I s s u e 4 • 2 0 0 8 V o l 5 N o 4 SP’s AN SP GUIDE PUBLICATION To order your 2007 copy mail us at: ������������������� [email protected] 2008 OR c a ll (+9 1 1 1 ) 2 4 6 4 4 7 6 3 2 4 6 4 4 6 9 3 2 4 6 2 0 1 3 0 ��������������� ��������������� LandWWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET ForcesROUNDUP In This Issue T h e ONLY journal in Asia dedicated to Land Forces

“Musharraf’s short Integrated Air & Missile “Multi-dimensional air sighted policies have Defence Architectures: threat is increasing led to Pakistan losing The US approach exponentially and will much of its territorial to missile defence, be the most potent sovereignty. The rising relationships with other threat in the tactical tide of Islamic militancy allies and approaches battle area.”—Director threatens to tear the that Washington and General of Army Air country asunder.”— Delhi might take to meet Defence Lt General General (Retd) V.P. the intent of the Indo-US K.S. Dogra tells SP’s Malik, former Chief of Defence Framework. Land Forces, outlining Army Staff of the Indian plans and strategies to 2 Army, comments on the 9 8 combat such threats. crisis in Pakistan.? ALAN H. MERBAUM? ?

EditorialEditorial PerspectiveOne to One

Internal security in India is greatly challenged by the ugly face of terrorism. In the last 20 years, India has seen the emergence of six types of terror operations. Most significant being cross-bor- der insurgency and terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, which, despite its highs and lows, has been largely controlled by the sacrifices of the Indian Army and other security forces. The second ripped through Punjab in the 1980s and early 1990s, aided and abetted, again, by our neighbour, and was crushed when the people themselves became disillusioned with the movement. The third emanated from a severe crisis in Sri Lanka and in the south from the LTTE. The Indian Army had to dispatch a peacekeeping force to Sri Lanka and it now stands greatly diluted. Insurgency thrived in several parts of the Northeast since the 1950s. The latest terror module to fuel internal conflict has been the Maoists whose threat has cast a shadow upon 16 states of the Indian Union. No less severe, is the sixth variety, the home grown variety, of the country’s misguided youth, who, disgruntled by the misdeeds of poor governance and influenced by fundamentalist mentors across the border, are bent upon tak- ing revenge on innocent people. The centrality of Pakistan in sponsoring terrorism and in providing the infrastructure for training, logistical support, hardware and money, and at times even regulars from their security forces cannot be denied. However, Pakistan continues the pretence of pristine conduct. Nevertheless the most astonishing aspect is the official response which is unin- spiring, listless and sluggish to say the least. ‘Thrust on development of We are indeed passing through a phase of unprecedented internal upheaval. Poor gover- nance and lack of political will to keep national interests upper most, is laying the foundation for self-destruction. Corrupt officials are bleed- ing the nation, home to one-third of the world’s C4I2 systems’ poor. The law and order system has been reduced to a mockery. The unethical and unbe- Director General Information Systems Lt General P.C. Katoch, UYSM, AVSM, coming conduct of a large number of govern- ment functionaries is a part of the daily diet of SC elaborates on the Indian Army’s efforts at transition from conventional news for an ordinary citizen. All fringe groups and self-serving political groups are holding warfare to information-enabled warfare Photographs: Sharad Saxena the nation to ransom through violent protests while the official machinery both at the Centre SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): Network Centric of any such revolution is possible only with Next, we have identified development and the states is either sedentary or indulging Warfare (NCW) is an information superior- technological development, organisational of C4I2 systems as a major thrust area for in appeasement in the name of democracy. ity-enabled concept at the heart of which lie adaptation and, most importantly, a national modernisation of the army. Development Elected political elite are thus loosing credibili- digital communication networks. How is the will. An effective and technologically sound and fielding of automated operational ty and the right to govern. Most people wonder, is this the democracy India had desired? Indian Army (IA) visualising transforma- information technology (IT) force, along with information systems for various levels of tion to this type of warfare? robust communication networks, have been operations from Army HQs to Battalion Director General Information Systems created to facilitate real-time sharing of infor- HQs and down to individual soldiers is in (DGIS): The IA is in a phase of transition mation and quick decision making so as to progress. Command Information Decision from conventional warfare to information- achieve information superiority. A road map Support System, Artillery Combat Command enabled warfare, that is, from platform centric has been formulated by which we can prog- Control System, Battlefield Surveillance LT GENERAL (RETD) PRAN PAHWA to network centric warfare. The full realisation ress steadily towards being a potent IT force. System, Air Defence Control and Reporting EDITOR Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor 4/2008 SP’S LAND FORCES 1 System and Battlefield Management System SP’s: What types of ground, air and space finding appropriate solutions to that and a DGIS: As I said earlier, all our projects are are the major projects under development. based sensors is the IA trying to induct? common Network Centric Operations phi- being executed by leading IT players in the Integrated together with requisite communi- DGIS: All conventional and modern sen- losophy is being worked out. The integration industry who have established credentials. cations, these systems will provide near real sors are being integrated to form a Common at HQ Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) level is In some cases such as various mission time ‘Sensor to Shooter’ links to make the Operating Picture and to ensure battlefield ensuring the interoperability and synergy at critical Operational Information Systems, army a network centric force. transparency. the inter-services levels. these are being designed by DRDO and BEL, who also have advanced skills in their SP’s: Has the IA outsourced any projects to SP’s: The communication grid knits the SP’s: Have we been able to digitise the border respective fields. the private industry and the defence PSUs? entire CIDSS together. What will be the com- area maps, including the territory beyond We also have a Tri-Service Defence IT DGIS: All our projects are being executed by munication pattern forward of the corps the border in the case of our likely adver- Consultative Committee which incorporates private parties. In come cases, such as vari- headquarter and rearwards to the com- saries? What is the progress in this regard? leaders from the industry and academia ous mission critical Operational Information mand and the army headquarters? Has DGIS: We are digitising all the maps to be for advice on important IT matters to the Systems, the projects are being designed by any progress been made on the Tactical used with the Geographical Information services. DRDO and productionised by public sector Communications System (TCS)? System (GIS). These include maps within and undertakings such as Bharat Electronics DGIS: A very comprehensive communication outside the territorial borders. A fair amount SP’s: Is the IA planning to network all weap- Ltd (BEL). grid is being planned to provide robustness of work has been done in this regard. on platforms for ‘situational awareness’ or and scalability to the command and control is this going to be done selectively. Can you SP’s: What is the current status of the systems planned for the army at the tactical SP’s: Which are the areas/issues causing give us an idea of the costs involved? IA’s Command, Information and Decision level. The grid ahead of the corps HQ would delays in our projects? DGIS: The networking in the army is being Support System (CIDSS) which involves the comprise of both wired media and wireless DGIS: It is an evolutionary process and by planned right from the Army Headquarters development of the following: media incorporating the latest technologies. the size and expanse of our army and the level down to the individual soldier and the (a) Artillery Command and Control, and Both the kind of media would be adequately country, it’s a mammoth task involving tanks. This networking, however, will be done Communication System supplemented to provide fool proof redun- various issues such as hefty financial com- in a phased manner. Costs involved are as per (b) Air Defence Control and Reporting dancy. Communication connectivity at Army mitments, long stringent procedure and also the long term perspective plans of modernisa- System HQ and upto corps HQ would be more depen- terrain specific customisations for different tion of the army. (c) Electronic Warfare System dent on the various grid of wired media. sectors. So we have to proceed in a phased (d) Battle Management System The ongoing TCS programme is being han- manner. The technologies too take time to SP’s: Does our overall concept cater for 100 What is the current status of each project? dled by DG Signals. We are adopting the inter- mature and provide optimum solutions. per cent NCW capable formations or are we DGIS: The projects are at various stages of im arrangements till the time TCS is fielded. going to selectively transform the army development. From systems study stage as SP’s: What are the bottlenecks in timely formations. By when will we be capable of in case of Battlefield Management System SP’s: The military instrument of NCW will fielding of the big projects like the undertaking NCW? (BMS) to fielding stage as in case of Artillery have to be forged on suitably integrated Operational Information Systems? DGIS: We will completely network our for- Combat Command Control System (ACCCS). organisations, induction of new technolo- DGIS: A major capital project has to follow mations and achieve network enabled status gies, joint operational concepts and doc- the procedures as prescribed in the Defence by about middle of the next decade. SP’s: In France, BMS, reportedly includes trines and joint training. We are continuing Procurement Procedure (DPP). That’s lengthy, the entities from Corps Headquarters down- to plan exclusively (single service plan- though essential. Improvements in this regard SP’s: Are we prepared to deal with the wards to the unit level. What is the IA’s con- ning), still aspiring to induct high tech- are being done in the new DPP being issued threats that the networks are going to face? cept of the BMS? nology systems of the future from Russia, now. In addition, the evaluation of security DGIS: Our networks have robust security DGIS: BMS in our case will be a system France, the US, Israel or UK in the “stand solutions is presently done under centralised inbuilt and will be operating on secure gate- providing situational awareness to a unit/ alone” mode in each service without exam- arrangements, which takes a long time to clear. ways. However, national expertise towards subunit/detachment commander and net- ining their interoperability and suitability tackling the embedded threats is at present working him down to an individual soldier as network platforms and without proper SP’s: NCW will also demand a Defence limited and needs to be developed. or a tank. It will be addressing the command fusion of systems both inter and intra-ser- Communication Network (DCN) to derive control and information (C2I) needs of the vice into a system of systems so as to derive full benefits of the synergy so acquired. SP’s: Have we commenced the type of train- Tactical Battle Area (TBA) and will be a build- full benefits of the synergy so acquired. What is the state of this project? ing required for conducting NCW? ing block in the overall NCW architecture. Your comments. DGIS: DCN is a futuristic project to provide DGIS: Training in IT has been going on for DGIS: Interoperability is a problem facing not communication connectivity for all the three quite some time in the army. Training specific SP’s: What are the various subsystems of only the Indian Army but many other armies services. The project is progressing well and to systems have also been planned and is being the BMS? the world over. Since the systems were con- will be incorporating the aspirations of the implemented now. The manpower required for DGIS: The BMS will be a situational aware- ceived and developed in stand alone modes, Three Services. manning the NCW systems has been worked ness system having a terrain platform in the their integration into a system of systems in out and the concerned branches of the army form of GIS and tools for data fusion and pas- a seamless manner is a technological chal- SP’s: How are India’s advanced software are at present working on its implementation sage of information. lenge. We are working in the direction of capabilities being exploited by the Army? to create the trained manpower. SP

Neighbourhood Pak’s Steady Descent Into Chaos General (Retd) V.P. Malik, former Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army during the Kargil conflict, underlines the flawed doctrines of the Musharraf era that has pushed the country to the edge of the precipice

“Musharraf’s short-sighted policies have led to Pakistan losing much of its territorial sovereignty. The rising tide of Islamic militancy threatens to tear the country asunder.”

