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Amicus Curiae Transgender Law Center, Interact, and Beyond Binary Legal IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OREGON In the Matter of: CA No. A171609 JONES DAVID HOLLISTER, Lane County Circuit Petitioner- Case No. 19CV20980 Appellant. BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE TRANSGENDER LAW CENTER, INTERACT, AND BEYOND BINARY LEGAL Appeal from the Order and General Judgment of the Circuit Court of Lane Count The Honorable Charles D. Carlson, Circuit Court Judge John C. Clarke, OSB No. 153245 [email protected] Bruce L. Campbell, OSB No. 925377 [email protected] MILLER NASH GRAHAM & DUNN LLP 3400 U.S. Bancorp Tower 111 S.W. Fifth Avenue Portland, Oregon 97204 Telephone: 503.224.5858 Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Transgender Law Center, interACT, and Beyond Binary Legal November 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ........................................................... 1 ARGUMENT ............................................................................................. 4 I. Sex Traits Vary Beyond the Stereotypical Male/Female Binary ..... 4 A. Background on Intersex People .............................................. 4 B. Intersex and Other Communities Face Harm Based on Their Differences ..................................................................... 7 C. Gender Identity is the Primary Determinant of Sex ........... 12 II. The Law and Medicine Have Recognized Intersex and Nonbinary People for Millennia ..................................................... 16 III. The Circuit Court Misinterpreted California’s and Oregon’s Standards ....................................................................................... 19 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 23 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH BRIEF LENGTH AND TYPE SIZE REQUIREMENTS ....................................................... 1 CERTIFICATE OF FILING AND SERVICE ........................................... 1 i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page Cases F.V. v. Barron, 286 F Supp 3d 1131 (D Idaho 2018) ................................................... 13 In re Heilig, 816 A2d 68 (Md 2003) ......................................................................... 13 Maffei v. Kolaeton Indus., Inc., 164 Misc 2d 547, 626 NYS2d 391 (Sup Ct NY Cty 1995) .................. 13 Schroer v. Billington, 424 F Supp 2d 203 (DDC 2006) .......................................................... 13 Statutes and Codes Cal Health & Safety Code § 103425 ................................................. 18, 20 Former Cal Health & Safety Code § 103425(a) (2016) .......................... 21 DC Code Ann § 50-1401.01 ..................................................................... 19 NJ Stat Ann § 26:8-40.12 ........................................................................ 19 ORS 33.460 ........................................................................................ 21, 23 Wash Admin Code 246-490-075 .............................................................. 19 Other Authorities Tamara Alexander, The Medical Management of Intersexed Children: An Analogue for Childhood Sexual Abuse, ISNA (1997), https://goo.gl/fy9jae ............................................................................... 9 ii Rabail Baig, Foreign Policy, A First For Pakistan’s Third Gender (March 30, 2012), https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/30/a-first-for-pakistans- third-gender/ ....................................................................................... 17 Melanie Blackless et al., How Sexually Dimorphic Are We? Review and Synthesis, 12 Am J Hum Biol 151 (2000) ...................................................................................... 5 Changing Birth Certificate Sex Designations: State-by-State Guidelines, Lambda Legal, https://www.lambdalegal.org/know-your- rights/article/trans-changing-birth-certificate-sex- designations (last updated Sept. 17, 2018) ........................................ 19 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Disorders of Sexual Development in Childhood 25-31 (2006), Consortium on the Management of Disorders of Sex Development, https://goo.gl/bKQcES ......................................................................... 14 Sarah Creighton et al., Timing and Nature of Reconstructive Surgery for Disorders of Sex Development–Introduction, 8 J Pediatric Urol 602 (2012) ............................................................... 8, 9 Sarah Creighton et al., Objective Cosmetic and Anatomical Outcomes at Adolescence of Feminising Surgery for Ambiguous Genitalia Done in Childhood, 358 Lancet 124 (2001) ..................................................................................................... 