Resilient Agricultural Households Through Adaptation to Climate Change in Mahbubnagar District, Telangana

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

Resilient Agricultural Households through Adaptation to Climate Change in Mahbubnagar district, Telangana

Submitted by: Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI) Government of Telangana

Technical support: Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

February, 2016

For

NATIONAL ADAPTATION FUND FOR CLIMATE CHANGE (NAFCC)

Contents

PROJECT SUMMARY 3

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND 4 1.1 Project/ Programme Background and Context: 4 1.2 Project Objectives: 16 1.3 Details of Project/ Programme Executing Entity: 17 1.4 Project / Programme Components and Financing: 22 1.5 Projected Calendar: 23

2.0 PROJECT / PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION 24 Component 1: Finalizing household level adaptation interventions: (Baseline Households Survey, Finalization and communication of adaptation interventions for each target community and household) 24 Component 2: Developing and implementing the Information System for ‘seasonal climate forecast’ and ‘weather based agro advisories’ 27 Component 3: Enhancing capacities of stakeholders for developing and implementing climate change adaptation strategies 27 Component 4: Implementation of the suitable portfolio of adaptation strategies to climate change in the target villages and farm households 27 Component 5:Knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies 29

3.0 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 42

PROJECT SUMMARY Title of Project/Programme: Resilient Agricultural Households through Adaptation to Climate Change in Mahbubnagar district, Telangana Project/Programme Objective/s: To enhance the livelihoods (income and nutrition) of the farming community in targeted villages of Mahbubnagar district, Telangana through implementing climate resilient agricultural interventions Project/ Programme Sector: Agriculture Name of Executing Entity/ies/Department: Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI), Government of Telangana, Gachibowli, Hyderabad Beneficiaries: Farming community of Mahbubnagar district, Telangana state (30% to 50% of the overall beneficiary under the project would be women) Project Duration: 4 years Start Date: 1st March, 2016 (tentative) End Date: 29th February, 2020 (tentative) Amount of Financing Requested (Rs.): 24,99,12,474 Project Location State: Telangana District: Mahbubnagar Contact Details of Nodal Officer of the Shri B. Kalyan Chakravarthy, IAS, Executing Entity/ies/: Director General, Email: Environment Protection Training & Research Mobile: Institute, Government of Telangana, 91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 500 032 Tel (O) +91 40 23180104 Fax (O): +91 40 23180135 Mobile: +91 9133331456 Email: [email protected]

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Project/ Programme Background and Context: a) Provide brief information on the problem the proposed project/programme is aiming to solve Climate variability has been, and continues to be the principal source of fluctuations in global food production in the arid and semi-arid tropical countries of the developing world. Favourable weather is essential for good harvests. Weather abnormalities like cyclones, droughts, hailstorms, frost, high winds, extreme temperature and insufficient photosynthetic radiation etc., may generally lead to very low or even no yields. Hence, characterization of agro climates is a pre-requisite to know the potential of a region, especially under dryland conditions for improving and stabilizing the productivity1. As per the India’s Second National Communication2, extremes of heat and cold, droughts and floods, and various forms of violent weather have caused havoc on the agricultural systems. The rain dependent Indian agriculture is known to be closely linked to the performance of the south west monsoon (June-Sept.), which contributes to 60 to 80% of the annual rainfall in most parts of the country. In the absence of adequate irrigation facilities, rainfall is the most critical element dictating the productivity in rain-fed farming system1.

Telangana, a newly created southern state of India, which lies between 15° 46' and 19° 47' N latitude and 77° 16' and 81° 43' E longitude, is bordered by the states of Maharashtra in the north and north-west, Karnataka in the west, Chhattisgarh in the northeast and Andhra Pradesh in the south and east. Administratively, the state is divided into 10 districts, 459 mandals and around 10,434 villages (Administrative structure of the state is at Fig 1). Telangana has a geographical land area of 114,840 Sq.km and population of 3, 51, 93,97833.The average annual rainfall is about 906 mm, 80% of which is received from the South-west monsoon. The climate is predominately hot and dry. Nearly 73.5% of the State’s territory is covered by the basins of two major rivers – Godavari and Krishna (River basin map of the state is at Fig 1). The river Godavari is flowing on the North and the river Krishna is flowing on the South in Telangana region. Apart from the major rivers, there are other small rivers such as Bhima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Manair, Penganga, Praanahita, and Peddavagu and Taliperu4. The catchment area of the Godavari lying in the State is 79% and that of the Krishna is 68.5%.

Fig 1: Administrative structure and river basin of the Telangana state

1 Rao et al. (1999). Resource characterization of Drylands : Climate. In Fifty years of Dryland Agricultural Research in India (Eds. Singh, H.P. et al.) CRIDA, Hyderabad, Pp.21-40. 2 India’s Second National Communication (Report) to UNFCCC (2012). Ministry of Environment and Forests, GOI. 3 Population census, 2011 4 Administrative and Geographical Profile" (PDF). Telangana State Portal. Retrieved 14 July 2014. 4

The districts of the state are divided into 3 agro-climatic zones (Details of the Agro- Climatic zone is at Table 1 and Fig 2).Telangana is an agriculturally-prosperous State and has districts rich in mineral resources, with a gross irrigated area of over 62.88 lakh hectare. The State receives rainfall from South-West (June–September) and North–East (October– November) monsoons; however, there is large variation in the distribution of rainfall5. Telangana generally receives modest rainfall. The average annual rainfall in the state is about 906 mm, 80 percent of which is received from the South-West monsoon (June-September).The south west monsoon rainfall is the main source of water for the kharif crops grown over an extensive area. The year to year variations in South-West monsoon rainfall are directly affecting the production and productivity of rain-fed crops in Telangana5. Moisture stress due to prolonged dry spells or thermal stress due to heat wave conditions also significantly affect the crop productivity when they occur in critical life stages of the crop.

Telangana is a semi-arid zone and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. The areas covered by the Deccan Plateau are characterized by hot summers with relatively mild winters. The mean maximum temperature varies between 40oC and 43oC in May and the mean minimum temperature is 13o C to 17o C in December and January. The minimum temperature falls rapidly after October, and less than 10oC has also been recorded on certain days. The State experiences tropical climate with slight variations depending on the elevation and maritime influence and varies according to the rainfall, type of soils and cropping pattern.

Table - 1: Agro-climatic zone wise division of the State S. No. Name of the Zone Districts Geographical No. of area(lakh ha) Mandals 1. Northern Telangana Karimnagar, Nizamabad, 140 Zone Adilabad 35.5 2. Central Telangana 132 Zone Warangal, Khammam, Medak 30.6 3. Southern Telangana Mahabubnagar, Ranga Reddy, Zone Nalgonda, Hyderabad 39.3 164

Fig 2: Agro climatic zones of Telangana state

5 Statistical Year Book of Telangana (2015). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad. 5

About 55.49% of the State’s population is dependent on some form or the other on farm activity for livelihoods. Agriculture is one of the critical areas vulnerable to Climate Change. In view of this, there will be greater impacts from climate change on livelihoods. As per the GSDP of 2014-15, agriculture sector expected negative growth of -10.3% recorded in agriculture and allied sectors, attributed mainly to the adverse seasonal conditions. Agriculture per season was badly hit due to climatic conditions and recorded negative growth of -21.3%, which was partially compensated by the positive growth trends in Livestock (6.5%), Forestry & Water logging (2.7%) and fisheries (11.4%)5. Consequently, the contribution of Agricultural sector declined to 12.8% from 15.1% in the previous year.

30 Current fallows Other Fallows 20

Area(Lakh hectare) Net sown area 10

0 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Year

Fig 3: State’s geographical area under agriculture during the years 2008-09 to 2013-14

As indicated in Fig 3, net sown area has been increased by approximately, 10 lakh hectares from the year 2008-09 to 2013-14. Despite this increase in net sown area, agriculture production experienced a decelerating trend in the State in recent years. Fig 4 depicts the reduction of land put to productive use which is decreasing from the year 2008-09 to 2013-14. This is mainly due to less water availability for irrigating the crops.

250

200

150

100

50 Area/Productivity 0 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Years

Area (lakh Ha) Net Sown Area (Lakh Ha) Production (Lakh tones)

. Fig 4: Land distribution of State during the years 2008-09 to 2012-13

b) Outline the economic, social development and climate change in line with the State Action plan on Climate Change and relevant Missions under National Action Plan on Climate Change

The proposed project activities are in line with the interventions of the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) under National Action Plan on Climate Change. NMS aims to make Indian agriculture more resilient to climate change through developing new varieties of thermal resistant crops, new credit and insurance mechanisms and improving productivity of rain-fed agriculture. The proposed activity is also highlighted under the Agriculture Chapter of the State Action Plan on Climate Change.

The project proposes for sustainable agriculture practices through adoption of activities such as soil and water conservation; water conservation through efficient and assured irrigation practices; developing climate resilient cropping pattern; developing forecasting model and knowledge & experience dissemination to wider population. c) Include climate analysis and vulnerability analysis

The project district Mahabubnagar is bounded by Ranga Reddy district in the North, Nalgonda and Guntur districts in the East, the rivers Krishna/Tungabhadra in the South, Raichur and Gulbarga districts of Karnataka state in the west. The district is located between15055’ and 170 20’North Latitude and 770 15’ and 790 15’ East Longitude. The district is one of the most drought prone areas in Telangana and classified as rain shadow district. The average rainfall of Mahabubnagar district is 651 mm, most of it received during south west monsoon period (June – September). The rainfall is hardly 69% of the state average (940 mm). The year-to-year variation in the actual rainfall ranges between -32% (in 2004-05) and + 61% (in 2005-06) resulting in more of dry spells during the cropping season. The maximum temperature of the district range between 28 - 340C and minimum temperature ranges from 22-230C during southwest monsoon season. Analysis of historical (50 years) rainfall data indicated that the dependable rainfall decreased during months of June, July and September of Southwest monsoon (Fig 5)

120

100 1965-1989

80 1990-2014

60 PD (mm) 40

0 JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT

Fig 5. Dependable rainfall (mm) in recent twenty five years (1990-2014) over past twenty five years (1965-1989) in Mahabubnagar district.

Unfavourable weather conditions such as delayed monsoon, intermitted dry spells, erratic rainfall and prolonged droughts etc., are the major concern to the farmers in the district. The rainfall is on decreasing trend from 1990 onwards. The coefficient of variation (CV) has reported to be high in this district indicating uncertainty of rainfall of Mahabubnagar and involves more risk in cultivation of rainfed crops (Fig 6). The CV increased during the months of June and July which are most critical months to take up sowing of rainfed crops like sorghum, cotton, maize, redgram, greengram etc. Any delay in sowing of rainfed crop will have greater impact on growth, development and yield of crops, since the crop is terminated under drought conditions

Mahabubnagar 120

100

60 CV (%) CV 40

0 Southwest Northeast Annual

1964-1988 1989-2013

. Fig 6: Coefficient of variation for the rainfall at Mahabubnagar

Due to limited availability of rainfall, farmers rely on ground water. As per Census data, 2011, approximately ten lakh small/ marginal farmers and labourers have migrated due to drought in search of survival. Indiscriminate grounding of bore wells, open wells resulted in depletion of groundwater resources6. Table 2 shows the depletion in groundwater level over a span of 35 years (from 1975 to 2010):

Table 2: Groundwater level over a span of 35 years (from 1975 to 2010) of Mahabubnagar district

S. No. Year Depth to water level (mbgl) Depletion in water level over 1975 (m) 1. 1975 2.34 0.00 2. 1980 4.58 -2.24 3. 1985 5.67 -3.33 4. 1990 6.25 -3.91 5. 1995 7.80 -5.46 6. 2000 12.04 -9.70 7. 2005 8.82 -6.48

6 Rama Mohan R. V. Social Regulation of Groundwater and its Relevance in Existing Regulatory Framework in Andhra Pradesh, India. http://www.cwsy.org/ 8

8. 2010 9.90 -7.56 Climate projections

Projections of future climate were obtained by using the fifth Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5) and the Representative Concentration Pathways for carbon emissions currently in use by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Future climate projections were created by utilizing a “delta” approach, in which the mean monthly changes in important agro-climatic variables were calculated by taking the difference between the RCP8.5 climate scenario and baseline conditions. Scenarios were generated for the Near-Term-2010-2030 (centered around 2030). These monthly mean agro-climatic changes, or deltas, were then applied to the daily baseline weather series for each respective month

Projections by five CMIP5 GCMs indicate, and agree upon, a warming in Mahabubnagar (Fig 7), which also extends to both the maximum and minimum temperatures (not shown). The GCMs display more uncertainty in rainfall, particularly during the southwest monsoon season (June-September), indicated by the larger spread shown for the five GCMs (Fig 8). However, most of the models generally show increases in rainfall during the monsoon season. Fig 7 shows all five GCMs from CMIP5 project warmer conditions from the baseline, and all of these temperature increases are significant. Barring any increases in extreme events or higher intra- seasonal variability, increased rainfall that is evenly distributed over the planting/growing season may have a positive impact on crop yields, particularly as the district is frequently prone to droughts.

44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Fig 7. Projected changes in monthly mean maximum temperatures for RCP 8.5 near term (2010-2029) in Mahabubnagar. Black lines and stars indicate the baseline climate and the box-whisker plots show the spread in projections amongst the five GCMs taken from CMIP5

10 9 8 7 6 5

mm/day 4 3 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Fig 8. Projected changes in monthly mean rainfall for RCP 8.5 near term (2010-2029) in Mahabubnagar. Black lines and stars indicate the baseline climate and the box-whisker plots show the spread in projections amongst the five GCMs taken from CMIP5.