GENERAL (RETD) V.P. MALIK Musharraf, undeterred by 9/11. He used Musharraf ’s short-sighted policies education, Pakistan is back at the door his cosiness with the Bush administra- have led to Pakistan losing much of its of the International Monetary Fund tion to re-engage Taliban as a proxy territorial sovereignty. The rising tide with a begging bowl to cure its ailing force in Afghanistan. Pakistani Taliban of radical Islamic militancy threatens economy. have now joined hands with al-Qaeda to tear the country asunder. The economic problems have been and developed their own political agen- Pakistan is in the throes of an eco- exacerbated by an uneasy political

Illustration: Ratan Sonal da. Wielding control over all seven tribal nomic meltdown. Foreign exchange transition, which has yet to gain the agencies in Federally Administered reserves have halved in the past three confidence of the people. In self-inter- akistan Army does not resusci- Tribal Areas, the militant organisa- months to less than $8 billion (Rs est, Musharraf played the divide- tate retired chiefs. The nation tion has spread across the North West 36,366 crore). Inflation runs at 25 per and-rule game in Pakistani politics has no place for a military dic- Frontier Province (NWFP) and are cent. Power shortages cripple industry and ensured that no genuine leader tator forced to resign. So, the now targeting Islamabad as is evident and agriculture. Massive unemploy- could rise. In the last general election, PMusharraf era is history. But its four from the Lal Masjid episode, attempts ment fuels a resentful populace, one- his own party got decimated. Parties major legacies have left Pakistan in a on Musharraf’s life, assassination of third of which lives below the poverty that emerged at the top are not only mess. Benazir Bhutto and the 20/9 Marriott line. There are street demonstrations ideologically different but also more Pakistan is facing its most seri- Hotel blast. The possibility of their join- in cities against inflation and load- regional than national in character. ous internal security crisis due to ing hands with Punjabi and Kashmiri shedding. While the military spends The ruling Pakistan People’s Party

WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET jehadi terrorists encouraged by Pervez extremist groups cannot be ruled out. twice the amount spent on health and has a support base in three smaller Continued on page 11

2 SP’S LAND FORCES 4/2008 Industry Speaks ‘Mission critical

computing managesROUNDUP the battlefield’ Photographs: DRS Tactical Photographs:Systems DRS Tactical Bill Guyan is Vice President, Business Development, DRS Tactical Systems, Inc, the world leader in providing Ultra-Rugged Mission Control Computers and Display Systems for ground forces. Talking exclusively to SP’s Land Forces, he gives a broad overview of the company and unfurls his grand design for the Indian Army’s Future Infantry Soldier as a system.

Systems, a leading provider of Rugged Industrial Computers that we acquired several years ago. Our headquarter is in Melbourne, Florida.

SP’s: What market share does DRS enjoy in Asia vis-à-vis competitors in the various land warfare-based programmes? Guyan: Actually, Asia is a relatively new entrant to the Battlefield Management Systems (BMS) market. We see Asia as an attractive region with significant growth potential, as the land forces of the region begin down the path of command post and platform digitisation. We don’t think any company is better positioned to provide proven solutions as regional requirements grow.

A soldier equipped with a Military SP’s: The Indian Army is working towards Rugged Tablet Computer from DRS BMS for the Corps level, below which would also be incorporated artillery and air defence management systems. What con- SP’s: What is the background of DRS Tactical Systems? tribution would your company like to make Bill Guyan (Guyan): DRS Tactical Systems is the world’s leading towards this programme? provider of Ultra-Rugged Mission Critical Computers and Displays Guyan: We would like to be the preferred for ground forces. We have been designing and manufacturing the supplier of ultra-rugged computing and dis- world’s most rugged systems since 1982. Our proud lineage shares play solutions for the BMS programme. We in the cultures of three companies: DRS Technologies, a leading believe that the breadth of our product line mid-tier defence technology company; Paravant Computer Systems, and our peerless credentials from the US and acquired by DRS Technologies in 2003; and Walkabout Computer UK Army BMS systems, combined with our

3 1. A soldier works on Military Rugged Tablet 4 Computer 2. FBCB2 Applique 3. Military Rugged Tablet Computer from DRS 4. BOWMAN Vehicle User Data Terminal 5. FBCB2 Applique 6. BOWMAN Management Data Terminal

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4/2008 SP’S LAND FORCES 3 proud reputation for best-of-breed quality and systems to the UK Army. The feedback on ny’s strategy to penetrate the Indian market? account of sanctions slapped on the poten- customer-focus, make us an attractive part- both systems has been very positive. Our Guyan: We are excited about the possibility tial buyer country. Working around these ner for the Indian industry, and ultimately systems have performed so well and proven of collaborating with one or more Indian restrictions is tedious and time-consuming, the Indian Army. We have proven solutions themselves so reliable that our largest cus- especially due to bureaucratic impediments. that are cost-effective and that have, in many tomer, the US Army, no longer purchases How do you propose to overcome this pecu- cases, already been widely fielded and proven warranty for our systems. Certainly, the “The breadth of the DRS liar problem particularly applicable to US in combat. concept of situational awareness through companies? The most elaborate BMS communications digitised forces has been validated, and many product line and peerless Guyan: Actually, in most cases, the US State network combined with the most advanced nations, including India, have taken steps credentials from the Department process for ITAR-controlled BMS software suite can be worthless to the to start down the path with their own BMS items can be followed without impact to our soldier if the computers and displays that programmes. US and UK Army BMS customers. We have found that early identi- these depend on fail when needed. We believe systems, combined with fication of opportunities and an early start BMS computing is mission critical comput- SP’s: The Indian Army is planning to of the licensing process can result in timely ing, and that the same rigour should be used acquire network-centric enabled capabil- a proud reputation for approvals that don’t interfere with customer for selecting BMS hardware that would be ity. Further, it is working towards Future customer focus, make programme timelines. We have already used for deciding on any other mission criti- Infantry Soldier As A System (F-INSAS) begun necessary activity for the Indian BMS cal battlefield system. programme as part of the tactical NCW. Do us an attractive partner programme. you have any plans to be part of these pro- for the Indian industry SP’s: DRS Tactical Systems are used by grammes? SP’s: How do you see the much talked about the US and allied forces as force multipli- Guyan: We are certainly following these and the Indian Army.” strategic partnership evolving between the ers in the on-going conflicts in Iraq and developments with keen interest. The poten- US and India? To what extent is your endea- Afghanistan. Deployed on a wide range of tial size of the Indian Army’s requirements vour to enter the Indian market linked with high-profile military platforms, what are makes every new programme interesting. Indo-US military equation? these products and what has been the feed- Certainly, we are especially interested in partners. The technical capabilities of Indian Guyan: DRS Tactical Systems is a wholly- back on their performance? soldier, vehicle and command post require- industry are well respected and we view owned subsidiary of DRS Technologies Inc., a Guyan: Our systems have been used by the ments for rugged computing and display local content as a way of providing a more US publicly held company. We pursue inter- US Army and US Marine Corps, the UK Land systems. responsive national solution for emerging national opportunities that make good busi- Forces and other allied/coalition nations in system requirements. ness sense after receiving necessary approvals both Iraq and Afghanistan. We have pro- SP’s: What are your views on joint produc- from the US government. We are glad that vided more than 60,000 FBCB2 Computing tion/collaboration with Indian companies SP’s: US companies invariably face prob- developments over the past several years have and Display Systems to the US Army and and the Defence Research and Development lems in technology transfer due to restric- led to an easing of ITAR-restricted approvals more than 13,000 BOWMAN Computer Organization (DRDO) as part of your compa- tions imposed by Washington usually on for business with India. SP

Conflict Russia’s Counter Offensive into Georgia The war marks the return of Russia to a great power status—a phenomenon that has been unfolding since Putin assumed power

LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR

ashington and the western Strategic Encirclement of Russia Georgia. If Kosovo could be declared indepen- city of Tbilisi and its ports. Simultaneously, media have projected Russia as Two events that seriously affected the dent under western sponsorship, then South Russians attacked military airfields at Marneuli the villain in the short conflict Russian psyche were the inclusion of Ukraine Ossetia and Abkhazia, the two breakaway and Vaziani to prevent any interference to the involving Georgia and the break- into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization regions of Georgia, could be declared indepen- Russian ground forces that advanced to within Waway provinces of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. (NATO) and the separation of Kosovo from dent under Russian sponsorship. Any objections 64 km of Georgia. Has Russia broken all international norms and Serbia. From the Russian point of view, the from the US and Europe would simply confirm committed human rights abuses in Georgia? Is Orange Revolution in Ukraine was a CIA- their hypocrisy. This was important for internal The Ceasefire that the reality? Let us have a brief look at this funded effort which amounted to intrud- Russian political reasons, but the second motive A ceasefire was put in place in Georgia on war and its antecedents. ing in the internal affairs of Ukraine, and is far more important, namely, the clear signal Tuesday, August 12. It was negotiated and Absorbed into the Russian Empire in the designed to draw Ukraine into NATO to add Moscow sent to former Soviet satellites: fall in brokered by France. Russia observed a day of 19th century, Georgia was forcibly incorporated to the encirclement of Russia. Moreover, US line or risk the same fate as Georgia. mourning on Wednesday, August 13 for its into the USSR and stayed within its fold until Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton soldiers and 2,000 civilians who died in five the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Elections had promised the Russians that the NATO The Flashpoint days of fighting triggered by Georgia’s offensive in early 2004 swept Mikheil Saakashvili into would not expand into the former Soviet On August 7, Republic of Georgia (ROG) forc- against South Ossetia. Russian military losses power along with his National Movement party. Union empire, but this assurance was obvi- es advanced along a broad front into South announced on Wednesday include 74 men Progress on market reforms and democratisa- ously a ruse because by 2004, all former Ossetia, a secessionist region of Georgia that killed, 171 wounded and 19 missing. Georgia tion has been made in the years since indepen- Soviet satellites were inducted into organisa- started functioning independently since the said 175 of its soldiers died. According to UN dence, but this progress has been complicated tion. The three Baltic States, which had been breakup of the Soviet Union. The military estimates, 100,000 people had been displaced. by two ethnic conflicts in the breakaway the satellites of the Soviet Union, were also advance reached the outskirts of Tskhinvali, regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. These included in this expansion. but could not progress any farther due to stiff The Strategic Impact two territories remain outside the control of The Russians were deeply hurt by the opposition. Heavy fighting ensued but the With the invasion of Georgia Moscow has been the central government and are ruled by de inclusion of Ukraine in NATO which rep- ROG forces were not successful in evicting the able to re-establish supremacy over the Russian facto, unrecognised governments, supported resented a fundamental threat to Russia’s defenders of South Ossetia. sphere of influence and warn the countries by Russia. Russian-led peacekeeping operations national security. It would have rendered Soon afterwards, on August 8, the Russian located along the nation’s periphery that continue in both regions. Russia indefensible besides threatening to forces counterattacked. This Russian counter attempts to closely align with the US will not destabilise the Russian Federation itself. When offensive was led by armoured and motorised be welcome and would bring their adversary Balance of Power in Europe the US went so far as to suggest that Georgia infantry divisions also employing air power at the door steps. The invasion has also helped US-based think tank Stratfor reports that be included as well, bringing NATO deeper to prevent any aerial interference to ground re-establish the credibility of the Russian Army the Russian Counter Offensive in Georgia into the Caucasus, Moscow surmised that operations. The speed and ferocity of the and highlighted the fact that while the US is has come at a time when the US is militar- Washington, in particular, intended to encir- Russian attack overwhelmed the opponents committed in Iraq, Afghanistan and the Middle ily fully committed in the wars in Iraq and cle and break Russia. That was the breaking and the ROG forces were forced to pull back. East, Washington’s guarantees have no value. Afghanistan, and with the Iran imbroglio, it point: if Russia could not be accommodated It became obvious that the Russians had Russia feels that it is now up to the states was not in a position to spare troops for any even in a minor matter like this, then, clearly, advance information of Georgia’s inten- on its periphery to re-evaluate their options. other military intervention. Hence, Russia Kremlin and the West were in conflict. tions and were fully prepared to thwart their This war has also backed the US into a corner took full advantage of this situation in getting For the Russians, the question was how to design. By August 10, Russia had occupied because if Washington intends to move against rid of the problem in its neighbourhood. respond. Having declined to respond in Kosovo, all critical areas in South Ossetia. Iran, then it would require Russia’s assistance What is being seen is a reassertion of the Russians decided to respond where they in participating in sanctions against Iran and Russian political will in its region. George had the upper hand: in South Ossetia. The The Conflict Extended would not want any weapons to be sold to Iran. Friedman of Stratfor states: “Moscow did Ukrainian experience convinced the Russians On Monday, August 11, the Russian forces The war thus marks the return of Russia to a not have to concern itself with the potential that the US was engaged in a plan of strategic extended the conflict by entering Georgia, great power status, a phenomenon that has response of the United States or Europe; encirclement and strangulation of Russia. From advancing along two axes—the first was been unfolding since Putin assumed power. The hence, the invasion did not shift the balance the Kosovo experience, they concluded that the southwards from South Ossetia to the city world once again witnessed the classic employ- of power. The balance of power had already US and Europe were not prepared to consider of Gori in Georgia; the second, an advance ment of armour combined with air power, an shifted, and it was up to the Russians when to Russian wishes even in fairly minor affairs. from Abkhazia, another breakaway region of operational philosophy that had been ruled out

WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET make this public. They did that August 8.” Thus, Moscow had two motives to invade Georgia to cut the road between the capital by military analysts after the Cold War. SP

4 SP’S LAND FORCES 4/2008 ROUNDUP

Acquisition Leaky Air Defence Umbrella The process of modernising army AD has been initiated. What is now required is to closely manage the process in a fair and transparent manner and give it a sweeping momentum.

LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND

ir power is growing at an expo- of 1965 and 1971 when air power was used nential rate in terms of effective from across the border with pre-emptive air employment in the tactical as well strikes. AAD fell woefully short of capability as strategical scenario of warfare. which it made up by sheer grit and managed ATechnology has afforded day-and-night as to defend the turbulent skies lurking over the well as stand-off and precision attack capa- Indian Army. The saving grace was that good bility to airpower. Other air breathing plat- lessons were learnt. forms like the armed helicopters, Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) and cruise missiles Modernisation add to air power’s insurmountable combat It was amply clear that the pace of induc- edge. It is thus essential for any modern army tion of radar controlled all weather gun sys- to have an efficient ground based air defence tems had to be hastened and all L/60 guns (AD) system which, when combined with own put to pasture. Already in service since the air power, can effectively counter air threat. early 1960s was the 40mm L/70 (Bofors) India’s Corps of Army Air Defence (AAD) with Superfledermaus (Contraves) as fire Pantsyr-S1 had a very humble beginning with 40 mm control radar; thus, it was only a question www.kr.blog.com L/60 guns of Second World War vintage of acquiring them in larger numbers. The Electronics Limited. It was also high time truck mounted L/60 guns were used to sup- which were inherited from the British. The ini- gun was already under transfer of technol- that cutting edge surface-to-air missiles port armour in mobile role until the British tial hiccups in their deployment and employ- ogy manufacture by Ordnance Factory (SAM) now entered the inventory although engines gave way and it was back to good ment was due to the fact that air power had Board (Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur did Tigercat SAM was already in service but was old towed L/60 guns, which was as good as just emerged on the Indian Subcontinent and a commendable job, but alas, the L/70 line of old technology. Another crying need was no AD. The battle management system was was in its nascent stage. Concepts and doc- is closed for many years now, awaiting the lack of mobile systems to move along based on line and radio, and was therefore trines were in the evolutionary stage. The AD fresh orders) and, similarly, the fire control with the armour and effective inter- and slow, resulting in delayed reaction to air raids slumber was shattered with Indo-Pak conflicts radar was under manufacture with Bharat intra-battle management systems. Earlier, over the tactical battle area. Continued on page 8

4/2008 SP’S LAND FORCES 5 Technology Tomorrow’s Battlefield Two of the most promising technology oriented land warfare systems are the British Army’s Future Rapid Effects System and the US Army’s Future Combat Systems

LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR

systems will be the use of commercial off-the- The most significant shelf technology whose main advantage is common feature in both the role it can play in reducing cost and risk systems will be the use of in programme development and provide help in future upgrades through an easier adop- commercial off-the-shelf tion of open system architectures. Another technology whose main advantage is that in computing and telecom- munications, the technology is advancing advantage is the role it much faster in the commercial sector than can play in reducing cost in the military, which enables the military to consider the most up-to-date and cost-effec- and risk tive solutions available at the time. The Indian Context is in an advanced stage of development. More The current role of the Indian Army is to than one-third of the system has already safeguard the territorial integrity and unity been developed. It comprises unattended of the country. In the future, seeing the ground sensors, non-line-of-sight cannons current trends and the likely strategic envi- and mortars and other fire power means, ronment, the army will be called upon to pre- various classes of unmanned aerial vehicles serve sovereign rights, protect the innocents and unmanned ground vehicles, multifunc- at home and abroad, preserve the environ- tional utility/logistics and equipment vehicle ment, preserve or maintain status quo of variants, various types of manned ground free trade and manage disasters. Most impor- vehicles, as well as a communications net- tantly, being the dominant force around, it work linking the whole system together. FCS will be called upon to assist friendly countries. will network the new and the legacy systems, Thus, the army will be required to essentially as well as those which are yet to be developed. wage and win all types of war, that is, both

Illustration: US Army After completion of the development by about traditional and non-traditional. Currently, 2030, FCS will enable the US Army to domi- the Indian Army is organised, equipped and iews abound on the subject of future light enough to be transported speedily while nate all domains including land, sea and air. trained for traditional, second and third gen- wars, with most observations and retaining survivability factor through the use It will be a ‘system of systems’ like the FRES. eration, industrial age, low and medium tech- assessments coloured by the back- of armour on the ground without having to The main difference will be that while FRES nology conflicts. ground, experience, expertise and wait for the arrival of a heavy force. favours an open architecture approach, FCS Threat from traditional adversaries requires Vbias of the individuals concerned. While the Five types of vehicle platforms will charac- is likely to progress along the network capa- preparation and readiness for high intensity details of each evaluation and appraisal dif- terise the FRES: utility for armoured support, bility route. In the FCS every element of sys- conventional conflicts which are likely to fer in content and quality, four conclusions command and control, reconnaissance and fire tem, including all platforms will be provided be rare. Organisational structures for such emerge quite clearly and these are that future (for intelligence, surveillance and target acqui- with an ability to see the environment of the conflicts already exist though they need to wars will be highly uncertain, major state-to- sition), manoeuvre support including assault entire military theatre. be remodeled, re-equipped and reoriented to state wars among well armed nations will be engineering capability such as a vehicle- Yet both systems will form part of an plan and fight integrated battles on digitised rare, low-intensity conflict and asymmetric launched bridge and a basic capability unit. All interoperable network, and this relatively new battlefields. Additionally, the army is likely to be wars will proliferate and technology will play a platforms will form a part of combined arms concept of ‘network-centric’ warfare will mean employed more often to fight non-traditional units which will have the ability to communi- that instead of the traditional contest of sheer conflicts such as counter terrorism, proxy wars cate with each other over a digital network and firepower and troop numbers, land forces of and home-grown insurgencies, and stability The main difference is receive intelligence information through the the future will become a single entity composed of the regional environment through a benign while the British Army’s various sensors deployed in the battle space. of numerous parts that can adapt to fast- presence and if required through force projec- Upgradation can be carried out as when the changing situations. tion. The nature of wars, in the future, is going FRES favours an open need arises. This will, in essence, provide a to compel us to think big but with smaller, architecture approach, the complete ‘system of systems’ capability when Major Common Features more manoeuvrable, more precise, more agile US Army’s FCS is likely operating with systems of other types of units The most significant common feature in both and networked forces. SP or with other services. to progress along the It will differ from the network capability route existing land warfare systems because of its use of an ‘open architecture’, where pre-dominant role in designing the conduct of the various platforms future wars. in the system will Most nations are investing heavily in new be designed to make and emerging technologies which will confer upgrades easier, distinct advantages over the adversary. Two of giving them the flex- the most promising and emerging technology ibility to evolve to oriented land warfare systems for the 21st cen- accommodate new The three vehicles shortlisted for the FRES contract (L to R) tury are the British Army’s Future Rapid Effects and emerging tech- the Pirhana, the VBCI and the Boxer. System (FRES) and the US Army’s Future nologies. FRES will Combat Systems (FCS). Both these modernisa- come with a range tion programmes offer insights into the type of of survivability solu- warfare land forces may adopt in the future. tions which could be adapted for the The British Army’s FRES vehicles according Future Rapid Effects System (FRES) has been to the nature of the envisioned and conceived as a rapid reaction threat and the theatre force to enable the British Army to project of conflict. force quickly to trouble spots around the world. Therefore, the system will deal with The US Army’s a new organisational and equipping policy FCS similar to the future combat system of the US US Army’s Future Pirhana Boxer Multi-role armoured vehicle WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET Army. It is likely to be a medium-weight force; Combat System (FCS) Photographs: General Dynamics, ARTEC

6 SP’S LAND FORCES 4/2008 Soldiers don’t take time off, even on the hottest days. Neither does ARMOR. INTRODUCING Some jobs have to get done, regardless of the weather. So ARMOR mobile computers work in desert heat, arctic cold and any climate in between. The ARMOR C12 Convertible complies with MIL-STD-810F and IP54, so it can easily handle vibration, impact, moisture RUGGED MOBILE COMPUTERS and dust. It’s what you’d expect from a company that supplies computers to the US military and its allies for use in the world’s harshest environments. For more information, call +1 321.309.0599 or email [email protected]. Exclusive Interview ‘Sustenance & Upgradation To Meet Future Air Threat’ Talking to SP’s Land Forces, Director General of Army Air Defence Lt General K.S. Dogra, AVSM, VSM outlines the plans and strategies to combat emerging multi-dimensional threats

SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): Is there a clear-cut the Pakistan AD Corps and Pakistan Air Force. threat, especially in the tactical battle area. AD capabilities. The first involves sustaining division of responsibility at the national In a similar manner, army AD in India is a effectiveness of existing assets through techno- level for air defence (AD) between army, separate corps and AD operations are executed SP’s: What are the measures India needs to logical upgrades and life extension of service navy, air force and civil agencies? jointly with the Indian Air Force. take to prevent a 9/11 type of threat? life. The other involves time bound induction Director General of Army Air Defence DGAAD: 9/11 was a huge and complex of platforms and systems through in-house (DGAAD): The clear-cut division of respon- SP’s: What do you think will be the ingredi- threat involving sabotage, hijacking, suicide development-cum-acquisition in accordance sibility has been laid down in the Union War ents of air power in the 21st century? and bombing, fully coordinated and precision with approved perspective plans. These include Book as well as in the Ministry of Defence War DGAAD: Gone are the days when air threat controlled by an international terror organisa- guns, missiles and radars. Book and is classified on need to know basis. used to be uni-dimensional, mainly defined tion. Prevention against such types of threat by the aircraft. Today, the same is fast becom- has to be planned and countered at national SP’s: Will they be able to meet the future SP’s: On what parameters are the above ing multi-dimensional with a variety of aerial level. In the specific domain of AD, it involves air threat? responsibilities based? platforms and munitions like unmanned maintaining an effective surveillance grid and DGAAD: Yes. The entire package of suste- DGAAD: Parameters reflect the core-com- aerial vehicles, unmanned combat aerial a layered AD protection to all our strategic nance, upgradation and modernisation is petency of each service in their respective vehicles, attack helicopters, anti-radiation assets. Meeting the above threat also requires aimed at acquiring the capability to meet domain of usage—that is, land, sea and air— missiles, cruise missiles, surface-to-surface an effective intelligence network, anti-hijack- future air threat. and the need for synergy. missiles, precision guided munitions, as also, ing system, complete in all its dimensions of a large number of soft kill and electronic war- warning, controls, standing operating proce- SP’s: What is the progress of army AD man- SP’s: How does the Indian model compare fare platforms. dures, prosecuting means and decision taking agement systems (AD Control and Reporting with the organisation of other countries? mechanism. I would say here that no system Systems)? DGAAD: Several models exist for the higher SP’s: How will the above apply in the Indian is foolproof and hence needs to be periodically DGAAD: It is making a good headway. AD organisation in various countries. In some context? reviewed and constantly refined. countries, like Russia, AD is a separate service DGAAD: Multi-dimensional threat is increas- SP’s: What is the status of Akash similar to the army, navy or the air force. In ing exponentially and will be the most potent SP’s: Majority of army AD equipment is SAM system? the US, AD is integrated at the macro level becoming obsolete. For instance, the 40 DGAAD: Army user trials have not found of army, air and missile defence commands mm L-70 is more than 40 years old and the Akash SAM system compliant to General Staff responsible for theatre level strategic planning “Multi-dimensional same holds true for some of the missile sys- Qualitative Requirement. and execution of AD. In addition, there is a air threat is increasing tems. What are your plans to modernise the separate US Army Space and Missile Defence weapon systems? SP’s: Is there any message for your corps? Command responsible for national missile exponentially and will DGAAD: Military capability development and DGAAD: Yes, ‘Good shooting’! I wish to reit- defence and US Space Command for space- be the most potent enhancement is an ongoing process that has erate my trust and faith in all ranks of corps based operations. In Pakistan, the army AD is to keep pace with emerging threat scenarios of the army AD and urge them to continue a separate corps under the General HQ while threat, especially in the and challenges it throws up. This is also true to strive hard in their ‘Pursuit of Excellence’ Pakistan Air Force is a separate service. The tactical battle area.” for the Army AD. We are following a two and bring in more laurels to the corps in AD operations are jointly conducted between pronged strategy to ensure optimal desired times to come. SP

Leaky Air Defence Umbrella Continued from page 5 The Golden Era cy and destruction technology) ammunition. BMP-2 or even on a T-72/Arjun chassis, ‘in Medium Range SAM System—Successor The 1980s can be clearly termed as the It contains 152 heavy tungsten metal, spin service’ fire control radar and an Igla type to Kvadrat SAM system, its contenders could golden era of modernisation. Instead of the stabilised sub-projectiles and ejected by a time of fire and forget missile. This project can be be Russia’s BUK-M1 with a range of 3 to 42 marines, the Russians came to the rescue and fuze. It is claimed to be very effective against taken over by the Ordnance Factory Board km and height of 25 km, Aster30 with a the AAD inventory turned red. The Russians and it will have the advantage of commonal- range of 3 to 120 km and height of 20 km, (erstwhile USSR) offered their battle proven ity of systems and platforms with a distinct Israel’s Barak ‘Next Generation’ with a pos- combination of Schilka (mobile gun system), made in India flavour. sible range of 70 km, MICA with a range of Kvadrat (25 km medium range SAM) and Quick Reaction SAM System—This is the 50 km and a height of 11 km and the Patriot Strela (shoulder fired missile system) at liter- successor to OSA-AK and has many contend- Advance Capability-3 (PAC-3) with a range ally throw away prices which was gratefully ers after the failure of DRDO’s Trishul. Israel’s of approximately 70 km and height of 24 accepted. This was followed by a host of Spyder has already been tried and selected by km. The PAC-3 system incorporates many Russian systems like 23 mm twin fair weath- the Indian Air Force and has a range of 15 changes to the ground equipment and the er gun, OSA-AK (quick reaction SAM with km, height of 9 km but its mobility is yet to missile, and is fielded in incremental steps a range of about 8 km), Igla shoulder fired be proved. Raytheon’s HAWK XXI is a more called Configuration 1, 2, and 3. The ultimate SAM and so on. As all good times come to a advanced, and compact version of HAWK PAC-3/Conf.3 includes upgrades to the radar pass so was the golden era, with no moderni- PIP-3 upgrade integrated with a swanky (now designated AN/MPQ-65) to increase sation being carried out till now with the sole new 3D MPQ-64 Sentinel radar. The mis- detection in high-clutter environments, and exception of Tanguska self-propelled the gun- Skyshield 35 with Ahead Ammunition siles are upgraded MIM-23K standard with to improve discrimination of closely spaced missile system. The L70 gun is more than Photograph: Rheinmetall an improved blast-fragmentation warhead objects (better decoy recognition). Patriot is four decades old and other systems more than that creates a larger lethal zone. Reported the obvious frontrunner as it is war proven, 20 years old. The battle management system small targets. There is a strong case for trans- range varies from 25 to 35 km, with height has hit-to-kill technology, can engage aircraft, is under permanent development and has yet fer of technology for the gun to be manufac- coverage from 11 km to 18 m depending on helicopters, UAVs, cruise and tactical ballistic to reach the test bench stage. tured at the Gun Carriage Factory in Jabalpur the mark of the missile. The system is also missiles, and is deployed with 10 nations, after reviving the defunct L70 production line effective against short-range, tactical ballistic including the US. Since production began in Forward movement as a large number of guns are to be replaced. missiles. This system may appear old but has 1980, 170 Patriot units and 9,000 missiles Urgently required is a repeat of the golden Similarly, there are not many options for the the advantage of being constantly improved, have been supplied globally. era of the 1980s, process for which has been successor to Schilka. Pantsyr seems a worthy can be integrated with other US systems like initiated. In other words, request for proposal successor with a gun range of 4km and mis- Surface Launched Advanced Medium Range In conclusion or request for information has been initiated. sile range of 12km. Problem is, the missile Air to Air Missile (SLAMRAAM), being in Suffice to say that ‘operationally’, time is at a Possible choices are: guidance is with radio commands with IR or service in many countries and will be cheaper. premium for the modernisation of army AD. Gun Systems—Not many gun systems are radio direction finding which seems a daunt- Raytheon’s other system is SLAMRAAM The process has been initiated, what is now available globally. DRDO’s effort has also not ing task at 12 km. Effectiveness of this can which is the land version of air-to-air mis- required is to closely manage the process at been successful. Possible choice is Skyshield only be validated by actual firing. In reality, sile which is about to be inducted into the US every step in a fair and transparent manner of Rheinmetall Defence with an effective there is no need for a 12 km missile when Defence Forces. Other systems are Russia’s and give it a sweeping momentum to take range of 4 km and rate of fire of 1,000 a separate quick reaction missile system is TOR M-1 which has a range of 12 km and it to its obvious conclusion. In case govern- rounds per minute. It can be matched with already in place. It appears a case of over kill Aster15 with a range of about 30 km which ment-to-government or Foreign Military Sales any fire control radar and the most redeem- and will not be cost effective. One cost effec- seem to fall in the category of either less or route helps in timely procurement, it should

WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET ing feature is the Ahead (advance hit efficien- tive option is by integrating Skyshield with more range than required. be adopted wherever possible. SP

8 SP’S LAND FORCES 4/2008 Strategy Integrated Air & Missile Defence Architectures ROUNDUP The US approach to missile defence, relationships with other allies and approaches that Washington and Delhi might take to meet the intent of the Indo-US Defence Framework

