TEXAS ~------~ PASSAGES The University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures at San Antonio Winter 1986 Vol. 1, No.1 From Happenings to Passages

Letter written by Sam Houston Gravesite in Union Cemetery, Eastland, County to his daughter Nannie

Label from recording made Fourth of July celebration, Karnes City, 1914 in San Antonio during the 1930's The names of institutional These difficulties in the task of Texas need come from a magazine newsletters usually cover a variety naming, and our hope to win you ad or television commercial. of sins. The choosers of such names as readers of this newsletter, prompt The enormous amount of sheer must avoid things that offend their this slight offering of explanation for movement that characterizes Texas readers, either by being too bland our new title, Passages, and of its history and culture flows into Pas­ and noncommittal or too esoteric. future contents. It is, if you will, sages. Passages are the actions of Hence, if an association of spiders a justification. travelers and the places they tread - decided to publish a newsletter, they The celebrations and solemni­ explorers of New Spain (who left us might choose 'The Spider Newslet­ ties which mark human existence names such as EI Paso), immigrants ter" or 'Arachne;' but would more are passages - rites of passage, birth, crossing the Red River or landing at likely descend upon something like marriage, death. In a state like Texas, Galveston, cowboys driving cattle "The Spinner" - the assumption where the variety of ethnic and reli­ herds up the Chisholm Trail, mi­ being, of course, that readers would gious traditions makes even broadly grant workers threading their way immediately see the connection be­ human activities hard to compre­ up from the Valley. Even the urban tween spinning and spiders, and hend, keeping track of rites of pas­ commuters who may someday soon proclaim the sagacity of the editors ride bullet trains between Texas sage and the hundreds of other fes­ in choosing such a clever name. cities and the tourists who scuttle tivities and celebrations is a big job. The Institute of Texan Cultures through massive airports are, in the A pinata-breaking at a children's is a grand name, but a little too long old phrase, "taking passage:' birthday party, a wedding march in to prefix to the blandness of "News­ The written and spoken word letter:' Sometimes, too, the name a Cajun dance hall and a gravesite forms other passages, in books, in­ seems a bit esoteric; judging by the in a Panhandle cemetery neatly scriptions, newspapers, letters, dia­ number of times it is misspelled, lined with clamshells all symbolize ries, sermons, speeches, legends. that may be the case. A name like the passages of lives. Celebrations Passages emerge, too, from music, "Ethnologist" or "Cultural Advertis­ expand from individuals to families and from film and television. Every­ er" would not enlighten many read­ and communities, and provide the day scribblings and artistic expres­ ers either. Above all, however, the special times for commonality and sions gathered from one time and need here is to avoid suffixing some­ confrontation. Frontier days, EI place become historical evidence­ thing corny or pedestrian to the Cinco de Mayo and Juneteenth re­ or accepted fictions - in another. name of the state. mind us that not every image of From the Chinese writer, circa 2200 Passages, cont. from pg. 1 B.C., whose work may describe West Texas, to collections of La Llorona legends, to phonographic recordings of Lightnin' Hopkins and crisp tran­ scriptions of NASA astronaut ex­ changes, quoted passages echo from document to history book, from Antonio Rodriguez Mederos: speech to disk, and back again. Things - a carved cane, a bas­ Early Texas Entrepreneur ket, a quilt, a musical instrument­ are the final reminders of the pas­ and Politician sage of peoples, to be found and by Gerald E. Poyo handled, and to give tangible form to memory. Everyday happenings In 1731 Antonio Rodriguez Me­ (Spanish-Indian) population in the and once-in-a-lifetime spectacles deros at 18 years was the youngest presidial community. Predictably, ultimately become passages: the member of the cabildo (town coun­ the original