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Introduction 1 Notes Introduction 1. John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, Man and Woman Boy and Girl: The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), 9. 2. Rosie Braidotti, Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Differ- ence in Contemporary Feminist Theory (New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1994); Georges Canguilhem, On the Normal and the Pathological, trans. Carolyn Fawcett (Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing, 1978). 3. I refer here to the late David Reimer, whom Money recommended be reassigned and reared as a girl following the loss of his penis after a botched circumcision when he was an infant. See Bernice Hausman, “Do Boys Have to Be Boys? Gender, Narrativity, and the John/Joan Case,” NWSA Journal 12, no. 3 (2000): 114–138. 4. Perhaps the most public of those attacks was that of Rolling Stone jour- nalist John Colapinto. See John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (Sydney: Harper Collins, 2000). 5. Refer to “Notes on terminology and definitions” for an explanation of this hyphenation. 6. Money on the other hand has acknowledged—however disapprovingly—the ways in which feminism impacted on his theories of gender. 7. This is not to suggest that gender ceased to be a language tool but rather that its conceptual load increased exponentially when it became the signifier of characters, behaviors, and identities as masculine or feminine. 8. Natural gender, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a feature of modern English where “nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter according as the objects they denote are male, female, or of neither sex; and the gender of a noun has no other syntactical effect than that of determining the pronoun that must be used in referring to it” http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50093521?query_type=word& queryword=gender, s.v. GENDER n. 2. 9. Hausman’s exacting reading of the early work of Money serves as a foundation for some of the key arguments made in Chapters 1 and 3 198 Notes (Bernice Hausman, Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology and the Idea of Gender [Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995], 72–109). 10. Ann Curthoys, ed., Gender in the Social Sciences in Australia (Canberra: Australian Publishing Service, 1998), 41; Gayle Rubin and Judith Butler, “Sexual Traffic,” in Coming out of Feminism? ed. Mandy Merk, Naomi Segal, and Elizabeth Wright (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 36–73. 11. Donna Haraway correctly attributes the introduction of the term “gen- der identity” to Stoller (ca.1963) but incorrectly situates Money’s project as successive to Stoller’s. See Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York and London: Routledge, 1991). 12. Rosie Braidotti, “Signs of Wonder and Traces of Doubt: On Teratol- ogy and Embodied Differences,” in Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs: Feminist Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace, ed. Ninna Lykke and Rosie Braidotti (London: Zed Books, 1996), 135–152. 13. See especially, Mary Hawkesworth, “Confounding Gender,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 22, no. 3 (1997): 649–685; Joan Scott, “Gender as a Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” in Culture, Society and Sexuality: A Reader, ed. Richard Parker and Peter Aggleton (London and Philadelphia: UCL Press, 1999), 57–75; Steven Seidman and Linda Nicholson, eds., Introduction to Social Post- modernism: Beyond Identity Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 1–35. 14. While many of these cultural critiques of intersex case management (ICM) assume the sex/gender distinction, there are those who draw attention to the theoretical dangers of doing so (see Anne Fausto- Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sex- uality [New York: Basic Books, 2000]; Hausman, Changing Sex). In short, when sex is relegated to nature as “real” and gender to culture as “constructed,” the material construction of “sex” realized through the reconfiguration and/or removal of body parts becomes obscured. 