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3 T I T a Ni 0 ll. t. Ch. 4 (8 3 THE 1989 OESPER LECTURE The Strong German Influence on Chemistry in Britain and America t n 0 jv l . n, Unvrt f phr nnb xn t lphr. Around the middle of the 19th century, Germany became the recognized center for the training of chemists. Prior to that, students seeking specialized instruction found it necessary to Dissertatio inauguralis travel to either Paris or Stockholm. Among the students who n sought out J. J. Berzelius in Stockholm were Mitscherlich, nn lltr phlphr rdn Henrich Rose (1819-1821) and, shortly thereafter, Wöhler in l Chrtn—Albrtn (1823-1825). About the same time (1822-1824), Liebig began pr n phlph hnrb his studies with Gay-Lussac in Paris, as did Bunsen ten years rt btnnd later. Gay-Lussac had, in turn, been a pupil of Lavoisier's rdtrbttt x collaborator, C. L. Berthollet. Indeed, most chemists today can trace their chemical genealogies back to either Berzelius, d. . MCCCI. Berthollet, or to Berthollet's Parisian contemporary, A. F. Fourcroy. tr nr , J. W. Döbereiner, self-educated at Jena, did not venture rlnn. from his homeland. Other Germans who developed careers in chemistry originally studied medicine: for example, 0. L. Erdmann, editor of rnl für prth Ch O. B. Kuhn Kl, 82 at Leipzig; N. W. Fischer at Breslau, and F. Stromeyer at t ffrn tprph hlru. Gottingen. L. Gmelin was trained by his father at Gottingen, and the father had been trained, in turn, by h father at Tubingen - a case of three generations of self-trained chemists within the same family. tl p f th frt dtrl th n htr. The first German doctoral degree in modern experimental science was awarded to Gustav Rose by the University of ing frequency, to turn their attention toward Germany. Berlin in 1821, where he had studied mineralogy. The follow- Who were these students from America and Great Britain ing year, his brother, Heinrich Rose, was granted the first who ventured abroad to immerse themselves in an academic doctorate in chemistry at Kiel. His dissertation, based upon atmosphere where instruction was carried out in a foreign work which must have been conducted in Berzelius' labora- tongue? From what home institutions did they originate? tory, was entitled tn j nnb xn Where did they choose to study? What sort of professional t lphr. lives did they ultimately lead? Although information of this In the next ten years or so these newly trained chemists sort is well known in a few famous cases, such as Ira Remsen assumed professorships at many of the German universities: (Baltimore) and Henry Roscoe (Manchester) - to name one Mitscherlich and H. Rose at Berlin; Erdmann and Kuhn at from each country - the challenge of trying to answer some of Leipzig; Stromeyer and Wöhler in Gottingen; Liebig at Giessen these questions for the less famous as well was the motivation and L. Gmelin at Heidelberg. So began the "golden age" of behind the present study. Because much of the information on chemistry in the German university and, by the 1830's, only "German-trained" individuals has originated from secondary two of the 22 existing universities - Braunsberg and Münster sources or from anecdotal accounts, it was decided that iden- - were lacking professors of chemistry. tification of these individuals would be confined to those In America and Great Britain the situation was quite differ- students earning a German doctorate in chemistry in the period ent. Students were instructed only in lecture halls, without any between 1840 and 1914. Documentation would be limited to direct access to laboratory facilities or research opportunities. matriculation records, doctoral dissertations, and registries of Those enrolled at Harvard, Yale, Oxford, and Cambridge dissertations at German universities. attended