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Pennsylvania Magazine of HISTORY and BIOGRAPHY THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Stephen Girarcd's West Indian Trade* 1789-1812 AMERICAN trade to the West Indies prior to 1789 was as varied A as it was persistent, and frequently as lucrative as it was JL JL restricted. During the seventeenth and half of the eighteenth centuries, this trade developed rapidly despite restrictions enacted by England, France, and Spain, and the dangers of uncharted coast- lines and West Indian pirates. Smuggling and open violations of British trade regulations were widespread, resulting in economic prosperity for American colonists from 1650 to 1763, but after 1763 a tightening of British law enforcement severely injured American West Indian trade. The American Revolution saw a continuance of the West Indian trade despite British watchfulness, but when peace was restored in 1783, Americans found themselves excluded from all except Dutch and Danish West Indian ports. Subsequent years brought slight modifications of these restrictions and the evasion of those that were most obnoxious, with the result that by 1789 American West Indian commerce had been largely restored to pre-Revolution levels. When Stephen Girard's critical eye surveyed the prospects for a profitable trade with the West Indies in January, 1789, he was no * This article is based on a dissertation submitted to Temple University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. 3ii 312, ALBERT J. GARES October newcomer in the field. Indeed, in 1764, French-born Stephen visited Port-au-Prince, Hispaniola, and later made additional voyages to the Caribbean. In January, 1774,a fter having shipped out of Bordeaux on La Julie1 for Port-au-Prince, where he sustained a loss on mer- chandise he had purchased on credit, Girard, fearing imprisonment for his debts, obtained a discharge from La Julie's roll, and sailed for New York in July, 1774. From 1774t o I776, Girard served as mate or captain on vessels sailing from New York for Cap Frangois, Port- au-Prince, and New Orleans. While returning from Cap Frangois in command of j£a Jeune Babe in May, 1776, Girard, fearing for the safety of his crew and vessel, sailed into Delaware Bay and subse- quently arrived at Philadelphia early in June. From July, 1776, to October, 1788, Girard entered successively into three partnerships for the development of the West Indian trade, but found his greatest satisfaction in trading independently. Chartered vessels were sent to Cap Frangois with only mediocre suc- cess, but in April, 1784, Girard's dislike for paying freight charges culminated in his launching of the brig jQes T>eux Freres which, as the Kitty in 1786, and J^es T)eux oAmis in 1787, made numerous voyages to Le Cap, and fulfilled Girard's long-cherished ambition of returning to Marseille in 1788. In mid-April, 1789, Girard, interested in rice and flour speculations to Cap Frangois, and having dispatched jQes TteuxoAmis to Marseille, pur- chased the brigantine Tolly for £700 Pennsylvania currency. During the balance of the year the Tolly and the chartered vessels 8xumay Kitty, and Oeconomy voyaged to Cap Frangois with flour, rice, lard, ham, butter and corn meal, valued together at £9,555, and returned with coffee, molasses, sugar, syrup and specie, valued at £8,482. Only the chartered brig Barnada failed to reach Le Cap, having been wrecked off" the coast of Bermuda. Girard sustained a loss of £io5-9s-3d on the venture, but, never one to lament misfortune, dismissed it by saying, "I shall have to forget it and try to make up for it by a renewed activity if possible."2 At the receiving end of Girard's cargoes to Le Cap was John 1 Girard obtained his captain's license in October, 1773, but served as lieutenant on La Julie, 2 Girard to Jennings Tuckers & Co., Bermuda, August 28, 1789, Stephen Girard Papers, Letter Book II, 145. All manuscripts herein cited are from the Stephen Girard Papers in Girard College. 1948 STEPHEN GIRARD S WEST INDIAN TRADE 313 Girard, brother of Stephen, who frequently helped Stephen's vessels evade the customs there by filling in blank declarations, receiving prohibited articles omitted from the manifests, or receiving Girard's ships dispatched for Havana or St. Thomas but instructed to stop at Le Cap to "lighten their vessels"—an excellent excuse if the articles proved to be contraband.3 But this fraternal harmony was broken in April, 1790, when a quarrel over commissions, remittances of out- cargo values, lost merchandise and storage caused Stephen to transfer his business at Le Cap to Aubert, Rouch & Co. When Stephen purchased the brig Kitty from Captain John Cochran for £600 in April, 1790, and dispatched her for Le