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Settlement Change Across Medieval Europe Old Paradigms and New Vistas SETTLEMENT CHANGE ACROSS MEDIEVAL EUROPE OLD PARADIGMS AND NEW VISTAS Sidestone Press This is a free offprint – as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, and is available in print or as PDF e-book. www.sidestone.com SETTLEMENT CHANGE ACROSS MEDIEVAL EUROPE OLD PARADIGMS AND NEW VISTAS edited by NIALL BRADY & CLAUDIA THEUNE This is a free offprint – as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, and is available in print or as PDF e-book. www.sidestone.com RURALIA XII © 2019 Individual authors The authors are responsible for the content of the papers (incl. image credits). Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Imprint: Sidestone Press Academics Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Photograph cover: Tintern Abbey, County Wexford, Ireland © Daniel M. Cisilino | Dreamstime.com ISBN 978-90-8890-806-4 (softcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-807-1 (hardcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-808-8 (PDF e-book) ISSN 2565-8883 The conference and this conference volume has been sponsored by the Heritage Council / An Chomhairle Oidhreachta; Roscommon County Council; the National Monuments Section at the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht; Kilkenny County Council; the National University of Ireland, Galway; Queen’s University Belfast; Trinity College Dublin; the University of Vienna and ADCO – The Archaeological and Commercial Diving Company Ltd. Contents Foreword 9 Niall Brady and Claudia Theune Introduction 13 Claudia Theune and Niall Brady PART ONE: TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROMAN WORLD 17 Transformations of settlements for agricultural production 19 between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages in Italy Marcello Rotili Beyond the borders. Transformations, acculturation, and 29 adaptation between Lazio and Campania during the Lombard Period (6th – 8th centuries) Cristina Corsi Deciphering transformations of rural settlement and land-use 43 patterns in central Adriatic Italy between the 6th and the 12th centuries AD Francesca Carboni and Frank Vermeulen Rural settlement and economy in Campania (South Italy) between 55 Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages Nicola Busino Post-Roman land-use transformations. Analysing the early 65 medieval countryside in Castelo de Vide (Portugal) Sara Prata Change and continuity in rural early medieval Hispania. 73 A comparative multidisciplinary approach to the countryside of Egitania (Idanha-A-Velha, Portugal) and Emerita (Mérida, Spain) Tomás Cordero Ruiz Mountain communities in the Catalan Pyrenees: 25 years of 81 archaeological research Walter Alegría-Tejedor, Marta Sancho-Planas & Maria Soler-Sala Not so dark centuries: Changes and continuities in the Catalan 91 landscape (6th – 12th centuries) Jordi Bolòs Endogenous and exogenous characteristics of settlement 103 development of an early medieval settlement at Sursee (Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland) Christian Auf der Maur Counting heads: Post-Roman population decline in the 113 Rhine-Meuse delta (the Netherlands) and the need for more evidence-based reconstructions Rowin J. van Lanen & Bert J. Groenewoudt PART TWO: FOUNDATION AND DESERTION: CAUSES 135 AND EFFECTS Rural settlement in later medieval Ireland through the lens of 137 deserted settlements Niall Brady New evidence for the transformative impact of depopulation on 147 currently inhabited medieval rural settlements from archaeological test-pit excavation in England Carenza Lewis Late medieval deserted settlements in southern Germany as a 161 consequence of long-term landscape transformations Rainer Schreg Crisis or transition? Risk and resilience during the Late Medieval 171 agrarian crisis Eva Svensson PART THREE: TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSITION 183 THROUGH MEDIEVAL TIMES Assembling in times of transitions. The case of cooking-pit sites 185 Marie Ødegaard Settlement abandonment in Dartmoor (England). Retreat of the 195 margins reassessed in terms of market accessibility factors Lukáš Holata Medieval settlement dynamics in peatland reclamations in the 207 western, central and northern Netherlands Jan van Doesburg Mendicant friaries and the changing landscapes of late medieval 223 Ireland. The foundations of the Augustinian friars in counties Mayo and Sligo Anne-Julie Lafaye Transformation and continuity in the Wexford countryside 233 Breda Lynch Silent witness: The deserted medieval borough of Newtown 243 Jerpoint, Co. Kilkenny, Ireland Ian W. Doyle & Tadhg O’Keeffe The Anglo-Scottish Western March: A landscape in transition 257 Caron Newman Rural landscapes of north-eastern Rus’ in transition. From the 267 large unfortified settlements of the Viking Age to medieval villages Nikolaj Makarov Change in rural settlement