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Tolerancia a La Salinidad En Especies Cespitosas

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Tolerancia a La Salinidad En Especies Cespitosas Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 39, No.4, October-December, 219-228, 2016 / Wendy M. Ramírez-Suárez 219 REVIEW PAPER Salinity tolerance in turfgrass species Wendy M. Ramírez-Suárez and Luis A. Hernández-Olivera Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey, Universidad de Matanzas, Ministerio de Educación Superior Central España Republicana, CP 44280, Matanzas, Cuba E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Salinity constitutes one of the problems that affect the sustainable development of gardening in tourism areas, golf courses, public spaces and sports fields; by causing stress in the turfgrass species and deteriorating the soil structure. Turfgrass production in Cuba takes place at the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey (Matanzas province), and its starting point are the results obtained at international level to search for alternatives that allow higher utilization of salinization-degraded soils and the increase of the production potential of the grass with the required quality. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of salinity tolerance in turfgrass species. It approaches the stress types in plants, especially the stress caused by saline soils; the salinity tolerance mechanisms in plants and the studies conducted in some salinity-tolerant turfgrass species. Understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms and evaluating turfgrass species are essential to provide a practical solution for the salinity problem and establish a correct management in the turfgrass areas. Keywords: electrical conductivity, abiotic stress, saline soil INTRODUCTION turf aesthetic quality, functionality and yield. In The versatility and functionality of turfgrass that sense, it is not strange that most breeding pro- species has had a determinant impact on the grams in recent years have been aimed at obtaining accelerated growth of the turfgrass industry in many varieties tolerant to abiotic stress factors, such as countries, whose market value has reached up to 35 salinity (Abogadallah et al., 2010), drought (Barnes billion dollars only in the United States. The increase et al., 2014), shade (Trappe et al., 2011) and low temperatures (Li et al., 2010), among others. of the surface dedicated to the cultivation of turfgrass Hydric stress (caused by salinity and/or drought) species increases in a directly proportional way to the is one of the most studied abiotic factors, for two increase of population nuclei in urban zones, for which main reasons: first, because it causes severe damage the demand of plants for landscaping and recreational on plants; and, second, due to the large land extension areas grows exponentially (Huang et al., 2014). In this that is affected by these limiting factors (Marcum, sense, Cuba is not an exception. The main tourism 2014). The negative effects of this stress type are areas of the country are located in the Cuban coasts, significantly increased in coastal zones because of which demand large surfaces covered by turfgrass, the so-called “island effect”, for the high salt content just like the golf courses which have become a of the waters (Tang et al., 2013; Manuchehri and fundamental income source through international Salehi, 2014). tourism (Marrero, 2006). The current turfgrass production in Cuba is However, one of the main challenges faced by led by the Pastures and Forages Research Station the turfgrass industry is maintaining a high-quality Indio Hatuey (Matanzas province), which has a turfgrass under adverse edaphoclimatic conditions, turfing service that includes the sale, planting, with minimum inputs and scarce or no environmen- establishment, fertilization, phytosanitary attention tal impact. The most effective way to address this is- and rehabilitation of the turf, and in turn aims at sue is the development, introduction and exploitation improving the quality of golf courses, sports fields, of germplasm that tolerates the main stress factors gardens and public spaces, without forgetting which affect turfgrass species (Huang et al., 2014). the mandatory respect towards the environment. These turfgrass species are affected by several Likewise, this institution works on the establishment abiotic stress factors that influence especially the and evaluation of salinity-tolerant grasses and 220 Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 39, No.4, October-December, 219-228, 2016 / Salinity tolerance in turfgrass species aims at implementing a technology that prevents perenne L. (ryegrass), Festuca rubra var. commutata excessive water consumption, to achieve sustainable and Festuca ovina var. duriuscula (sheep fescue), and development in the new gardening. Agrostis stolonifera L. (creeping bentgrass), (Huang Taking