DOCSLIB.ORG

“The Goal of EFL Is the Native Speakers‟ Norm” and the Question of Grammatical Versus Communicative Language Learning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“The Goal of EFL Is the Native Speakers‟ Norm” and the Question of Grammatical Versus Communicative Language Learning Durham E-Theses Japanese students' EFL experience: the role of the student's voice SHIMAZU, SHIGEKO How to cite: SHIMAZU, SHIGEKO (2013) Japanese students' EFL experience: the role of the student's voice, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7351/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk University of Durham Japanese students‟ EFL experience: the role of the students‟ voice By Shigeko Shimazu In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Education 2013 0 Acknowledgements I acknowledge the support by Professor Byram and Professor Fleming with gratitude for the help, and the stimulation that I have received. My acknowledgement would also be incomplete without the recognition of the students who reported their views and suggestions that are often ignored in public debates but contribute to the research framework of this study. Finally, I am grateful to my parents and children, and friends in Durham who gave me trust over the years. 1 Declaration I confirm that this is my own work and that it has not been previously submitted in candidature to this or any other university. 2 Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged 3 List of contents page Acknowledgement 1 Declaration 2 Statement of Copyright 3 List of contents 4 List of tables 9 List of Abbreviations 10 Abstract 11 Chapter I Introduction 12 1 Background of the study 12 2 Current debates in Japan 14 3 Contextual background ` 15 4 The statement of problems 16 5 The purpose of this thesis 17 6 The research questions 18 7. Overview of the research 20 8. The originality of this research 20 9. The organization of the thesis 21 4 II. Literature Review 22 Introduction 22 1. General evaluation of language learning in Japan 23 a) Communicative skills 23 b) Pronunciation 23 c) TOEFL scores 23 2. Instruction 24 d) Teacher centred instruction 25 e) The focal skills approach 25 f) The Direct translation method 27 g) The grammar translation method 28 3. Environment 28 h) EFL in the education system 29 i) University entrance examination 30 j) Fear of internationalization 32 k) Curriculum reform 33 4. Personal factors 34 l) Motivation 36 m) Attitudes 38 n) Reticence 40 5 III. Research Methodology 45 Introduction 45 1. Research Paradigms 45 2. Research Method 47 3. Qualitative method of the present study 47 3-a) The research question of the study 48 3-b) Reasons for choosing the research questions 49 3-c) Justification of the Qualitative method 54 3-d) linking the interview questions to the research question 55 3-e) Pilot Study 58 3-f) Reflection of the Pilot Study 59 4. Description of the interview process 61 4-a) Instrument 62 4-b) Participants 63 4-c) Data collection 63 5. Data Analysis 64 5-a) Transcription and extension of the interviews 64 5-b) Translations 65 5-c) Thematic analysis 66 5-d) Credibility, Transferability, Dependability, Conformability 68 6 5-e) Ethical issues 71 IV. Data Analysis 72 Introduction 72 1 - a) The use of the Monolingual Method 73 1 - b) The advantages and disadvantages of NETs, and NNETs 76 1 - c) The belief “the earlier, the better” 96 1 - d) English as a lingua franca or Standard English 108 1 - e) The use of the Direct Method 120 1- f) The EFL goal and the pedagogical approach 130 1 - g) Language skills and national power 140 1 - h) The Japanese students‟ English proficiency 150 2 - i) The attitudes toward and their opportunities for EFL 162 2 - j) How did the students acquired their English skills? 182 2 - k) What type of English skills do students wish to learn? 204 2 – l) What kind of change do student want in EFL? 218 V. Discussion and Conclusion 229 1. Introduction 229 2. The meaning of the findings and the comparison to the literature 230 3. Summary 241 4. Conclusion 243 5. Limitations of the study 246 6. Reflection 247 VI. References 250 VII. Appendices 273 Appendix 1 Interview questions for the pilot study 274 Appendix 2 The pilot study details 276 7 Appendix 3 Research questions for the main study 278 Appendix 4 Invitation to the research 281 Appendix 5 Consent Form 282 Appendix 6 Interview transcription 4) 283 Appendix 7 Interview transcription 7) 301 Appendix 8 English skills 331 1 Self assessed English skills 331 2 Least proficient English skills 331 3 English skills for the current needs 331 4 English