Cap with a £2,077 carg° °f flour, rice, and staves the following May, John Girard was quick to act. Filing a protest against the Kitty's return at Le Cap's Admiralty Office, brother John demanded that Stephen pay him £8,651 Hispaniola currency in settlement of Stephen's alleged debt. Threatened with a lawsuit and a long detention of the Kitty, Aubert, Rouch & Co. deducted debatable charges and paid John Girard £6,786 Hispaniola currency.4 But the incident was not closed, for in March, 1791, when the Polly was about to be dispatched to Philadelphia with a cargo of coffee and sugar, John Girard, convinced that brother Stephen still owed him £1,725, demanded the immediate payment of that sum by Aubert, Rouch & Co., and threatened to denounce the Polly, expose her Le Cap consignees to a fine, and Stephen to a serious loss. With considerable significance John Girard wrote, "The official declaration calls for 180 quintals of sugar and 7500 pounds of coffee, which is quite different from the cargo, at least 380 quintals of sugar and 20 thousand of coffee."5 Believing that John Girard was capable of carrying out his threat, and tacitly admitting that the Polly's invoice differed from the actual cargo by more than one half, Aubert, Rouch & Co. paid John the sum demanded. Stephen contented himself with refuting John's 3 Girard to Captain William Edger, Philadelphia, April 21, 1789, Letters Received (1789), 45; Girard to John Girard, Cap Francois, July 29, 1789, Letter Book II, 132. 4 Additional voyages of the Kitty and of the chartered Polly and Sally (I) to Cap Fran- cois in 1790, brought out-cargo valuations to £11,986, while return cargoes were valued at £10,766. 5 John Girard to Aubert, Rouch & Co., Cap Francois, March 24, 1791, Letters Received (1791), 66. 3I4 ALBERT J. GARES October charges and stating, "It is to be hoped that in the future he will be ashamed of his past conduct. As for myself, I shall forget him as well as his charming family."6 On August 23, 1791, a Negro rebellion, caused by the postponing of the enforcement of a French National Assembly decree granting political equality to free people of color, burst into full flame in northern Hispaniola. The Negroes, numbering upwards of 100,000, burned more than 300 plantations and murdered numerous whites. Authorities in Hispaniola's French ports placed an embargo on American ships, and soon specie became scarce, debts remained un- paid, and trade virtually ended. When the rebellion began, Aubert, Rouch & Co., with 200 barrels of the Kitty's flour in storage, were forced to offer them to the province, and when news of the uprising reached Girard, he was filled with anxiety, more because of his friends at Le Cap than by reason of his business interests there. Upon learning that Mr. Aubert planned to leave Le Cap and settle in Philadelphia or New York, Girard generously offered his services. "As the house I occupy is quite large," he wrote his consignees at Le Cap, "and I keep bachel- lor's hall, I shall invite him to stay with me and bring all his family with him."7 Two weeks prior to the rebellion, the Tolly had arrived at Le Cap and taken a cargo of freight to Port-au-Prince. After loading sugar and freight there, Captain William Edger, who found the times "sow defeguilt that I canot till what is to be done,"8 found himself embargoed until October 7, 1791, and then departed only after pay- ing heavy duties and undergoing a rigorous inspection which forced Etienne Patot & Co., the Tolly's consignees, to make a full declara- tion of the vessel's cargo. When Etienne Patot & Co. expressed regret for this "injury" to his interests, Girard, unconvinced, wrote Aubert, Rouch & Co.: I observe that all those who do business with your island declare only one-half or one-quarter of their entrance cargoes as well as of their outgoing cargoes, and I will ask you to conform to this custom as much as you can.9 6 Girard to Aubert, Rouch & Co., Cap Frangois, July [April?] 27,1791, Letter Book III, 144. 7 Girard to Aubert, Rouch & Co., Cap Frangois, October 14,1791, Letters Received (1791), 3°4- 8 Captain William Edger, Port-au-Prince, to Girard, September 21, 1791, Ibid., 191. 9 Girard to Aubert, Rouch & Co., Cap Francois, December 19, 1791, Letter Book III, 349. 1948 STEPHEN GIRARD'S WEST INDIAN TRADE 315 When news of the repeal of the French decree granting political equality to free people of color was received at Port-au-Prince, the mulattoes arose in rebellion on November 21, 1791, and burned more than 300 homes in the town before they were dispersed. Letters from Cap Frangois bore witness to the savagery of the Negroes. "Their savage barbarity/' reported a correspondent, "have spared neither age or sex ...
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