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The Mineral Industry of Nigeria in 2009

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The Mineral Industry of Nigeria in 2009 2009 Minerals Yearbook NIGERIA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2011 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF NIGERIA By Philip M. Mobbs As Africa’s leading crude oil producer, Nigeria accounted the Port Harcourt refineries. The turnaround maintenance and for about 22% of African and about 2.6% of total world crude a disruption of crude oil supply because of pipeline vandalism oil production. The state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum resulted in minimal production operations in 2009. The Port Corp. (NNPC) reported that in 2009, crude oil output increased Harcourt refineries operated at about 9% of capacity (compared by about 2% compared with that of 2008. According to the with about 18% in 2008) and the Kaduna refinery operated Central Bank of Nigeria (2009b, p. 1, 9; c, p. 1, 9; d, p. 1, 9; at about 3% of capacity (compared with about 20% in 2008), 2010, p. 1, 9), the average price of Bonny Light, which is a which was reflected in the significant decrease in the output Nigerian crude oil standard, decreased to an average of $46.15 of refined petroleum products. Production of gold and steel in the first quarter of the year before increasing to an average of also were estimated to have decreased in 2009. An increase $78.25 in the fourth quarter. In 2008, the average price of Bonny in the volume of aluminum and iron ore produced in Nigeria Light was $101.15 per barrel. Oil revenue accounted for about was reported. The slight increase in crude oil production was 66% of Government revenue, and the decrease in oil prices attributed to the relative lack of civil disturbances in the Niger contributed to a dramatic reduction in the Government’s revenue Delta region owing to the Government’s amnesty program, from oil, which was about $22 billion in 2009 compared with which resulted in reduced violence directed at the international about $55 billion in 2008. The United States received 32% of oil company facilities and personnel and less vandalism the total official Nigerian crude oil exports; India received 11%; of domestic crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum products Equatorial Guinea (which has no crude oil refining capacity), pipelines (table 1; Central Bank of Nigeria; 2010, p. 9; Nigerian about 8%; Brazil, about 7%; and Spain, about 5% (Central National Petroleum Corp., 2010, p. 33; United Company Bank of Nigeria, 2009a, p. 247; BP p.l.c., 2010, p. 9; Nigerian RUSAL, 2010, p. 33). National Petroleum Corp., 2010, p. 11, 17). The Federal Government holds all mineral rights and is Structure of the Mineral Industry responsible for the allocation of exploration and development licenses. The Minerals and Mining Act, 2007, and the Petroleum The Ministry of Mines and Steel Development manages Act of 1969 form the legal basis for exploration and production much of the solid minerals sector. The Federal Ministry of activity in the mineral sector. Legislation under consideration Commerce and Industry manages the cement sector. The in 2009 included the Gas Flaring (Prohibition and Punishment) Federal Ministry of Energy is responsible for the oversight of Bill, the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development the natural gas, petroleum, and power sectors. NNPC was the Bill, the Petroleum Industries Bill, and the Petroleum Refineries major partner in natural gas and petroleum production joint (Incentives, Regulation and Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill. ventures with subsidiaries of large international oil companies, Halliburton Co. of the United States and KBR, Inc. such as Chevron Corp. and Exxon Mobil Corp. of the of the United States agreed to pay $579 million to settle United States, Eni S.p.A. of Italy, Royal Dutch Shell plc of the charges brought by the U.S. Department of Justice and the United Kingdom, and Total S.A. of France. Crude oil also was U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Kellogg Brown produced under production-sharing contracts, service contracts, & Root LLC, which was a subsidiary of KBR, was accused of and by sole risk operators (primarily independent domestic bribery of Nigerian Government officials to obtain construction companies). Most Nigerian natural gas output was associated contracts. Halliburton and KBR were charged with related with crude oil production. accounting violations. The Nigerian Senate subsequently initiated an investigation in Nigeria (U.S. Securities and Commodity Review Exchange Commission, 2009). Metals Minerals in the National Economy Aluminum.