9 David A. Diamond et al., Gender Assignment for Newborns With 46XY Cloacal Exstrophy: A 6-Year Followup Survey of Pediatric Urologists, 186 J Urol 1642, 1643 (2011) ......................... 7 Eliminating Forced, Coercive and Otherwise Involuntary Sterilization: An Interagency Statement, OHCHR, UN Women, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF & WHO (2014), https://goo.gl/nzXm6f ......................................................................... 10 iii 1 Enactments of Justinian: The Digest or Pandects tit. 5, ¶ 10 (S. P. Scott ed., 1932), https://bit.ly/2LecBPy ................................ 18 Fact Sheet: Intersex at 2, Free & Equal: UN for LGBT Equality (2015), https://www.unfe.org/system/unfe-65- Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf .................................................... 11 Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality 51 (2000) ................................................ 5 P. S. Furtado et al., Gender Dysphoria Associated With Disorders of Sex Development, 9 Nat Rev Urol 620 (Nov. 2012) .................................................................................................... 14 Julie A. Greenberg, Intersexuality and the Law 20 (2012) ..................... 14 Laura Hermer, Paradigms Revised: Intersex Children, Bioethics & the Law, 11 Ann Health L 195 (2002) .......................... 6, 8 I. A. Hughes et al., Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders, 118 Pediatrics 488, 491 (2006) ................ 5, 6, 9, 14 A Human Rights Investigation Into the Medical “Normalization” of Intersex People 17-18, S.F. Human Rights Comm’n (2005), https://goo.gl/trBnGT ............................................................................ 9 Human Rights Violation, Advocates for Informed Choice (Mar. 2013), https://goo.gl/Nf7Xt7 ........................................................ 7 Indian Health Service, Two Spirit, https://www.ihs.gov/lgbt/health/twospirit/ (accessed Nov. 4, 2019) ................................................................................................ 16 “I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me”: Medically Unnecessary Surgeries on Intersex Children in the U.S. 58, Human Rights Watch & interACT (2017), https://bit.ly/2Y1N6DZ .......................................................................... 9 Martin Kaefer & Richard C. Rink, Treatment of the Enlarged Clitoris, Frontiers in Pediatrics (Aug. 2017) ........................................ 7 iv Katrina Karkazis, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience 57-58 (2008) ................................................... 7, 8 Eleanor Kleiber, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa Library, Gender Identity and Sexual Identity in the Pacific and Hawai'i: Introduction (Sept. 10, 2019), https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105466& p=686754 ............................................................................................. 17 Michaela Koch, Discursive Intersexions: Daring Bodies Between Myth, Medicine, and Memoir 31 (2017) ............................... 18 Peter Lee et al., Review of Recent Outcome Data of Disorders of Sex Development (DSD): Emphasis on Surgical and Sexual Outcomes, 8 J Pediatric Urol 611 (Dec. 2012) .......................... 9 Peter A. Lee et al., Global Disorders of Sex Development Update Since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care, Horm. Res. Paediatr. (2016), doi: 10.1159/000442975 ...................... 14 Eric Lohman & Stephani Lohman, Raising Rosie: Our Story of Parenting an Intersex Child (UBCPress 2018) .............................. 10 Juan E. Méndez, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ¶ 77, UN Doc. A/HRC/22/53 (Feb. 1, 2013) .................... 10 More Than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Classical Judaism, Sojourn Blog (June 1, 2015), https://goo.gl/5BsHzS .......................................................................... 17 Carla Murphy et al., Ambiguous Genitalia in the Newborn: An Overview and Teaching Tool, 24 J Pediatric Adolescent Gynecology 236, 236-37 (2011) .......................................... 6 Natalie Nokoff et al., Prospective Assessment of Cosmesis Before and After Genital Surgery, 13 J Pediatric Urol 28.e1 to 28.e6 (2017) ............................................................................. 8 1 Julia M. O’Brien, ed., Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies 311-12 (2014) ............................................................. 17 v Pliny, Natural History 7:3 (John Bostock trans., 1855), https://goo.gl/nHahlm ......................................................................... 17 Policy Statement on the Rights of Intersex Individuals, Amnesty International (2013) ............................................................ 10 Recommendations From interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth Regarding
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