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Arceuthobium Spp www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” Arceuthobium spp. 1. Descripción taxonómica Reino: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Clase: Insecta 4. Origen y distribución 6. Hábitat y hospederos Orden: Lepidóptera Choristoneura fumiferana está presente Sus hospedantes se encuentran en los Familia: Tortricidae en el este de Estados Unidos y Canadá. bosques de coníferas. Abies alba, Abies Se extiende hacia el oeste a través de balsamea, Abies concolor, Aies lasio- Género: Choristoneura Canadá, en toda la región del bosque bo- carpa, Larix laricina, Picea, Picea abies, real hasta el paralelo 67 en el Territorio Picea engelmannii, Picea glauca, Picea Especie: Choristoneura fumiferana (Cle- del Noroeste. También tiene presencia mariana, Picea Rubens, Pinus banksia- mens, 1865) en Suiza, Checoslovaquia y la Federación na, Pinus strobus, Pseudotsuga menzie- Rusa (CABI, 2015). sii y Tsuga sp. 2. Nombre común Fuente: http://www.cabi.org/isc/datas- En las primeras fases de desarrollo pre- Tortrix de las yemas de la picea (Consul- heet/13074 fieren las yemas y en estadío adulto torías: “Comunidad Andina”). prefieren el follaje de los ya señalados 5. Estatus en México hospedantes (http://www.cabi.org/isc/ 3. Sinonimias datasheet/13074). No existen reportes de presencia de C. Archips fumiferana (McDunnough), Ar- fumiferana en México, sin embargo es chips retiniana (Fernald), Cacoecia fu- considerada plaga cuarentenaria dentro miferana (Swaine), Craighead y Bailey), de la NOM-013-SEMARNAT-210, que Cacoecia retiniana (Meyrick), Choristo- regula sanitariamente la importación de neura fumiferana (Freeman), Choristo- árboles de navidad naturales de las es- neura lambertiana lindseyana (Obrazt- pecies de los géneros Pinus y Abies y la sov), Choristoneura retiniana (Freeman), especie Pseudotsuga menziesii (http:// Harmologa fumiferana (Meyrick), Lazo- dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codi- taenia retiniana (Walsingham), Tortrix go=5166515&fecha=06/11/2010). fumiferana (Clemens) y Tortrix nigridia (Robins) (CABI, 2015). www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” 7. Descripción y Ciclo biológico La palomilla adulta tiene una longitud de sus alas de 21 a 30 mm. Es color gris-café con manchas plateadas-blancas. Los hueve- cillos son de color gris claro y son ovopositados en grupos de 20 o 40 huevos en las acículas del hospedante. Estos son colocados en dos hileras, de forma similar a tejas de una casa. Las larvas maduras miden entre 20 y 23 mm de longitud. Su cuerpo es color verde-café con líneas de pequeños puntos blancos en la parte posterior. La cabeza es café oscura. Las pupas tienen cerca de 12 mm de longitud, color verde claro recién formadas y después se tornan color café-rojizo (http://publications.gov.sk.ca/docu- ments/66/86287-English.pdf). 1. Huevo Masa de huevos en yema del abeto Los huevos son de color verde claro tie- nen aproximadamente 1 milímetro de Fotos: Spruce Budworm. largo por 0,2 milímetros de ancho. Los Fuente: https://www.na. huevos, colocados en masas alargadas fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/ de 2 a 60 con un promedio aproximado sbw/budworm.htm de 20, se solapan entre sí. 2. Larva Huevecillos de Choristoneura fumi- Las larvas atraviesan seis estadíos. El pri- ferana. Fuente: https://commons. mer estadío larvario, de unos 2 milímetros wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Choristoneu- de largo, es de color verde amarillento con ra_fumiferana_eggs.jpg una cabeza de color claro a medio-café. El La larva se transforma entonces en segundo estadío es amarillo con una ca- una pupa, generalmente dentro de la beza marrón oscuro o negro. Durante las última cinta formada. Algunas pupas cuatro siguientes estadíos, el cuerpo de se encuentran en las axilas (base de la la larva cambia de un amarillo pálido a un aguja) de las ramitas. La polilla emerge marrón oscuro con manchas de color cla- alrededor de 10 días más tarde (a fina- ro a lo largo de la espalda. En el sexto es- les de junio hasta mediados de julio). La tadío, la larva tiene unos 2,5 centímetros actividad del vuelo de la polilla del pico de largo y la cabeza es de color marrón ocurre de cerca de 7:30 pm a 11:30 pm, oscuro o negro brillante. La pupa es de Las polillas pueden ser llevadas hasta 10 color verde pálido al principio, más tarde millas o más por los vientos y pueden cambiando a marrón rojizo. Está marcado ser transportadas cientos de millas por con bandas y manchas oscuras. frentes de tormentas. 