The major reasons of reduction of agricultural productivity in Mahabubnagar district are:

 Large variation in the onset dates of south-west monsoon.  Variations in total seasonal rainfall received.  Prolonged dry spells within the rainy season, Poor shallow chalka soils with low water retention capacity (80%).

The project titled ‘Climate Resilient Agricultural Households in Mahbubnagar district, Telangana’ aims to develop strategies to adapt to variable climatic conditions for reducing the negative impact on rain-fed agriculture production systems and bridging the gap between national scale climate change vulnerability and impact assessments, and adaptation interventions at the household and community levels. Hence, early warnings based on seasonal rainfall forecasts along with pest and disease forecast can help farmers to adapt crop management strategies to reduce impacts of malevolent climate and maximize benefits of benevolent climate. Implementation of project interventions will be carried out in Mahabubnagar district which is the largest district in Telangana State covering area of 18,432 sq. km and located between 160 and 170 N, latitudes and 770 and 790 E, longitudes.

Government of Telangana has conducted an adaptive capacity7analysis of the state. The bar chart (Fig 9) indicates that Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy have high adaptive capacities whereas Mahabubnagar district has the least. It is influenced by a number of parameters. It is envisaged that with hard (i.e. infrastructure) and soft (i.e. social, educational, health related) interventions from the Government, there could be significant change in the adaptive capacity of the district.

7It is the measure of the capability of a particular region/State/district to cope with climate change. 10

Adaptative capacity index

Hyderabad RangaReddy Medak Nizamabad Karimnagar Adilabad Adaptative capacity index Warangal Nalgonda Khammam Mahabubnagar

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Fig 9. Adaptive capacity index of districts in Telangana

(d) Project Location details – villages, block/ mandal, district.

The project is to be implemented in Mahabubnagar district, Telangana. It is bounded on the north by Ranga Reddy and Nalgonda districts of Telangana, on the east by Nalgonda district of Telangana State and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh State, on the south by the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra and on the west by Raichur and Gulbarga districts of Karnataka State. The total population and total number of household (Census 2011) of the district is 40, 53,028 and 8, 69,451 respectively. There are 5 revenue (viz., Mahabubnagar, Nagarkurnool, Gadwal, Narayanpet, Wanaparthy) and 51 mandals divisions in the district (Fig 10). The district has 1544 villages including 1475 inhabited and 69 uninhabited. Most of the Population is centered at rural areas which made Mahabubnagar to have the highest rural population (89%) in the Telangana State8.

Fig 10. Project location mandals in Mahabubnagar

8 Mahabubnagar district portal. http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/ 11

Agriculture is the main occupation in the district, with Paddy, Jowar, Ragi, Bajra, Vegetables, Pulse (Redgram, Greengram) and Millets as major crops. Groundnut, Castor and Sugarcane are the major commercial crops, whereas various horticulture crops include Mango, Sweet orange, Acid lime, Guava, Sapota and Papaya also grown in considerable area.

The cropping intensity (the ratio of gross cropped area to net cropped area) is one of the indicators for assessing efficiency of agriculture sector. The cropping intensity of Mahabubnagar district for the year 2013-14 is amongst the lowest (1.11) in Telangana after Adilabad district (1.09).

Major source of irrigation are canals, tube wells, tanks and wells. Mandal-wise distribution of area under tank irrigation and ground water irrigation is shown in Fig 11. Since 1990, well irrigation in the State has increased substantially while there is a steady decline in tank irrigation, causing serious concern on source sustainability and energy demand for pumping groundwater. A comprehensive programme for restoration of tanks and revitalization of irrigation potential is critical for developing an integrated approach towards surface and groundwater management, and filling the prevailing 63% gap in realizing the potential of tank irrigation in the state benefiting about 11.5 lakh farmers in the nine drought prone districts of Telangana state including Mahabubnagar 9 . Net area irrigated for both Telangana and Mahbubnagar from the year 1989-2011 is at Fig 12. Irrigation facilities in Mahabubnagar are very poor as compared to many other districts of the state and improvement in irrigation facility during the last two and half decade is almost insignificant (Fig 13). There are total 150775 dug/ bore well in the district. The use of bore well has increased from almost nil (during 1977-78) to 97 per cent in 2009 (Fig 14). Intense competition among users viz., agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is in demand for ground water resulting driving the ground water table lower.

Fig 11. Mandal-wise distribution of area under tank irrigation and ground water irrigation (Socio-economic outlook (2015), Telangana).

9 Socio-economic outlook 2014, Telangana. 12

7000 6000

5000

4000

3000 '000 '000 ha 2000 1000

2004 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Telangana Mahabubnagar

Fig 12: Trends in Net Irrigated Area (Source: VDSA database)

Fig 13: Area irrigated in different mandals of Mahabubnagar district (Source: WTC, PJTSAU)

Fig 14. Shifting in irrigation type (from 1977 to 2009) from open well to bore well in farmers of Mahabubnagar district.

Two important rivers, viz. Krishna and Tungabhadra flow through the district. Other small rivers flowing through the district are Vendi, Peddavaagu and Chinnavaagu. Major river projects in the district are PriyadharshiniJurala, KoilSagar, SarlaSagar, Dindi Reservoir.Despite having many river systems in the district, drought is a persistent problem.

The project is proposed to be implemented in 3 clusters of the district, which would cover 15 villages (5 villages per cluster). The details of the clusters and villages are as follows: S. Name of the Villages under clusters No. Mandal/ Cluster 1. Jadcherla  Konded  Goplapur  Kodgal  Pedda Adirala  Chinna Adirala 2. Bijinapalli  Vattem  Vasanthapur  Waddeman  Salkarpet  Lattupalli 3. Ghanpur  Agaram  Anthaipally  Allamaipally  Md. Hussainpally  Venkatampally

Clusters have been selected based on their high vulnerability to climate change. All the identified clusters have predominantly rain-fed agriculture and about 90% of the households are dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Bijinapalli and Ghanpur cluster has less than 5000ha of agricultural land under irrigation while in Jadcherla cluster 500-7500ha of total 14

agricultural land are under irrigation (Fig 13). Therefore, due to recurring droughts, agriculture is majorly suffering in the area. Area occupied by various major crops in Mahbubnagar district during the year 1990 to 2012 is at Fig 15.

Fig 15. Trends in area (‘000 ha) of major crops in Mahbubnagar district (Source: VDSA Meso level database)

The selected village clusters are not well equipped with water harvesting/ water storage structures for agriculture resulting in low crop productivity and replacement of native climate adaptive crops (sorghum and groundnut) with commercial crops like (cotton and maize). More than 65 per cent of the total water storage structures in the selected village cluster of Bijnepalli Mandal is check dam (Fig 16). In Ghanpur Mandal, community level water storage structure lacking and household level water storage structure is also rare. The only available water storage structures in this Mandal are water tanks. Similarly in Jadcharla Mandal, water tank is the major water storage structure (79 per cent). Only 1-2 per cent households in the selected Mandals of the district have farm ponds.

Fig 16. Water storage/ harvesting structures available in the selected clusters of Mahabubnagar district.

Further, farmers are also relying on ground water for fulfilling their water demand, leading to the reduction in ground water levels. Due to crop failure and inadequate water supply in the district, there is widespread distress migration of farmers from Mahbubnagar district to other districts and states. In order to conserve water and to support more crop per drop of water, the state government has distributed a few drip irrigation and sprinklers irrigation system to the farmers in the selected village clusters (Fig 17). Less than 5 per cent households are getting benefits of this scheme. A large number of households and agricultural lands are deprived of technical and financial support by state government on agricultural intervention.

Fig 17. Drip/ sprinkler unit sanctioned in the Mandals

The dominant soil types of the selected cluster is sandy and loamy sand which has poor water retention capacity. Moreover, farmers of these clusters have large number of small ruminants and cattle. Dependency on small ruminants like sheep and goat is very high. For many farmers livestock is an important assets to sell off to cope with drought, therefore is an important resource against vulnerability. Due to failure of monsoon in the last couple of years, fodder shortage is notices and shepherds are migrating with their sheep to nearby areas.

This project has a unique feature for addressing the issues of small and marginal farmers at both household and community levels. Adaptation interventions will be selected and implemented based on farmer’s needs. The details of preliminary agriculture adaptation interventions proposed depending on the need of farmers are provided in section 2.

1.2 Project Objectives:

The overall objective of the project is to enhance the livelihoods (income and nutrition) of farming community in targeted villages of Mahbubnagar district, Telangana through implementing climate resilient agricultural interventions. This objective is proposed to be achieved through following activities:

 Promoting and implementing science based suitable climate smart adaptation strategies such as developing farm ponds, promoting drought and heat tolerant crop varieties 16

micro-irrigation, inter-cropping etc. for resilience of agricultural households to climate variability and change

 Developing and implementing an information system for providing seasonal climate forecast and weather based agro advisories for farmers

 Enhancing the capacities of stakeholders for implementing and sustaining the climate change adaptation strategies

 Improving the alternate livelihoods options such as livestock rearing, vermicomposting and value chain integration (e.g. decentralized dal mill, millet processing unit),etc

 Mainstreaming adaptation strategies into policies and programmes through better Knowledge Management and Sharing

1.3 Details of Project/ Programme Executing Entity:

a) Name, Registration No. & Date, Registered Address, Project Office Address

Name and address (Registered and Project office): Shri B. Kalyan Chakravarthy, IAS, Director General, Environment Protection Training & Research Institute, Government of Telangana, 91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 500 032 Tel (O) +91 40 23180104 Fax (O): +91 40 23180135 Mobile: +91 9133331456 Email: [email protected]

Registration No. and Date: Registration No. 496 of 1992

b) Available technical manpower for the proposed project implementation: S. No. Name & Designation Address Specialization i. Dr. DandRaji Reddy, Director Administrative office, Agrometeorology, Crop of Research (Nodal Officer) PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, simulation modelling, Hyderabad Climate Analysis and Scenario Analysis ii. Dr.Gade Sreenivas, Director Agro Climate Research, Agrometeorology, Crop (Lead) Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Simulation Modelling, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Climate analysis and Scenario Analysis iii. Dr. V. Ramulu, Principal Water Technology Centre, Irrigation and Water Scientist(Lead) Rajendranagar Management iv. Dr. A. Srinivas, Associate Regional Agricultural Water management and Director of Research Research Station, Palem, Micro Irrigation Mahabubnagar.

v. Chief Agronomist, AICRP Dr. M. V. Ramana, Principal on IFS, Rajendranagar, Cropping systems Scientist Hyderabad- 30 research vi. Dr. G. P. Sunandini, Principal Directorate of Research, Value Chain Scientist (Research) Administrative Office, Management PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. vii. Dr. R. VijayaKumari, Department of Agricultural Market Intelligence Associate Professor Economics, C.A., Rajendranagar viii. Dr. T.V. Hymavathi, Professor Processing and Value (Food & Nutrition) PGRC, Rajendranagar Addition ix. Dr. A.V Ramanjaneyulu, Regional Agricultural Farm pond technology, Scientist (Agron.) Research Station, Palem, Micro irrigation, Dryland Mahabubnagar farming and Organic farming x. Dr. M. Jagan Mohan Reddy Programme Coordinator, Capacity building of KVK , Mahabubnagar farmers and demonstrations of the technologies xi. Dr. A. Ramakrishna Babu Coordinator, DAATTC, Capacity building of Mahabubnagar farmers and demonstrations of the technologies

2. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad

S. No. Name & Designation Address Specialization Dr. K.M. Dakshina Murthy Agrometeorology, Crop RP-MIP, ICRISAT, i. Senior Scientist –Systems Simulation Modelling, Climate Hyderabad Modelling (Lead) analysis Dr. S. Srinivasa Reddy, ii. -do- Natural resource economics Scientist Climate change impacts Dr. S. Nedumaran assessment, economic iii. -do- Scientist modelling for technology and policy evaluation

3. Department of Agriculture, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad

S. No. Name & Designation Address Specialization i. Mr. N. Yashwant Rao, O/o JDA, Mahbubnagar Agricultural extension, Assistant Director (Lead) Project implementation ii. Mr A. Jhansi Laxmi c/o Commissioner of Agricultural extension, Agriculture, Dept. of Project implementation Agriculture Note: Other concerned Agricultural officers / Agricultural Extension officers of respective study village mandals 18

4. Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI), Hyderabad

S. No. Name & Designation Address Specialization i. Shri B. Kalyan Chakravarthy, EPTRI Project implementation / IAS, Director General, (Lead) strategic decision making ii. Shri J. Sesha Srinivas, Senior -do- Climate change impacts Scientist and knowledge management iii. Ms. S. Kavita -do- Project Management and administration

c) Three largest Climate Change Adaptation Projects handled (if already implemented)

Project Objectives Amount Funding Geographi Implementation Sanctione Agency cal Period & Outcome d (lakhs) Coverage Developing multi- scale Out scaling 80.00 ACIAR, Three  Sowing Rule climate change of climate Australia villages  Rainfall Visualizer adaptation strategies for adaptation one in  Farmers Climate farming communities in strategies each information centre Cambodia, Laos, district of  Strategic Irrigation Bangladesh and India Telangana  Agro-met advisories dissemination Integrated Assessment Developme 35.10 USDA Three  Future climate of Climate Change nt of and UK villages in Scenarios Impacts on Principal climate Mahbubna  Risk management Crops and Farm scenarios gar district in Maize Household Incomes in and Southern India(AgMIP) mitigation strategies Can seasonal climate Seasonal 32.20 AusAID- Two Tools like Decision forecasts improve food climate Austrailia Villages in analysis tree and security in Indian Ocean forecast for Nalgonda Wonder bean Rim Countries in a adaptation developed for variable and changing strategies communication of climate? across the seasonal climate food chain forecast Hind cast data were used to assess the risk associated with seasonal climate forecast and developed adaptation strategies to minimize risk in Agriculture 19

d) Three largest community based NRM based projects handled by the consortium

National Project on Management of Soil Health & Fertility

This project aims at facilitating and promoting Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) through judicious use of chemical fertilizers, including secondary and micro nutrients, in conjunction with organic manures and bio-fertilizers for improving soil health and productivity. Strengthen soil testing facilities and provide soil test based recommendations to farmers for improving soil fertility and economic returns to farmers. Provide soil health through green manuring. Facilitate and promote use of soil amendments for reclamation of acidic/ alkaline soils for improving fertility and crop productivity .Promote use of micro nutrients for improving efficiency of fertilizer use. Upgrade the skill and knowledge of the staff at soil testing laboratories (STL)/ agricultural extension and farmers and developing their capacities through training and demonstration on farmers’ fields regarding benefits of balanced use of fertilizers. Ensure quality control of fertilizers through strengthening of fertilizer quality control facility including training to enforcement officers of State Governments for effective implementation of "Fertilizer Control Order". Provide financial assistance for upgrading and setting up of STLs/ Fertilizer Testing Laboratories and various activities for promoting balanced use of fertilizers

National Watershed Development Project for Rain-fed Areas (NWDPRA)

This project works with the objectives of conservation of natural resources and integrated development of natural resources, in-situ soil moisture conservation, sustainable farming systems, emphasize production enhancement activities for land owners and livelihood support for landless families and creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural community including the landless.

