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The State of Planetary and Space Sciences in Africa

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The State of Planetary and Space Sciences in Africa THE STATE OF PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCES IN AFRICA By David Baratoux, Hasnaa Chennaoui- Aoudjehane, Roger Gibson, Atmane Lamali, Wolf Uwe Reimold, Marian Selorm Sapah, Moulley Charaf Chabou, John Bosco Habarulema, Mark W. Jessell, Aberra Mogessie, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Elyvin Nkhonjera, Ndivhuwo Cecilia Mukosi, Maram Kaire, Pierre Rochette, Amanda Sickafoose, Jesús Martínez- Frías, Axel Hofmann, Luigi Folco, Angelo Pio Rossi, Gayane Faye, Katrien Kolenberg, Kelali Tekle, Djelloul Belhai, Meriem Elyajouri, Christian Koeberl, and Mamdouh M. Abdeen 16 // Eos November 2017 frica has an enormous potential to provide PSS is a vast domain of research, so we have focused on THE STATE insights into planetary and space sciences, the exploration of the solar system, the study of planetary but it has remained largely untapped. Foster- material (meteorites), and global- scale processes affecting ing a new generation of scientists promises planets (e.g., impact cratering). far- reaching benefits. The scientific and societal value of explor- PSS in Southern Africa ingA our solar system and studying the meteorites that fall Southern Africa has a strong PSS presence and the most to Earth is widely accepted in today’s scientific community. advanced facilities on the continent, including the South However, not all regions of the world have been able to African National Space Agency and the South African OF PLANETARY assert themselves in this endeavor. Africa in particular is Astronomical Observatory (founded in 1820). The world’s underrepresented in planetary and space sciences (see largest radio telescope project, the iconic Square Kilometre page 21). Array (SKA), is currently being built in the deserts of Aus- Planetary and space science (PSS) research groups are tralia and South Africa. now emerging in Africa (see Figure 1), but they remain The SKA has strong government support, but the plane- scattered and underfunded. Here we review PSS programs tary sciences have no dedicated academic or research pro- AND SPACE in Africa and pinpoint ways to further elevate PSS. grams in southern Africa. Isolated groups work on specific SCIENCES IN AFRICA A view of the night sky from Egypt’s Katameya Observatory, which has the largest tele- scope in the Arab world. Credit: Islam Hassan, CC BY- SA 2.0 (http:// bit . ly/ ccbysa2 - 0) Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 17 Fig. 1. Map illustrating the emerging activities in planetary and space sciences in Africa. Color codes represent results from a preliminary scan of pub- lished journals. The use of “project” here means that plans are in place to build facilities. Credit: David Baratoux projects, such as meteorite and impact cratering studies, Marrakesh is testing instruments and subsystems related stellar occultations, asteroid detection and characteriza- to Martian exploration. In addition, a group of astronomers tion, and lunar laser ranging. at Cadi Ayyad University (Marrakesh) has established the first astronomical observatory in the Atlas Mountains of Eforts in North Africa Morocco [Benkhaldoun et al., 2005]. In North Africa, Morocco has gained visibility in meteorit- The Algerian state has also endeavored to promote PSS ics and impact studies [e.g., Chennaoui Aoudjehane et al., through higher education reforms and development of its 2016] with the organization of international conferences, research infrastructure. Ongoing research is focused outreach programs (e.g., Space Bus Morocco), and frequent mainly on meteorites and impact craters and involves radio and TV appearances. The Ibn Battuta Center in international collaboration [e.g., Lamali et al., 2016; 18 // Eos November 2017 Sahoui et al., 2016]. Professional- amateur collaborations A group of researchers mounts a device called the Sutherland High- are common in Algeria [Mimouni, 2011]; events to foster speed Optical Camera (SHOC) on the 74- inch (~ 188- centimeter) tele- such collaborations include, among other things, prepara- scope at the South African Astronomical Observatory near Sutherland, tory training courses and astronomical observations of South Africa. The instrument observes stellar occultations by small bod- recent asteroid occultations. ies in the outer solar system. The project is fully funded by the South In addition, the Arabian Geosciences Union launched a African government. Credit: Amanda Sickafoose section on planetary science and astrobiology in 2015 for PSS scientists across northern Africa and the Middle East. The Egyptian Geological Museum in Cairo houses a small East Africa PSS Programs meteorite collection, including a specimen of the Nakhla Remote sensing techniques are the cornerstone of PSS; Martian meteorite, which fell to Egypt in 