settlers who lost lands things that happen, pass, pass on. cil) of the newly established Villa de and rights to the newcomers pro­ Texans move through ritual, expres­ San Fernando, the present-day city tested this usurpation. Conflict was sion, things and events in passages. of San Antonio. A contemporary inevitable, and during the next 20 As fieldworkers, archival re­ document describes him as having years, while the early settlers strug­ searchers, teachers and speakers, a "fair complexion, pitted with gled to obtain rights as legitimate Institute staff members and volun­ small-pox, grey eyes, chestnut hair vecinos (citizens) of San Fernando, teers take passage around the state. and eyebrows, [and with a] mole on the islenos slowly confronted the The things they discover in their the right cheek:' Rodriguez was political and economic realities of travels, upcoming Institute projects named mayordomo de los propios the frontier. It was an arduous pro­ and items of interest to many sorts (administrator of public lands), but cess of community integration. of Texans will appear in these pages, during the 1740's he rose to promi­ Rodriguez helped to further this occasionally supplemented by no­ nence as procurador (town attor­ integration in a fashion which pro­ tices of good reading (or viewing) ney), alcalde (mayor/ judge) and duced some direct results. As town materials and articles from other regidor decano (senior alderman) to attorney and senior alderman dur­ publications. A calendar listing of become an important and influential ing the 1740's, he provided the pre­ Institute events will also appear. official. Unlike most political figures sidial community with opportuni­ So come, take passage with us! in the villa, Rodriguez used his pow­ ties to present their grievances to -J.C.M. er to promote a politically and eco­ crown authorities in Mexico City. nomically unified and integrated But his actions alienated his col­ community in San Antonio. leagues on the cabildo, who for the Texas Passages is published Rodriguez, his wife Josefa and most part opposed giving up their quarterly by The University of Texas her parents, Manuel de Niz and royally bestowed prerogatives. As Institute of Texan Cultures at San Sebastiana de la Pena, were among one of the legal documents in the Antonio as an informational re­ a group of 56 Canary Islanders who Bexar County Archives explains: "It source on subjects related to Texas arrived at the presidio (military out­ is true that the enmity which his history and culture as well as current post) of San Antonio de Bexar in [Rodriguez's] fellow countrymen issues affecting the state. Comments March 1731. They founded their have long harbored against him and suggestions concerning the pub­ villa near the military garrison and originated with a petition which, lication should be directed to the five mission establishments, and through the dictates of his con­ Office of News and Information, joined in the effort to secure the science, he presented ... in order The Institute of Texan Cultures, P.o. Box 1226, San Antonio, Texas 78294, province for the Spanish crown. to put an end to the unjust litigations (512) 226-7651. As part of their agreement with which this villa had instituted the king to settle in Texas, the Ca­ against the missions, the settlers, Editors: Jo Eckerman, Director of nary Islanders were granted the title and the captain of this jurisdiction:' News and Information of hidalgos (nobles), received exclu­ In 1750 Rodriguez was forced James C. McNutt, Director sive control of the cabildo and from office and temporarily impris­ of Research gained virtual monopoly over the oned. He then retired from political Contributing Authors: Gerald E. land and water rights in the area. In life and apparently lived out his Poyo, Research Associate addition, they brought with them days as a vecino in San Antonio, but David Haynes, Director of the attitude that as pure-blooded by the time of his death (sometime Production Spaniards they were socially supe­ after 1762) Canary Islander institu­ rior to the predominantly mestizo tional privilege had eroded. A fron- 2 This map of Bexar, reconstructed from the original documents by John 0. Leal, Bexar County archivist: and

