DOCSLIB.ORG

Great Caucasus (Cavcasioni): a Long-Lived North-Tethyan Back-Arc Basin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Great Caucasus (Cavcasioni): a Long-Lived North-Tethyan Back-Arc Basin Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences (Turkish J. Earth Sci.), Vol.S. ADAMIA 20, 2011, ET pp. AL. 611–628. Copyright ©TÜBİTAK doi:10.3906/yer-1005-12 First published online 02 February 2011 Great Caucasus (Cavcasioni): A Long-lived North-Tethyan Back-Arc Basin SHOTA ADAMIA1, VICTOR ALANIA1, ALEKSANDRE CHABUKIANI1, ZURAB KUTELIA2 & NINO SADRADZE1,3 1 M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, 1/1 M. Alexidze str.,0171, Tbilisi, Georgia (E-mail: [email protected]) 2 Mining Geologic Project Ltd, 87a Paliashvili str., 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia 3 Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology, 1/9 M. Alexidze str., 0193, Tbilisi, Georgia Received 15 May 2010; revised typescripts receipt 15 December 2010 & 14 January 2011; accepted 02 February 2011 Abstract: Th e Great Caucasus is a northwest−southeast-directed mountain range more than 1100 km long, located between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. It represents an intracontinental tectonic system resulting from the Late Cenozoic structural inversion of a Palaeozoic−Mesozoic−Early Cenozoic back-arc basin (Dizi basin) in response to the convergence of the Africa-Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates. It is bounded to the south by the Transcaucasian massif, a palaeo-island-arc, and to the north by the Scythian platform. Th e Great Caucasus fold-and-thrust mountain belt is characterized by complete, intensive folding, mainly south vergent imbricated thrusting, close-joint cleavage etc. Structural relationships of the Great Caucasian fold-and-thrust mountain belt with the Transcaucasian massif and Scythian platform are, as a rule, tectonic overthrusts, but in some places the contacts are transitional. Th e Great Caucasus basin has developed, at least from Devonian, throughout Palaeozoic and Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic, as established by marine palaeontological data. Late Palaeozoic (Variscan) metamorphic and magmatic events, folding and topographic inversion are not observed in the Southern Slope Zone of the Great Caucasus. Variscan and Early Mesozoic (Old Cimmerian) orogenic events did not lead to closure of the Dizi back-arc basin. Th e mountainous Crimea (Triassic−Liassic Tauric series) represents a similar basin of continuous deposition with no Variscan and Old Cimmerian orogenic events and is generally considered to be the western extension of the Great Caucasian basin. East of the Caucasus, such a basin characterized by continuous Triassic−Jurassic marine sandy-argillaceous sedimentation is the Great Balkans (Transcaspian), which was continuously developing since the Palaeozoic. Th roughout the whole Mesozoic, Palaeocene and Eocene, the Great Caucasus represented a domain accumulating thick terrigenous, carbonate, and volcanogenic marine deposits and only in Oligocene−Miocene it was transformed into a mountainous edifi ce between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins. At present, the Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins unconformably overlie diff erent structures of adjacent land; their shoreline cuts several main tectonic units of the Caucasus and Crimea. Key Words: Great Caucasus, Cavcasioni, Transcaucasus, pre-Caucasus, Tethys, back-arc Büyük Kafk aslar: Kuzey Tetis’in Uzun Süreçli Yay-ardı Havzası Özet: Büyük Kafk aslar, Karadeniz ile Hazar Denizi arasında kuzeybatı−güneydoğu yönünde 1100 km uzanan bir dağ silsilesidir. Bu dağ kuşağı Paleozoyik−Mesozoyik−Erken Tersiyer yaşlı bir yay-ardı havzanın (Dizi havzası) Geç Tersiyer’de Afrika-Arabistan ile Avrasya levhalarının yakınlaşması ve çarpışmasına bağlı olarak yapısal terslenmesi ile oluşmuştur. Büyük Kafk aslar kıvrım-bindirme kuşağı yoğun kıvrımlanma, genellikle güneye verjanslı bindirmeler ve sık eklem klivajı ile tanımlanır; güneyde eski bir ada-yayını temsil eden Transkafk asya masifl eri, kuzeyde ise İskit Platformu ile sınırlanır. Büyük Kafk as kıvrım-bindirme kuşağının Transkafk asya masifl eri ve İskit Platformu ile olan dokanakları genellikle bindirmeli fakat bazı bölgelerde geçişlidir. Paleontolojik verilere göre Büyük Kafk asya havzası gelişmesine Devoniyen’de veya öncesinde başlamış, tüm Geç Paleozoyik, Mesozoyik ve Erken Tersiyer’de devam etmiştir. Büyük Kafk asların güney zonunda (Southern Slope Zone) Geç Palaeozyik’te (Variskan) metamorfi k ve magmatik olaylar, kıvrımlanma