—United Company RUSAL of Russia, which To diversify the oil-based economy, Government policy reported holding an 85% interest in Aluminum Smelter Co. of continued to promote investment in the exploration for and the Nigeria, Ltd. (ALSCON), continued to refurbish the ALSCON development of solid minerals (as opposed to natural gas and smelter. The ALSCON smelter had been scheduled to reach full oil). Non-oil exports in 2009 were provisionally valued at about production capacity of 193,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) by $1.9 billion (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2009a, p. 11; b, p. 11; c, 2010, but the increase in output in 2009 was minor, rising to p. 11; 2010, p. 11). about 13,000 metric tons (t) from about 10,600 t in 2008. The global economic crisis adversely affected RUSAL’s financial Production status and the company’s interest in the addition of additional production capacity. Local security issues also affected In early 2009, another major maintenance program was operations at Ikot Abasi (Mukumbira, 2008; Mokwenye, 2010; begun at Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemicals Co. Ltd. and United Company RUSAL, 2010, p. 11, 33). Nigeria—2009 33.1 Gold, Niobium, and Tantalum.—The Federal and State Issues with energy availability owing to intermittent domestic governments actively promoted the development of gold supplies of fuel oil and natural gas also affected cement production. deposits in Nigeria. CGA Mining Ltd. of Australia and Topical The use of higher priced imported fuel oil was reflected in the Mines Ltd. of Nigeria worked the Segilola project, which was price of cement. AshakaCem Plc converted its kilns to burn located about 120 kilometers northeast of Lagos. An initial lignite instead of fuel oil (Abidoye and Fajimolu, 2010). National Instrument 43-101-compliant resource of 19 t of gold In 2008, because of high domestic cement prices, six for the project was announced and the companies initiated a companies were licensed to import cement. In 2009, because of feasibility study of developing the prospect as an open pit mine. the ongoing increases in domestic production capacity, Nigerian Savannah Gold Ltd. of the United Kingdom was exploring cement producers requested that the Government prohibit 12 licenses in northwestern Nigeria and expected to begin cement imports. In October, the importation of bagged cement a drilling program in 2010. Rhodium Ltd. of Nigeria was was banned and a fee of about $3 per metric ton was imposed on exploring the Lake Shiroro gold-niobium-tantalum-tin placer imported bulk cement, which was bagged locally. At the time, a prospect and the Pogo and Kutanga gold prospect (CGA Mining 50-kilogram bag of imported cement cost about $11 (Ofikhenua, Ltd., 2009). 2009). Nitrogen and Phosphate.—In July, Notore Chemical Industrial Minerals Industries Ltd. resumed production of urea after the rehabilitation of the 500,000-t/yr-capacity plant at Onne. The Cement.—Sinoma International Engineering Company Ltd. plant, which formerly was operated by state-owned National of China completed the expansion of the production capacity of Fertilizer Co. (NAFCON), had ceased operations in 1999. An Benue Cement Company Plc to 2.8 million metric tons (Mt/yr) initial rehabilitation was abandoned in 2001, and the inactive from 900,000 t/yr for Dangote Cement, which was a division facility was privatized in 2005. of Dangote Industries Ltd., and started the development of O-Secul Fertilizer Company Ltd. of Nigeria acquired Dangote’s planned 5-Mt/yr-capacity plant at Ibese, Ogun State. NAFCON and adopted Notore Chemical Industries as the In May, United Cement Company of Nigeria Ltd. (Unicem) operating company’s name (Notore Chemical Industries Ltd., inaugurated its 2.5-Mt/yr-capacity plant at Mfamosing, Cross 2009). Rivers State. Early in 2009, Unicem was owned by Nigeria Indorama Industries Ltd. of India proposed to build a 1-Mt/yr Cement Holding BV, 56% equity interest; Dangote, 22%; urea plant at the Eleme Petrochemicals Company Ltd. plant and Flour Mills of Nigeria Ltd., 22%., but by January 2010, at Eleme by 2012. Additional 1-Mt/yr capacity expansions Dangote had withdrawn from the Unicem ownership group. were proposed for 2014 and 2016, which would result in a Nigeria Cement Holding was a joint venture of Holcim Ltd. of 3-Mt/yr plant. Indorama would retain 80% equity in the urea Switzerland, and Lafarge S.A. of France. In July 2009, Unicem project, with NNPC holding 10% and Rivers State and local closed the Calabar grinding station owing to the lower cost of governments holding the remaining equity (Lawal, 2009). cement production at its Mfamosing plant (Lafarge S.A., 2009; United Cement Company of Nigeria Ltd., 2009; 2010, p. 2; Mineral Fuels Dangote Industries Ltd., undated). In 2009, BUA International Ltd. acquired 87% equity interest Natural Gas and Petroleum.—In 2009, subsidiaries of in Edo Cement Company Ltd. and 50.7% interest in Cement ExxonMobil accounted for about 28% of crude oil production. Company of Northern Nigeria Plc. (CCNN) from Damnaz ExxonMobil’s subsidiaries included Esso Exploration and Cement Company Ltd. of Nigeria, which had acquired its Production Nigeria Ltd., which produced crude oil from a interest in CCNN and Edo Cement from HeidelbergCement AG number of fields under production-sharing contracts, and of Germany in 2008. BUA proposed to increase Edo Cement’s Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited, which operated a joint capacity to 2.35 Mt/yr by 2011 from 350,000 t/yr (Ogidan, venture with NNPC that produced crude oil.
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