advance authorization from the U.S. Government. Spectroscopy of Nearby Terrestrial Exoplanets

• Every Planet Will Have Immediate Spectroscopy at R~100

H2O

O2

CH4

NH3

12 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Spectroscopy of Nearby Giant Exoplanets

Karkoschka et al. 1998 Four Solar System Objects in NWO Band

13 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Measure Planetary System Characteristics

Epsilon Eridani

• Exozodiacal Light and Debris • Will Give Clues on Whole System • May Interfere with Planet Detection

Greaves et al. (2005) Beta Pic • NOTHING is yet known Red about Exozodis HD 92945 – Solar System zodi has red scattered Neutral light color – Known debris disks show red, grey, & AU Mic blue colors Blue

14 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Target Stars: Exposure Times

i = 60˚

From A. Roberge 15 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Measure Planetary System Characteristics

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Zodiacal Light Indicates Orbital Inclination So Do Multi-planet Position Statistics Perform General Astronomy

• During 70% of Observing Time the Starshade will Be Travelling to the next Target. • Unify Exoplanet and UVOIR Communities • Very Broad Range of Astronomy Served

KBO UB313 17 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Address Most of NASA’s Astrophysics Goals

Grand Themes from 2006 Astrophysics Roadmap Red=Full NWO Addresses Blue=4m Telescope Addresses

• Is there life elsewhere in the universe? • Are there other planetary systems like our own? • What powered the Big Bang? • What is the dark energy pulling the universe apart? • How did the first stars, galaxies, and quasars form? • What happens at the edge of a black hole? • What are the ultimate fate of stars, and the origin of the elements essential for life? • How do planetary systems form and evolve? • How are the stars and stellar systems formed from the interstellar clouds of gas and dust?

18 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Address Most of NASA’s Astrophysics Goals

Overview • What are the origin, evolution, and fate of the universe? • How do planets, stars, galaxies, and cosmic structure come into being? • When and how did the elements of life and the universe arise? • Is there life elsewhere? Origin and evolution of cosmic structure • How did the first stars, galaxies, and quasars form, and how did they influence their surroundings? • How do baryons and dark matter interact to form galaxies and systems of galaxies? • How do supermassive black holes form and grow, and how do they interact with their galactic hosts? • How does the distribution of intergalactic baryons change over time? • What is the formation history of our own Galaxy, the Milky Way, and its immediate neighbors?

19 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Address Most of NASA’s Astrophysics Goals

Origin and destiny of stars • How are stars and stellar systems formed from interstellar clouds of gas and dust? • What is the nature of the exotic objects left by dying stars, and how are the elements essential for life created? • How do planets form in disks of gas and dust around young stars? Exploring new worlds • How do planetary systems form and evolve? • Are there other planetary systems like our own? • Is there life elsewhere in the universe? Education and public outreach • Inspire and motivate students to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) • Engage the public in shaping and sharing the experience of exploration and discovery.

20 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Search for Habitable Planets

NWO blue IWA NWO red IWA 40 mas 65 mas

Contrast ~ 10-11

• Entire habitable zone : ~ 110 stars

• Half of habitable zone : ~280 stars

21 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Search for Habitable Planets

It’s all about Inner Working Angle NWO runs out of targets before it needs refueling

22 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Search for Habitable Planets

From P. Oakley Continents! Oceans!

23 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Search for Life

24 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Search for Life

• NWO can do detailed spectroscopy of Earth-like planets – Resolution in the 100 to 1000 range • Can easily detect water in the atmosphere • Can see surface features as the planet rotates • Can detect the key biomarkers

25 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Technical Results

• Modeling and Lab Studies • Mission Overview • Technology Roadmap • Cost and Schedule

26 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Modeling and Lab Studies

• Apodizing Function Apodization Function

The Hypergaussian function n ⎛⎞⎡⎤ra− T =−exp⎜⎟⎢⎥ ⎜⎟ Transmission ⎝⎠⎣⎦b

• Opaque Starshade Radius

Parameter Occulter inner radius a Petal 1/e length b Hypergaussian order n Distance to telescope z Number of petals P

27 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Modeling and Lab Studies

• Several simulation codes exist • Code cross checked and in process of being validated by laboratory results

Linear Log

• The starshade has broadband suppression performance • Starshade designed for longest wavelength suppression, and then works BETTER at all shorter wavelengths 28 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Modeling and Lab Studies

• Goal for testbeds are to demonstrate 10-10 suppression capability

50 mm • 10-10 Contrast Already Demonstrated • Starshade testbeds @ both University of Colorado at UCAR, and at Northrop Grumman 28 mm using different beam geometry • Subscale starshades ~ 1/1000 scale to flight unit, precision manufactured – NIST and NG both make starshades • Subscale starshade is 50 mm – 50 mm corresponds to ~80 mas for the flight configuration Back illuminated starshade – Petal base occurs at 28 mm, ~45 mas for the flight configuration • Testbeds also used to validate optical models, and aid in tolerancing starshade

29 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Testbed Results Show High Suppression

CU Testbed Raw Image • Artifacts are either – Flaws: broken tip, mount wires, etc 3 mount wires Diffraction where – Petal Base: width of base 5-20μ due to lithographic Petal bases meet limitations

Planet @ • Image exterior to IWA is clean to ∞ -9 2x10 – No speckles or interference patterns brightness – Broadband, suppression for wavelengths < 1 micron • Currently limited by CCD readout noise – 60s integration, noise = 2.5x10-10 1σ – We plan to perform longer integrations and upgrade our inexpensive CCD