' f' drawn by San Antonio artist Julian ~ C. Mungia, shows the presidio and f.: villa between the San Antonio River r and San Pedro Creek. The town was ,f built in customary Spanish fashion around a main plaza (Plaza de las Islas). Structures included the San Fernando Church, the Casas Reales

JIL (government houses), the jail and '!b. . , . homes of the original vecinos. A / :' .. t , rZ11 - ...... :. grain market building (designated Custom House on the map) was " . envisioned but never built. Original ' . ' , ,,'6 ., . ..~ :1!,. . homesites were assigned by the '4: ,_:11-. . presidio captain, Juan Antonio Perez de Almazan. In later years a home on the main plaza was an indication of social status in the community.

tier elite continued to control the men ted his cane and corn growing personally in their construction, cabildo and community economic activities in the 1730's by directing since he has not permitted his pride resources, but its membership was the construction of the Mission as senior regidor to prevent his no longer exclusively isleno nor Concepci6n irrigation ditch. He later taking up the trowel in his work ethnically Spanish. helped in other acequia projects, and many times:' One might wonder why Rodri­ evidence suggests he may also have Clearly Rodriguez established guez pursued goals in the cabildo supervised a number of construction good relations with the broader that led to his political demise. He jobs at the missions. community during the 1730's. By the no doubt agreed with the racial Rodriguez also realized very time he became senior regidor in ideas of the day, but he understood quickly that agriculture in colonial 1744 these ties were important sooner than most of his compatriots Texas could never be more than a enough to him economically - and that their racial intolerance and mo­ subsistence endeavor. Some Canary perhaps morally - that he facilitated nopoly of economic and political Islanders, coming to a similar reali­ the presentation of grievances by power could not endure. Despite the zation, became presidial soldiers, missionaries and the presidial com­ islenos' efforts to maintain their merchants and ranchers, but Rodri­ munity aimed at securing for them­ social exclusiveness, they comprised guez turned to what today we know selves equal economic and political only 15 families, so intermarriage as real estate development. Scattered rights in San Antonio. By the end with the presidial community was land records in the Bexar County of the century the Bexar elite in­ frequent. Moreover, such a small Archives reveal that between 1737 cluded both islenos and members of group could not hold off forever the and 1749 the enterprising isleno was the presidial community. Perhaps social and economic aspirations of involved in 11 land transactions, Rodriguez merely facilitated an the larger community. probably only a fraction of the total. inevitable process of Islander and Unfortunately, few available What exactly he was doing is not presidial integration in Bexar, but sou'rces shed light on Rodriguez's clear, but land speculation seems to his story adds an important bio­ personal philosophies, but sources have been one of his primary eco­ graphical dimension to the dynamics do suggest that he was sufficiently nomic activities. of that process. shrewd to foresee personal economic , Moreover, by 1750 he had built gains in the unfolding process of some 14 houses in the villa, and it community-wide political and eco­ appears that besides constructing nomic integration. His involvement the homes of most of his country­ Gerald E. Poyo is a research associate at The with the broader community began men, Rodriguez was the primary Institute of Texan Cultures. The research for this essay is part of an ongoing Institute project on soon after his arrival when he estab­ builder for the presidial community. the social and economic history of Spanish Texas lished useful ties with the mission­ As one official noted, "The stone for (1718-1821) being conducted by the author and aries. An experienced acequiero them was transported by his mozos Professor Gilberto Hinojosa of The University of Texas at San Antonio. Thanks are in order to (irrigation-ditch digger) in the (employees) and carretas (carts); and Richard Garay and John Leal who helped identi­ Canary Islands, Rodriguez supple- Rodriguez has even participated fy materials on Rodriguez Mederos. 3 Texas Women Take to the Air