ALAN H. MERBAUM

rotecting the national homeland from tegic doctrine, have tactical advantage in the through 2015. For the ballistic missile attack has become battlefield, or use it as a terrorist machine, ballistic missile inventory Current and Projected Inventory of Short an important element of national the proliferation of systems capable of deliv- of nations within range in Range Ballistic Missiles within India’s Region defence strategy across the globe. In ering Chemical, Biological, Nuclear (CBN) terms of the Indian sub- of Interest P1982, under President Ronald Reagan, the US weapons and even conventional warheads continent; trends towards ��������� declared its intent to provide the homeland pro- will most likely continue. The convergence of increasing inventory tection from ballistic missile attack under the limited delivery capability and small quanti- through 2015 are based � ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI). Prior to 1982, ties of CBN in an unstable country or terror- upon current quantities, various indigenous research and development ist organisations poses a severe threat. reported production levels �������������������� ���� programmes resulted in core technologies to India has invested heavily in the develop- and defence budget esti- ������������������������� defeat incoming ballistic missiles. Now, the US, ment of both offensive and defensive ballistic mates.) The increase in Europe, Israel, India, Japan, and Russia have missiles, undertaking various programmes the number of strategic embarked on designing national missile defence spanning several decades. The US and India ballistic missiles pro- ���� architectures that meet their specific defensive continue to explore areas of defence coop- vides insight into how ���� requirements. The result is a world-wide cata- eration, and under the ‘New Framework for neighbouring countries logue of missile defence capabilities featuring Indo-US Defence Relations’, the two nations are posturing within ���� advanced technologies and system architec- included ‘expanding collaboration relating to their strategic doctrine. tures tailored for the unique defensive require- missile defence’. Perhaps more ments of each nation or region. Collaborative Within this context, this brief essay looks interesting are the efforts to interoperate among these systems at the US approach to missile defence, rela- trends exhibited by the Reaction Times required to Detect, Assess, are a monumental task facing the ‘System of tionships with other allies, and suggests some proliferation of Short Authorise & Engage Target Types Systems’ challenge in terms of political will. approaches that the US and India might take Range Ballistic Missiles The extent of ballistic missile proliferation to meet the intent of the Indo-US Defence (SRBM’s) within India’s and weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Framework. region of interest (see whether through black market trade or as a ‘Current and Projected means of national offensive doctrine between Trends in ballistic & cruise Inventory of Short Range allies is the subject of debate in capitals and missile proliferation Ballistic Missiles within among national strategists. Understanding Tactical and strategic ballistic missiles com- India’s Region of Interest’). the motivation of a nation to increase a bal- prise a variety of ranges, with short-range Estimates of China’s listic missile inventory no longer takes on the ballistic missiles (SRBM’s) posing a more SRBM production have view of the polarized world during the cold imminent danger because they have been been increased by up war. Whether the reasons are to meet a stra- more widely proliferated than longer range to 40 per cent and are ballistic missiles. (See expected to continue at ‘Threat Classification’, a close to 100 missiles per uses other than originally intended. Classification of Cruise and Ballistic comparative chart of rep- year. Furthermore, much of the technology rep- An effective capabilities-based air and mis- Missile Threats resentative ranges of the resented by these class of SRBMs (typically CSS- sile defence architecture relies principally on various classes of ballistic 6 or CSS-7), has been shared with Pakistan. five tenets, established and proven through ����� missiles.) The distinction between SRBM class of threats decades of development and eventual transi- ����� and longer range threats is important because it tion to the user. These are as follows: ������������������� Classification of provides military planners a degree of flexibility Optimise decision & response process: ����� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������� cruise & ballistic in terms of operational planning. An adversary Optimise the decision and response process, ������������������������������������������� with a limited number of SRBM’s would use ����� missile threats requiring an integrated, robust and redundant ����������������������������������������� Cruise missile prolifera- them to strategic advantage rather than in a t and ������������������������������������������� command, control, battle managemen ���� tion, which will not be limited border confrontation. communication system that interacts seam- discussed at length in lessly across sensors, intelligence feeds and ���� this paper, is far more Effective air & missile weapon platforms. (See ‘Reaction Times required widespread than the to Detect, Assess, Authorise & Engage Target ���� defence architectures ballistic missile, because India is at a crossroad with respect to air Types’.) Historic air defence systems have been ���� of affordability and and missile defence needs for the 21st cen- built around a nominal engagement timeline

��������������������������� dual-use nature of the tury. The Corps of Army Air Defence (AAD) of tens of minutes (for the representative � core technology. During faces obsolescence and indigenous develop- range shown), and systems were designed with �� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� the August 2006 war ment schedules have slipped. As the need to adequate search and track radar, battle man- ��������������������� between Hezbollah and replace current air defence systems increases agement, and anti-aircraft missiles. As threat Israel, cruise missiles in priority, opportunities are presented to speeds increase to that of a cruise missile and were used successfully incorporate a mixture of indigenous and eventually a ballistic missile, air defence weap- Current and Projected Inventory of Strategic in a highly asymmetric third party systems that have short range air on systems reach an operational limit. Missiles Through 2015 confrontation. Increased defence (SHORAD), as well as medium range, Weapon system upgrades and technol- proliferation of cruise and long range cruise, air and missile defence ogy insertion have extended the utility of ��������� missiles, as well as capabilities. This is an important dialogue some fielded systems (at a cost savings) to � ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� improvements to their that could benefit from lessons experienced in counter cruise and ballistic missiles. Current designs is apt to acceler- the US as it has evolved its land-based weap- Air Command and Control Systems are inad- ate following their intro- ons, initially developed for protecting forward equate when it comes to managing the tempo ���� duction and world-wide deployed troops to expanded applications to of information and very short decision times exposure during the defence of national population centres. (seconds, not minutes) required to engage an August 2006 conflict. Convergence of development efforts of indi- oncoming ballistic missile. As upgrades occur, Ballistic missile vidual weapon systems with an overall nation- technology insertion to include tactical bal- ���� inventory assessments al architecture is not easy. User requirements listic missile kinematics becomes an important ���� are available in numer- of an army system do not readily fit the needs engineering decision. New systems spe- ous open-source pub- of a national system and vice versa. However cifically designed to counter ballistic missiles lications. (See ‘Current as acquisitions processes migrate from require- incorporate optimized decision and response ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� and Projected Inventory ments-based to capability-based, weapon sys- algorithms within their battle management of Strategic Missiles tems become available and can be tailoured for systems. As systems expand into multiple lay-

4/2008 SP’S LAND FORCES 9 Ranges and Protection Regions in various phases of flight for both cases, separate bi-lateral agreements ultimate weapons to disrupt societies and kill Terminal, Midcourse and Boost phase missile defence systems formed the framework of cooperation, tech- innocent civilians. nology transfer and investment risk. Within An integrated air and missile defence the context of the newly formed agreement system to insure the protection of deployed for defence cooperation with India, and the troops, critical national assets and popula- declared interest to explore cooperation in the tion centres remains a high priority in many area of missile defence, the basis for defining nations. As awareness of these threats a framework that allows for sharing ideas and emerge with associated degrees of cred- concepts should be defined. ibility, integrated air and missile defense is �������� ��������� being recognised as element of comprehen- Summary sive homeland defence architecture, inte- Defence of the homeland from ballistic or grated across service disciplines and civilian ��������������� cruise missile attack is a challenge facing the authorities. SP democratic world today. Counter prolifera- ���������������� tion mechanisms through treaties and agree- The writer is Senior Manager for International Air and Missile Defence ments will not solely protect nations from Initiatives at Lockheed Martin Missiles & Fire Control. Opinions expressed in ������ �������� potential attack as long as rogue nations this paper are solely his personal views and not necessarily those of Lockheed ������ and terrorist organisations continue to seek Martin Corporation or the US Government. ������������ ��������� ������������������������� ����������� ���������� ������� ������������� ������� �������� ������� ������� ���������� Integrating the air & ground components of the battlefield ����� ����� ����� requires a rigorous system engineering process ������������ ������������������

Modern, 3-D Planning Tools Air Combat Order (ACO), tion of weapon platforms, sensors, and battle Air Tasking Order (ATO) Nominal Distances (in km) (NATO/US Protocol), Sensor defining zones of protection management systems poses an engineering & weapons planning around India challenge that requires thoughtful system architecture analysis through simulations, modelling and spiral growth. New systems have the benefit of starting from a defined Flexible Engagement set of requirements, and the ability to build Operations Tools architectures that are complementary and interoperable. However many systems today are not going to be started from scratch, rather Land Environment they will use existing elements and rely on best Air Picture Provision of breed system engineering talent to integrate (LEAPP) Net Radio weapons and sensors that never were intended to interoperate. (See ‘Integrating the air and Common Vehicle & Shelter ground components of the battlefield requires a based on country specific requirements Tactical Data Link rigorous system engineering process’ that illus- Reconfigurable UK/US/NATOVoice Radio interoperability trates schematically how current state of the art Workstations hardware can be effectively integrated with exist- ers, the need for an overarching command, ing weapon platforms, extending their life of use.) control, battle management and communica- Air & Missile Defence—Indian Perspective tion system becomes evident. Concepts for consideration The security environment around India’s region do warrant air and missile defence measures Build multi-layered, network-enabled Future wars that confront the air and tac- architecture: A single weapon platform can- tical ballistic (and cruise missile) threat There is no doubt that India is under air and missile threat from within the region, notably China not provide 100 per cent protection against bal- require unity of control and seamless and Pakistan. Missiles launched from ship platforms by rogue elements cannot also be ruled out. At present, India is not fully prepared for such a threat. Even the normal preparedness is much listic missiles, especially during scenarios where integration of surveillance and weapon below the mark. The squadron strength of the Indian Airforce (IAF) has dwindled from 40 squad- several ballistic missiles are being launched resources networked to an automated battle rons to about 29 and it will take some time to operationally have 40 squadrons. IAF’s Pechora is a against multiple targets. National systems have management system. As Indian military medium range SAM which has become obsolete. Army’s air defence systems belong to the vintage embraced a layered protection approach that decision-makers consider various options which varies between 40 to 20 years and hence need replacements urgently. The Indian Navy is is achieved by segmenting the ballistic mis- toward realizing an effective and integrated well equipped for air defence of ships but is awaiting air craft carriers to bridge the gap. They also sile trajectory across its boost, midcourse and air and missile defence architecture, ongo- do not have a mandate for the air defence of the hinterland. terminal phases of flight. Weapon systems are ing efforts around the world are worthwhile At present, there is no SAM in India’s inventory with a range of more than 25 km. The surveil- optimized to engage during a specific phase of thorough review. lance systems are all geared towards the borders and do not have much surveillance depth across flight, enabling damage assessment and hand- The Active Layer Tactical Ballistic Missile the borders. The Airborne Warning and Control System project will take a couple of years to off if necessary to a complementary system for Defence (ALTBMD) System Engineering and fructify. The Defence Research and Development Organisations’s (DRDO) SAM projects, Akash and Trishul, have not taken off. As regards battle management systems and integration of resources, a second or third engagement (See graph ‘Ranges Integration (SE&I) study recently completed these are fairly effective between the army and the air force but sadly lack connectivity with other and Protection Regions’.) for NATO is one such approach. The need to agencies like the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, the Home Ministry or other intelligence Extend security perimeter away from integrate dissimilar legacy systems, upgrade organisations. There are no plans to set up an organisation along the lines of ‘defence of home the homeland: Synonymous with effective land’ like in the US to prevent a 9/11 threat. border protection, the ability to stop a ballistic The DRDO has been making claims to the development of Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) with missile before it crosses the national bound- Tenets of an Effective Air & the successful interception of a Prithvi II missile over the Bay of Bengal on November 27, 2006. ary is crucial. India faces a challenge because Missile Defence Architecture Prithvi II was used as a target and launched from a shore-based launch complex. After a gap of 60 approaches to its borders can be via land or • Optimize the decision and response process seconds another unnamed missile was shot off from another launch complex located 72 km away. sea. Therefore the ability to coordinate assets • Extend the security perimeter away from It intercepted the earlier launched missile and both the missiles were destroyed 70 km from the across all three services (Army, Air Force, and the homeland coast. The missile is high supersonic, can operate in the exo-atmosphere and is designed hit-to-kill. It is small wonder that DRDO could achieve this but more modest projects like Akash and Trishul Navy), is crucial. Long range surveillance • Be a multi-layered, network-enabled have not been successful. assets capable of detection beyond the horizon architecture • Include Consequence Management The security environment around India’s region do warrant air and missile defence measures. in both a land a sea environment are criti- Considering the advance technologies, infrastructure and large financial outlays involved in BMD, cal. Ship-based as well as land-based weapon • Implement a proven and disciplined engineering process India has to make a realistic and modest beginning by considering threat from air, cruise and tacti- platforms will need to be effectively deployed, cal ballistic missiles. Some other aspects suggested are: according to a well-defined national doctrine • A fully developed BMD model will have a layered integrated system capable of destroying meeting the needs of various perimeters of a ballistic missile in three distinct phases of flight—boost, midcourse and terminal. Advance protections (see map ‘Nominal Distances defining and unify existing air command and control sensors will be required to detect and identify the missile. The sensors can be space, air, zones of protection around India’). Within this systems across various national commands, land and sea based. The US has a limited BMD in place since 2006 with Patriot Advanced framework, one cannot discount the asymmet- and selection of a core set of interceptor Capability-3 (PAC-3) and Aegis BMD Standard Missile-3 combination. Directed Energy Weapons like laser can also be used when developed. In view of the limited resources India ric threat, such as the launch of a ballistic or weapon platforms has been the focus of this has, it can plan on a terminal interception as far away as possible and in certain circum- cruise missile from a merchant ship. study. The ALTBMD focused on out of area stances even midcourse interception. This necessitates acquiring PAC-3 type of missile system Include Consequence Management: operations, and was followed immediately and then expanding the BMD envelope in a phased manner. Engaging a ballistic missile and denying its by a follow-on study to determine suitable • The army should acquire medium range SAM’s with a range of about 70 km which will give delivery to its intended target is the objective architectures for the defence of Europe it surveillance and kill capability beyond the borders as these will be deployed well forward. of a missile defence system. Effective engage- under the current Missile Defence Feasibility With such a range they can easily be dovetailed into the layered integrated system concept ment by disabling a warhead still will result Study (MDFS). along with Quick Reaction SAM’s, shoulder-fired missiles and air defence gun systems of in falling debris that could cause damage on Cooperation between the US and Israel the army. the ground. Emergency preparedness, as well has been ongoing for nearly two decades, • Integration of all air defence resources of the armed forces and civil agencies under a single as the ability to integrate with first respond- with Israel now fielding the Arrow Weapon organisation like HQ’s Integrated Defence Staff. • Cooperation with other friendly countries for technology and regional BMD. It is not pos- ers is the fourth element of an effective bal- System. Similarly, cooperation between Japan sible for DRDO to develop BMD on a stand alone mode, for that matter India to have its listic missile defence system. and the US on the development and deploy- own BMD. Implement a proven & disciplined ment of a national missile defence system Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand

WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET engineering process: Finally, the integra- has been ongoing for the past decade. In

10 SP’S LAND FORCES 4/2008 Skyranger E 260x191.qxd 11.08.2008 16:29 Uhr Seite 1

ROUNDUP

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Pak’s Steady Descent Into Chaos Continued from page 2 Director CLAWS observes: “Zardari’s track record of a corrupt politician and provinces of Sindh, Baluchistan unscrupulous wheeler-dealer does not inspire confidence even as the Pakistan and NWFP. But Punjab, with 65 Army is in a crisis and waging a three-front war in the western provinces.” per cent of the country’s 160 mil- lion people, is run by rival Nawaz Sharif. Pakistani politics is a much BRIGADIER (RETD) GURMEET KANWAL weaker institution today and its ethnic and sectarian cleavages mbroiled in political turbulence, sy at Kabul—an accusation corroborated unsuccessful. The use of air strikes and stand widened. internal instability and serious by President Hamid Karzai’s government helicopter gunships to attack terrorist Musharraf joined the US war on trouble on its western border, in Afghanistan and by US intelligence. hideouts early in the summer proved to be terrorism but ran with the hare and Pakistan appears to be hurtling completely counter-productive. The army hunted with the hounds. In the end, Einexorably downhill despite Asif Ali Economy & hope in tatters has been forced by the TTP, headed by he fell between two stools. Pakistan Zardari’s election as President. The slide Pakistan’s economy is another cause for Baitullah Mehsud of South Waziristan, to has re-emerged as the epicentre began in August and has continued since. concern. Inflation, at over 21 per cent, wage a three-front “war”: against the TTP of jehadi terrorism with a tattered First, General Pervez Musharraf finally is having a crippling impact even as the and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan international image. Despite a realised that leading political parties, the stock market’s abrupt crash has wiped in South Waziristan; against the anti-Shia strong dislike for American poli- people and the US administration wanted out the savings of the middle-class, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi in the sensitive Darra cies within Pakistan, Islamabad has him out, and that even the Pakistan Army prompting violent demonstrations. Adam Khel-Kohat area of NWFP and the to put up with severe pressure found his further continuation in office Zardari’s election to the post of Shia-dominated Kurram Agency of FATA; from Washington because neither embarrassing. After adamantly claiming President has not aroused any feelings and, against the Tehrik-e-Nifaz-Shariat-e- can the US forces (in Afghanistan) he would defend himself at the impeach- of hope among the people. His previous Mohammadi and the Jaish-e-Mohammad afford to lose the logistics life- ment debate in the National Assembly, he track record as an utterly corrupt politi- in the Swat Valley of the NWFP. Peace line passing through Northwest eventually resigned as President. Second, cian and unscrupulous wheeler-dealer— deals with all three are unlikely. Pakistan nor can Pakistan lose the even as the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan that earned him the notorious sobriquet economic, military and diplomatic (TTP) continued to gain ground in the “Mr 10 per cent” when Benazir Bhutto Trouble within & without support of the US. North West Frontier Province (NWFP) was Prime Minister—does not inspire Evidently, the US and allies are frustrated The Musharraf era has left and Federally Administered Tribal Areas confidence for democracy to flourish in by Pakistan’s failure to deal with al-Qaeda Pakistan more vulnerable and (FATA), radical extremists carried out Pakistan. However, as a civilian President, and Taliban militants launching raids on more dependent on the Pakistan their most destructive attack outside he will enjoy considerable powers. US and NATO troops across the Durand Army. Will the weak Asif Ali the gates of the Wah ordnance factory, Line. President Bush is reported to have Zardari government be able to underlining their ability to attack at a Army in a crisis secretly approved unilateral US trans-bor- cope up with these challenges point and time of their choosing. Led by General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, a der intervention against militants inside that threaten the very existence of Third, Nawaz Sharif ’s PML pulled the COAS who appears to lack both initiative Pakistani territory. Irked, Islamabad has Pakistan? If it succeeds, it will be a rug from under the ruling coalition for and ideas to deal with the deteriorating threatened to retaliate. At this juncture, miracle. If it fails, we will remem- failing to honour its promise to restore internal security situation, the Pakistan Pakistan’s military is in no shape to step ber the graffiti that appeared on a the judges sacked by Musharraf, includ- Army is facing perhaps its deepest crisis into what it probably perceives as a poten- Karachi wall in August 1990: “We ing Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhuri. since its strategic blunder in Kargil even tial political quagmire. However, if histor- apologise for this temporary demo- Fourth, the stagnating rapprochement as it struggles in vain to contain the insur- ical evidence is any guide, such restraint cratic interruption. Normal martial process with India touched nadir as Delhi gency in the NWFP and FATA. Its policy of may yet prove to be fleeting if conditions law will be resumed shortly.” SP accused Pakistan of large-scale ceasefire placing the Frontier Corps in the vanguard continue to deteriorate. SP violations along the LoC and of master- while the regular army trains and equips The writer is former Chief of Army Staff, Indian Army. minding the attack on the Indian embas- for a counter-insurgency role has been The writer is the Director, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi.

4/2008 SP’S LAND FORCES 11 Technology Future Infantry Soldier System Future infantry soldier as a system perceives the soldier as part of an overall army system—a multi-mission, multi-mode, multi-role, war fighter consisting of the individual soldier along with his integrated soldier system set

LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR

istory has shown that new war conflicts by employing emerging technologies. weather conditions. This component of the fighting technologies confer decisive In tune with other armed forces of the world Discerning nations realise system has to be modular, ruggedised and free advantages to the side that possesses and to secure the combat edge over future that given the rarity of full from stoppages during the course of battle. them. Latest instances are the wars adversaries, the Indian Army (IA) also has Survivability: The soldier should have Hin Afghanistan and in Iraq that have once again taken a number of initiatives towards mod- scale state-to-state wars adequate protection to his vital body parts demonstrated how relatively smaller number ernization and is developing network centric and with future challenges from any fire or shrapnel and should have the of troops using precision weaponry and net- warfare capabilities. In this context, the capabil- ability to survey the battlefield immediately worked digitized communications, combined ity of the infantry soldier will be substantially confined to the lower around and detect and engage the enemy with integrative technologies (C4ISR), were able upgraded and transformed by the project called end of the spectrum of swiftly by day as well night in a wide variety to wrap up military operations with precision Future Infantry Soldier As A System (F-INSAS). of terrain and weather conditions as preva- war, the forces they have lent in India. Concept are mostly ineffectual. Mobility: Components of the soldier systems To optimise the Most armies the world over are utilising Transformation can make have to be very light, taking full advantage of effectiveness of infantry emerging technologies to support soldier Nano technology in this field. This will enable modernisation programme. The increase in the available forces more suitable ergonomics for the individual infan- soldier, the army needs demand for rapid deployment and frequent efficient and viable. tryman operating in any terrain condition. to evolve a system that manoeuvre of forces in various theatres Sustainability: The components, namely require the solder to rely more on informa- the weapons, equipment and clothing, facilitates integration tion superiority to locate, identify threat and Major Facets should be ruggidised and be capable of being and inter-operability. effectively engage opposing forces while at Future infantry soldier as a system perceives operated for long duration in all conflict sce- the same time ensure high degree of own the soldier as part of an overall army sys- narios, all terrain types, and all weather con- The major facets of this survivability. It is towards achievement of this tem—a multi-mission, multi-mode, multi- ditions with minimal changes/ adjustments system are lethality, aim that the future infantry soldier has been role, war fighter consisting of the individual and reconfigurations. conceptualised. soldier along with his integrated soldier Communications and Situational survivability, mobility, Many discerning nations realise that given system set that contains numerous modular awareness: The individual soldier needs to sustainability and the rarity of full scale state-to-state wars and but integrated components. To make these be configured with digital communications with future challenges confined to the lower futuristic requirements, the DGI has estab- and electro-optical situational awareness situational awareness. end of the spectrum of war, the forces they lished the F–INSAS Cell who, among its other equipment capable of integration with a have are mostly ineffectual. Transformation duties, is also responsible for drawing up network enabled battle management system. holds out the prospect of making the available the General Staff Qualitative Requirements The system should have components which and speed. Many analysts argue that the con- forces more efficient and viable through the (GSQRs) of individual component systems will enable the soldier and the commanders flicts in Afghanistan and Iraq are still ongoing adoption of new technologies and new meth- and the GSQR as a whole so as to guide the at all levels to keep track of their own and and though new technologies may have greatly ods of waging wars. With greater focus on low industry in a precise manner. enemy situation. assisted the US forces in achieving a quick intensity conflicts, such as insurgencies, terror- To optimise the effectiveness of infantry sol- The success of the above project will depend military victory initially, peace has proved to ism and asymmetrical warfare, the importance dier, the army needs to evolve a system which upon the close cooperation between the scien- be elusive despite the troop strength increasing of the individual soldier remains paramount. facilitates integration and inter-operability with tists, industry and the defence representatives. from time to time. While this is true, neverthe- Therefore, the equipment, weaponry, com- other arms and within infantry itself. Basically, As per current indications, the Version 1 of the less these two wars and the ongoing, technol- munications and other gadgets that empower the major facets of this system are lethality, system will be based on available civilian tech- ogy driven, revolution in military affairs (RMA) him to fight better and survive on the future survivability, mobility, sustainability and situ- nologies with suitable adaptation for military have spurred military leadership all over the battlefield hog the spotlight, receiving primary ational awareness. use and later, in Version 2, further ruggedisa- world to review military doctrines, organisa- attention of the military leadership. Within the Lethality: It is the ability to employ the tion and specifics can be introduced. Based on tions, force structures and equipment in light of IA, the F-INSAS Project is being handled by the weapon system to accurately and effectively this overall framework, the IA intends to induct the changes observed in the method of waging Directorate General of Infantry (DGI). destroy the enemy by day and night and in all Version 1 by 1212 and Version 2 by 2020. SP WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET

12 SP’S LAND FORCES 4/2008 Counter Terrorism Spoils of Extortion To facilitate growth and spread, the Naxals have strategically ROUNDUP targeted every source of wealth generation in the areas where they exert considerable influence AMIT KUMAR SINGH

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4/2008 SP’S LAND FORCES 13 from state to state. As per the estimates, Bihar Naxals have been able to extort enables them Naxalites aim at enhancing mass support vacuum which has allowed them to enforce and Chhattisgarh contribute about Rs 200 to maintain the increasing cadre strength at every stage of their movement. The funds their network and authority. The function- crore and Rs 150 crore, respectively, while necessary to retain their presence over vast enable them to equip and maintain their ing of the industrial and mining units or any Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh racks in Rs stretches of territory. They are said to have propaganda machinery which is guided by other business activity depends upon the 350 crore and Rs 100 crore, respectively. The 10,000 to 20,000 regular armed cadres the respective central propaganda bureaus. good will of the Naxalite groups. The only assessments have been made on the basis of and around 50,000 for logistical support. They take up domestic and international way to attain this good will and to avoid any activities carried out by the Naxalites. Besides, the strength of those who are associ- issues for discussion and analysis in order to violent retribution is to follow the dictate of The rebels exercise a monopolistic control ated through various frontal organisations convince the people of the rationale, righ- the Naxalites and adhere to their demands. over government contracts and the forest reaches up to one lakh. The cadres are paid teousness and imperative of an alternative Those who don’t follow have to bear the produce in their area of dominance. Lately, relatively well. Arrested Naxalites have often system for which they have been struggling. brunt. A recent incident in which 22 trucks the government has floated a number of stated that the prime motivation behind their To this effect, they to organise mass protests, of an industrial group were burnt down is a developmental schemes with large amounts joining the Naxal fold is an assurance of a economic blockades, seminars and so on manifestation of that. of funds, such as the Pradhan Mantri Gram regular and decent salary. The funding also to propagate their aims and ideology. They To curtail the spread of the movement, Sadak Yojana, National Rural Employment enables them to maintain their R&D units also sensitise the masses through literature the government needs to choke their funding Guarantee Act and the Backward Regions spread throughout the country. These units circulation. Awam-e-Jung, one of the main channels. For that the whole governmental Grant Fund. The Naxalites receive a substan- are located in various cities such as Bhopal, publications of the CPI (Maoists) has a good system need to be overhauled. Even though tial share of all development funding flowing Jamshedpur and Rourkela. The recovery of circulation. there is no dearth of policies, approaches into these areas. All government contracted empty rocket shells and knocked down kits A miniscule proportion, roughly an esti- and fund allocations, the efficient and the construction works, auctions, coal and min- of rocket launchers that originated in the mated 5 per cent of the annual earnings transparent implementation of the same eral mining companies, illegal mining activi- Amabattur Industrial estate near Chennai of the extremist groups goes into financing remains a distant reality. No matter what ties, road contractors, and other Industries suggest a pan-India network of manufacture development activities in their pockets of quantum of funds is pumped in, no sub- in their area of influence come under their and R&D. Besides, they have dedicated teams influence. These could be in the form of lay- stantial result can be expected unless the extortion network. They levy tax on every for repair and fabrication of weapons as well. ing roads, minor irrigation projects and run- schemes are efficiently and transparently truck that passes through their area. During Media reports suggest the CPI (Maoist) ning mobile hospitals in remote parts of the implemented from top to bottom. All these the season in which the tendu leaf is plucked, has a budget of Rs 60 crore for arms and country. Efforts are also made to diversify and need consistent monitoring. these groups move to the areas where the leaf ammunition procurement for the period improve agricultural production, plant fruit The government should come up with is grown and plucked where they implement 2007-2009. They are also aiming at acquir- trees, rear fish and improve varieties of cattle. more schemes which aim at equitable strong arm methods to extort money from ing sophisticated warfare technologies and development of regions and generation of the contractors. Besides, they organise the weapon systems. They have achieved a major An institutionalised employment. The foremost responsibility of labourers employed in the collection of tendu, upgradation and intensification in fire power collection network the state, and the need hour, is to uphold the fight for their wages and accept contribu- (from the landmines to grenade launchers). The collection network is well entrenched law of the land, provide security of life and tions from them in the name of party funds. The Naxals no more rely on looting as the and institutionalised in areas where Naxalites property and provide a secure environment In addition, the Naxalites also engage in, or main source of arms procurement. Rather, exercise considerable influence. The collected/ for development and economic growth in control, significant levels of illegal economic they are buying sophisticated arms from extorted funds are documented and the chan- the areas which have been deeply affected activity, especially harvesting and smuggling within and from outside the country. Lately, nels for the flow of the funds is well laid-out by the Naxalite violence. In such areas of forest produce. Smuggling of tendu leaves there has been an effort on their part to and adhered to from top to the bottom. In some (deeply affected), the only alternative is the and other forest products such as opium and acquire urban warfare capabilities such as areas, the extortion and levies have acquired use of force as in these areas the extremism kattha also adds to their coffers. Activists, training in anti-aircraft guns, rigging remote- a shape of lucrative business. The mafia gangs has reached a stage where it has acquired a supporters and sympathisers also make con- controlled explosives devices in cars and even in some districts of Bihar and other states have dynamic entirely of its own, one that is self tributions. human bombs. Reports suggest that they joined the Naxal groups just for the sake of the sustaining unless forcefully and forcibly dis- have acquired 80 mm mortars and rocket huge amount of money that is involved. rupted. SP Where do the funds go? propelled grenade rifles. They are also found Lack of governance and an adequate The enormous amount of funding that the using satellite phones. security environment has generated a power The writer is a Research Fellow at the Centre for land Warfare Studies.

Seminar Report Quotes & queries ‘Future Main Battle Tank & Infantry Combat Vehicle’ was discussed threadbare at a seminar attended by top officials and representatives from the government and industry LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR

uture Main Battle Tank & Infantry for the attention of the Defence Minister: which will enable participation of the in defence equipment for which he said the gov- Combat Vehicle” was the focus of a • There was an urgent need to identify the industry both private and public. ernment had taken a number of initiatives. seminar conducted by the Director Rashtriya Udyog Ratnas (RURs). Lt General Dalip Bhardwaj, DGMF: Stating M. Natrajan, DRDO Chief: The Scientific General Mechanised Forces (DGMF) • Appropriate industries, both public and pri- clearly the requirements of the mechanized Advisor to the Defence Minister and head Fand the CII in Delhi on July 22 and 23. The vate, must be involved at the conceptualisa- forces in the era 2020 and beyond, DGMF Lt of Defence Research and Development programme was scheduled with a total of tion stage of the equipment. General Dalip Bhardwaj emphasised on the Organisation (DRDO) said they already had seven sessions, including the inaugural and the • Many private sector companies were will- need for introduction and integration of three a future battle tank in the “Arjun”. This tank valedictory sessions. The functional sessions ing to invest resources to undertake design, types of technologies: incidentally has not been operationalised were packed with presentations by military and development and production of defence • Intelligence surveillance and reconnais- despite 30 years of development effort. civilian professionals, foreign vendors, industry items. The Defence Procurement Board, sance which implies the entire range of Obviously, Natrajan was on a different grid. He representatives, academics and scientists. while nominating production agencies for sensors to impart full situational awareness went on to explain how the DRDO was learn- acquisitions, must provide equal opportuni- • Integrative technologies, or C412, for real- ing to interact and work with the users and Focus areas ties to these private sector companies. time information, instant response and underlined their difficulties with the army and • Global trends in Armoured Fighting • India cannot remain a net importer of accurate realtime engagement various arms within the army. Hearing the Vehicles (AFV) profiles and India’s require- security for ever. There must be a product • Precision weapons and munitions tech- Scientific Advisor one was tempted to ask as to ments development strategy which must be based nology to avoid collateral damage and to why were army officers at middle and senior • Insight into key technologies of the future on the capability requirement forecast of engage even beyond visual range targets levels not involved in the various project teams • Challenges in AFV design and development the armed forces. General Deepak Kapoor: Guest of Honour of the DRDO? Why was development not being • Assessing the capabilities of the Indian • Projects which are country specific and are General Deepak Kapoor, the Chief of Army done jointly? Why were arbitrary developments Industry in the design, development and under development phase and where the Staff (COAS), highlighted the technology driv- taking place in their organisation (Tank Ex & production of the FICV and FMBT specifications are meant to change, these en nature of future wars and said India needed ICV with 40 mm Cannon) without any consul- • Dovetailing of Engineer Support should be classified under ‘Make’ category to create a self-reliant defence industrial and tations with the user directorate? Requirements in the production and main- technological base. He pointed out that mind- Lt General H.S. Panag, General Officer tenance of AFVs in consonance with its life sets and procedural issues need to be addressed Commanding in Chief, Central Command: span The CII chief said India simultaneously. The long gestation periods Voicing his views on the FICV, Lt General • Challenges of Project Management and cannot forever remain a required for development of new systems Panag said he favoured the use of wheeled ICVs coordination between R&D, design, devel- net importer of security. would have to give way to speed and alacrity. as opposed to tracked ICVs. The advantages opment and productionising agencies A.K. Antony, Defence Minister: Defence included strategic and tactical mobility, low • Opportunities for public-private partnership There must be a product Minister A.K. Antony reiterated that future operating costs and a lower weight profile. He in AFV research, design and development development strategy wars would be technology driven and emerging said an 8X8 wheeled ICV was a stable platform technologies, together with innovative opera- for low recoil higher caliber guns like 105 mm Who said what based on the requirement tional doctrines and organisational innovations, or 120 mm. He felt wheeled ICVs could be Atul Kirloskar, Chairman, CII: In his open- forecast of armed forces. would provide for greater military effectiveness. employed in the mountainous terrain in the WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET ing remarks, the CII Chairman listed five issues He emphasised the need for greater self-reliance north as well as in the Northeast. SP