in eastern Central Europe from the 281 Early to the Later Middle Ages Elisabeth Nowotny Late medieval transformation of the rural landscape. A model of 293 melioratio terrae on the examples of the land of Nysa-Otmuchów and the Kaczawskie Foothills, Silesia, Poland Maria Legut-Pintal Breaking old ties: Settlement relocation in North-Brabant (NL) 305 at the dawn of the Late Middle Ages Johan Verspay Land-organisational changes in rural Denmark from AD 200-1200 319 Jesper Hansen Kopaniec in the Izera Mountains. An example of unusual 331 transformation in a village after the Thirty Years’ War period in Silesia (1618-1648) Paweł Duma, Anna Łuczak & Jerzy Piekalski Socio-economic mobility and property transmission among 341 peasants. The Cheb Region (Czech Republic) in the Late Middle Ages Tomáš Klír PART FOUR: CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF COLONISATION, 357 MIGRATION, CONQUESTS, AND RECONQUESTS IN MEDIEVAL TIMES The Hungarian conquest and the 9th – 10th-century settlements 359 of the Pest Plain Tibor Ákos Rácz Settlements, communication and power. Transforming spatial 371 structure in the Danube-Tisza interfluve region in the 15th – 17th centuries Edit Sárosi The transformation of rural settlements in Slavonia in the period 383 from the 12th to the 15th centuries Andrej Janeš & Ivana Hirschler Marić No smoke without fire. Burning and changing settlements in 395 10th-century central-northern Portugal Catarina Tente One land, two peasantries. Moriscos and Old Christians in the 405 upper Genal Valley, Málaga (16th – 18th centuries) Esteban López-García, Ignacio Díaz and Félix Retamero The impact of the Christian conquest on the agrarian areas in the 413 lower Ebro Valley: The case of Xerta (Spain) Antoni Virgili and Helena Kirchner PART FIVE: CAUSES AND EFFECTS WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE 421 The mid-6th century crises and their impacts on human activity 423 and settlements in south-eastern Norway Steinar Solheim & Frode Iversen Climate change and economic development in the Alps during 435 the Middle Ages and the early modern Period Claudia Theune The mid-6th century crises and their impacts on human activity and settlements in south- eastern Norway Steinar Solheim & Frode Iversen* Abstract AD 536 is a poignant date in European history and marks the advent of a series of documented environmental changes that affected societies across Europe in various ways. Sudden and severe climate deterioration led to vast crop failures and was followed by plague epidemics in the following decades. In this article, we examine the timing of the changes in human activity with a detailed investigation of 855 radiocarbon determinations from Vestfold, Norway. The modelled radiocarbon data show a decrease in activity concurrent with the climatic events and plague epidemics that took place in the mid-6th century, and provide another proxy for the significant changes that occurred during this time. The results may support the idea thatfimbulvetr was the start of a long-lasting cooling period combined with severe population declines and a dramatic decrease in cultural activity. In the past and present, the investigated area represents a heartland of rural production and settlements in Scandinavia. The time span of the crises is fundamental to our academic understanding of the character and societal impacts of the crises, and this study examines it more precisely than previous work. Keywords: The Early Middle Ages, Scandinavia, Vestfold, the 536 event, settlement decline, summed radiocarbon dates. Résumé Les crises du milieu du 6e siècle et leurs impacts sur l’activité humaine et les implantations dans le sud-est de la Norvège 536 est une date marquante dans l’histoire européenne et signale l’avènement d’une * Museum of Cultural History, série de changements environnementaux documentés qui ont affecté les sociétés de University of Oslo diverses manières à travers toute l’Europe. La détérioration soudaine et sévère du climat Postbox 6762, St. Olavs plass a conduit à de mauvaises récoltes et a été suivie par des épidémies de peste dans les 0130 Oslo décennies suivantes. Dans cet article, nous examinons le rythme des changements dans Norway l’activité humaine à partir d’une étude détaillée de 855 datations radiocarbone issue du [email protected] site de Vestfold, en Norvège. Les données modélisées sur le radiocarbone montrent une [email protected] diminution de l’activité concomitante aux événements climatiques et aux épidémies de Steinar Solheim – Frode Iversen, The mid-6th century crises and their impacts on human activity and settlements in south-eastern Norway. In: Niall Brady & Claudia Theune (eds), 2019: Ruralia XII: Settlement change across Medieval 423 Europe; old paradigms and new vistas. Sidestone Press, Leiden, 423-433. peste survenus au milieu du 6e siècle et fournissent une und starke Klimaverschlechterungen
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