by J0 Eckerman

The day the first airplane lifted by Elinor Smith, a popular pilot in obtained her license in 1912 and off the ground and rose toward the the 1930's. As she reminisces about began flying in air shows as a way heavens was more than a moment the days when she dreamed of be­ to earn enough money to study in technological history - it fulfilled coming a pilot, she recalls her moth­ music in Europe, but her love of centuries of human desire to reach er's emphatic words of encourage­ flying soon overshadowed her musi­ out and touch the sky. It was a ment, "Be like the U.S. mail. Don't cal interests. Before tuberculosis miracle, a dream come true, and the let rain, sleet, or storm deter you ended her flying career, Katherine world reveled in the discovery that because you're a girl. If flying air­ gained notoriety with her numerous man could fly. Woman, however, planes is what you really want to do, "firsts:' Among them were: the first was an altogether different matter. forget your sex and get on with it!" woman to loop-the-Ioop, the first In the early days of aviation Despite the odds against them, woman to fly the U.S. mail and flying was a risky business. A cer­ several Texas women decided to do history's first skywriter. tain mystique surrounded the men just that. They took to the air to Like Katherine Stinson, Bessie who flew the rickety machines. The prove to themselves and the world Coleman joined the air show circuit public idolized them and endowed that women could fly. as a way to earn money towards achieving a different goal. Bessie them with superhuman measures of Two of Texas's best-known fe­ courage, fortitude and tenacity, was the first black woman from the male pilots were the Stinson sisters, tinged with a hint of recklessness U.S. to receive a pilot's license, but Katherine and Marjorie. Originally and an affinity for adventure, all of obtaining it was an arduous process. from Mississippi, the Stinson family which blended together to form an Breaking into the field of aviation image roughly akin to a turn-of-the­ moved to San Antonio just before was difficult for any woman, but century Indiana Jones-not exactly World War I and organized the practically impossible for Bessie. No the stuff of which proper young Stinson School of Flying in 1915. flying school in the country would ladies were made. Marjorie, who gained distinction as accept her, and she was forced to go Flying an airplane was simply to France for training. not a socially acceptable thing for ... the world reveled in the When she returned in 1921, women in the early 1900's to do. discovery that man could Bessie set out to, as she described it, And, according to most male pilots "give a little coloring" to aviation and of the day, they lacked the ability fly. Woman, however, obtain the necessary capital to open anyway. In their estimation women was an altogether her own flying school. In this way weren't strong, smart or mentally different matter. she hoped to help other blacks over­ stable enough to do the job. But come the prejudices and hardships worst of all, women possessed little she had experienced. Unfortunately, or no "air sense;' which Joseph Corn the youngest woman pilot when she Bessie died in a tragic air accident describes in The Winged Gospel as earned her license in 1914, served as on April 30, 1927, before her dream "that indefinable something alleged­ instructor for the school and taught could be realized. ly needed for successful piloting:' more than 100 Canadian and Amer­ In addition to those who made Obviously, moving over to make a ican men to fly. Known as the "flying a career of flying, some women were place on their pedestal for women schoolmarm;' Marjorie was consid­ attracted to aviation for the sheer was not something male pilots were ered one of the best flight instructors fun of it. Among them was Retha eager to do. in the country. McCulloh, a schoolteacher in Beau­ For some women, that didn't Katherine Stinson, dubbed the mont. After only one flight with a matter. They wanted to fly, and they "flying schoolgirl" because of her barnstormer, Retha knew flying was were determined to learn. The petite build and youthful enthusi­ for her. At first the school board strength of their commitment shines asm, pursued a more flamboyant frowned upon the idea - they through in a passage from Aviatrix career as a stunt flier. Katherine thought it quite unbecoming for a 4 Nothing impresses the safety of aviation on the public quite so much as to see a woman flying an airplane. If a woman can handle it, the public thinks it must be duck soup for men.

Bessie Coleman, 1921

Be like the U.S. mail. Don't let rain, sleet, or storm deter you because youre a girl. If flying airplanes is what you really want to do, forget your sex and get on with it!

Marjorie Stinson being sworn in as a mail carrier in 1915 teacher to be taking flying lessons. public's enthusiasm with the ro­ Women pilots were the best Eventually they gave in, however, mance of flying, it did little to con­ form of advertisement the fledgling and in 1929 Retha became the first vince them that going up in an field of aviation could have hoped Texas woman to receive an Ameri­ airplane was something they should for. They made flying look easy. In can-issued pilot's license. risk their lives to experience. The light of the obstacles that stood in Women like Katherine, Marjo­ involvement of women, on the other the way of achieving their goal, rie, Bessie and Retha contributed hand, took the mystery and fear out flying probably was the easiest part greatly to the growth and develop­ of flying and made it conceivable. of being a female pilot. Through ment of aviation through their For the most part the public their courage, determination and active participation in the field. attitude was that if women could do struggle to confront the challenges Perhaps most important was their it, flying couldn't possibly be as of venturing into a traditionally influence on the transformation of difficult or dangerous as previously masculine domain, women pilots flying from a novelty into a com­ thought. Pilot Louise Thaden once helped make aviation the integral monplace, accepted part of life. remarked, "Nothing impresses the part of our culture that it is today. By the very nature of the ster­ safety of aviation on the public quite eotypes society placed upon them, so much as to see a woman flying women domesticated the air in a an airplane. If a woman can handle way that men never could. While it, the public thinks it must be duck }o Eckerman is director of News and Infor­ the intrepid aviator image fueled the soup for men:' mation for The Institute.