14 SP’S LAND FORCES 4/2008 Publisher and Editor-in-Chief News in Brief Jayant Baranwal Editor Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor India launches DPP 2008 sion. The remaining 49 per cent share stays India’s Ministry of Defence (MoD) has intro- with the present holding company, Denel (Pty) Assistant Editor duced updated defence procurement measures Ltd of Pretoria. Announced on February 8, the Arundhati Das that are focused on accelerating acquisition takeover comes into effect following approval Senior Technical Group Editor processes and providing greater flexibility to by the anti-trust authorities and prior fulfill- Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand vendors, whilst ensuring greater transpar- ment of the terms of the agreement. Contributing Editor ency in the procurement process. Defence Air Marshal (Retd) V.K. Bhatia Procurement Procedure (DPP) 2008 is an ■ update of DPP 2006 and its importance, Sub-Editor according to Defence Minister A.K. Antony, is Indian Cabinet nod to posts for Bipasha Roy ROUNDUP that it will align India with the rapid moderni- Armed Forces Tribunal Contributors India sation and restructuring of armed forces that www.kr.blog.com The Union Cabinet has given its approval for is being carried out worldwide. “We want a the creation of 31 posts for the Armed Forces General (Retd) V.P. Malik highly modern armed force, which will be able Limited, and missiles produced by Bharat Tribunal, paving the way for the creation of Lt General (Retd) Vijay Oberoi Lt General (Retd) R.S. Nagra to respond quickly and meet any challenges,” Dynamics Limited for the first time. The NAG, the proposed independent adjudicating forum Lt General (Retd) S.R.R. Aiyengar Antony said. The DPP 2008 is designed to unique in the world in its class, has both top for dispensing cost-effective and speedy justice Air Marshal (Retd) Vinod Patney boost India’s military capabilities by broaden- and front attack capability and having passive to the armed forces personnel. The setting up Major General (Retd) Ashok Mehta ing the vendor base to encourage competition homing guidance achieved through Imaging of the Armed Forces Tribunal will fulfill a long- Major General (Retd) G.K. Nischol and ensure better reliability and quality assur- Infrared Seeker System. With these trials, the felt need of the country’s three defence servic- Brigadier (Retd) Gurmeet Kanwal ance. Vendors will be required to give detailed NAG system is now ready for user trials. es. Over 9,800 cases filed by service personnel Brigadier (Retd) S. Mishra reliability reports and be involved with long are pending before various panels. The Armed Rohit Sharma term maintenance of the equipment. Vendors ■ Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 which was passed Europe will also be given advanced information about by the Parliament during the Winter Session of Andrew Brookes (UK) likely procurement programmes. Singapore, Australia ink 2007, received the assent of the President on USA & Canada defence agreement December 25, 2007. Lon Nordeen (USA) ■ Anil R. Pustam (West Indies) Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and ■ Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsieng Loong South Africa Stratfor reports on ISI links have signed an MoU to strengthen bilateral Helmoed R. Heitman with Islamic militants defence ties. A joint statement by the Prime Germany, Italy interested in Close on the heels of growing global criticism Ministers said the pact aims to strengthen hunter-killer drones Chairman & Managing Director Jayant Baranwal over ISI links with Islamic militants, Stratfor a defence ties between the two countries through German and Italian Air Forces have expressed leading US think tank has said that Pakistan “expanding cooperation and sharing resources interest in buying MQ-9 Reapers—armed Admin & Coordination President Pervez Musharraf is a key figure in to develop military expertise”. The pact also drones which the US military recently began Bharti Sharma Pakistan’s Kashmiri Islamist militant project. promotes cooperation in defence technol- flying in Iraq and Afghanistan—for sup- Design It also said the US could officially designate the ogy research and calls for annual meetings porting ground operations. The US Defence Associate Art Director: Ratan Sonal ISI as a terrorism-supporting entity. Stating between the defence ministries of the two Security Cooperation Agency said Germany Layout Designs: Rajkumar Sharma that the ISI played a key role in the rise of countries, partners in the Five Power Defence had requested five of the unmanned combat Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on transnational jihadism by cultivating Islamist Agreement since 1971. aircraft while Italy was seeking four. The MQ-9 behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd. All militants for its own strategic purposes in Reapers, known as hunter-killer drones, are rights reserved. No part of this publication Afghanistan and Kashmir, the Texas-based ■ unmanned aircraft that can carry four Hellfire may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval intelligence analysis agency, Stratfor has said missiles and two 550 lb laser-guided bombs. system, or transmitted in any form or by any that “Pakistan lacks any institutional checks The US valued the sale to Italy at $330 million means, photocopying, recording, electronic, Berkeley scientists step closer or otherwise without the prior written that could help maintain oversight over ISI to invisibility cloak (Rs 1,460 crore), including five years of main- permission of the publishers. operations”. Endorsing India’s view that ISI Scientists at the University of California, tenance and support. The sale to Germany is is patronising militants in Kashmir by giving Berkeley have taken a step closer to developing worth $205 million (Rs 910 crore), including Printed in India them all possible help, Stratfor, publisher of materials that could make people and objects one year of maintenance and support. by Rave India (www.raveindiapress.com) online geopolitical intelligence, in its recent invisible. Researchers where able to cloak © SP Guide Publications, 2008 report “Pakistan: Anatomy of the ISI” said the three-dimensional objects using artificially ■ Annual Subscription ISI had cultivated Kashmir-specific Islamist engineered materials, known as metamaterials, Inland: Rs. 600 • Overseas: US$180 militant groups. The report also said though that redirect light around objects. Objects are Taiwan military to convert Email: [email protected] Pakistan is trying to maintain its status as an visible because they reflect the light that hits to all-volunteer force For Advertising Details, Contact: ally in the US war against terror, “there is evi- them back to the human eye. Metamaterials The Republic of China is planning to convert [email protected] dence implicating the ISI in large-scale attacks developed at the university curve radar, light Taiwan’s military into an all-volunteer force [email protected] in both Afghanistan and India”. and other waves around an object so that they by 2013. The scheme, scheduled to commence [email protected] don’t create reflections or shadows. Berkeley’s in 2010, will annually reduce the number of SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD ■ lead scientist Xiang Zhang said, “In the case of conscripts until an all-volunteer force is estab- POSTAL ADDRESS invisibility cloaks or shields, the material would lished. At present, the proportion of conscripts Post Box No 2525, New Delhi 110 005, India issues tenders for 197 need to curve light waves completely around serving in the military stand at 40 per cent. India military helicopters the object like a river around a rock.” The Ministry of National Defence plans to Corporate Office In total, 384 utility helicopters would be reduce this to zero by 2013. A 133 Arjun Nagar, Opp Defence Colony, required for the Indian Army and Indian Air ■ New Delhi 110 003, India Force to replace the existing fleet of Cheetah/ ■ Tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, 24620130 Chetak. Request for Proposal has reportedly India, Singapore agree to Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 been issued for 197 utility helicopters for the conduct joint army exercises Poland signs missile defence Regd Office army (133) and the air force (64). They are India and Singapore signed a bilateral agree- deal with the US Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 expected to be inducted by 2010 and the cost is ment for the conduct of joint army training Poland has signed a defence deal with the US Email: [email protected] expected to be Rs 3,000 crore ($675 million). and exercises in India. The bilateral agreement to host a missile defence shield system at a base Representative Offices The remaining 187 will be made by Hindustan is in furtherance to the agreement signed on the Baltic coast. The US will install 10 inter- BANGALORE, INDIA Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The companies between the two Governments on Defence ceptor missiles at a base on the Baltic coast in Air Marshal (Retd) B.K. Pandey likely to compete are Bell Helicopters (US), Cooperation on October 13, 2003 and seeks return for helping strengthen Polish air defenc- 534, Jal Vayu Vihar, Eurocopter (European Consortium), Rosoboron to provide facilities in India to the Singapore es. In return, the US will help modernise the Kammanhalli Main Rd, Export (Russia), Augusta Westland (Italy), Armed Forces (SAF) for the purpose of joint Polish armed forces and install patriot missiles Bangalore 560043, India. Sikorsky (US) and McDonnel Douglas (US). military training and exercises. The training and a garrison of US serviceman in Poland to Tel: +91 (80) 23682534 Technical evaluation will be carried out jointly and exercises involve both armour and artil- strengthen the country’s air defences. MOSCOW, RUSSIA by army, air force and officials from HAL, and lery training/exercises, which would be carried LAGUK Co., Ltd completed by end of 2009. out at Babina and Deolali ranges. Such exer- Yuri Laskin cises/training were conducted previously on Appointments Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., 11/15, app. 132, ■ the basis of an MoU between the two countries • Lt General P. Mohapatra, Colonel Moscow 115172, Russia. entered into in January 2005, which was last Commandant of the Corps of Signals, Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, Anti-tank missile NAG extended up to June 2008. Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 hits bulls eye took over as Signal Officer-in-Chief on August 1. Alumnus of National Defence www.spguidepublications.com The DRDO has successfully tested the 3rd ■ Academy and Defence Services Staff www.spslandforces.net Generation fire-and-forget anti-tank guided College and commissioned into the Corps missile NAG. The tests, conducted over a range Rheinmetall takes over majority on November 14, 1971, he participated in of 4 km on stationary and moving targets at stake in Denel Munitions the Indo-Pak war in the Northern Theatre. Pokhran Range, confirmed all system capabili- Rheinmetall Defence has acquired a 51 per • Lt General M.S. Dadwal has taken over as ties of the NAG Missile, striking the targets cent stake in South Africa’s Denel Munitions, a Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Planning precisely. The army has witnessed the flight company which emerged from the state-owned & Systems), Integrated HQ of the Ministry tests of the production version of NAG Missile defence equipment contractor Denel (Pty) Ltd, of Defence (Army), South Block. Carrier NAMICA, made by Bharat Electronics where it constituted the latter’s munitions divi-

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MIND IS THE FIRST DEFENCE.

DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF ELECTRONIC DEFENCE SYSTEMS.