ve yükselme gözlenmez. Daha kuzeydeki gözlenen bu Variskan ve Erken Mesozoyik (eski Kimmeriyen) olayları güney zondaki Dizi yay-ardı havzasının kapanmasına yol açmamıştır. Dağlık Kırım bölgesi de (Triyas−Liyas Tavrik serisi) Variskan ve erken Kimmeriyen olaylarının gözlenmediği, sürekli çökelim gösteren benzer bir havza oluşturur ve genellikle Büyük Kafk aslar havzasının batıya doğru devamını oluşturduğu kabul edilir. Büyük Kafk asların doğusunda benzer bir havza Triyas−Jura süresince 611 GREAT CAUCASUS sürekli kumlu-kili yaşlı sedimentasyonla tanımlanan, Paleozyik’te beri sürekli gelişim gösteren Büyük Balkan (Transcaspian) havzasıdır. Tüm Mesozoyik, Palaeosen ve Eosen boyunca Büyük Kafk aslar kalın kırıntılı, karbonat ve volkanik malzemenin depolandığı bir havza oluşturur, Oligo−Miyosen’de bu havza Karadeniz ve Hazar denizi havzaları arasında yükselen bir dağ kuşağına dönüşür. Günümüzde Karadeniz ve Hazar Denizi çökelleri Büyük Kafk asların değişik birimlerini ve yapılarını uyumsuzlukla üzerlemektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Büyük Kafk aslar, Transkafk asya, pre-Kafk asya, Tetis, yay-ardı Introduction and Early Cenozoic ages. Th e oldest deposits of the Cavcasioni (Bolshoi Kavkaz in Russian and Great Dizi series, dated as Devonian–Triassic, are exposed Caucasus in English) is a NW–SE-directed mountain within the Southern Slope Zone (Figure 1). range more than 1100 km long, located between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. It represents an Th e Palaeozoic–Triassic Formations intracontinental fold-and-thrust mountain system Th e Palaeozoic–Triassic sediments crop out within resulting from the Late Cenozoic syn- and post- three regions of the Southern Slope Zone of the Great collisional structural inversion of a Palaeozoic– Caucasian fold-and-thrust mountain belt. Th ey are: Mesozoic–Early Cenozoic pre-collisional back- (1) the Mzimta gorge located within the western arc basin (Khain 1974; Adamia et al. 1977, 1981; Southern Slope Zone, (2) Svaneti – within the central Dercourt et al. 1985; Stampfl i et al. 2001) in response Southern Slope Zone (Dizi series), and (3) Speroza – to convergence of the Africa-Arabian and Eurasian within the eastern Southern Slope Zone. lithosphere plates (Figure 1). It is bounded to the south by the Transcaucasian massif, which is a Palaeozoic–Early Cenozoic island-arc, and to the Th e Dizi Series north by the Scythian young platform (Figure 2). Th e Dizi series crops out in the cores of two (Enguri At present, this is a fold-and-thrust mountain belt and Tskhenistskali) alpine antiforms (Figure 5). Th e characterized by intensive tight and subisoclinal core of the former is more eroded; exposed formations folding, mainly south-vergent imbricated thrusting, range in age from Lower–Middle Devonian to close-joint cleavage etc (Figures 3 & 4). Structural the uppermost Triassic. Th ickness of the series, as relations of the Great Caucasian fold-and-thrust reported by various authors, is 1.5–2.0 km. Present mountain belt with the Transcaucasian massif and knowledge on its stratigraphy is mainly based on the Scythian platform are, as a rule, tectonic overthrusts, palaeontological data (corals, foraminifers, crinoids) however, in some places the contacts are transitional described or reported by Sh. Adamia, G. Agalin, A. (Milanovsky & Khain 1963; Gamkrelidze 1964; Belov, G. Chikhradze, V. Kazmin, Z. Kutelia, V. Slavin, Shardanov & Borukaev 1968; Grigoriants et al. 1972; and M. Somin. Lately, radiolarians and conodonts Gamkrelidze & Gamkrelidze 1977; Adamia et al. were found in this series (Z. Kutelia, I. Barskov) that 1987a; Giorgobiani & Zakaraia 1989; Kengerli 2005). promoted a better understanding of the stratigraphic Th e crust of the Great Caucasus is continental, setting of the series and changed existent notions on up to 55–60 km thick; it covers an area up to 60–75 its structure. km wide. Th e ‘granite’ layer of the Great Caucasus Th e Dizi series is rather monotonous. Th e is exposed within its Main Range Zone forming the presence of Lower–Middle Devonian, Upper crystalline core of the fold-and-thrust mountain Devonian and Lower–Middle Carboniferous, and belt. Sedimentary cover of the Great Caucasian Triassic anchimetamorphic deposits (phyllites, fold-and-thrust mountain belt, which is widespread slates) is proved on the basis of palaeontological within the Main Range Zone and Southern Slope fi ndings. Th e deposits are represented mainly by fi ne- Zone, is dominated by deep marine terrigenous grained terrigenous and hemipelagic formations, and hemipelagic deposits