Andhra Pradesh Water Sector Improvement Project (APWSIP) (2010-2016)

The project aims to provide assured supply of water with equitable distribution through strengthening of Water Users Associations (WUAs) and also to provide farmers with the necessary tools to maximize the production of water resources. e) Three largest Climate Change Adaptation / NRM projects of State / Central Government

National Food Security Mission

Government of India launched flagship programmes titled ‘National Food Security Mission (NFSM)’ which aims at increasing production of rice and pulses through area expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts in the State. The major activities of the mission include enhancing farm level economy i.e. farm profits to restore confidence amongst farmers; restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level and creation of employment opportunities. The plantation of rice is implemented in 11 districts, whereas pulses are being planted in 22 districts in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh state.

Mission project to boost productivity in rain-fed areas of Andhra Pradesh

The main objectives of this project were, to adopt soil test based recommendations along with good management practices (soils, crop & water management) including improved varieties to enhance productivity of the selected crops by 20-25% over a period of four years, to undertake representative soil sampling to identify micro and macro nutrient deficiencies of the soils, to adopt this mission mode through different schemes of the department in selected clusters to reduce the gap in dissemination of knowledge, To obtain the maximum yield from the area under cultivation also by safeguarding farmers' interest to obtain profitable yields, to strengthen the institutional mechanisms such as inputs supply, farm extension through farm facilitators for all categories of farmers in the state through capacity development, convergence, collective action and to promote organic matter building practices which support the long term sustainability and enhance productivity.

f) Comment of availability of suitable infrastructure for implementation proposed projects (vehicles, computers, required software/ tools, etc.)

EPTRI has the requisite set up for conducting trainings, workshops, seminars & coordination meetings at regular intervals and publishing information dissemination products. Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Telangana has manpower network of Agricultural Officers (AO) in each mandal and Agricultural Extension Officers (AEO) for a cluster of villages to implement the identified adaptation options. The PJTSAU has District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centres (DAATTCs), Krishi Vikas Kendras (KVKs) and other research centres to cater the technical needs for the project. ICRISAT an international organization has rich capacity in generating data base, information on climate change scenarios and developing adaptation options specific to the study locations. g) Whether Executing Entity (EE) was blacklisted, barred from implementation of projects, faced any charges / legal cases related to mismanagement of project and funds. (Please list any such incidences and reasons):

1.4 Project / Programme Components and Financing: Fill in the table presenting the relationships among project components, activities, expected concrete outputs, and the corresponding budgets. No. Project/Programme Expected Concrete Expected Outcomes Amount Components Outputs (Rs.) 1. Finalizing household  Understanding and  Updating climatic 80,00,000 level adaptation analysis of Households’ vulnerability and interventions (Baseline perceptions on climate scenarios of the Households change impacts, existing targeted region Survey, Finalization coping/adaptation  Stakeholders aware of and communication of strategies and capacities to the climate change adaptation adapt to different climate impacts in the farm interventions for change scenarios households identified; each target  Vulnerability assessment  Finalized adaptation community and of households to identify strategies suitable to household) target beneficiaries the target locations and households farm household  Identifying concrete typologies adaptation interventions based on area specific vulnerabilities 2. Developing and  Seasonal climate forecast  Farmers adjust their 21,36,000 implementing provided for the target farm planning and Information System villages operational decisions for ‘seasonal climate based on the climate forecast’ and  Improved Weather based forecast ‘weather based agro agro advisories through  Take preventive advisories’ ICT measures for saving the crops and minimizing the cost of production and reduce risk of crop failure and income loss 3. Enhancing capacities  Training and capacity State government officials 66,00,000 of stakeholders for building modules/ and farmers will be developing and manuals for agronomic, trained to implement implementing NRM and economic climate change adaptation climate change adaptation measures measures adaptation strategies developed and piloted  Capacity building workshops for 1500 stakeholders conducted 4. Implementation of Adoption/Implementation  Agriculture adaptation the suitable portfolio of following Agronomic, water measures 19,55,62,500 of adaptation conservation practices at implemented by the strategies to climate both farmer and community beneficiary change in the target levels such as: households in the villages and farm  Micro irrigation in high target locations will households value crops provide both social 22

 Farm ponds and economic  Alternate furrow benefits /strategic irrigation  Improvement of  Bore-well recharge resilience of farm structures households to the  Popularisation of pulses projected climate /oil seeds cultivation change impacts such  Integrated farming as drought, heat systems approach for waves etc. increasing economic  Demonstration of resilience weather based crop  Adoption of practices insurance product and such as Backyard poultry based on its success  Small ruminants the product could be  inclusion of fodder crops sustained for long in the system/ fodder term trees on bunds plantation, silage  Vermicomposting  Tank silt application etc.  Designing of weather based crop insurance product 5. Knowledge Central knowledge repository  Convergence of 19,50,000 management and on climate change adaptation policies in programs mainstreaming of to enable evidence based that influence adaptation strategies policy and program adaptation behaviour formulation in agriculture of farmers  Open access to knowledge-sharing platforms (portals, repository) 6 Project monitoring and evaluation cost 20,00,000 6 Project Miscellaneous cost 43,24,970 7 Project executing cost 2,20,60,000 8 Implementing Entity including NIE fee of 3% 72,79,004 Amount of Financing Requested 24,99,12,474

1.5 Projected Calendar:

Indicate the dates of the following milestones for the proposed project/programme (projects which have four or more than four years of implementation period would require to have mid- term review after two years of implementation).

Milestones Expected Dates Start of Project/Programme Implementation 1st March, 2016 Mid-term Review 1st September, 2018 Project/Programme Closing 31st March, 2020 Terminal Evaluation 31st November, 2019

2.0 PROJECT / PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION i. What is the business-as-usual development for the targeted sector?

Farming communities of the State does not have enough financial resources and technical capacity to implement climate resilient practices. The project therefore aims to improve the adaptive capacity of small holder farmers in Telangana by delivering a combination of climate resilient farming system interventions and enhance their capacity to ensure sustainability of the project. The major activities of the project will enhance the adaptation capacity of agriculture sector.

Adapting to climate change often requires responses which range from adoption of concrete agricultural technologies, soil and water management practices at farm and landscape levels, economic and social safety nets which enable the poor farmers to cope with the vagaries of climate extremes. Individual and collective responses to the changing climate impinge on the perception of the problem, traditional knowledge and practices to deal with it. However, with increased change in the climate as a result of centuries of industrialization, the mental models of impacts of this change in communities do not correspond to the projected impacts of climate change based on the new assessment reports. As a result, responses to climate change include adoption of new technologies and practices in addition to the traditional adaptation strategies, which often require collective action. ‘Social engineering’ is as important an intervention focusing on technologies. Therefore, the project constitutes components which focus on improved understanding of the most vulnerable regions and farm household to climate change impacts; develop capacities of farmers and departmental staff in responding adequately to climate change impacts; and designing and implementing a portfolio of adaptation measures at farming and community level in Mahbubnagar district, most vulnerable district of Telangana. ii. What are the specific adaptation activities to be implemented to reduce the climate change vulnerability compared to the business-as-usual situation? a) Component-wise details and justification of the project components

Component 1: Finalizing household level adaptation interventions: (Baseline Households Survey, Finalization and communication of adaptation interventions for each target community and household) Outcomes 1: Stakeholders aware of the climate change impacts in the target region and accordingly adaptation interventions will be implemented

Finalized adaptation strategies suitable to the target locations and farm household typologies. Formulation of concrete adaptation strategies and their successful implementation in particular region requires thorough understanding of vulnerability which is based on three aspects: (i) exposure to climate variability and change under different scenarios; (ii) sensitivity of the sector to these changes and (ii) adaptive capacity of the households engaged in the sector (Singh et al. 2015). This component aimed at improving the understanding of the stakeholders in order to identify specific vulnerabilities and implement adaptation interventions. Therefore, this component is expected to generate convincing evidences to achieve the stated component outcome. Baseline survey of farm households (n=8000) will be conducted in the villages in the selected three clusters which are identified as most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Farm households will be selected based on the outcomes of baseline survey village and only 24

one hectare land of each landholding farmer will be considered for implementation of interventions. Further, baseline survey of 500 non-project areas would also be covered to compare the results. The survey covers household’s socio-economic characteristics, climate change perceptions, and traditional coping and adaptation strategies, current adaptation mechanisms to climate variability and change. The results of the activities of this component will be discussed in a workshop with all stakeholders and validated.

Based on the household survey results and community consultations, suitable agronomic, soil & water management, horticultural and economic interventions for improving the climate resilience in the target villages and households will be implemented. Several years of research by different agricultural universities and research centres have resulted in technological and institutional solutions which will improve the resilience of the farming system to the climatic stress conditions. The analysis of the baseline farm household level data will be conducted to categorize the farm household into typologies based on their adaptive capacities and socio- economic characteristics. The adaptation measures will be selected and bundled for implementation based on their suitability to different farm household typologies and mutual compatibility of the measures. Technical and operational guidelines for implementation of adaptation measures published and disseminated to the relevant nodal agencies at the block and village levels. Project components and structure is at Fig 18.

Fig 18: Project components and structure

Component 2: Developing and implementing the Information System for ‘seasonal climate forecast’ and ‘weather based agro advisories’ Outcome 2: Finalized adaptation strategies suitable to the target locations and farm household typologies

An information system for ‘weather based agro advisories’ will provide regular weather based agro advisories based on the medium range weather forecast received from India Meteorological Department (IMD) to plan their day to day weather dependent operations.

Seasonal climate forecasts (SCF) of climate 3–6 months ahead of time can potentially allow farmers and others in agriculture to make decisions to reduce unwanted impacts or take advantage of expected favourable climate. In the project SCF information will be provided to farmers to help in deciding the best cropping systems in the study village

Further, it is also planned to establish village based weather stations. Weather stations with manual operated rain gauge will be set up in each target study village. The regular display of the observed rainfall in the village will help the farmers to take up critical operations like sowing, application of fertilizers or pesticides or provide irrigation to their crops.

Component 3: Enhancing capacities of stakeholders for developing and implementing climate change adaptation strategies Outcome 3: Staff of line departments and farmers in Telangana capacitated to implement climate adaptation measures

Capacity development interventions are an integral part of the project occurring at various levels through the entire period of the project implementation. For the selected bundles of adaptation measures to be implemented technical institutional capacities of participant departments and communities need to be developed. Technical capacities of the department staff are required to train and supervise the farmers’ adoption of adaptation measures. Prior to the actual implementation of adaptation measures in each of the target villages, communities will be mobilized through raising awareness on climate change impacts and possible solutions. Collective action at the community level is vital for the success of the measures which are a combination of agronomic, natural resource management and value chain interventions. The project will build on the existing base of local level institutions like village Panchayat and other community based organizations through sensitizing them about the new issues and seeking their support and advice in the implementation of the adaptation measures. Finally, capacity building and training manuals will be revised and disseminated for wider adoption for scaling up of adaptation strategies in other regions within and beyond the state of Telangana.

Component 4: Implementation of the suitable portfolio of adaptation strategies to climate change in the target villages and farm households Outcome 4: Climate change adaptation measures adopted by the beneficiary households in the target locations

The staffs of the Department of Agriculture, Telangana in the target villages are capacitated to train and implement the adaptation measures. The selected measures are planned to be implemented in a phased manner. The total beneficiary households in the one district during the entire project period will be 2050.