skills for the future needs 331 8 List of Tables 1.1 Research Questions 11.2 Codes and Categories 1V.1 Proficiency Skills 9 List of Abbreviations Abbreviations CLT Communicative language teaching EFL English as a foreign language ELT English language teaching JALT Japan Association of Language Teachers JET Japanese Exchange and Teaching Program Juku Coaching class Yokibo Cramming class L2 Second language LF Lingua Franca MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology NS Native English Speakers NNS Non-native English speakers NET Native English teachers NNET Non-native English Teachers TESOL Teaching English as a second or foreign language TEFL Teaching English as a forging language TOEFL Text of English as a foreign language TOEIC the Test of English for International Communication 10 Japanese students‟ EFL experience: the role of the students‟ voice Abstract Japanese students are often said to have little success in developing communicative skills in a foreign language. This is evident from Japanese media, researchers in education, public concern, and from government policy documents. Much of the existing research has examined factors in the environment or in the psychology of the learners. However, Japanese students „views have not been adequately taken into consideration in the debate. This study investigates Japanese students „views about the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL). In doing so, two main research questions are set; 1) What are students‟ opinions about EFL principles? 2) What are Japanese students‟ experiences in the EFL classroom? The data was collected from 14 Japanese students at universities in Tokyo by interviews. Thematic analysis was used to identify similarities and differences between participants‟ views. The data shows that: 1) the students were well informed and had clear views; 2) they do not consider the situation problematic; 3) instead, they offered possible causes of the factors that affect English performance and suggestions for improving practice. Finally, several suggestions are offered to improve EFL classes arising from the students‟ views. 11 I. Introduction 1. Background of the study In the past few decades, the demands of higher education in Japan have increased and competition is fierce. University entrance examination is a challenging process for Japanese students. For them, English is one of the most important subjects to qualify for higher education. In addition, due to spread of English around the world, students are facing a challenge to master communicative skills in English for intercultural communication. As a result, increasing numbers of students are seeking coaching after school in Asian countries including Japan. A few decades ago, the fact that communicative skills in English were not tested was unsurprising since it was not a globalized world. In a new competitive world, could native English speakers of English become the front-runners? Alternatively, what happens to students who have less developed English skills? In making a pitch to lead in the global society, Non Native English Speaker (hereafter NNS) countries have taken steps to encourage students to improve communicative skills in English for various reasons but mainly to secure national security (e.g. political and economic power). However, critics of World English such as Phillipson (1992) argue that the dominant use of English language for global communication leads to imbalance of power - linguistic imperialism - a term that he coined. Referring to the interrelationships between language and power, Kachru (1992:66) claimed that the non-native models of English are linguistically identifiable, geographically definable, and functionally acceptable, but they are still not necessarily attitudinally acceptable. Native models of English in this study are defined as English spoken by native English speaking countries (namely, Received Pronunciation (hereafter RP) and General 12 American (hereafter GA) (Kachru 1992:50). Kachru (ibid.) noted that the spread of English stretches in three concentric circles; an inner circle where English is spoken as a mother tongue, an outer circle where English is used in institutional setting, and in an expanding circle where English is used for global communication. The characteristics of English in these societies derive from the patterns of acquisition and the functional domains of English. Consequently, inevitable linguistic changes are taking places in English with local variations. One of the problems that arise here is that the language changes, namely in spoken language, affect interpretability.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ED462837.Pdf