of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, characterized by an irregular alternation of siltstones, 612 S. ADAMIA ET AL. a P R E CAU CAS U S CAS PIAN B L A C K S E A S E A GR EA Azov-Kuban TC Scythian AU CA 37 00’o 41o 00’ STAVROPOL AK Ku ba n S U SC b Sp Kz 2 Bechasin S ST Sp Kz2 PcMz- Kz1 Terek-Caspian BLACK SEA Pc Kz1 o 44 00’ GC PcMz- Kz1 Pc Mz Be 45o 00’ Ch Pc Mz Laba-MalkaMain Range BPC-Pz Scythian Pc Mz-Kz 1 FR Pc Pz TK GROZNI La MR Chugush Pc Kz1 Bu BPC-Pz TC Pc Mz-Kz 1 Laba Di SC Great Caucasus Pc Pz Pc Mz 49o 00’ Pc Mz-Kz1 Ka KAZBEGUI 3a Pc Kz1 Transcaucasus i GR R ion R o ’ E CASPIAN 42 00 Fore Range Dizi Sz AT Sp Kz2 Pc Mz 3b SEA Buulgen Kassar Aragvi K CAU Al GD 4 Al Rioni az Gussar-Devichi a C A S USp KSz2 Kura ni Speroza TC SS Alazani Pc -Kz1 Transcaucasus BAKI 40o00’ Southern Slope MAIN TECTONIC UNITS TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS Neogene-Quarternary subaerial volcanic area B PC- Pz pre-Cambrian-Palaeozoic basement Scythian Platform (SC) Pc Pzpre - collisional , Palaeozoic fold-and-thrust mountain belt: Great Caucasus (GC) Pc Mzpre - collissional , Mesozoic foredeeps: Azov-Kuban (AK), Stavropol High (ST), Pc Mz-Kz1 pre - collissiona ,l Mesozoic-Early Cenozoic Terek-Caspian (TC), Gussar-Devichi (GD). Pc Kzpre - collissional , Early Cenozoic Transcaucasian massif (TC), foredeeps: Rioni (R), 1 Kura (K), Alazani (Al). Sp Kz2 syn-, post-collisional , Late Cenozoic location of the cross-sections: 3a, 3b and 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatolian Rivers Between East and West
    Anatolian Rivers between East and West: Axes and Frontiers Geographical, economical and cultural aspects of the human-environment interactions between the Kızılırmak and Tigris Rivers in ancient times A series of three Workshops * First Workshop The Connectivity of Rivers Bilkent University Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture & Faculty of Humanities and Letters Ankara 18th November 2016 ABSTRACTS Second Workshop, 4th – 7th May 2017, at the State University Shota Rustaveli, Batumi. The Exploitation of the Economic Resources of Rivers. Third Workshop, 28th – October 1st September 2017, at the French Institute for Anatolian Studies, Istanbul. The Cultural Aspects of Rivers. Frontier Rivers between Asia and Europe Anca Dan (Paris, CNRS-ENS, [email protected]) The concept of « frontier », the water resources and the extension of Europe/Asia are currently topics of debates to which ancient historians and archaeologists can bring their contribution. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the watercourses which played a part in the mental construction of the inhabited world, in its division between West and East and, more precisely, between Europe and Asia. The paper is organized in three parts: the first is an inventory of the watercourses which have been considered, at some point in history, as dividing lines between Europe and Asia; the second part is an attempt to explain the need of dividing the inhabited world by streams; the third part assesses the impact of this mental construct on the reality of a river, which is normally at the same time an obstacle and a spine in the mental organization of a space.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia, Adjara Autonomous Republic
    Georgia, Ajara Autonomous Republic: Ajara Solid Waste Management Project Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) April 2015 Rev May 2015 1 List of abbreviations EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EHS Environmental health and safety ESAP Environmental and Social Action Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EU European Union GHG Greenhouse Gas (e.g. methane, carbon dioxide and other gases) Ha hectare HH Households HR Human resources Km kilometer R/LRF Resettlement/Livelihood Restauration Framework M meter MIS Management Information System MoFE Ministry of Finance and Economy of Ajara OHS Occupational Health and safety PAP Project affected people PR Performance Requirement RAP Resettlement Action Plan SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SWC Solid Waste Company SWM Solid Waste Management ToR Terms of Reference 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 2 Brief Project Description .................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Closure of Batumi and Kobuleti ............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Construction of Tsetskhlauri landfill ................................................................................... 5 2.3 Organisation .................................................................................................................................. 7 3 Applicable Regulations