Efforts will be made to institutionalize beneficiary contributions to the cost of adaptation at least to the tune of 30 percent in order to create ownership and the practices sustained. Besides, farm-based interventions, community level interventions targeting natural resource management in common property resource; value addition to the commodities of the climate resilient crops and better integration of small holder farmers in value chains will be made. Female-headed and socially disadvantaged households will be given a priority for inclusion in the project. Tentative preliminary list of adaptation interventions in agriculture sector proposed to be implemented for different types of farmers are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Tentative adaptation interventions in agriculture sector proposed to be implemented for different types of farmers Farmer type Adaptation interventions Marginal farmers with irrigation Micro irrigation for cash and food crops facilities Alternate furrow /strategic irrigation Bore-well recharge structures Pulses /oil seeds Backyard poultry’ Small ruminants Fodder crops/ fodder tress bunds plantation Vermicomposting Marginal farmers with no Farm pond with micro irrigation for life saving irrigation irrigation facilities Pulses and millets/minor millets (short to early) Tank silt application Backyard poultry’ Small ruminants Check-basin/dead furrow/ridge and furrow Intercropping with pulses/castor Boundary plantation Vermicomposting Small farmers with irrigation Micro irrigation for cash and food crops facilities Alternate furrow /strategic irrigation Pulses / maize/cotton/oil seeds Backyard poultry’ Dairy/Small ruminants Fodder crops/ fodder tress bunds plantation Bore-well recharge structures Vermicomposting Small farmers with no irrigation Farm pond with micro irrigation facilities Pulses and millets/minor millets (short to early) Tank silt application Backyard poultry’ Small ruminants Check-basin/dead furrow/ridge and furrow Intercropping with pulses/castor Boundary plantation Vermicomposting

In addition to above farmers will be encouraged to take-up multipurpose forest tress on field bunds and on bunds of farm ponds with the support of forest department

Component 5: Knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies Outcome 5: Knowledge based advisory system for integrating climate change adaptation strategies at various levels

The knowledge generated from different components of the project namely, vulnerability assessment to climate change and adaptation strategies (development and implementation) suitable to the region as well as relevant knowledge from other initiatives and sources need a management strategy. The purposes of such a strategy and dedicated tools to achieve this are manifold. One internal purpose is that knowledge generation occurs in tandem across different components which need continuous exchange and updating. Therefore, a web- based system for internal exchange of information and knowledge will be put in place. Concepts, plans, progress and results of activities under different components are integrated into the platform and continuously updated. The proven concepts, guidelines for implementation, capacity building manuals and tools will be made openly accessible so that a large set of stakeholders can benefit directly through and beyond the project.

A systematic analysis and dissemination of results through popular media is vital in shaping the policy discourses and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies in agricultural as well as relevant non-agricultural sectors like, energy and water.

Knowledge management strategy of the project will also cater to the village and farm levels through establishment of climate based agricultural advisory systems. This system will collect and assimilate climate related information relevant for agriculture that originates from project and external sources and disseminates location specific information to farmers using the advanced ICTs.

b) Details on Economic, social and environmental benefits of the project

Scientific knowledge

The project will improve the scientific knowledge of the various stakeholders, which will have a greater impact on future research. The new concepts of scenario analysis using biophysical models and testing of these models across study locations will improve the modelling capabilities of scientific community.

Capacity building

The project will build capacity in addressing climate change and possible mitigation & adaptation responses within collaborating extension agencies such as KVKs, NGOs etc.

Economic impact

Improved cropping strategies and adoption of best management practices such as critical irrigation concept and optimum nutrient use will increase net household income through increased farm returns i.e. yields and/or a reduction in production costs

Due to better adoption of improved policies will not only benefit the farming community but also improve the government mechanisms for better planning of scarce water and other resources

Social impacts

Sustainable rural livelihoods are the major objective of this project. The improved capabilities on risk will help marginal and small farmers in adopting the strategies to mitigate climate change impacts, which will enhance their income levels and improve their livelihood.

Environmental impacts

The development of best management practices suitable and adaptable to each location will reduce the stress on natural resources. Better matching of cropping systems to seasonal rainfall variations is likely to increase water & nutrient use efficiencies, reduce the environmental impacts and improve watershed performance.

c) Sustainability of intervention i. How will the project assure that the benefits achieved through its investments are sustained beyond the lifetime of the project?

The project follows a demand driven approach to developing adaptive capacities of stakeholders to climate change. Design of the various components is a result of the continuous collaborative engagement of the project partners in farmer-participatory climate adaptation research in the region. The adaptation strategies will be developed based on the thorough analysis of social, economic, agricultural and ecological dimensions of the problem of vulnerability to climate change conducted by the departments. The involvement of all the stakeholders in the design of the project supports the demand driven nature of the project promoting ownership and acceptance of the promoted solutions. A stakeholder consultation involving farmers, state, district and block level staff of agricultural and other line departments as well as researchers from various disciplines of partner institutions was conducted to validate the relevance of the project components (See Annex I). In the consultations, it was decided that 70% of cost towards adaptation interventions will be borne by the project and rest by the farmers. Once the project is over, farmers will be provided requisite capacity for successfully implementing adaptation interventions in agriculture sector and will be well versed with the success rate of activities. This would therefore help farmers in comfortably applying and investing in these activities.

Implementation of the adaptation measures most suitable to different farm household typologies is carried out by the farmers themselves which is facilitated by trained staff of the involved line departments (mainly DoA). The structured capacity development trainings for the staff through tools and manuals developed under the project provide ample scope for scaling up of capacity development of the entire staff of the department and farmers beyond the target district. The knowledge management strategy of the project ensures that the tools, manuals and other documents highlighting the key success factors and processes are available freely (open source) for utilization of stakeholders to sustain the adaptation beyond the project period and locations. These findings will help in ensuring sustainability. d) Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the proposed project / programme: i. Cost effectiveness will compare alternative options available and how the proposed components/ intervention are best for given climatic conditions. It will also how the community has preferred the selected interventions and their views / concerns are addressed while designing the project/ programme.

The proposal should compare to other possible interventions that could have taken place to help adapt and build resilience in the same sector, geographic region, and/or community. A comparison of the chosen option vis-a-vis alternative options may be provided as per the Table 4.

Table 4: Chosen options vis-a-vis alternative options Activity Proposed Alternatives Benefits Improved resilience through Construction of canals and  Micro- irrigation and adoption of climate resilient providing assured irrigation designing farm ponds are farming/livelihood system through lift irrigation is relatively cheaper and another option to improve requires less resources the crop productivity than lift irrigation. Moreover, lift irrigation is energy consuming resulting in increased emissions.

 The activities proposed in this project intend to enhance skills and knowledge of farmers so that they will be able to adopt their production system according to climatic situation. Developing and Automatic Weather stations  The project will set up implementing the could be established for manual weather stations, Information System for climate forecast so that farmers could ‘seasonal climate forecast’ measure climatic and ‘weather based agro parameters themselves advisories to ensure farm planning decisions

 Timely advice also helps farmers in taking preventing measures for reducing possible losses related to agriculture and other natural resource dependent livelihoods.

ii. Weighting of project activities:

How much funding will be allocated to 'investment activities', 'capacity building activities' and 'project management activities' respectively? Type of Activity List of Activities Funding required (Rs.) Investment activities  Finalizing household level adaptation 21,00,23,470 interventions  Developing and implementing Information System for ‘seasonal climate forecast’ and ‘weather based agro advisories’  Implementation of the suitable portfolio of adaptation strategies to climate change in the 32

target villages and farm households Capacity building  Enhancing capacities of stakeholders for 85,50,000 activities developing and implementing climate change adaptation strategies  Knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies Project management  Monitoring and Evaluation cost 2,40,60,000 activities  Coordination, human resource and cost escalation costs

e) Alignment with the National and State Action Plans and other Policies / Programmes:

 The proposed project aligns with the national and state strategies to strengthen adaptive capacities of stakeholders to impacts of the changing climate. The Indian government has responded with the launching of its National Action Plan on Climate Change10. A key priority is for adaptation to focus on dryland agriculture with possible adaptation strategies ranging from provision of better matched crop varieties, weather insurance to help farmers cope with crop losses against extreme weather events and interventions to increase water productivity. Similarly, within the framework of NAPCC, states have been encouraged to prepare and implement State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC). Agriculture, especially in the rain-fed drylands has been identified as the most vulnerable sector with a majority of rural poor dependent on it for their livelihoods.

 On 2 June 2014, Telangana was separated Andhra Pradesh and became the 29th State of India with Hyderabad as its capital. Several programs on nature resource management were launched at erstwhile Andhra Pradesh, which has its linkage with the project. Some of the ongoing and planned projects relevant to this proposal are given below:

 Andhra Pradesh Drought Adaptation Initiative (APDAI): The overall objective of the APDAI is to enhance drought adaptation capacity of affected communities and reducing their vulnerability to drought in the long-term. The APDAI pilot project is being implemented in two phases due to different modes of financing. Phase I of the pilot program (June 2006–April 2007), financed by a World Bank-executed trust fund, initiated activities in 6 villages in three Mandals of Mahbubnagar District. Phase II of the pilot implementation started in November 2007 and expanded the project into an additional 9 villages in Mahbubnagar and initiated activities in 10 new villages in Anantapur District.  Andhra Pradesh Farmer Managed Groundwater Systems Project (APFAMGS): APFAMGS aims at managing groundwater systems in about 650 villages in seven drought-prone districts of Andhra Pradesh. The project is also been implemented in Mahabubnagar district.  Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP), Telangana: IWMP programme was launched by GoI in 2009-10, which is recently being implemented in Telangana. The programme aims to restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water. The outcomes are prevention of soil erosion, regeneration of natural vegetation, rain water harvesting and recharging of the ground water table. This enables multi-cropping and the introduction of diverse agro-based activities, which help to provide sustainable

10 National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008). Government of India. 33

livelihoods to the people residing in the watershed area. In the selected village clusters, IWMP has not being implemented till date.

f) Component wise technical standards:

(Describe how the project / programme meets relevant national technical standards, where applicable, such as standards for environmental assessment, building codes, standards related to pollution control, etc. The details need to be provided for each of the interventions proposed) The overall objective of the project is in line with the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture and highlighted under the SAPCC. The project will be governed as per the policy and preference of State Governments in adherence to all the specific local criteria. Apart from that the project would also adhere to the national scientific criteria with regard to adaption such as economic, social and environmental benefit etc. The involvement of the key stakeholders in the project formulation and the Project Management/ Implementation Mechanisms ensures compliance with the policy of participatory implementation of the project.

Activity Applicable Standard Application to project Component 1: Finalizing household Standard guidelines Enhance the food security, level adaptation interventions provided by DoA and nutrition level and income of PJTSAU on sustainable small and marginal farmers agriculture practices Component 2: Developing and Standard guidelines Forecast uncertain events such implementing the Information provided by PJTSAU and as drought, extreme events etc. System for ‘seasonal climate ICRISAT which would help farmers to plan forecast’ and ‘weather based agro for the future course of activities advisories’ Component 3: Enhancing capacities Standard guidelines and Enhance the capacities of of stakeholders for developing and procedures of EPTRI farmers and state government implementing climate change officials for implementing climate adaptation strategies change adaptation activities Component 4: Implementation of Standard guidelines Implementation of sustainable the suitable portfolio of adaptation provided by DoA, PJTSAU agriculture practices strategies to climate change in the and ICRISAT target villages and farm households MGNREGA guidelines and designs for construction Component 5: Knowledge Standard guidelines and Mainstreaming of adaptation management and mainstreaming of procedures of EPTRI activities adaptation strategies

g) Duplication Check:

(Describe if there is duplication of project / programme with other funding sources, if any)

Project Objectives Complementarity Geographical Coverage/Agency Andhra Pradesh Managing groundwater Groundwater 650 villages in seven Farmer Managed systems in drought restoration drought-prone Groundwater prone areas of the state districts including Systems Project Mahabubnagar

Andhra Pradesh Enhance drought Findings of the Phase I of the pilot Drought Adaptation adaptation capacity of success of program (June 2006– Initiative affected communities implementation of April 2007), was and reducing their drought reduction implemented in 6 vulnerability to drought activities can be villages in three in the long-term helpful for this project Mandals of Mahbubnagar District. Phase II of the pilot implementation started in November 2007 and expanded the project into an additional 9 villages in Mahbubnagar and initiated activities in 10 new villages in Anantapur District.

h) Details on Stakeholder consultation: (Describe the consultative process, including the list of stakeholders consulted, undertaken during project preparation, with particular reference to vulnerable groups, including gender considerations).

Consultation Date/ Place Participation Objective Outcome 1st meeting of Date: 16th August, To develop Project project partners 2015 objectives and objective framework for were agreed Place: PJTSAU Project the upon partners project 2ndmeeting of Date: 21st August, Project project partners 2015 concept, components Place: PJTSAU To finalize roles and roles of Project and partners were partners responsibilities defined Farmers Date: 10th& 11th Discussed meeting September, 2015 with farmers To discuss and extension Place: Gorita, earlier Specialists Nimmani PJTSAU CSIRO project about project scientists and outcomes and outcomes and progressive other new target farmers expectations Areas 2-day write Date: 24th& 25th Project Proposal Initial draft shop August, 2015 partners development proposal was “Proposal (ICRISAT, Developed Developing” Place: ACRC, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar Department of Agri., EPTRI)

Stakeholder Date: 28th October, Staff from To meet with Detailed workshop 2015 PJTSAU, primary Report Departments stakeholders to enclosed in Place: ACRC, of Agriculture, understand Annexure I Rajendranagar Horticulture, climate Animal related Husbandry, problems and ICRISAT, their views EPTRI. Farmers from Mahbubnagar & Nalgonda Farmers Date: 23rd Staff from DoA, To identify Detailed report meeting December 2015 ICRISAT, major enclosed in Place: EPTRI, agricultural Annexure II Mahabubnagar PJTSAU and practices, progressive agriculture farmers production, interventions adopted impact of climate change on agriculture and also to find out major scientific interventions anticipated to develop climate resilient agricultural practices. Few photographs of field interaction with Research scientists & farming community of the selected cluster of villages in Telangana is shown in Photo 1-8.

Photo 1 Photo 2

Photo 3 Photo 4

Photo 5 Photo 6

Photo 7 Photo 8 Photo: Interaction with Research scientists & farmers of Mahabubnagar district. (Vattem, Nandi Vaddeman, Kistagiri, Nagasala)

i) Learning and knowledge management component to capture and disseminate lessons learned from the proposed project.