5 Passing Images: Photographs and History ---- by David Haynes

Photography is a striking tech­ and supplies to the Confederates in In addition to examining details nological success story. First devel­ 1861. Some evidence indicates that shown in photographs, it is also oped in late 1839, by the mid-1840's they were both done by the same possible to gather evidence about it was being practiced almost every­ firm - DeRyee and Iwonski. If you patterns of human behavior. Sup­ where in Europe and America. It is saw only the drawing, you could pose you wanted to know how the hard to realize today what difference reasonably assume that the people typical Texas urban dweller of 1890 this new invention made for every­ participating in the action felt very dressed on the street. Did men wear day people. Only the rich could af­ patriotic about it- just look at all suits and women hats and gloves? ford to pay an artist to paint or draw the flags. The photograph, however, How would you gather evidence to a loved one. Suddenly, everyone fails to show any flags. Of course, find an answer? You would, of could afford to sit for a portrait. the flags could have been out before course, read diaries and newspaper And everybody did. It has been esti­ or after the photo was taken, but accounts from the period, looking mated that each year of the mid- probably there were never any flags for statements about dress. You 1850's ten percent of the population on the plaza that day. A historian might even find some illustrations of the United States had a portrait interested in some physical detail- showing people on the street. But

Drawing depicting the surrender of federal troops at Main Photograph of the surrender (photo courtesy of the DRT Library) Plaza in San Antonio made. And photography's popu­ these pieces of evidence would larity has not waned. This year the involve few people at best. This estimate is that three billion photo­ photograph and others like it show graphs will be made by a worldwide us what people actually wore. population of five billion. Historic photographs offer us The popularity of photography evidence and insights into the past has also produced a windfall of that are obtainable in no other way. historical information. A great num­ That is the best reason for us to col­ ber of the photographs made over lect, preserve and make available as the last 140 years or so still exist. many of these priceless documents This is indeed fortunate for people as possible. The Institute's historic who are interested in understanding photo collection, described in the and interpreting the past. Pictures adjoining article, is one of several show us how people and things large, comprehensive image reposi­ appeared in a particular place at a Street scene of Public Day in Bonham, Texas tories in the state that are being used particular time. more and more to help all of us Look at these two reproduc­ guns or hats - could enlarge por­ know and understand the past. tions from The Institute's files show­ tions of the photograph to take a ing Main Plaza in San Antonio, for closer look. Doing the same thing David Haynes is director of Production for The instance. One is a photograph, the to the drawing would not be as Institute and previously worked with the photog­ other a drawing. Both purport to useful as the artist may not have raphy collections at The Humanities Research show the surrender of Federal troops drawn these details accurately. Center, The University of Texas at Austin.