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 462 837 FL 027 173 AUTHOR Fotos, Sandra, Ed.; Jungheim, Nicholas O., Ed. TITLE JALT Journal, 2001. INSTITUTION Japan Association for Language Teaching. ISSN ISSN-0287-2420 PUB DATE 2001-05-00 NOTE 290p.; Published semiannually. AVAILABLE FROM JALT Central Office, Urban Edge Bldg. 5F, 1-37-9 Taito, Taito-ku, Taito, Tokyo 110-1106, Japan (cover price: 950 yen) .Tel: 81-3-3837-1630; Fax: 81-3-3837-1631; e-mail: jalt@gollcom; Web site: http://www.jalt.org. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT JALT Journal; v23 n1-2 May-Nov 2001 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Action Research; Cognitive Processes; Communication Apprehension; Communicative Competence (Languages); Comprehension; Elementary Secondary Education; *English (Second Language); Faculty Development; Foreign Countries; Grammar; Higher Education; Language Teachers; Linguistic Competence; Listening Skills; Numeracy; Reading Skills; *Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Student Motivation; Translation IDENTIFIERS *Japan; Recursive Writing; Strategy Inventory for Language Learning ABSTRACT The two issues in this volume of the "JALT Journal" contain the following articles: "Comprehension and Production Practice in Grammar Instruction: Does Their Combined Use Facilitate Second Language Acquisition?" (Takeo Tanaka); "Professional Development and the JET Program: Insights and Solutions Based on the Sendai City Program" (Anthony Crooks); "Language Learning Motivation of EFL Learners in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Various Learning Milieus" (Yuzo Kimura, Yoshiyuki Nakata, and Tomomi Okumura); "Beliefs about Learning and Teaching Communicative English in Japan" (Hiroko Matsuura, Reiko Chiba, and Paul Hilderbrandt); "What Counts in the Acquisition and Attrition of Numeral Classifiers?" (Lynne Hansen and Yung-Lin Chen); "An Analysis of Discourse Miscues in the Oral Production of Non-Native Speakers of English" (V.
    [Show full text]
  • Focal Skills Approach and Tabletop Role-Playing 2
    Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades Escuela de Pedagogía en Comunicación en Lengua Inglesa Lead Advisor: M.S. in Ed. Yasna Yilorm Barrientos Motivating Students of English as a Foreign Language through Tabletop Role-Playing under the FOCAL SKILLS Approach Seminario de Tesis para optar al Título de Profesor de Comunicación en Lengua Inglesa Stefanie Alexandra Herzberg Soza Daphne Natalia Paredes Denis Valdivia – Chile 2013 FOCAL SKILLS APPROACH AND TABLETOP ROLE-PLAYING 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the people who have encouraged me throughout my process, which is not only from the university until now, but from school onwards. They all have contributed into helping me shape myself into the person I am today. I would like to acknowledge the people who have not only taught me contents, but about life from the bottom of their hearts. I want to say „thank you‟ to my teachers Cindy Cifuentes, Andrea Lizasoain, Yasna Yilorm, Eduardo Roldán, Amalia Ortiz de Zárate, Katherina Walper, for helping me in their own way to be able to reach this step. Special thanks to Miss Yasna and Miss Andrea for all their effort, help, and support during this long process. Finally, I would like to thank my family, Maite, Juan Carlos and Karin, and my boyfriend, Renato, for supporting me during all this time and giving me the strength to not ever give up or even make the attempt of being lazy. I love you, and I will always be grateful for all you have done for me. ~Stefanie Herzberg FOCAL SKILLS APPROACH AND TABLETOP ROLE-PLAYING 3 Special thanks to our Lead Advisor, Miss Yasna Yilorm, for having always been there for us despite her difficult circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Teaching with Comprehensible Input