Component 5 of the project dealing with knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies, describes both the cross-cutting and specific knowledge management functions that will be undertaken in this project. The transfer of knowledge generated through the project is crucial since this will be the first of climate change adaptation project targeting the agricultural sector comprehensively in the newly formed state of Telangana which takes into account current as well as future climate change scenarios. The project is expected to generate crucial learnings in terms building climate resilient agricultural options. The knowledge will include adaptation techniques at the farm level, best practices, benefits of early warning information, sustainable agricultural practices that improve adaptation ability and resilience; institutional capacity to sustain community based efforts to adapt to climate change and other policy recommendations and technical guidelines produced by the project.

j) Sustainability of the project outcomes has been taken into account when designing the project

Expected Expected concrete Sustainability Responsible parties outcomes Outputs mechanism Finalisation and Prioritization and These practices will DoA, PJTSUA and implementation implementation of be included in ICRISAT of climate adaptation strategies package of practices resilient suitable to the target of PJTSAU and will agricultural locations and farm be regularly discussed practices household Typologies &popularized in Zonal Research Extension Advisory Council (ZREAC) meetings.

During the project duration, it has been decided that 70% of cost towards implementation of adaptation interventions will be borne by the project and rest by the farmers. Once the project is over, farmers will be provided requisite capacity for successfully implementing adaptation interventions in agriculture sector and will be well versed with the success rate of activities. This would therefore help farmers in comfortably applying and investing in these activities. Enhancing Capacity building modules These modules will be regularly EPTRI in-consultation capacities for agronomic, NRM and updated and out scaled to other with DoA, PJTSAU of stakeholders economic adaptation location for wider reach and ICRISAT measures

k) Provide an overview of the environmental and social impacts and risks identified as being relevant to the project / programme.

Checklist of environmental No further assessment required for Potential impacts and social principles compliance and risks – further assessment and management required for compliance Compliance with the Law The project activities are in line with the priorities No risk on climate change as predicted by scientific community and policy makers of Government of India. The activities find convergence with National documents such as Second National Communications to the UNFCCC, NAPCC and SAPCC.

The activities will not impede access to any of the other requirements like health, clean water, sanitation, energy, education, housing, safe and decent working conditions and land rights. Therefore, the project activities are in convergence with the Environment Protection Act, 1986; Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 and Water Pollution Control Act, 1984. Access and Equity The project provides fair and equitable access to Risk: Despite the the project beneficiaries and is based on clear best efforts to vulnerability aspects linked to livestock promote equity in productivity. the benefits of the project by During the project implementation and selecting community level interventions, special focus will beneficiaries, in be given to women and disadvantaged groups some cases, there in building their capacities and enabling their may be a access to community level assets (knowledge risk of diluting the and natural resources) principles of beneficiary selection.

Mitigation option: Due care will be given so that the selected beneficiaries are proportionately selected from different household typologies and represent their

actual proportion in the Population Marginalized and Vulnerable The beneficiaries of the project will be small and Adaptation and Groups marginalised farmers at both household and capacity building community levels. measures are designed based on Marginalized and vulnerable households will be their adaptive identified through the household survey data capacities. analysis and are included as beneficiaries Therefore, there is in the project. no risk for the community. Human Rights The project does not foresee any violation of No risk human rights Gender Equity and Women’s Project would ensure participation by women Risk: As per climate Empowerment fully and equitably, receive comparable socio- change studies, economic benefits and that they do not suffer women are more adverse effect. It is proposed that amongst the prone to climate total beneficiary, 30-50% would be women. change compared to mane population. Women would be provided training for managing and conservation natural resources. Mitigation: During Subsequently, they would be involved in the project activities such as agricultural, water implementation, management, alternative livelihood practices etc. gender proposed under the project. Upon the successful differentiated completion of the project, women would be impacts of climate equally benefited by availability of water change will be resources and ensuring food security hence assessed and maintaining their nutrition level. technologies and capacity development measures targeted at empowering women will be designed and Implemented Core Labour Rights Payments to labour under the project will be No risk made as per Government approved norms duly following minimum wage rate and hence ensuring core labour rights. Indigenous Peoples Not applicable to this project No risk Involuntary Resettlement Not applicable to this project No risk Protection of Natural Habitats Project does not affect any of the natural No risk habitats Conservation of Biological The project would not cause any impact on No risk Diversity biodiversity values. Climate Change The project aims at enhancing the livelihoods No risk (income and nutrition) of farming community 40

through implementing climate resilient agricultural interventions for enhancing the adaptive capacity of the small and marginal farmers against adverse impact of climate change. Project additionally has a co-benefit on reducing the GHG produced through installing rain water harvesting structure, pumps powered by solar pumps, which will contribute in mitigating the challenges of climate change Pollution Prevention and Project activities are in convergence with the Air No risk Resource Efficiency (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 and Water Pollution Control Act, 1984 and Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 Public Health No adverse impact on public health related No risk issues is envisaged. Physical and Cultural Heritage No adverse impact on cultural heritage related No risk issues is identified. Lands and Soil Conservation The project envisages conserving the soil water, No risk effectively utilising water, plantation of high yielding drought varieties etc. which will help in conserving the land resources.

3.0 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

a) Describe the arrangements for project / programme implementation.

i. Who will implement the project and what are their comparative Advantages and capacity compared to other potential implementing institutions?

The implementation of the project will be through a multi-department coordination with the overall responsibility led by Environment Protection Training and Research Institute, Government of Telangana. Following are the responsibilities of the various implementing agencies:

Agency/committee Responsibility State Steering Committee Project Steering Committee headed by the Chief Secretary will advise the project in financial and technical implementation, ensuring full implementation of project actions and review progress of the project against the agreed time lines. Technical Advisory Technical Advisory Committee comprises of representatives from committee ICRISAT, PJTSAU, EPTRI and DOA. TAC will be responsible for:  Preparing the implementation plan  Reviewing the progress of the implementation of the project  Overseeing execution of project activities, fund administration of the project and procurement of goods and services. Environment Protection EPTRI will be responsible for the following tasks: Training and Research o Oversee the project and main link from MoEFCC for Institute (EPTRI) receiving the funds o Prepare contractual documents/Memorandum of Understanding with each implementing agencies in coordination with DoA, PJTSAU and ICRISAT o Fund flow management and reviewing the progress of the activity o Conducting stakeholder workshops and consultations at the state, district and community levels on appraising climate change impacts o Preparing progress report of the project with the help of project partners for the steering committee meetings that will happen annually o Preparing and submitting report and Utilisation Certificates to the MoEFCC in coordination with DoA, PJTSAU and ICRISAT o Development of knowledge products with DoA, PJTSAU and ICRISAT Department of Agriculture o Implementing the agronomic adaptation measures, field (DoA) demonstrations in the selected study villages in consultation with farming community, as per expert committee recommendations o Implementation of Climate change Adaptation measures in the beneficiary households in the target locations in

Agency/committee Responsibility consultation with PJTSAU and ICRISAT o Development of APPS to gather farmers database and pushing regular agro advisories in consultation with PJTSAU, ICRISAT and EPTRI o Development a web portal to house the Central knowledge repository on climate change adaptation to enable evidence based policy and program formulation in consultation with PJTSAU, ICRISAT and EPTRI o Facilitate in arranging tabs for the field staff and cloud storage charges in consultation with PJTSAU and ICRISAT o Assisting in development of web portal by providing the information available with the department as and when required PJTSAU o Setting up manual Weather stations in consultation with DoA o Enhancing capacities of stakeholders for developing and Implementing climate change adaptation strategies o Providing training to the community for implementing adaptation interventions in consultation with EPTRI and DoA o Providing training to line departments on agronomic, NRM and economic adaptation measures in consultation with EPTRI and DoA o Arranging exposure visits to target villages/farms where adaptation measures are implemented in consultation with DoA o Regular provision of weather based agro advisories for planning agricultural operations in consultation with ICRISAT. o ICRISAT o Conducting baseline households survey o Updating climate scenarios o Assessing vulnerability using survey data and climate change scenarios and identifying target farm households o Scenarios analysis using simulation models to provide cropping strategies in in consultation with PJTSAU. o Providing Seasonal climate forecast for farm planning decisions in consultation with PJTSAU o Monitoring the project outcomes and outputs

i. How will the project be coordinated with (and/or mainstreamed into) Related development activities of the targeted sector? EPTRI being the nodal agency for climate change in Telangana state will be responsible for the overall coordination of implementing agencies. The project will have a Steering Committee and Project implementing team, for supervising the project activities; monitoring its implementation and taking policy decisions. Implementation plan of the project is as follows (Fig 19).

Steering Committee

EPTRI (Executing Agency)

DoA PJTSAU ICRISAT (Implementing (Implementing (Implementing Agency 1) Agency 2) Agency 3)

Component 2:

Component 1: Finalizing Component 3: Component 4: Developing and household level Enhancing capacities Implementation of implementing adaptation interventions of stakeholders for the suitable portfolio Information through baseline survey developing and of adaptation System for and vulnerability ‘seasonal climate implementing climate strategies in the assessment change adaptation target villages forecast’ and strategies ‘weather based agro advisories’

Component 5: Knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies

Fig 19. Implementation plan for the project

b) Describe the measures for financial and project / programme risk management (also include environmental and social risk, if any).

Risk Rating (High Mitigation Measure / Medium / Low, etc.) The farmers might not High Targeted capacity building along with exposure agree to do all the visits will build the consensus different management approaches. Bureaucratic hassles High Bureaucrats dealing with the concerned subject may delay in initiating will be special invitees for the State Steering the project activities Committee on Climate Change. This would and sanctioning of enable the policy makers to be well versed with funds the progress of the project activities and thus ease in sanctioning of funds.

Preliminary activities of the project will be initiated on time like preparation of tender docs for buying Weather stations, baseline survey, capacity building of the community etc. and the information of initiation of project activities may be informed to the central ministry for ease in sanctioning of fund. Extreme events such High Weather forecasting stations will be established as cyclones, which will guide the farmers in planning for the earthquakes may future activities and hence precautions could be hassles the project taken. activities Timely execution Low Better coordination with implementing entities involved. The project will have advisory panel who will guide the teams regularly with regards allotment of budget, workload etc. Social issues Medium The project partners has developed this (selection of proposal based considering all the limitation for beneficiaries) selecting the beneficiaries and accordingly, a common criteria has been agreed upon in selecting farming community for execution of adaptation strategies All activities Low Since each activity is headed by exclusive entities suggested may not with high level of competence and experience, come to fruition as outcome of all activities will be ensured. planned Continuous monitoring will be done to ensure the same.

c) Describe the monitoring and evaluation arrangements and provide a budgeted M&E plan. (Monitoring and evaluation cost need to be included in executing entity management cost).

The progress of activities will be monitored by the team members responsible for M&E at ICRISAT based on the agreed upon outputs, indicators and timelines. A Technical Advisory Committee will be constituted at the beginning of the project constituting five members namely,

i. Director of Research, PJTSAU ii. Commissioner of Agriculture, Telangana iii. Director General of EPTRI iv. AGM of NABARD, Hyderabad v. Scientist from ICRISAT

Monitoring will be a continuous process where each component (partner in-charge) will submit a report to the M&E expert at ICRISAT as per following. The M&E expert will prepare templates for reporting compile the reports from different components and submits the comprehensive report to the PSC.

Monitoring and Responsibility Year Total Time evaluation plan 2016- 17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 frame

Monitoring of ICRISAT 2 2 2 2 8 2016-2020 outputs Mid-term ICRISAT 1 1 May, 2018 Evaluation Final Evaluation ICRISAT 1 1 December, 2019

Evaluation of the project with respect to the outputs and outcomes will be conducted twice during the entire project period. The first/mid-term evaluation will be conducted after the first phase implementation of adaptation strategies in 500 farm households. The second/final evaluation will be conducted towards the end of the final year of the project after the second phase of implementation. The final impact evaluation will be based on a farm household survey/ exit survey (n=2050).

Impact evaluation report based on the indicators developed on the gender differentiated outcomes of the adaptation measures will be published and shared with the policy decision makers. This will also be widely disseminated among science, policy and civil society audiences.

d) Include a results framework for the project proposal, including milestones, targets and indicators with gender disaggregated data (as per the format in annexure1).