3. Adulto La polilla adulta tiene alas de 2 centíme- tros. Por lo general, es grisáceo con mar- cas de color marrón oscuro. Algunas po- lillas son marrones o rojizas con marcas grises. Los machos y hembras ocurren en números casi iguales. Insecto adulto. Fuente: https://www.na.fs. fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/sbw/budworm.htm 8. Daños causados Las larvas pueden consumir completamen- te las acículas de los árboles hospedados. Las hojas pueden persistir en las ramas de los árboles por algunas semanas, lo que da la apariencia de un follaje afectado por fuego. Cuando las poblaciones son bajas y moderadas, solo ocurre pérdida parcial de follaje por lo que los rebrotes rápido cubren el espacio. Durante las infestaciones persis- tentes, todo el follaje es consumido después de varios años de defoliación (5-6 años). Las yemas mueren en su periodo de desa- rrollo (http://publications.gov.sk.ca/docu- Defoliación de copa severa causado por C. fumiferana. Fuente: http://publications. ments/66/86287-English.pdf). gov.sk.ca/documents/66/86287-English.pdf www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” 9. Alerta 10. Forma de dispersión Controles recomendados El género Choristoneura, es probable- La dispersión de la larva del primer instar Control natural. C. fumiferana tiene una mente el de interés alto ya que ataca a un ocurre a través de globos construidos de alta capacidad reproductiva, pero existen número bastante amplio de coníferas que hilos de seda a finales de la temporada de diferentes factores naturales que man- están presentes en Europa y pueden con- verano, y en el segundo instar en prima- tienen el control de sus poblaciones, tales ducir a la mortalidad de los árboles afec- vera. Los adultos vuelan cortas distancias como el viento, enfermedades y depreda- tados. Su código EPPO es CHONFU (Cho- dentro de un brote, pero también pueden dores naturales (https://www.na.fs.fed. ristoneura fumiferana) (CABI, 2015). moverse a través de corrientes de viento, us/spfo/pubs/fidls/sbw/budworm.htm). creando centros de dispersión en largas CABI (2015) muestra el siguiente listado distancias (Miller, 1963). de enemigos naturales para la especie: País donde se utiliza como control Especie Tipo de control Estadio susceptible biológico Absidia repens Patógeno Acropimpla pronexus Parásito Pupa Actia maksymovi Parásito Larva Agathis tumidula Parásito Larva Canadá Agonum decentis Parásito Larva Agria affinis Parásito Agria housei Parásito Larva Ambystoma maculatum Parásito Anatis mali Parásito Ancistrocerus adiabatus Parásito USA; Maine Ancistrocerus antilope Parásito USA; Maine Apanteles fumiferanae Parásito Larva Apanteles morrisi Parásito Larva Apechthis ontario Parásito Newfoundland Apechthis quadridentatus Parásito Canadá Apechthis rufata Parásito Canadá Apophua bipunctoria Parásito Bacillus cereus Patógeno Larva Bacillus thuringiensis Patógeno Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae Patógeno Larva Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki Patógeno Larva Canadá, Ontario Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis Patógeno Larva Beauveria bassiana Patógeno Brachymeria tibialis Parásito Bufo americanus Depredador Calosoma frigidum Depredador Larva Campoplex rufinator Parásito www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” País donde se utiliza como control Especie Tipo de control Estadio susceptible biológico Cephaloglypta laricis Parásito Cephaloglypta murinanae Parásito Canadá Ceromasia auricaudata Parásito Larva/Pupa Chorinaeus funebris Parásito Compsilura concinnata Parásito Larva Copidosoma geniculatum Parásito Eggs Diadegma chrysostictos Parásito Canadá Diadegma rufipes Parásito Canadá Dictyna phylax Depredador Dirophanes maculicornis Parásito Canadá Dolichogenidea absonus Parásito Larva Dolichogenidea petrovae Parásito Larva Canadá Endoreticulatus schubergi Patógeno Entomophaga aulicae Patógeno Enytus apostatus Parásito Enytus montanus Parásito Ephialtes inquisitoriella Parásito Canadá Erynia radicans Patógeno Canadá; Newfoundland; North America Euodynerus leucomelas Depredador USA; Maine Formica lugubris Depredador Quebec Frontinella pyramitela Depredador Glypta fumiferanae Parásito Larva Granulosis virus Patógeno Habronyx nigricornis Parásito Heterorhabditis heliothidis Parásito Hirsutella gigantea Patógeno Hirsutella longicolla Patógeno Itoplectis maculator Parásito Canadá Lissonota folii Parásito Metaphidippus flavipedes Depredador Metarhizium anisopliae Patógeno Meteorus ictericus Parásito Larva Meteorus ruficeps Parásito Larva Canadá Meteorus trachynotus Parásito Larva www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” País donde se utiliza como control Especie Tipo de control Estadio susceptible biológico Nemorilla maculosa Parásito Larva Nosema fumiferanae Patógeno Canadá; Newfoundland Nucleopolyhedrosis virus Patógeno
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