    [Show full text]
  • Wikivoyage Georgia.Pdf
    WikiVoyage Georgia March 2016 Contents 1 Georgia (country) 1 1.1 Regions ................................................ 1 1.2 Cities ................................................. 1 1.3 Other destinations ........................................... 1 1.4 Understand .............................................. 2 1.4.1 People ............................................. 3 1.5 Get in ................................................. 3 1.5.1 Visas ............................................. 3 1.5.2 By plane ............................................ 4 1.5.3 By bus ............................................. 4 1.5.4 By minibus .......................................... 4 1.5.5 By car ............................................. 4 1.5.6 By train ............................................ 5 1.5.7 By boat ............................................ 5 1.6 Get around ............................................... 5 1.6.1 Taxi .............................................. 5 1.6.2 Minibus ............................................ 5 1.6.3 By train ............................................ 5 1.6.4 By bike ............................................ 5 1.6.5 City Bus ............................................ 5 1.6.6 Mountain Travel ....................................... 6 1.7 Talk .................................................. 6 1.8 See ................................................... 6 1.9 Do ................................................... 7 1.10 Buy .................................................. 7 1.10.1
    [Show full text]
  • Law of Georgia on State Property
    LAW OF GEORGIA ON STATE PROPERTY Chapter I - General Provisions Article 1 - Scope of the Law 1. This Law regulates relations concerning the management, administration and transfer into use of the state property of Georgia. 2. (Deleted). 3. (Deleted). 4. (Deleted). 5. This Law shall not apply to: a) the cases specified in Article 101(3)(e) of the Law of Georgia on Public Procurement; b) the transfer or any other administration of useful parts and materials obtained after the reconstruction, repair, dismantling or demolition of state- owned buildings transferred for use to state bodies of Georgia, to the bodies of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, of the Autonomous Republic of Ajara or to local self-government bodies or to legal entities under public law for the purpose of covering, in full or in part, the costs of reconstruction, repair, dismantling or demolition of these buildings by such body or legal entity under public law; c) the transfer or any other administration of the useful parts and materials obtained as a result of the reconstruction, repair, dismantling or demolition of buildings transferred for use to the state bodies of Georgia, to the bodies of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, or to the Autonomous Republic of Ajara or to local self-government bodies or to legal entities under public law, shall be effected by such body or legal entity under public law for the purpose of covering, in full or in part, the costs of reconstruction, repair, dismantling or demolition of the buildings in accordance with the procedures and
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Potentials in Georgia
    FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1055/1 REU/C1055/1(En) ISSN 2070-6065 REVIEW OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS IN GEORGIA Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: Sales and Marketing Group Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +39 06 57053360 Web site: www.fao.org/icatalog/inter-e.htm FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1055/1 REU/C1055/1 (En) REVIEW OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS IN GEORGIA by Marina Khavtasi † Senior Specialist Department of Integrated Environmental Management and Biodiversity Ministry of the Environment Protection and Natural Resources Tbilisi, Georgia Marina Makarova Head of Division Water Resources Protection Ministry of the Environment Protection and Natural Resources Tbilisi, Georgia Irina Lomashvili Senior Specialist Department of Integrated Environmental Management and Biodiversity Ministry of the Environment Protection and Natural Resources Tbilisi, Georgia Archil Phartsvania National Consultant Thomas Moth-Poulsen Fishery Officer FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia Budapest, Hungary András Woynarovich FAO Consultant FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily re ect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scienti c institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the rst time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Ownership and the Development of the Land Market in Georgia