Results Framework of the Project

Outcome/Output Indicator Baseline Target Source of Risks and Verification Assumptions Component 1: Finalizing household level adaptation interventions: Baseline Households Survey, Finalization and communication of adaptation interventions for each target community and household Outcome 1.1: Percentage of members in No evidence of 25% of the Baseline surveys; Assumptions: Stakeholders aware stakeholder organizations understanding and District level staff stakeholder Farmers are already of the climate (line departments and target agreement on of the line workshop facing the impacts of climate change impacts in communities) understand climate change departments and proceedings variability and change but the target region and agree to the predicted impacts and at least 50% of the lack understanding of and vulnerable magnitude of climate vulnerable farmers in 10 magnitude of future districts and farm change impacts and locations/groups. target villages consequences and available households vulnerable locations/groups Currently, about 5% understand and options, willingness to learn identified; stakeholders have agree to the a clear predicted climate Risks: Uncertainty of Global understanding change impacts Circulation Models (GCMs) of potential climate on agriculture and downscaling issues in change impacts predicting localized future climate Output 1.1.1: Researchers and line Majority of 60% of the Survey reports; Assumptions: Households’ department staff researchers and researchers and Interviews with Stakeholders willing to learn perceptions on understand farmers’ line department line departments key stakeholders and update their skills climate change knowledge on climate staff (~70%) lack enhance their impacts, existing change and their existing knowledge on knowledge on coping/adaptation coping and adaptation farmers’ farm household strategies and practices Knowledge of farm perceptions, typologies based capacities to adapt household typologies based strategies and on adaptive to climate change on adaptive capacities capacities for Capacities analysed and integrated into development climate change integrated into understood of adaptation strategies by adaptation in the development of researchers and line target region Adaptation department staff Strategies

Output 1.1.2: Number of members of line 10% stakeholders At least 20% Report on Assumptions: Stakeholders Updated climate departments government understand the members of climate change willing to learn and update scenarios for research recent AR5 climate Stakeholder scenarios their skills testate of institutions and local NGOs scenarios and its organizations published and Telangana trained on impacts on update their shared using the recent updating climate scenarios Telangana knowledge on Assessment Report recent climate Policy brief and (AR 5) of the IPCC scenarios and info graphics on Impacts impacts of climate change under different scenarios in Telangana Output 1.1.3: Identified group of Very limited 2000 households Reports and list of Vulnerable regions households that are information on the that are most villages and and groups most vulnerable to be regions and groups vulnerable in the beneficiary identified included for in Telangana that study regions households for implementing adaptation are most vulnerable Identified for implementation strategies to climate change implementation of adaptation strategies Outcome 1.2: A suit of best management No knowledge and 6-8 typology Technical and Assumptions: All Finalized practices to adapt climate information on the based package of operational package stakeholders will participate adaptation change impacts based on coherence and practices manuals of practices and contribute in the strategies suitable farm house hold typologies suitability of a mix which include documents preparation of package of to developed and of adaptation adaptation practices the target locations communicated strategies available packages specific and farm household with farmers and to study locations. typologies line department officials Output 1.2.1: Number of households Farmers are going 10% yield Report on Assumptions: Farmers are Agronomic adopting - for traditional high increase through successful willing to learn & adapt the adaptation a. Secure sowing water intensive adaptation of agronomic recommended climate smart measures climate vulnerable climate resilient adaptation measure package of practices 48

b. Drought tolerant varieties crops results in 20- cropping system reports including c. Direct Seeded 30% yield losses at in 15 villages visuals rice/aerobic the times of drought with 2000 d. Short-duration legumes Households for rice fallows e. Intercrop of maize with legumes Output 1.2.2: Soil Number of households Poor soils 15% increased Field visits, Visuals, Assumption: Existing and water investing and drawing management yields through field demonstration management practices are management benefits from - practices coupled adaptation of soil of best soil and not resource efficient a. Farm ponds with indiscriminate test based water management b. Farm bunds with green use of fertilizers fertilizer practices in farmers’ manure trees and pesticides application, 20% fields. c. Bore well Recharge resulting increased increase crop Monitoring the farm structures cost of cultivation yields through ponds for water e. increasing water use adaption of collection regularly, efficiency through crop critical irrigation survey on crop fields water budgeting for concept using the where critical beneficiary farmers water collected in irrigation was farm ponds in 15 applied target villages in about 400 ha area Output 1.2.3: Number of households No income At least 10 Impact/Exit Assumption: Availability of Integrated farming adopting resilience of farm percent increase Survey Project sufficient family or hired System a. Fodder crops households to crop in the share of Reports labour for livestock rearing interventions (crop- b. Sheep and Goat failures under livestock income livestock c. Poultry drought to the total integration) d. Milch cattle Fodder scarcity household income Very low livestock 10 percent heads in the village increase in the and per household Livestock headcount per capita in the 49

Beneficiary Households Output 1.2.4: Weather based crop Insurance schemes Insurance Reports and Economic insurance schemes exist but do not schemes that strategy papers measures designed consider intra- consider the on weather for adaptation regional variability variability within based insurance Assessment of existing Existing value the region and and climate value chains for their chains are not Household smart value suitability with the catering to the typology are chains adaptation strategies. climate resilient Designed crops Identification of Value chain interventions Smallholder strategies to farmers Improve not integrated smallholder and enough into the climate resilient value chains crops into the value chains Component 2: Developing and implementing the Information System for ‘seasonal climate forecast’ and ‘weather based agro advisories’ Outcome 2: Losses prevented due to Farmers lack 30-50% farmers in Survey reports Assumptions: Farmers trust Farmers adjust cropping system access to or do not the target the long-term climate their farm planning adjustments based on utilize the seasonal communities Focus group forecasts and operational climate forecast and climate forecasts utilize the discussions decisions based on weather based agro and weather based seasonal climate Risks: Some farmers sow the the climate forecast advisories Increased crop agro advisories forecasts and seeds and apply fertilizers in and also take income of farmers following weather based the hope of securing the preventive the climate forecasts and agro advisories; minimum grain for own measures for advisories as compared to 10% increase in consumption without waiting saving control profitability due to for the forecasts the crops and group reduced losses for minimizing the farmers utilizing costs of production climate and weather forecasts Output 2.1: Number of farmers utilizing 0-1% farmers At least 30% of Survey reports Assumptions: Seasonal climate the seasonal climate utilize the seasonal the Farmers trust the 50

forecast forecast for farm planning climate forecast for farmers in the Focus group long-term climate decisions farm planning Selected discussions forecasts communities Losses prevented due to utilize cropping system seasonal climate adjustments based on forecasts for climate forecast farming decisions Output 2.2: ICT based information 10% farmers 40-50% of the Survey reports Assumption: Farmers Weather based system set up for weather utilize the weather farmers in the capacity and interest to follow agro advisories based agro advisory system based agro Selected Focus group the advisories advisory system communities discussions Number of farmers utilizing utilize the weather based agro the weather based Number of advisories provided agro advisory subscribers Services Component 3: Develop capacity in research and extension processes that support the building of adaptive capacity to climate change Outcome 3: Staff of Number of men, line 10% trained At least 50% Capacity building Assumptions: Departmental line departments departments and farmers in community marginalized and and training staff acknowledge the and farmers in Telangana capacitated to members on vulnerable farmers documents weaknesses and appreciate Telangana implement climate identification of of the study including visuals and actively participate in the capacitated to adaptation measures climate change villages are trainings implement climate women and young farmers adaptation trained on and reports adaptation trained on potential climate strategies specific Risks: Too much burden on measures change impacts and to farm typologies Operational the departmental staff and developing adaptation guidelines and transfers of the nodal office strategies 15% of the know-how on the stakeholder ‘new portfolio’ of Number of members of local groups know on adaptation self-government and line how to develop measure departments climate change trained on climate change adaptation At least 30% impacts and developing practices and members of adaptation strategies implementation Stakeholder Organizations 51

working in the study region trained Output 3.1: Training Number of training ~ 5% staff of line 100 men and Training reports Assumptions: Staff are not and capacity programme organized for department have women staff of line and visuals; overburdened and have time building for line staff of line departments capacities for departments are and interest for the trainings departments on implementing trained in Training manuals agronomic, NRM Number of trainees (men vulnerability based implementing and economic and women) adaptation vulnerability based adaptation measures adaptation measures (100) measures

Output 3.2: Number of training Zero farmers have 1000 men and Training reports Assumptions: Farmers show Capacity programmes capacities to adapt women farmers and visuals; interest in the trainings building workshops organized farm level climate trained in climate Training manuals Women have time and are for farmers smart agricultural smart agricultural allowed to participate conducted (1000) Number of men, women practices Practices farmers Trained Output 3.3: Number of field visits No exclusive field 8 field visits will be Field visit reports, Assumption: Availability of Exposure visits to organized visits to expose organized for visuals, videos enough comparable and target villages/ farmers to climate Farmers successful adaptation sites farms where Number of men and women smart practices are adaptation farmers available measures are Participated implemented (8 visits) Component 4: Implementation of adaptation options suitable for study regions to prepare households for climate change Outcome 4: Climate Improved resilience of farm Zero households 2000 households Impact evaluation Assumptions: Farmers are change Adaptation households through practicing climate to practice climate committed and willing to measures stabilized smart agriculture smart agriculture Monitoring reports adopt the adaptation implemented by the crops and livestock yields, in the study measures and are willing to beneficiary incomes and nutrition to villages covering Remote sensing & contribute to the investment households in the climate change impacts an approximate GIS time series 52

target locations compared to households not area of 400 ha. studies on cropping practicing climate smart changes agriculture Output 4.1: Yield stabilization under Presently 10-60% Yield stabilization Field Assumptions: Agronomic drought and water stress yield loss in severe even under demonstrations, Comparable rainfall years for adaptation conditions drought situations drought conditions assessments measures in study regions 15% higher yields Field data compared to Monitoring and Risks: control impact evaluation Complete drought resulting in households reports failures Output 4.2: Soil and Invest in in-situ and ex-situ Farmers’ reluctance 70% of Farmers Field data on Assumptions: water conservation conservation of soil and for continued maintain soil and investments in Farmers are ready to make and management water by beneficiary farm investments to water soil and water additional investments in households maintain the soil conservation conservation maintaining the conservation and water efficient infrastructure on M&E reports. structures structures/practices farm through various in-situ and Remote sensing ex-situ measures imagery

Conservation through investment by community Output 4.3: Economic resilience of the Insurance schemes 2 villages will be Impact Assumptions: Farmers are Weather based household to cope with the exist but do not piloted using crop assessment report willing to join the new insurance schemes losses due to extreme consider intra- simulation models of pilot project insurance scheme implemented (2 weather instances regional variability instead of block villages) level crop cutting Risks: Moral hazard and false experiments reporting of crop losses

Output 4.4: Value Farmers better integrated Presently producer Implementation of M&E Reports Assumptions: Smallholder chain integration of into the value chain. Value receives only 25- strategies to farmer swilling to aggregate climate smart farm addition to climate smart 30% share in improve in order to access value households crops consumer price smallholder chains 53

Existing value and climate Better producer share in chains are not resilient crops into Risks: Dependence of the consumer price for the farm catering to the the value chains smallholder farmer son the produce of beneficiary climate resilient will results in 25% middlemen and commission households crops. increase in agents existing producer Smallholder share in consumer farmers not price integrated enough into the value chains Output 4.5: Set up of climate resilient Practices are being At least, 3 Monitoring and Assumption: Farmers Sustainable infrastructure (water adopted at the infrastructure Evaluation reports cooperate jointly agree to alternative livelihood recharging facilities, household level facilities located at take up alternative livelihood practices such as common shelters etc.) at which are not the community Stakeholder practices rearing of small community level sustainable level consultations ruminants, vermi- Risks: Reluctance of compositing stakeholders to converge Component 5: Knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies Understanding of the incoherence and possible Outcome 5: Complementarities Knowledge based that can be Assumption: Perception of advisory system for Lack of achieved climate change threat by integrating climate understanding on Three Policy stakeholders to their change adaptation Convergence of policies in the trade-offs and Through workshops at policies and programs strategies into programs that influence complementarities convergence by district and state different sectoral adaptation behaviour of of different policies the relevant level workshop Risks: Reluctance of policies farmers and programs stakeholders in reports stakeholders to converge different sectors Output 5.1: Central Number of stakeholders No repository, A dedicated web Project website and Assumptions: All the Knowledge accessed and used knowledge sharing portal on internal platform stakeholders are familiar with repository on platforms for evidences web based portals and 54

climate change Knowledge-sharing sharing climate of projects internet usage adaptation to platforms (portals, open related information activities will be enable access repository) to available made available evidence based understand climate related 80% of the policy and program information stakeholder in formulation in study region will agriculture use the knowledge established sharing platforms for climate risk management Output 5.2: Real Number of Farmers receive Only 10% farmers 90% farmers Data on farmer Assumptions: Farmers find time climate based and us climate related receive weather receive and utilize subscriptions the information and farm advisory information for their decision based agro- weather based knowledge relevant making advisory services agro-advisories for M&E Reports farm planning and Risks: Other constraints operations Exit survey driving farm decision making than the scientific climate based information.

e) Include a detailed budget with budget notes, a budget on the Implementing Entity management fee use and an explanation and a breakdown of the execution costs. Financial requirement and other details of the project are as follows: Sino. Unit cost Institution Units Total (INR) Note ACTIVITY/MONTHS (INR) responsible 1. Finalizing household level adaptation interventions: Baseline Households Survey, Detailed Detailed Finalization and 80,00000 Detailed below below below communication of adaptation interventions for each target PJSTAU community and household (Lead) 1.1. Identification of the climate change impacts in the target region and vulnerable districts and identification of farm households All the farm households in the 8000 cluster villages will be survey to Baseline Households households select beneficiary farmers. The Survey and vulnerability 1.1.1 in the 500 40,00,000 cost includes enumerators, assessment of households to selected supervisors, travel, data entry, select the target beneficiaries clusters baseline reports, stationery and printing (Annexure-IX) ICRISAT Using cluster computing facilities grid wise analysis will done for Updating climate scenarios whole Telangana and in using downscaled climate data particular Mahabubnagar district. 1 30,00,000 30,00,000 1.1.2 for Telangana state and also The cost includes data purchase, for the project location crop types maps generation using RS&GIS, climate maps generation ICRISAT 1.2. Finalized adaptation strategies suitable to the target locations and farm household typologies

1.2.1 Identification of portfolio of Cost for brainstorming sessions adaptation strategies based on 1 10,00,000 10,00,000 with scientist from PJTSAU and the baseline survey results and Department of Agriculture and PJTSAU 56