6 Traveling Exhibits Historic Photos at Traveling exhibits are designed by The Institute of Texan Cultures so that all Texans can enjoy learning about the state's ethnic heritage. The exhibits can be found at schools, The Institute businesses, libraries, shopping malis, museums and other public buildings throughout the state. The following list will help you locate the Institute exhibit on display near you. JANUARY The Institute Library main­ Through January 6: CLEBURNE / First National Bank, To Stand Alone: A Gallery of tains a collection of more than Texas Originals. 100,000 photographs, drawings Through January IS: EDNA/ Texana Museum, Children of Many Lands Came to and illustrations pertaining to Texas. January 1-31: BEAUMONT/ Beaumont Heritage Society, Texas Women: A Celebration Texas history and culture. Accord­ of History. ing to Tom Shelton, photo librar­ January 1-31: BIG SPRING/ Heritage Museum, A Festival of Pinatas. ian, the majority of these have January 1-31: HARLINGEN/ Harlingen Public Library, El Vaquero: Genesis del been gathered in relation to The Cowboy Texano. Institute's on-going research January 1-31: HUNTSVILLE/ Huntsville State Bank, Ranch Women: Roles, Images, Possibilities. program. In addition, a large January 1-31: HURST/ Hurst Public Librar , Texas Ima es. number of photos depicting peo­ anuary 1-3 : / as a mas opping Ma , El Vaquero: Genesis del ple and events in San Antonio Cowboy Texano. during the 1920's and 1930's are January 1-31: SHERMAN/Austin College, Ranch Women: Roles, Images, Possibilities. from a collection donated by the January 1-31: TEXAS CITY/ Moore Memorial Library, Texas Women: A Celebration of History (An Overview). San Antonio Light newspaper. January 6-February 6: MISSION/ Pearson Elementary School, Archeology in Texas. Tom receives an average of January 13-February 13: DALLAS /Arch McCulloch Middle School, Treasure, People, three to four inquiries a day from Ships and Dreams. historians researching various top­ January IS-February IS: ROUND ROCK/ Robertson Elementary School, The Texas ics, teachers and students seeking Rangers. January IS-February IS: SAN ANTONIO/ The University of Texas at San Antonio, assistance with school projects, Scholars, Scoundrels and Schoolteachers: Education in Texas. publishers searching for book January IS-February IS: TERRELL/Terrell Public Library, To Stand Alone: A Gallery illustrations and even restaurants of Texas Originals. looking for photos to enhance January IS-March 31 : EL PASO/ Ysleta I.5.D., Children of Many Lands Came to Texas. their decor. Many requests come January 17-February 28: PUEBLO, COLORADO/Sangre de Cristo Art Center, A Festival of Pinatas and Mexican Folk Toys. from people who want to order January 24-February 24: AUSTIN/ Travis Heights Elementary School, Children of copies of images which appear on Many Lands Came to Texas . The Institute's exhibit floor. January 27-February 21: PLANO/ Collin Creek Mall, Texas Images. The collection's popularity fEBRUARy stems from its variety, extensive February 1-28: EDNA/ Texana Museum, Afro-American Texans. February 1-28: TEXARKANA/ Texarkana High School, Afro-American Texans. cataloging system and reasonable February 1-28: TYLER/ Tyler Public Library, Afro-American Texans. f~. Arranged by subject matter, February IS-March IS: BROWNSVILLE/ Kendrick Memorial Library, El Vaquero: ethnic group and date, files include Genesis del Cowboy Texano. descriptions of the item, informa­ February 20-March 20: LAMPASAS/ Lampasas County Museum, Texas Women: A tion about the source and any re­ Celebration of History (An Overview). MARCH strictions regarding its use. Also March 1-31: CYPRESS/ Cypress N.W. Library, A Festival of Pinatas and Treasure, available is a contact print file People, Ships and Dreams. which allows users to view the March 1-31: HOUSTON/ Foley's, Ranch Women: Roles, Images, Possibilities and The actual image. Prints can be or­ Texas Rangers. dered in various sizes and formats March 1-31: HOUSTON/ Holbrook Elementary School, Children of Many Lands Came to Texas. with prices ranging from $4 for an March 1-31: HUNTSVILLE/ Huntsville State Bank, El Vaquero: Genesis del Cowboy 8" x 10" to $21 for a 24" x 30"; sales Texano. tax and any fees for postage and March 1-31: PORT ARTHUR/ Port Arthur Library, Texas Women: A Celebration of handling are additional. History. For more information about March 1-31: TEXAS CITY/ Moore Memorial Library, War.; on Texas Soil. March 1-31: TYLER/ Tyler Public Library, Ranch Women: Roles, Images and the photograph collection, contact Possibilities. Tom Shelton at the Library, The March 1-31 : TYLER/ The University of Texas at Tyler Library, Archeology in Texas and Institute of Texan Cultures, p.o. The Texas Rangers. Box 1226, San Antonio, Texas March 1-31: WEIMAR/ Hill Bank and Trust Company, Treasure, People, Ships and 78294, (512) 226-7651. Dreams. March I-April 30: FORT WORTH/ Fort Worth Public Library, To Stand Alone: A Gallery of Texas Originals. 