    Land Ownership and the Development of the Land Market in Georgia A Report Commissioned by Alliances KK and Undertaken by a Private Consultant Alexander Gvaramia Translation edited by Helen Bradbury 2013 Tbilisi Alliances KK This report was produced by a private consultant Alexander Gvaramia a legal expert on land laws and issues and a member of the Swiss Development Cooperation funded Mercy Corps Georgia implemented Alliances Kvemo Kartli Programme, Helen Bradbury, a market development programme working in the dairy, beef and sheep value chains in Dmanisi, Tetritskaro and Tsalka municipalities of Kevmo Kartli. The International Centre for Conflict Negotiation (ICCN) a partner of Alliances KK was responsible for facilitating the concept and production of the report. For more information please go to www.allianceskk.ge 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER I. PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL LAND .............................................................................................. 5 1. THE SOVIET PERIOD AND THE LAND REFORM OF THE 1990S .......................................................................................................... 5 Size of Land Parcels .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Geographical Limitations on Issuing Land ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis and Sedimentation of the Travertines in Georgia
    saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis moambe, t. 14, #1, 2020 BULLETIN OF THE GEORGIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, vol. 14, no. 1, 2020 Paleogeography Genesis and Sedimentation of the Travertines in Georgia Revaz Khazaradze* and Koba Kharadze* Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia (Presented by Academy Member Revaz Gachechiladze) On the basis of the studies carried out we determined the areas of the genesis and distribution of travertines on the territory of Georgia. As it became clear the distribution of travertines in the Caucasus Mountains is mainly linked to the distribution line of Mesozoic sediments, where two types of travertines can be distinguished: an active travertine (it has a source and sedimentation is still lasting) and an inactive travertine (the source has dried up and sedimentation does not take place). In the active travertines there are numerous prints of plant leaves and stems that enables to determine the approximate age of their genesis; it became known that it may belong to Holocene or a period close to the modern age. As to the inactive travertines, they are poor in vegetation prints. They have been eroded and therefore, it becomes difficult to determine their age. © 2020 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci. Travertines, active travertine, inactive travertine, genesis Water saturated with the carbonate material following the glaciation (Holocene). Seemingly, deposits it onto layer surfaces in the forms of the above researchers share the idea that mineral limestone, tufa and travertine. The outcropped waters were widely spread in the Quaternary in the rocks are not always presented as limestone.
    [Show full text]
  • LEPL Tbilisi State Medical University First University Clinic Tbilisi Gudamakari St
    LEPL Tbilisi State Medical University First University Clinic Tbilisi Gudamakari st. N4 Aversi Clinic Ltd Tbilisi Vazha-Pshavela Ave. N27 b Neolab Ltd Tbilisi Tashkent st. N47 New Hospitals Ltd Tbilisi Krtsanisi st. N12 Medical Center "Cito" Tbilisi Paliashvili st. N40 Molecular Diagnostics Centre Tbilisi Lubliana st. N11 A Megalab Tbilisi Kavtaradze st. N23 Infections Diseases, Aids And Clinical Immunology Research Center Tbilisi Al. Kazbegi st. N16 Med Diagnostics Tbilisi A. Beliashvili N78 National Tuberculosis Center Tbilisi Adjara st. N8, 0101 State Laboratory of Agriculture, Tbilisi Zonal Diagnostic Laboratory (ZDL) Tbilisi V. Godziashvili st. N49 Medical World Diagnostics Ltd Tbilisi Lubliana st. N33 "National Genetics Laboratory" GN-Invest Ltd. Tbilisi David Agmashenebeli Ave. N240 Medi Prime Tbilisi Gabriel Salosi st. N9b5 PCR Diagnostic and Research Laboratory - Prime Lab Tbilisi Bokhua st. N11 Genomics Tbilisi Sulkhan Tsintsadze st. N23 Bacteriophage Analytical Diagnostic Center- Diagnose -90 Tbilisi L. Gotua st. N3 Ultramed Tbilisi Ureki st. N15 Medison Holding Tbilisi