Sino. Unit cost Institution Units Total (INR) Note ACTIVITY/MONTHS (INR) responsible vulnerability assessment. ICRISAT to develop suitable Scientist interaction and adaptation measures to be develop household wise, implemented in the villages village wise adaptation strategies as a part of climate smart agricultural practices 2. Developing and implementing the Information System for Detailed Detailed 21,36,000 Detailed below ‘seasonal climate forecast’ and below below ICRISAT ‘weather based agro advisories (Lead) 2.2 Two bulletins (Ten Typologies) in a week for 48 months for fine Regular provision of seasonal tuning management strategies and weather based agro 7680 200 15,36,000 for effective implementation of advisories for planning adaptation interventions (10 agricultural operations typologies, 48 months 16 villages 48 X 16 X10 X200 =1536000 PJTSAU 2.4 Setting up manual raingauge 15 rain gaues in each in one 15 12,000 1,80,000 stations village will be installed PJTSAU 2.5 Training the field assistants, Agricultural extension officers 10 trainings for line department on maintaining the weather extension officers. Each training 10 42000 4,20,000 station and interpreting the with 50 participants agro advisories for the benefit PJTSAU/ICRIS of farming community AT 3. Enhancing capacities of stakeholders for developing Detailed Detailed and 66,00,000 Detailed below below below Implementing climate change PJTSAU adaptation strategies (Lead) 3.1 Providing training to the Total 8 trainings for total three PJTSAU/EPTR 8 40,00,000 community for implementing clusters. This activity is very I 57

Sino. Unit cost Institution Units Total (INR) Note ACTIVITY/MONTHS (INR) responsible adaptation interventions 500000 important keep in view the importance of capacity building and making the farmers more aware about the climate change impacts and climate smart agricultural practices to make the households more resilient to climate change Workshops -inception, two annual and final with partners 4 4,00,000 16,00,000 Four annual workshops one in 3.2 and experts to review the each year project outcomes EPTRI Exposure visits to Total 20 exposure visits to experimental stations Regional Research stations, 3.3 demonstration fields where 20 50,000 10,00,000 Climate smart pilot villages, adaptation measures are ICRISAT, PJTSAU and KVKs implemented PJTSAU Implementation of the suitable portfolio of adaptation strategies to climate change in Detailed Detailed 4.0 19,87,26,000 Detailed below the target villages and farm below below households

Implementation of Climate change Adaptation measures 4.1 in the beneficiary households in the target locations DoA (Lead) 87500 (70% Includes Dairy/ back yard poultry/ of total cost providing bore well recharge Marginal farmers with irrigation 4.1.1 300 for non- structures / Micro irrigation facility SC/ST vermi-composting pits and farm households) 2,84,25,000 ponds and allocation of some DOA 58

Sino. Unit cost Institution Units Total (INR) Note ACTIVITY/MONTHS (INR) responsible 112,500 (90% land for fodder, inclusion of oil of total cost seeds and pulses- Household for SC/ST contribution 30% for non-SC/ST HH and 10% for SC/ST. 25% of beneficiaries should be from SC/ST HH 80500 (70% Includes small ruminants/ back of total cost yard poultry/ providing bore well for non- recharge structures / Micro Marginal farmers with no SC/ST 4.1.2 725 6,25,31,250 irrigation vermi-composting pits irrigation facility households) and farm ponds and allocation of 103,500 (90% some land for fodder/ inclusion of total cost of oil seeds and pulses for SC/ST Includes Dairy/ back yard poultry/ 87500 (70% providing bore well recharge of total cost structures / Micro irrigation for non- vermi-composting pits and farm SC/ST ponds* and allocation of some Small farmers with irrigation 4.1.3. 300 households) 2,84,25,000 land for fodder, inclusion of oil facility 112,500 (90% seeds and pulses- Household of total cost contribution 30% for non-SC/ST for SC/ST and 10% for SC/ST. 25% of HH beneficiaries should be from SC/ST HH 80500 (70% Includes small ruminants/ back of total cost yard poultry/ providing bore well for non- recharge structures / Micro Small farmers with no irrigation 4.1.4 725 SC/ST 6,25,31,250 irrigation vermi-composting pits facility households) and farm ponds and allocation of 103,500 (90% some land for fodder/ inclusion of total cost of oil seeds and pulses 59

Sino. Unit cost Institution Units Total (INR) Note ACTIVITY/MONTHS (INR) responsible for SC/ST

Setting up of community post 4.1.5 harvesting facilities for value chain integration Millet processing unit One unit for each cluster of five 4.1.5.a 3 18,00,000 54,00,000 villages. Details in Annexure-IV 4.1.5.b For providing implements/ chaff Custom hiring centres for farm cutters etc., on hiring basis with 15 3,00,000 45,00,000 implements, chaff cutters etc., nominal contribution (Annexure- V) 4.1.5.c Climate information centres 15 150,000 Details in Annexure-VI 22,50,000 4.1.5.d Each village one dal mill Mini Dal mills 15 100,000 15,00,000 maintained by village self-help

groups 5. Knowledge management and Detailed Detailed mainstreaming of adaptation 19,50,000 below below strategies EPTRI 5.1 Development a web portal to Developing and maintenance of maintain the Central web portal for the project and knowledge repository on 15,00,000 15,00,000 Developing and maintenance of climate change adaptation to platform for project internal and enable evidence based policy external communication and program formulation EPTRI 5.2 EPTRI, Tabs for field staff for real time Tabs for the field staff 15 30,000 4,50,000 PJTSUA, DoA, data collection at field ICRISAT 6.0 Early two evaluations (mid-term, Project monitoring and annual) total 8 evaluations will be 10 200000 20,00000 ICRISAT evaluation cost conducted. One impact evaluation after the project 60

Sino. Unit cost Institution Units Total (INR) Note ACTIVITY/MONTHS (INR) responsible completion (refer page no 47). The cost includes field visits, survey expenditure of the monitoring & evaluation team) 7.0 Miscellaneous cost for petty 2% of project EPTRI/ICRISA 43,24,970 Amount to meet cost escalations expenses and cost escalations cost T/PJTSAU Total project activity cost 22,18,11,240

8.0 Cost includes project implementation costs, project Project execution cost 2,20,60,000 management costs, manpower, travel etc., 9.1 Total cost 24,26,33,470 10.0 NIE fee - 72,79,004 3 % of the Total cost

GRAND TOTAL 24,99,12,474

*Criteria for selection of adaptation strategies for farm households

The adaptation strategies will be designed for each farm households after selection of beneficiary farm households, baseline survey and physical verification of farm lands of the beneficiaries. As per the initial discussions with farmers and various stakeholders a set of adaptation straggles were developed for both marginal farmers, small farmers with and without irrigation and presented in the project DPR (refer Table 3.). Each household will receive a set of need based adaptation strategies without exceeding the total outlay of Rs. 87500/- (for non-SC/ST farmers) and 112500/- (for SC/ST farmers) for marginal & small farmers with irrigation and Rs. 80500/- (for non-SC/ST farmers) and 103500/- (for SC/ST farmers) for marginal & small farmers without irrigation. The criteria for selecting farmers to adopt farm ponds will depend upon the physical topography of the farmer’s field which include catchment area, slope etc., (Unit cost of each pond with dimensions was given in Annexure-VII)

f) Include a disbursement schedule with time-bound milestones at the component level

Project has been proposed for the duration of 4 years involving mainly four components namely, Finalizing household level adaptation interventions; Developing and implementing Information System for ‘seasonal climate forecast’ and ‘weather based agro advisories’; Enhancing capacities of stakeholders for developing and implementing climate change adaptation strategies; Implementation of the suitable portfolio of adaptation strategies to climate change in the target villages and farm households; Knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies and Project Miscellaneous and Management cost. Based on the success and demand of the product, it will be replicated to other villages of the districts. The timeline for each activity are as follows:

S. No. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 ACTIVITY 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12

1. Finalizing household level adaptation interventions: Baseline Households Survey, Finalization and communication of adaptation interventions for each target community and household 1.1. Identification of the climate change impacts in the target region and vulnerable districts and identification of farm households 1.2. Finalized adaptation strategies suitable to the target locations and farm household typologies 2. Developing and implementing the Information System for ‘seasonal climate forecast’ and ‘weather based agro advisories 2.1. Providing Seasonal climate forecast for farm planning decisions 2.2 Regular provision of weather based agro advisories for planning agricultural operations 2.3 Scenarios analysis using simulation models to provide cropping strategies 3. Enhancing capacities of stakeholders for developing and implementing climate change adaptation strategies 3.1 Create awareness amongst farming communities through regular trainings 3.2 Providing training to the community for implementing adaptation interventions 3.3 Training and capacity building for line departments on agronomic, NRM and economic adaptation measures Workshops- Inception, mid-term and final with partners 3.4 and experts to review the project outcomes Exposure visits to target villages/farms where 3.5 adaptation measures are implemented Implementation of the suitable portfolio of adaptation 4.0 strategies to climate change in the target villages and farm households 63

S. No. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 ACTIVITY 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12

5. Knowledge management and mainstreaming of adaptation strategies 5.1 Development a web portal to house the Central knowledge repository on climate change adaptation to enable evidence based policy and program formulation

Annexure-I

Resilient Agricultural Households through Adaptation to Climate change in Telangana

Stakeholder Meeting on 28 October 2015 at Agro Climate Research Centre, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar Participants: Farmers from Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda Districts, Department of Agriculture, PJTSAU, ICRISAT

Meeting started at 10:00 with the arrival of participants (researchers, farmers and staff from line departments, agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture)

Welcome by Dr. G. Srinivas, Director, ACRC, PJTSAU PART 1 Dr. G. Srinivas: Introduction and background for the meeting. Researchers have been conducting research and farmers have been producing crops for several years. But, agriculture has changed over time, with demands, climatic and other changes. For the next two hours we will discuss how we can we better conduct research to help adapt farming to changing climatic conditions.

Dr. Kadiyala Dakshina Murthy: providing the background and the objectives of the workshop. Main information required from the meeting is to understand how farmers, agricultural department officials and researchers perceive climate change, their capacities to adapt to climate change, their existing adaptation and coping strategies.

Dr. D Raji Reddy (DRR): We know the importance of the changing environment for farming. We have conducted some research to identify strategies to mitigate drought which is recurring and become more frequent in recent years. We have conducted farmer participatory research in the past and found out that such participatory research is very successful. So, in the event of extreme climate events like droughts or hailstorm, how can we face and minimize the risk is the main objective of the project which is jointly conceived by PJTSAU and ICRISAT and implemented over the period of 4 years by the Department of Agriculture and farming communities.

We have a lot of expertise from different fields of agricultural sciences which contributed their inputs into the proposal. But, we need the inputs from farmers based on which the important components of the project will be refined or redefined. Farmers’ suicides are so rampant and mostly among farmers who are debt ridden, tenant farmers, and those who invested in tube wells.

Earlier, farming was aimed at both own consumption and market. Now, it has changed. Entire production is for the market. Even the paddy is sold and entirely and rice is bought from the market. There is a need to integrate old and new approaches to farming. Therefore, your experiences are very critical in shaping the strategies for the project.

PART II

Facilitation by Dr. Kadiyala Dakshina Murthy (DM): Language: Telugu Perceptions on Climate Change and existing mechanisms to cope and adapt to climate change impacts

Guiding questions:

o What are the important climatic factors you considered for farm planning and operation

o How have these factors changed over time, what are their effects (positive/negative)

. Short term

. Long term

o What are your climate risk management strategies and coping mechanisms to deal with unexpected climate shocks?

Mallesh Goud (Farmer): how far has it rained, tilth of the soil and based on which crops and varieties

Deenaiah (Farmer): Percentage of rainfall is known, nobody knows. I got the forecast and given the information to 10 others. But, nobody cared and planted as usual.

Mallesh Goud (Farmer): reduced area of cultivation based on the rain forecast.

Rami Reddy (Farmer): May-June is the time for paddy nursery. Only then we can produce rice. Are there any varieties which are suitable for late sowing and transplanting? RohiniKarte

Farmer: Swarna is what we cultivate. We don’t wait for rain forecast as we at least get

10-15 bags for own consumption. BPT 1504 is not suitable for TS. We need short duration varieties.

DM: Rainfall and water availability seems to be the most critical.

DRR: Light soils of MBNR is not suitable for cotton and maize. There is a need to change the cropping based on the climate related information. How are some farmers adopting the adaptation strategies able to cope with the changing climate?

DM: just as you have mentioned that you need short duration varieties, we will

learn from the researchers and agricultural departments how they

Farmer: wild boars, birds are also problems besides rainfall Rami Reddy: Untimely rains are resulting in new diseases and pests.

Example: Due to changing weather patterns and resulting new pests and diseases, even in BT cotton, we are facing a decline in yield (70-80 pods to 20-40 pods).

ADA Bhongir: We all know that rainfall is important. There were some good rains early in the season which led to lot of sowing. Then there was a long dry spell. Water is the main constraint.

DoA prepares some contingency plans in the event of monsoon failure. For example, Aru thadi crops – 33% subsidy is increased to 50%. Seeds are made available.

Farmer 3: Yes, but they are not distributed in time and subsidy is still only 33%

Goverdhan, Integrated Farming Systems Researcher: (cites an) example of farmer who adopted drip irrigation for the cotton crop. He is not cultivating paddy anymore and cultivating vegetables like gourds to use available water efficiently.

In Miryalguda, there is another farmer (Mohan Reddy), who, based on the rainfall prediction, has changed his cropping pattern and practicing Pigeon pea and Rice inter crop.

Rearing Kamju (Quails) and other poultry birds is also another alternative adaptation strategy

Rami Reddy: we are also ready, but there is no investment.

Ramudu, Water Technology Centre: Pandal systems for horticultural crops are subsidized. There is a lot of subsidy with the horticultural department.

Farmer 3: there is a lot of upfront cost even to avail the subsidy.

DRR: Subsidies, delay in supply of seeds are general and persisting but important issues. But, the objective of today’s meeting is to understand what your perception and adaptation strategies for climate change

Bikshapati, ADA - Shadnagar: We are spreading the information about the elfin effect and the resulting deficit monsoon. Based on this activity, maize has been replaced by cotton. We have also recommended to go for cotton in black soils. Farmers also acknowledge and share the way they adjusted their cropping decisions based on this advisory.