1911. The knowledge of these techniques allows researchers to exhibition is open to the public. In addition, Egypt has develop skills that are widely applicable in Earth, environ- started a program for promoting science, technology, mental, and atmospheric sciences. Recognizing this, Egypt engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by establishing has established a National Authority for Remote Sensing 11 STEM schools distributed across the country. and Space Sciences (NARSS), which focuses on acquiring Ethiopia’s vision for its space program is to focus its pri- technical knowledge and capabilities to build small orities toward serving local needs such as communication research and remote sensing satellites. NARSS also and agriculture. Ethiopia is home to the privately funded addresses environmental management and resource Entoto Observatory and Research Center, which is located exploration. on top of 3200- meter-high Mount Entoto, near Addis Currently, the Egyptian government is establishing the Ababa. Egyptian Space Agency in collaboration with China. The Kenya is taking advantage of its equatorial position to National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics efficiently launch satellites. Its capital Nairobi also hosts a in Egypt operates the Katameya Observatory, which has regional SERVIR facility for eastern and southern Africa; the largest telescope in the Arab world. The institute also is SERVIR is a joint venture by NASA and the U.S. Agency for planning to build an observatory on top of Mount Sinai. International Development that supports satellite- based Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 19 Earth monitoring and modeling in developing nations A Landsat view of the Aouelloul impact crater in Mauritania. The crater around the world. is 390 meters in diameter and formed when a meteorite struck 3 million years ago. Mauritania and other West African countries hold several PSS in West Africa confirmed or potential impact structures that are awaiting initial or more In West Africa, Nigeria’s National Space Research and detailed field studies. Credit: USGS/NASA Development Agency (NASRDA) focuses on environmental management, resource exploration, communication, and defense projects. time of the International Continental Scientific Drilling The Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre, with Program project at the Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana in current projects in radio astronomy, was established in 2004. This collaboration resulted in several local scientists 2012. This summer, Ghana launched its first satellite receiving advanced degrees overseas before returning to ( Ghana- Sat- 1) into space from the International Space Ghana, and the program stimulated Ghanaian ecotourism Station. [e.g., Boamah and Koeberl, 2007]. The University of Ghana in Accra offers courses in geo- The Senegalese Association for the Promotion of Astron- chemistry, including one that focuses on cosmochemistry. omy is very active in public outreach and has its own Space A network of international collaborations among Ghana, Bus program. PSS is virtually nonexistent in central Africa, Europe, and North America was established around the but basic planetary sciences may be taught locally at the undergraduate level. Submit an IODP Workshop Proposal A Look to the Future Recent strides in fostering PSS across Africa illustrate the key role played by a few dedicated individuals, The U.S. Science Support Program (USSSP), in association with the particularly when they are supported by political will International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), is currently accepting favoring the training and academic recruitment of a workshop proposals. The submission deadline is December 1, 2017. knowledgeable young generation. Such political will Proposed workshops should promote the development of new ideas anticipates a return on investment: In Africa, as in the and strategies to study the Earth’s processes and history using scienti�ic rest of the world, government investment in research ocean drilling. Workshops may focus on a speci�ic scienti�ic theme, or they may focus on a geographic region, integrating multiple topics. and education is motivated by projected social and eco- Regionally-focused workshops offer opportunities to develop drilling nomic benefits. proposals for future target areas or to synthesize scienti�ic results Wider sharing of knowledge may have positive from past expeditions. Funding may be requested for small meetings or to support participants at larger international workshops. Broad-based impacts on the private sector; facilitated access to space- scienti�ic community involvement, co-sponsorship by related programs, based geostrategic data may attract investment in min- and the active participation of graduate students are strongly eral resources as well as infrastructure development. encouraged.
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