Gobronidze st. N27 Medison Holding Tbilisi Vazha-Pshavela Ave. 83/11 Medison Holding Tbilisi Kaloubani st. N12 Evex Clinics - Mtatsminda Polyclinic Tbilisi Vekua st. N3 Ltd. "Medcapital" - 1 Tbilisi D. Gamrekeli st. N19 Ltd. MedCapital - 2 Tbilisi Moscow Ave. 4th sq. 3rd quarter Ltd. "Medcapital" - 3 Tbilisi I. Vekua st. N18 "Tbilisi Adult Polyclinic N19" Ltd Tbilisi Moscow Ave. N23 JSC Evex Clinics - Didube Polyclinic Tbilisi Akaki Tsereteli Ave. N123 JSC Evex Clinics - Varketili Polyclinic Tbilisi Javakheti st. N30 JSC Evex Clinics - Isani Polyclinic Tbilisi Ketvan Tsamebuli Ave. N69 JSC Evex Clinics - Saburtalo Polyclinic Tbilisi Vazha-Pshvela Ave. N40 Tbilisi Sea Hospital Tbilisi Varketili-3 IV m / r, plot 14/430 "St.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Georgia and Western Azerbaijan, South Caucasus)
    Synopsis of the terrestrial vertebrate faunas from the Middle Kura Basin (Eastern Georgia and Western Azerbaijan, South Caucasus) MAIA BUKHSIANIDZE and KAKHABER KOIAVA Bukhsianidze, M. and Koiava, K. 2018. Synopsis of the terrestrial vertebrate faunas from the Middle Kura Basin (Eastern Georgia and Western Azerbaijan, South Caucasus). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (3): 441–461. This paper summarizes knowledge on the Neogene–Quaternary terrestrial fossil record from the Middle Kura Basin accumulated over a century and aims to its integration into the current research. This fossil evidence is essential in understanding the evolution of the Eurasian biome, since this territory is located at the border of Eastern Mediterranean and Central Asian regions. The general biostratigraphic framework suggests existence of two major intervals of the terrestrial fossil record in the area, spanning ca. 10–7 Ma and ca. 3–1 Ma, and points to an important hiatus between the late Miocene and late Pliocene. General aspects of the paleogeographic history and fossil record suggest that the biogeographic role of the Middle Kura Basin has been changing over geological time from a refugium (Khersonian) to a full-fledged part of the Greco-Iranian province (Meotian–Pontian). The dynamic environmental changes during the Quaternary do not depict this territory as a refugium in its general sense. The greatest value of this fossil record is the potential to understand a detailed history of terrestrial life during demise of late Miocene Hominoidea in Eurasia and early Homo dispersal out of Africa. Late Miocene record of the Middle Kura Basin captures the latest stage of the Eastern Paratethys regression, and among other fossils counts the latest and the easternmost occurence of dryopithecine, Udabnopithecus garedziensis, while the almost uninterrupted fossil record of the late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene covers the time interval of the early human occupation of Caucasus and Eurasia.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Society: Georgia
    Gender and Society: Georgia Tbilisi 2008 The Report was prepared and published within the framework of the UNDP project - “Gender and Politics” The Report was prepared by the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) The author: Nana Sumbadze For additional information refer to the office of the UNDP project “Gender and Politics” at the following address: Administrative building of the Parliament of Georgia, 8 Rustaveli avenue, room 034, Tbilisi; tel./fax (99532) 923662; www.genderandpolitics.ge and the office of the IPS, Chavchavadze avenue, 10; Tbilisi 0179; tel./fax (99532) 220060; e-mail: [email protected] The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations or UNDP Editing: Sandeep Chakraborty Book design: Gio Sumbadze Copyright © UNDP 2008 All rights reserved Contents Acknowledgements 4 List of abbreviations 5 Preface 6 Chapter 1: Study design 9 Chapter 2: Equality 14 Gender in public realm Chapter 3: Participation in public life 30 Chapter 4: Employment 62 Gender in private realm Chapter 5: Gender in family life 78 Chapter 6: Human and social capital 98 Chapter 7: Steps forward 122 Bibliography 130 Annex I. Photo Voice 136 Annex II. Attitudes of ethnic minorities towards equality 152 Annex III. List of entries on Georgian women in Soviet encyclopaedia 153 Annex IV. List of organizations working on gender issues 162 Annex V. List of interviewed persons 173 Annex VI. List of focus groups 175 Acknowledgements from the Author The author would like to express her sincere gratitude to the staff of UNDP project “Gender and Politics” for their continuous support, and to Gender Equality Advisory Council for their valuable recommendations.
    [Show full text]