    Chinese Language Teaching Methodology and Technology Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 5 October 2017 Haiyun TCI Practice Series (1): From Input to Output: Introduction to Teaching with Comprehensible Input Haiyun Lu University School of Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cltmt Part of the Chinese Studies Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation Lu, Haiyun (2017) "Haiyun TCI Practice Series (1): From Input to Output: Introduction to Teaching with Comprehensible Input," Chinese Language Teaching Methodology and Technology: Vol. 1 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cltmt/vol1/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Confucius Institute at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chinese Language Teaching Methodology and Technology by an authorized editor of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lu: From Input to Output From Input to Output: Introduction to Teaching with Comprehensible Input Haiyun Lu Stephen Krashen’s work in the second language acquisition has been influencing how language is taught in classrooms for the last 40 years. Comprehension-based instruction, including Teaching Proficiency Through Reading and Storytelling (TPRS), Movie Talk (MT), Embedded Reading and Story Listening to Total Physical Response (TPR) and Natural Approach, has fundamentally challenged the traditional grammar-driven language class’ status quo, and has impacted what takes place in thousands the classrooms. Part 1. Theoretical Foundations In order to truly understand comprehension-based instruction, it is necessary to learn about Krashen’s fundamentals of language acquisition.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluación De La Puesta En Marcha Del Enfoque Metodológico Por Competencias Comunicativas FOCAL SKILLS*
    Biblioteca Digital DIBRI -UCSH por Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez UCSH -DIBRI . Esta obra está bajo una licencia Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported de Creative Commons. Para ver una copia de esta licencia, visite http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Literatura y Lingüística 25 Evaluación de la puesta en marcha del enfoque metodológico por competencias comunicativas FOCAL SKILLS* Yasna Angélica Yilorm Barrientos** Andrea Bárbara A1ici Lizasoain Conejeros*** Resumen En este trabajo se describe el enfoque metodológico por competencias comunicativas FOCAL SKILLS propuesto por Hastings (2007 [1988]) —vinculado al modelo de comunicación de Jakobson (1960) y la teoría de la competencia comunicativa de Chomsky (1965)— y su posible aplicación en la Universidad Austral de Chile como estrategia para mejorar la adquisición del inglés como lengua extranjera por parte de los estudiantes. Además, se describen la metodología de implementación del enfoque y los obstáculos a los que los investigadores se han visto enfrentados, junto con posibles soluciones. Palabras clave: modelo de comunicación, competencia comunicativa, enfoque metodológico innovador en el aula, FOCAL SKILLS, adquisición de lenguas extranjeras Abstract This work describes the methodological approach to communicative competence FOCAL SKILLS as proposed by Hastings (2007 [1988]) —an approach that is related to Jakobson's communication model (1960) and to Chomsky's theory of communicative competence (1965) — and considers its possible application within the Universidad Austral de Chile as a strategy for improving acquisition of English as a foreign language by students. This paper also examines the methodology for implementing this approach and the obstacles which the researchers have faced, along with possible solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Translanguaging and Comprehensible Input
    ENGAGING WITH LATIN@ “ETH(N)ICAL ISSUES” IN MIDDLE SCHOOL SPANISH: USING TRANSLANGUAGING AND COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT APPROACHES TO ADVANCE SPANISH PROFICIENCY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE GOALS by Michael Garrett Delavan A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Education, Culture, and Society The University of Utah August 2017 Copyright © Michael Garrett Delavan 2017 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Michael Garrett Delavan has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Verónica E. Valdez , Chair 5/24/2017 Date Approved Frank Margonis , Member 5/24/2017 Date Approved Clayton Pierce , Member 5/24/2017 Date Approved Karen Lichtman , Member 5/24/2017 Date Approved David Schwarzer , Member 5/24/2017 Date Approved and by William Smith , Chair of the Department of Education, Culture, and Society and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT This dissertation reports on practitioner inquiry into a year-long curriculum in middle school Spanish II built around Latina/o cultural topics with social justice implications. A comprehensible input approach supported both the development of a core vocabulary in Spanish and discussion of these issues. Translanguaging—accessing linguistic resources across supposedly separate languages—allowed teacher and students to heighten complexity and comprehensibility. The study used a critical sociocultural theory lens and mixed methods to perform case studies of two classes with a focus on three students of varying positionalities. I asked (1) how the two classes interpreted and applied the central social justice concept used in the course (bilocal culture-crossing, BCC), (2) how much their Spanish improved, (3) how motivating and satisfying they found the experience, and (4) how case study students’ positionalities shaped their experiences of the curriculum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal Of