lectures presented by professors who were, for the The search was carried out in Munich, from September most part, self-taught and who had not ventured from their 1982, until August 1983, with the Deutsches Museum (DM) as home institutions. Consequently, those students who were headquarters. The library in the Research Institute of the DM, interested in advanced study in chemistry began, with increas- specializing in the history of science and technology, was a rich 4 ll. t. Ch. 4 (8 r f ndr ltrtr, nldn tbltn f dr bl . rth nd Arn trl Stdnt n Chtr t ttn pblhd n ll xtn Grn nvrt fr 886 Grn Unvrt, 8404. (. Althh th r nvlbl fr prvdn nfr tn fr th ltr prd f td, t dd nt prvd ld t Unvrt Arn rth tl drttn rttn rlr thn tht t. Cplt rtr f drttn fr vn nvrt (f th ttl f 22 xtn rln 51 8 6 n th lt th ntr fr thr bnnn r vlbl nn 3 9 2 nd ld b d t dntf ltd nbr f drttn rl 8 6 4 thr (28. In t ntn, th ltn f thr n th Erlnn 9 0 19 rtr nldd thr rphl rn, hh thr rbr 2 6 4 thr brthpl r th ltn fr hh th trvld t Gn 4 33 37 Grn t ndrt thr td. h ltn f drt Gttnn 06 4 4 tn n htr pld b ltn ( nd pblhd n Grfld 0 1 1 80 fl fr nfrtn f n bt ld nt rv ll 1 4 5 n ntl dntftn, b n dtntn d dlbr 46 53 99 btn ntnlt f th thr. h rnt brphl n 4 24 28 dtnr b Elltt (0 rvd t dntf f ddtnl Kl 3 4 7 Arn htr dtrl tdnt. r xntn f Könbr 1 0 1 th ndr r ndrbl nbr f ndvdl pz 2 48 00 r dntfd, n th th nfrtn bt thr Mrbr 8 4 22 pl nd dt f td nd th ttl f thr drttn. Mnhn 2 31 4 vr, th t frtfl r f nfrtn t 6 2 8 fr drt xntn f rnl drttn, hd n Strbr 17 8 35 thr lbrr n Mnh: th n th M, n th Unvr übnn 0 17 2 tätbblth (U, nd n th rh Sttbblth Würzbr 7 4 6 (S. At bth th M nd th U lbrr, I lld t U ( 2 2 4 xn th drttn lltn nd thrb rt t th rttn b nnGrn tdnt. Althh th hldn t th OA 88 400 88 M r ltd, th nbr f drttn n th U lbrr n htr ln pprh ,000, rttn vr th t prd fr 820 ntl bt 20 nd, nt prnl, t ( hnl Unvrt n Ahn, rtdt, Krlrh, nd f th drttn hh I dntfd r fnd n th U Mnhn. hldn. Stll thr r vntll ltd thrh th tl n th lbrr f th S. b Annalen der Chemie. n rtr f dtr xnn ndvdll th 4,000 drttn, I t t dlbr h t bn pblhd, t nr t bl t dntf th rttn b Enlhpn ndvdl. nfrtn fr th Arhv. I rtfl t r. rtnnt p f drttn, n ltd, r phtp Wrt, Unvrt Arhvt t dlbr, fr vrfn th d, nldn th ttl p, nldnt p, nd b rntn f dtrl dr tht drttn btn rphl th f th thr, th lttr t ll, bt nt 84 nd 886. h rlt f th r hv bn pblhd l, hvn bn nldd n th dnt. n th fr f bblrph b th M (2 nd r trd n h t f th lbrr rh th dntftn f fl fr n rptr d. An Enlh dtn f th lt 800 drttn rttn b Enlhpn bblrph l rrntl bn prprd prt f th n ndvdl, ll dvdd btn Arn nd rth r, Data Sources in th tr f Chtr, t b pb (bl . h drttn ll prvdd nfrtn lhd b th vn f th tr f Chtr f th bt th thr n nd brthpl (r h rdn, Arn Chl St. nvrt, th r th dtrt rdd, th ttl f An xntn f th rltn dt prvd n ntrt drttn nd th rrh drtr ("trvtr". S n prptv n frn tdnt tdn htr n f th nfrtn, f n fr th drttn, ld b Grn n th th ntr nd ffr tnttv nr t pd tthr thrh vlbl ndr r (20, f th tn pd rlr. It prtlrl ntrt hh r prtlrl fl fr tdnt t Gn (4, n t nt bth th lrt nd dffrn btn th 20, Gttnn (6,, nd pz (. Wth f xp Arn nd rth tdnt. tn, rl dtrl tdnt t Gn nd dlbr dd nt n lfr, ltr rd lfr, rdt f St. rt drttn bt rthr pblhd thr rlt, ll n Andr, th frt Enlhpn tdnt t rn ll. t. Ch. 4 (8 5 Grn dtrl dr n htr, hh rntd n lr nbr f Arn rnd thr dr. Wöhlr 840 t Gn ndr th drtn f b rhl 20 rvd rrh drtr fr 20 Arn vr 0r r ftr th frt Grn dtrl dr n hrntr hd rr. llrnzd übnr, Wöhlr ll bn rntd t nrh . h frt Arn t plt nd r, h, n brf r prd, l drtd th htr dtrt n Grn nnt Ort drttn f 20 Arn. Wllh rvd ntr , ntv f Mx. A tdnt f b t Gn, h fr nthr 20 Arn tdnt vr 2r rr nd dptd n th f lthrph f b lbrtr d lln drtd dtrl drttn f Arn n b rthld n 842 (22, th r tht h rvd h 20r prd. An nt f th xprn f n Ar dr (. Chrl Mr Wthrll, ntv f hldlph, n ndr lln ttl pblhd n 42 (2.
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