'lJnilmitrofrcw March I-April 30: HOUSTON/ Foley's, Texas Images. . ~ pOnstttuto March 10-April 10: BEAUMONT/ Westbrook Senior High Library, Afro-American "" ,. '¥Texan iufiures Texans. ~ aJ Sanytnumw March IS-April IS: HURST/ Hurst Public Library, Mexican Folk Toys. 7 Calendar of Events from Eugene Bullard, the world's first Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying January black combat pilot, to the blacks who Machines -This special airing of the have made recent breakthroughs in 1965 film depicting an air race from Through June 8: Reach for the Sky: Aviation commercial aviation. London to Paris in 1910, is co-sponsored in Texas -This is a major exhibit tracing February 2, 9 a.m.-5 p.m.: Alamo Wing of by The Institute and KSAT-fY. Featur­ the soaring growth of aviation in Texas the Confederate Air Force - During this ing Stuart Whitman, Terry Thomas, from the first awkward attempts to get special program club members discuss Robert Morley, Sarah Miles and Benny off the ground to the technological and display photos and artifacts. Hill, the film offers a comical slice of wonders of the space age and beyond. February 4-March 2: Forgotten Dignity­ aviation history. The story of aviation in Texas is an Sponsored by the James G. Gee Library March 16, 2-5 p.m.: Those Magnificent Fly­ intriguing and colorful one based on and the Department of History at East ing Machines-Outdoor activities in­ dreams and myths, invention and real­ Texas State University, this exhibit in­ cluding a frisbee toss, making and flying ity. Reach for the Sky is made possible cludes 50 photos, snapshots, and studio kites, and measuring the displacement by a grant from Southwest Airlines. portraits of blacks in Bonham, Texas. of a balloon filled with helium highlight January 12: I1l Fly Away: Images of Avia­ February 16, 2-5 p.m., Dome Theater: At this program focusing on the principles tion-Held in conjunction with Reach Home in the Sky: The People Who of aerodynamics. for the Sky, this special program high­ Fly - Held in conjunction with Reach lights the many ways aviation is re­ for the Sky, this program features a flected in our culture. special activity for children based on On-Going Activities 2-5 p.m., Lower Gallery: Aircraft flight skills and coordination tests. Also Heraldry - Creating nose art, a spe­ Saturday-Sunday: History Mystery! - With included are continuous showings of the cial activity for children. "navigator maps" in hand, visitors be­ movie, The Flying Cadets, filmed at 2:30 p.m., Dome Theater: The Cul­ tween the ages of 6 and 12 can wing Brooks Air Force Base in 1929. ture of Flying-A discussion by their way through the aviation exhibit Roger Bilstein, co-author of Avia­ and discover clues to artifacts. tion in Texas, published by Texas Tuesday-Sunday: Texans Take to the Air: A Monthly Press and The Institute. March GTT Special Report - Children can learn about the history of aviation in Through June 8: Reach for the Sky: Aviation Texas through the fun and magic of February in Texas puppets at the Gone to Texas Puppet Through March 2: Forgotten Dignity Theater. Call The Institute for details Through June 8: Reach for the Sky: Aviation Through March 9: Black Wings: American and show times. in Texas Blacks in Aviation February I-March 9: Black Wings: Ameri­ March 11-June 8: Lunar Landing Module­ These events and exhibits are subject to can Blacks in Aviation-Produced by This display includes a one-third scale change. the Smithsonian Institution's National model of the lunar module used in the Air and Space Museum, this exhibit Apollo space program from 1969-1972. highlights the role of blacks in aviation, March 15, 11 p.m., KSAT-TV Channel 4:

The University of Texas Nonprofit Organization Institute of Texan Cultures U.S. POSTAGE at San Antonio PAID P.O. Box 1226 San Antonio, Texas San Antonio, Texas 78294 Permit No. 364