    ADVENTISTTHE JOURNAL EDUCATION OF * ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN THE CLASSROOM CREATING SPECIAL SUCCESSFUL ISSUE: STRATEGIES FOR ESL TEACHING INSTRUCTION ENGLISH CULTURAL AND LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC IMPACT ON ESL LEARNERS IN ASSESSMENT ADVENTIST SCRIPTURE SCHOOLS AND LANGUAGE LEARNING ADVENTISTTHE JOURNAL EDUCATION OF CONTENTS* !"#$%&'%(%)"#*$+%,%%'%%"##$+%.//0%% FEATURES 4 English Language Learners in the Classroom A Call for Accountability, A Promise of Classroom Enrichment By Juanita Singh 8 Teaching Adult Learners of ESL By Stella Ramirez Greig and Jeanette Wright Bryson 14 An Action Plan for Teaching Young English Language Learners 4 By Catherine Lambert 19 Creating Successful Strategies for ESL Instruction By Evelin Harper Gilkeson 26 Implementing Language Acquisition Classrooms By Richard P. Carrigan 30 Cultural and Linguistic Impact on ESL Assessment By Patricia C. Salazar 35 Student Missionaries and English Language Learners 8 By Carol Campbell, With Lindsay Hong, Michelle Otis, and Priscilla Valencia 40 Do Non-Native Speakers Make Good ESL Teachers? By Eun-Young Kim 43 Scripture and Language Learning By Peggy Wahlen DEPARTMENTS 3 Guest Editorial Journal of Adventist Education Index The indexes for previous volumes of The Journal of Adventist Educa- tion are available online at the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index Website: http://www.andrews.edu/library/car/sdapiindex.html, and at 14 the JAE Website: http://jae.adventist.org. At the JAE Website, you can search for, and download in PDF format, articles from previous The Association of volumes of the English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese editions of Educational Publishers This issue has been peer reviewed. JAE by author, title, topic, and keyword in PDF format. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Correction: On page 14 in the April/May 2009 issue of the Journal, the photos of Patricia Jones and Marilyn Herrmann were inadvertently switched.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks on Language Acquisition and Literacy
    Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching Volume 10/Number 1 May 2015 REMARKS ON LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND LITERACY: LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND TEACHING, FREE READING, "TEST-PREP" AND ITS CONSEQUENCES, THE USE OF THE FIRST LANGUAGE, WRITING, AND THE GREAT NATIVE SPEAKER TEACHER DEBATE Stephen D. Krashen University of Southern California Abstract This paper reviews the arguments for comprehensible input (the "comprehension hypothesis" and discusses some of its applications to beginning and intermediate language teaching, including free voluntary reading as a bridge from conversational to academic language. The comprehension hypothesis provides some guidance on the proper use of the first language in second language teaching and helps explain what writing can and cannot do. Finally, the comprehension hypothesis contributes to the Great Native Speaker Teacher debate: We want teachers (1) to understand language acquisition, (2) to understand language pedagogy, and (3) to speak the language well. My point is that number (3) alone is not enough, even if the teacher is a native speaker. Keywords: comprehensible input, language acquisition, TPR, Natural Approach, TPRS, sheltered subject matter teaching, free voluntary reading, writing INTRODUCTION: SOME FUNDAMENTALS I present first what I consider to be the fundamentals of both language acquisition and literacy development. (What follows in this section is presented in more detail in a number of publications, e.g. Krashen, 1982, 1985, 2003). Language and literacy can be "acquired" or "learned." "Acquisition" occurs subconsciously: While it is happening, you are not aware it is happening, and after it has happened, the knowledge is represented subconsciously in your brain. In contrast, "learning" is conscious; it is "knowing about" the language.