such problematic situation into account, et al., 2014). the objective of this paper is to contribute to the The most important morphoagronomic charac- knowledge about salinity tolerance in turfgrass teristics that the species must have for turf formation species. are: fast germination and establishment, fine texture (leaf width), intense color, strong root system, re- Distribution, morphology and classification sistance to trampling, adaptation to low cutting and of turfgrass species creeping and slow growth, besides showing resis- Taxonomically most turfgrass species belong tance and/or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. to the Poaceae family, which is considered highly important due to its cosmopolitan distribution and Abiotic stress and climate change its usefulness (Kellogg, 2001). In biology, the concept of stress is hard to define, The Poaceae family, the largest of flowering taking into consideration that a certain biological plant families, comprises more than 9 000 species condition can represent stress for an organism and, at practically distributed in all the ecotypes of the the same time, be optimum for another. In a practical planet. However, only fifty of these species have the way, it can be considered as any adverse strength or adequate agro-morphological characteristics to be condition that inhibits the normal functioning of a exploited, because of their functional, recreational biological system (Mahajan and Tuteja, 2005). The and ornamental value, as turf-forming plants. Be- term stress in the framework of plant physiology sides acting as plant cover in public parks, gardens, “shows the magnitude of environmental pressure that landscapes, golf courses and sports fields, they are forces change in the physiology of a plant” (Nilsen able to reduce soil erosion, eliminate dust and dirt and Orcutt, 1996). Levitt (1980) defines stress as: from the air, release oxygen and act as natural filter, “any environmental factor potentially unfavorable elimination the contaminants of underground wa- for living organisms”. ters (Uddin and Juraimi, 2013). Plants are affected mainly by two types of Turfgrass species are reproduced by seeds, al- stress: biotic and abiotic (physical or chemical). The though they can be vegetatively established through biotic ones are originated by living organisms and stolons, sods and/or cuttings. They have a dense comprise allelopathies and susceptibility to pests and and fibrous root system which is extended mainly diseases; while the abiotic ones are environmental, within the first 15-30 cm of soil. In turfgrasses there such as salinity, high/low temperatures, drought, are three types of stem: crown, flowering culm and shade, atmospheric contamination and toxins, creeping or lateral stems, called stolons or rhizomes among others. Abiotic stresses are one of the main (Uddin and Juraimi, 2013). factors that limit plant distribution and productivity According to the adaptation ranges to the different of agricultural crops, because they affect negatively rainfall and temperature conditions, turfgrass plant growth and productivity and trigger a series species can be divided into: megathermal (warm of morphological, physiological, biochemical and latitudes) and mesothermal (cold latitudes). The molecular disorders (Bhatnagar-Mathur et al., 2008; megathermal ones grow in an optimum temperature Cheng, 2014). range that varies between 24 and 35 ºC and comprise In the last decades, the increase of the CO2 level perennial species such as Buchloe dactyloides Nutt. in the troposphere has triggered global warming and (buffalo grass), Zoysia japonica Steud. (Zoysia the so-called climate change. These conditions have grass), Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. (bermuda), brought about the increasing appearance of extreme Eremochloa ophiuroides Munro (centipede grass), climate conditions, such as large drought and Paspalum vaginatum Sw. (paspalum), Stenotaphrum flooding periods, prolonged heat or low temperatures; secundatum Walt. Kuntze (Saint Augustine grass), as well as the increase of soil salinization in many among others. On the other hand, mesothermal regions of the world, because of the elevation of sea species grow in a temperature range between 10 and level (Feng et al., 2014; Flowers and Colmer, 2015). 22 ºC and comprise perennial and annual species These atmospheric phenomena drastically affect such as Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (tall fescue), plant growth and productivity, and constitute an Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass), Lolium increasing threat for sustainability in agriculture, Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 39, No.4, October-December, 219-228, 2016 / Wendy M. Ramírez-Suárez 221 biodiversity and homeostasis of ecosystems (Feng effect and the decrease of the osmotic potential of et al., 2014). the soil. Salinization is one of the most
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