15. Sharon Crasnow, “Models and Reality: When Science Tackles Sex,” Hypatia 16, no. 3 (2001): 138–148; Alice Domurat Dreger, “Ethical Problems in Intersex Treatment,” Medical Humanities Report 19, no. 1 (1997); Dreger, “ ‘Ambiguous Sex’—or Ambivalent Medicine?” Hastings Center Report 28, no. 3 (1998): 24–35; Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Dreger, “When Medicine Goes Too Far in the Pursuit of Normality,” New York Times, July 28, 1998, 4; Dreger, ed., Intersex in the Age of Ethics (Hagerstown, MD: Univer- sity Publishing Group, 2000); Anne Fausto-Sterling, “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough,” The Sciences, March/April (1993): 20–25; Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body; Fausto-Sterling, “The Notes 199 Five Sexes, Revisited,” The Sciences 40, no. 4 (2000): 18; Fausto- Sterling, “How Sexually Dimorphic Are We? Review and Synthesis,” American Journal of Human Biology 12 (2000): 151–166; Deborah Findlay, “Discovering Sex: Medical Science, Feminism and Intersexual- ity,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 32, no. 1 (1995): 25; Joel Frader, Dena Davis, Arthur Frank, and Paul Miller, “Health Care Professionals and Intersex Conditions,” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 158 (2004): 426–429; Myra Hird, “A Typical Gender Identity Conference? Some Disturbing Reports from the Ther- apeutic Front Lines,” Femininsm & Psychology 13, no. 2 (2003): 181–199; Morgan Holmes, “Queer Cut Bodies: Intersexuality and Homophobia in Medical Practice” http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/ queerfrontiers/queer/papers/holmes.long.html; Holmes, “In(to) Vis- ibility: Intersexuality in the Field of Queer,” in Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay and Transgender Com- munities, ed. Dawn Atkins (New York: Harrington Park Press, 1998), 221–226; Holmes, “Rethinking the Meaning and Management of Intersexuality,” Sexualities 5, no. 2 (2002): 159–180; Katrina Karkazis, Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority and Lived Experience (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008); Suzanne Kessler, “The Medical Construction of Gender: Case Management of Intersexed Infants,” Signs 16, no. 1 (1990): 3–26; Kessler, Lessons from the Intersexed (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998); Iain Morland, “The Glans Opens Like a Book: Writing and Reading the Intersexed Body,” Continuum: Journal of Media & Culture Studies 19, no. 3 (2005): 335–348, Morland, “Narrating Intersex: On the Ethical Critique of the Medical Management of Intersexuality, 1985–2005,” PhD diss., Uni- versity of London, 2005; Sharon Preves, “Negotiating the Constraints of Gender Binarism: Intersexuals’ Challenge to Gender Categoriza- tion,” Current Sociology 48, no. 3 (2000): 27–50; Preves, “Sexing the Intersexed: An Analysis of Sociocultural Responses to Intersex- uality,” Signs 27, no. 2 (2002): 523–557; Katrina Roen, “Editorial. Intersex Embodiment: When Health Care Means Maintaining Binary Sexes,” Sexual Health 1 (2004): 127–130; Roen, “ ‘But We Have to Do Something’: Surgical ‘Correction’ of Atypical Genitalia,” Body and Society 14, no. 1 (2008): 47–66; Stephanie Turner, “Intersex Identi- ties: Locating New Intersections of Sex and Gender,” Gender & Society 13, no. 4 (1999): 457–479; Georgia Warnke, “Intersexuality and the Construction of Sex,” Hypatia 16, no. 3 (2001): 126–137. 16. Julia Epstein, “Either/Or – Neither/Both: Sexual Ambiguity and the Ideology of Gender,” Genders 7 (1990): 128–129. 17. See Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex, 33–35. Teratology emerged as a field in the early nineteenth century and was a precursor to the field of embryology. Teratology’s concern was the study of “monstrosities.” 200 Notes 18. Eighteenth-century physician James Parsons included a review of his- torical, cultural, and religious responses to the “otherly” sexed in his treatise on hermaphroditism, many of which involved ritual sacrifice (James Parsons, A Mechanical and Critical Enquiry into the Nature of Hermaphrodites [London: Printed for J. Walthoe, 1741]). 19. Epstein, “Either/Or,” 116. 20. Here I am referring to L/G/B/T organizations and Web sites and queer studies, in particular. 21. See for example, Roger Adkins, “Where ‘Sex’ is Born(e): Intersexed Births and the Social Urgency of Heterosexuality,” Journal of Medical Humanities 20, no. 2 (1999): 117–133; Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex; Preves, “Negotiating the Constraints”; Preves, “Sexing the Intersexed.” 22. Findlay, “Discovering Sex.” 23. Hausman, Changing Sex, 179. 24. See for example, Epstein, “Either/Or”; Kessler, “Medical Construc- tion”; Kessler, Lessons. 25. Hausman, Changing Sex, 74–76. 26. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Iden- tity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits Of “Sex” (New York: Routledge, 1993). 27. Dreger, “Hermaphrodites in Love”; Dreger, “Ethical Problems”; Dreger, “When Medicine Goes Too Far”; Dreger, “Ambiguous Sex”; Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex; Findlay, “Discovering Sex”; Hausman, Changing Sex; Holmes, “Queer Cut Bodies”; Kessler, “Medical Construction”; Kessler, Lessons; Preves, “Sexing the Intersexed”; Turner, “Intersex Identities.” 28. Elizabeth Wilson, “Biologically Inspired Feminism: Response to Helen Keane and Marsha Rosengarten, ‘On the Biology of Sexed Subjects’,” Australian Feminist Studies 17, no. 39 (2002): 285. 29. Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical
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