    [Show full text]
  • The Function of Literary Materials in Efficient Foreign Language Education
    ISTANBUL SABAHATTIN ZAIM UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING THE FUNCTION OF LITERARY MATERIALS IN EFFICIENT FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION MA THESIS Esra İBAS Istanbul Mart, 2019 ISTANBUL SABAHATTIN ZAIM UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING THE FUNCTION OF LITERARY MATERIALS IN EFFICIENT FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION MA THESIS Esra İBAS Supervisor Prof. Dr. İbrahim YILGÖR Istanbul March, 2019 i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of many people. First of all, I count myself very fortunate to have had Prof. Dr. İbrahim YILGÖR as my supervisor, and I would like to thank him for his patience, advice and support during the whole process of writing my thesis. Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. Emrah GÖRGÜLÜ and Dr. Gamze SABANCI UZUN for their valuable contribution to the assessment of this study. I also would like to thank my numerous friends who endured this long process with me, always offering support and love. I, also wish to express my gratitude to all who have encouraged and supported me throughout my academic career. And, finally, thanks to my family members for supporting and encouraging me to pursue my Master’s studies. I would like to thank them for their constant love and patience. Esra İBAS İstanbul, March 2019 iii ABSTRACT THE FUNCTION OF LITERARY MATERIALS IN EFFICIENT FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION Esra İBAS M. A., Department of English Language Teaching Supervisor: Prof. Dr. İbrahim YILGÖR March, 2019 - Page: 186 + xiv Even though education is described in various ways, if we think of it in a general sense, it is a process that emotionally, physically, and mentally improves a person’s competency towards identified objectives that they originally had, then we can say that it is a process that continuously changes and develops in time, under the light of accumulation of knowledge and experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Dogme in ELT to Develop Student Teachers' Speaking Skills
    JRCIET Vol. 5 , No. 3 July 2019 Using Dogme in ELT to develop student teachers' Speaking skills and their self-efficacy Heba M.Mohamed , PhD Associate professor of TEFL Faculty of Education Beni Suef University ABSTRACT he main purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of dogme in developing the student T teachers' speaking skills as well as their speaking self- efficacy. Two statistical hypotheses were set to guide this research. The research adopted the one group research design to examine the study hypotheses. The participants consisted of (N=44) freshmen students English majors at the faculty of education in Beni Suef. The instruments and materials of the study represent in a pre-post speaking test, and a speaking self-efficacy scale, a checklist of speaking skills, a speaking rubric and ELT dogme . The research results revealed that dogme ELT has an impact on enhancing students' speaking skills as well as their speaking self-efficacy. This research has implications both for researchers conducting classroom-research and language teachers. Key words: Dogme–speaking skills – self-efficacy-speaking self-efficacy Introduction English is used by millions of people for communicative purposes all over the world. Currently, English is also considered as a predominant and acceptable tool for global communication. Communication is the process of exchanging information among individuals, groups, institutions, and/or organizations in oral, written, or signed forms through any available media(Natale & Lubniewski,,2018,p. 377). English as a second language (ESL) or English as a foreign language (EFL) is taught in all Arab countries to graduate students and individuals with good competence of English skills to help them communicate in their societies and European countries as well, (Hamad, 2013, p.
    [Show full text]
  • “In Communities Whose Culture Is Undeveloped No Languages Are Taught.” Leonard Bloomfield
    Elena Varzari DIDACTICA Limbii B [L. Engleză] CURS DE PRELEGERI Bălţi, 2013-14 Discutat şi aprobat în şedinţa Catedrei de filologie engleză şi germană din “____”__________________, proces verbal nr. ______________ Şefa Catedrei de filologie engleză şi germană lector superior, Ana Muntean Contents 1. Foreword 2. Lecture 1. General issues of teaching English as a Foreign Language. Classical and innovative theories of teaching the English language 3. Lecture 2. Four basic language skills needed by learners to develop their competence in EL acquisition. The Role of L1 and L2 in FL Teaching. 4. Lecture 3. Classroom Management 5. Lecture 4. Teaching Listening-Comprehension 6. Lecture 5. Teaching Pronunciation 7. Lecture 6. Developing Speaking Skills 8. Lecture 7 Teaching Vocabulary 9. Lecture 8. Teaching Grammar 10. Lecture 9. Teaching Reading 11. Lecture10. Teaching Writing 12. Lecture11. Informational Technologies in the English Classroom 13. Lecture12. Planning in Foreign Language Teaching. Simulating a Lesson “In communities whose culture is undeveloped no languages are taught.” Leonard Bloomfield FOREWORD This collection of lectures in EFL Methodology is intended for students – future teachers of English as a foreign language. In order to become good teachers our students should master a number of specific skills; they also need to update their knowledge about issues related to the target language, methodology and so forth. As there is not only one way to teach a language, the students can or will have to change and adapt the information given in the collection to different circumstances they will come across. The collection “Didactica Limbii B- engleza” offers a comprehensive overview of current methodological perspectives in EFL.
    [Show full text]
  • Saif Shahrzad Phd 1999.Pdf
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may t>e from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to t>e removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA UIVQ 800-521-0600 Theoretical and Empirical Considerations in Investigating Washback: A Study of ESL/EFL Learners by Shahrzad Saif B.A., Allameh Tabatabai University, 1984 M.A., Shiraz University, 1987 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Linguistics We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard Dr.
    [Show full text]