-9 Diffraction where Broken petal tip • Planet at 2x10 of “star” wires cross petal – Simulated planet far from starshade for clarity edges – Optical contrast below 10-10 at IWA • Starshades seem remarkably tolerant of errors • We are developing a suppression sensitivity map of – Subscale starshade has ~1/1000 figure error the test starshades – Very insensitive to incident light: point or extended source (unaffected by noisy source or filaments)

Stay Tuned for More Testbed Results in June AAS and SPIE 30 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope NWO Mission Overview

31 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Mission

Nominal Mission Launch Energy, C3: ~ -0.5 km²/sec²

L2 Orbit ~800,000 km radius ~180 day period Sun-Earth/Moon Libration Point L2 •1.5 million km along the Telescope-Earth-L2 Angle L2 Sun-Earth axis Varies from 7 - 30 deg •Metastable – requires some station-keeping •Minimal insertion delta-v Max Range Lunar Orbit 1.8 x 106 km •Advantages E L2 Transfer Trajectory •Thermally stable Earth- L2 Distance •Small stray light source To Sun 1.5 x 106 km from the Earth and Moon •No Earth eclipses – Courtesy - JWST continuous observing •10-Year + Lifetime

32 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Starshade Design and Fabrication

Enabling Technologies

Precision Shape Control •Maintain edge position •Maintain structure shape

Thin Edge Treatment •Maintain edge stability •Minimize stray light

Precision Deployment •Minimize jitter •Maintain petal location

Opaque Membrane •Maintain opacity •Lightweight

2 Axes Formation Flying •Maintain 1m alignment •Minimize jitter Solar Electric Propulsion Lightweight S/C Structures •NEXT engine •Increase observable targets •Increase observable targets Enhancing Technologies •Reduce overall mass •Reduce propellant mass 33 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope 50m Starshade

• Telescoping booms deploys the petals of the starshade

Rigid panels maintains precision edge shape • Three layers of kapton mitigates holes from micrometeorite impacts, and gives very high opacity

Deployed Stowed

34 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope 4m Telescope

• TMA for Wide Field • Primary either Segmented or Monolithic (TBD) • ExoCam at Cassegrain Focus • Facilities and Experience Exist in Industry

35 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope Starshade Alignment Systems

See Telescope from Starshade

See Starshade From Telescope

36 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope United States Naval Observatory Joint Milli-Arcsecond Pathfinder Survey

Instrument Parameters: •7.5”, f/20 ultra‐low‐distortion optical/NIR astrograph Objectives and Description: telescope • Fully Funded mission ready for December •SiC optics, metering structure 2011 launch • Advanced, large format CMOS • Dedicated, high‐accuracy astrometric Hybrid FPA instrument •Gratings for color sensing – Single measurement precisions (narrow • Mass ~ 40kg field) of 5 milli‐arcseconds from 0‐16 mag. •Power ~ 85W – 1 milli‐arcsecond global accuracy over 3 year mission life JMAPS Mission Goals: • Update star catalogs, viable for decades • Demonstrate 10mas attitude determination on‐orbit • Mature critical optical and FPA technology NWO Formation Flying Solution: • State of the art optics and detector technology permits high accuracy astrometry—critical for NWO formation flying • Updated stellar catalog in time for NWO JMAPS TIMELINE

System Req. December December Authority to Review Critical 2015 2009 Launch FY 2011- Proceed June 2009 Design Release of Preliminary December 2014 October System Review Final Catalog. Design 2011 Operations 2008 Design June 2010 in time for Review 37 Review NWO 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope GRC: NEXT Ion Propulsion System

• Starshade Spacecraft requirements strongly favor use of electric propulsion to maximize science • NEXT ion propulsion system provides greatest number of targets with the simplest system configuration compared to other EP options • Thruster performance and lifetime capabilities provide significant flexibility in implementing primary and extended mission operations • Critical elements of a NEXT system are planned to achieve TRL6 under the NASA SMD In-Space Propulsion Technology Project • NEXT can be implemented on NWO with low risk through planned transition-to-flight development

38 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope The Top Technology Tall Poles for NWO

NWO TALL Poles • Starshade optical performance simulation and validation • Starshade deployment and shape maintenance • Trajectory and Alignment Control (TAC) system – Both sensors and control algorithms • 4m telescope design and high sensitivity detectors

Please see Amy Lo’s talk on Thursday for more details on the Technology Demonstration Program

39 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope NWO Technology Development Roadmap

40 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope NWO Works with Many Different Telescopes

Starshade Telescope Primary Science 15 m 1 m Exo-zodi mapper 25 m 1.5 m Outer Planet imager 50 m 4 m TPF + Characterization 100 m 10 m Lifefinder N x 70 m N x 4 m Planet Imager Increasing Resolution

NWO Can also work with telescopes such as JWST, ACCESS, ATLAST

The starshade offers a scalable technology

41 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope NWO Estimated LIFECYCLE Cost

• Complete lifecycle cost elements considered • Includes funded schedule slack at $150M • Includes Launch vehicles at $380M • Includes EPO, and Phase E science at ~$400M • Includes pre-phase A and phase A technology development costs

42 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope NWO Study http://newworlds.colorado.edu

This is what a multi-billion dollar flagship should be.

Engage the public like Voyager and Hubble

Unify the astronomy community

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS:

ARE THERE HABITABLE PLANETS IN THE UNIVERSE? IS THERE LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE?

Other, lower cost missions, should support this goal without slowing it down.

43 25 Aug 2008 NWO Science Telescope