Increase the number of rain gauges as the rainfall is not uniform across all the villages in a mandal. Therefore we need at least 4-5 RGs in a mandal.

Subsidy of groundnut seeds to farmers who have lost kharif crop.

DRR: Contingency is not for rabi. If there is no soil moisture in rabi season, what will he do with it?

ADA Bhongir: Farmers are also not accepting the seeds if they think it is not relevant or useful for them.

ADA-Shadnagar: Intercropping is also being practiced. Pigeon pea+Maize/Sorghum is being practiced to minimize risk of crop failure of one crop.

DM: Now, we will hear from the researchers on what they are doing to adjust their research programs to climate change.

Ram Gopal Varma, Rice researcher: Short duration fine varieties are released. Telangana Sona (RNR 15048): 125 days duration, finer than BPT is suitable for both Kharif and Rabi, Glycemic index is low (suitable for diabetic patients), blast resistant. Interested farmers can come and visit the farm. They can also get the seed from other farmers who are producing the seeds. (eg: in Pochampally).

Not to sow in June (RohiniKarthe). Then it will be long duration and it will grow tall. It has to be sown around July 10.

There are also other varieties with larger grain short duration rice varieties. JGL??? Hailstorm resistant varieties are also released. Padhyumna

Temperature: High temperature and low rainfall (dry spells) leads to new pests. Aakunalli etc. are also considered for research. We have started to develop heat tolerant varieties

Jagadeeshwar, Rice researcher: RyhtuSadbhavanaYatra – farming has become equivalent to cotton. Minimum of 70-80mm of rainfall is required to sow cotton. BT is more sensitive to sowing times. This has to be carefully considered. Earlier cotton varieties were not so sensitive.

BT is also more susceptible to foliar diseases which is exacerbated by climate change impacts. Use of pesticides is more for cotton. There is too much affection towards cotton which is reflected in the amount of chemicals applied.

ADA-Bhongir: BT’s resistance is reduced. Earlier spraying was only for sucking pest, but now it is also done for boll worm.

Entomologist-ACRC: Spodoptera can be migratory from other non-BT plants

Ramudu, WTC: We carried out research on water management to mitigate climate risk. Aerobic rice cultivation, DSR is also found to be very useful practice. What still needs to be done in research is to identify or develop suitable varieties for aerobic (aru-thadi) and DSR cultivation.

Alternate wet and dry is also resulting in same yield as the flooding irrigation method.

In monsoon, maize, pigeonpea, cotton are largely cultivated. Farm ponds are another solution to give critical irrigations in aru-thadi crops. Drip is another solution.

Mulching is another adaptation strategy to save moisture during dry spells with high temperatures like we are facing currently. This also reduces weed infestation.

Water conservation and efficient management is the key focus of our research

PJTSAU: common concern among the farmers is that despite their awareness of the alternatives, they still go for the same old practices. The reason they gave was that, new implements and technical inputs are required. Secondly, market is a problem for the new crops. For new crops, markets are very important. Thirdly, insurance is another important mechanism to improve adoption of new technologies.

VijayaKumari, Ag Dev (Market): how are climate and market linked? What do you think: if there is a good monsoon, will there be a good price or not? We should consider this into consideration while planning crops. We have a project called market intelligence which will project market prices for different crops ex ante based on the climate and demand factors.

This information should be utilized in decisions of crop choice, harvesting and marketing. If you can spread the selling of produce for a longer period of time, it will be useful and lead to greater returns.

Rami Reddy: there is a lot of pressure from the moneylenders, labour..and the purchase centres are not opened yet. What shall we do?

DRR: a lot of information which are coming out of research is not reaching the farmers. 2011/12 case of turmeric.

Farmer 3: What about the tomatoes price. It is the most fluctuating with large differences.

Suresh, IFS, PJTSAU: we are conducting research on integrated Black gram, green gram, soybean as intercrop with cotton.

Agriculture is not only crops. Based on your capacity and interests, improved dairy animals, goats and sheep and even poultry birds minimize the risk of CC. loans may not be available for everything and everyone. So, based on the individual capacity and interest, farmers can adopt these crop-livestock integration technologies.

Pigeon pea value addition: dal mill (1 lakh/unit) Fodder Scientist, PJTSAU: fodder storage techniques are also important

Mahadevappa, ACRC, PJTSAU: we provide a 5 day forecast bulletin which can be useful for minimize unnecessary costs by planning operations based on the forecast.

Deenaiah: Livestock – milk animals is the adaptation strategy

PART III

Access and use of existing climate related information and future needs

Guiding questions:

• What weather or climate information do you have access to and from which sources?

• Which of these sources do you trust the most? And why?

• How do you receive this information and are these dissemination mechanisms effective?

• How this information is currently shared within your organization?

• How do you use the weather or climate related information for your own operations?

• What are the additional capacities (information, technologies, finance) required for better adaptation to climate change?

Narasimhulu, Rayapalle: We are getting the information on the weather forecast which is very helpful

This is important for every village.

Farmer 2: Government should provide remunerative prices to crops. Technologies/crops for water saving/efficient production

Farmer 3, Deenaiah: farm ponds (percolation tanks) are a very good solutions to improve water availability

Rami Reddy: for black and green gram, drip may not be suitable. Therefore, sprinkler irrigation should be promoted.

I had livestock for a long time. But now I am old and cannot keep livestock.

Farmer 4: Cotton pest (pindinalli) is becoming very big problem due to the changes in climatic conditions and resulting water stress.

Farmer 5: Weather information is good. But it is not uniform even within the village. Insurance considers village as a unit and a farmer is a unit.

DRR: will you cooperate as a community for implementing the insurance scheme properly. Will you prevent the farmers not facing the losses from availing the insurance benefits? If you can do that we will implement?

Farmer 5: This is not possible sir, people are selfish. But insurance should be designed so that such false reporting does not occur and only genuine cases of crop

losses get compensation.

DRR: How many people are watching the kisan channels? We have made regulations that all cable operators have to telecast them. But nobody cares to watch this information. There is so much of knowledge being shared for the betterment of farmers.

Farmer: Each mandal should be adopted by a seed company to study and improve farming by providing appropriate technologies

Narsimhulu, Pedakaparthi: No rain, pest attack

Farmer, Chityal Mandal: every farmer should have 2 buffaloes, practice mixed farming and multi-cropping system to minimize risk and increase incomes.

Sailaja, ADA, Commissionerate: we have been planning action plans and also contingency plans in a phased manner based on the predictions.

Management practices: we have the network to reach out to maximum farmers. But, still the capacities are very limited. Mandal jurisdiction is too big. Therefore, capacity strengthening is very crucial.

Second is seed availability. We have seen that farmers are looking at us for seed, subsidy, time and availability. There is a need to improve availability of quality seeds of climate resilient crops.

Third, attitudinal change is important also from farmers’ side. Example, problems in implementing relief programs for suicide victim’s families

Jhansi Lakshmi, Ag Dept.: Farmers are always following the farmers next to them and not listen to the researchers or extension agents. Soil tests are so important and being promoted. But, how many are actually going for the testing without any financial support.

Importance of bringing attitudinal change in farmers towards government programs

Nirmala, ADA Jadcherla: maize and cotton growers are facing losses due to delayed monsoon. Labour problem and technologies and strategies should consider this. Farm ponds are labour intensive.

Insurance – Mandal is a unit is not really suitable as the cost is being deducted but the farmers say they are not getting compensated for the losses.

Revisit the unit of assessment of crop failure for insurance schemes

Srinivas, EPTRI: A lot of programs like Mission Kakatiya and Haritha Haram are being initiated by the government. But, the communities/people should take the responsibility to sustain them. The climate forecast for the next decades is projected in the reports which should be useful for making long term strategies.

ADA, Alair: Integrated farming systems is proven to be an important adaptation strategy. Therefore, this has to be encouraged. Post-harvest losses should be minimized through improving storage facilities. Similarly, capacities for value addition of crop and livestock produce need to be developed.

CONCLUSION

G Srinivas: we have discussed a number of issues viz. short duration varieties, integrated farming systems, markets, water management etc. All these issues will be integrated into the project proposal. I thank all the farmers, department officials and mainly our Director of Research for participating and contributing your views to be integrated into the project proposal.

The meeting was followed by lunch organized by the ACRC, PJTSAU.

Key Messages from the Stakeholders’ Workshop

Downscaling of weather forecast to village level

Water saving crops/technologies

On-farm water conservation and storage structures

Study and design effective control measures for new and old pests and diseases under changed climatic conditions

Mixed farming, intercropping, crop rotations and strengthened crop-livestock interactions as adaptation measures

Strengthening the capacities of department staff to implement climate change adaptation interventions

Improving availability of quality seeds of climate resilient crops

Importance of bringing attitudinal change in farmers towards government programs

Revisit the unit of assessment of crop failure for insurance schemes

Annexure-II

A field visit was to conducted on 6 villages namely, Palem, Vattem, Nandi vaddeman, Kistagiri, Peddaguda thanda and Nagasala of Mahabubnagar district on December 23, 2015. Representatives from DoA, PJTSAU, ICRISAT, EPTRI and IORA participated in the field visit wherein an interaction from farming community was done to understand their problems for prioritization their activities. Based on the discussion, following issues of farming community were noted and accordingly, preliminary activities have been prioritized:

Constraints noticed Suggestions offered • Deficit rainfall, drought is common feature • Integrated farming with dairy • Shallow light chalka soils component • No irrigation water supply from projects • Fodder supply • Input subsidy not in time • Veterinary facilities(artificial • Wild boar menace insemination etc.,) • Lack of go down facility • Loan facilities for animal • Excessive use of pesticides purchase • Falling ground water levels • Seed supply of drought tolerant • Low crop productivity short duration crops/var. • Replacement drought tolerant native crops/var. • Farm ponds with commercial crops (cotton, maize, groundnut • Micro-irrigation etc.,) • Small scale farm implements • Technical gap in farm technology among farmers • Lift irrigation from Jurala canal • Nonpayment MSP to produce in markets • Excavation of tanks • Migration to urban areas • Ready to part their own land if • Livelihood through employment generation needed in tank construction programmes(Govt) in drought years • Rehabilitation village tank • Tank silt application

Based on the interaction with the farming community, it was decided that the proposed project will be covered in separate and varied clusters of the district.

Annexure-III

Unit Price of a Weather Station

S.No. Description Quantity Amount (Rs.) 1 Rainguage 1 No. 12000

Total Cost (Rs.) 82000

Annexure-IV

Millet processing unit Sno Item Cost Cost ( 3 units)( ( In (lakhs) lakhs)

Destoner cum grader cum aspirator 1 0.9 2.55 Dehuller(MAJOR MILLETS) 2 0.55 1.65 Dehuller( minor millets)

3 0.55 1.65 Pulvarizer( flour) 4 0.54 1.62 Flour sifter 5 0.75 2.25 Packaging machine 6 0.11 0.33 Flaking machine 7 1.50 4.50 Packaging material 8 1.00 3.00 silos 9 1.40 4.20 Electric connections, permissions& wiring 10 1.00 3.00 Small equipment like tubs, winnowers, sieves ,aprons, gloves, laminated grain storage 11 bags etc 0.75 2.25 Maintenance of the equipment during the project period( 12 repairs etc) 1.00 3.00 Total 10.00 30.00

Cost of construction shed – 800000/-

Annexure V

A.P.S.AGRO INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, Hyderabad List of approved manufacturers for supply Tractor drawn agricultural implements for the year 2015-16

1 9 Tyne rigid cultivator (Light duty) ≥240 kg 20000 2 11 Tyne rigid cultivator(Light duty)≥270 kg 24800 3 9 Tyne spring loaded cultivator(Light duty) 22700 ≥230 kg 4 2 Bottom disc plough with Tubular frame (HD) 29700 >_210kg 5 2 Furrow M.B plough (Heavy duty) ≥260 kg 28600 6 3 Furrow MB Plough (Heavy duty) ≥325 kg 33300 7 12 offset disc harrow(Heavy duty) ≥335 kg 38200 8 Guntaka blade (Uplands)(Heavy duty) off set pipe frame(Heavy duty) pipe frame-Fixed 12600 frame≥140 kg 9 Guntuka blade (Uplands)(Heavy duty)off set pipe 15700 frame adjustable frame ≥180 kg 10 10 ft. spike tooth harrow(Heavy duty)≥110 kg 10400 11 5 Bottom plough(ATP type) ≥225 kg 26500 12 7 Bottom plough 2.1 (ATP type) ≥280 kg 27400 13 5 tyne boot type cultivator(ADB type) ≥225 kg 26500 14 9 Tyne spring loaded cultivator, 340 kgs. 28500 15 Tractor drawn Bund former, 350 kg. 29000

Annexure-VI

Unit price of a Climate Information Centre (for each cluster of village)

Amount S.No. Description Quantity (Rs.) 1 Desktop Computer 1 No. 65000 2 LED TV 1 No. 40000

3 UPS of 1 KVA 1 No. 22500 4 Furniture (Computer Table & Chair) 1 No. 8000 5 Public Address System(Audio System) 1 No. 12000 6 Data Card 1 No. 2500

Total Cost (Rs.) 150000

Annexure-VII

S.no Work component Square model 1 Dimensions of the pond a) Top dimensions (mx m) 17 x 17 b) Bottom dimensions (mx m) 8 x 8 2 Depth of pond , m 3 3 Side slopes, Z:1 1.5 : 1 4 489 capacity of the pond, m3 5 Cost for excavation of soil 15000 6 Surface area for lining (m2) 334 7 Required dimensions of the plastic 21 X 21 sheet (m x m) 8 Lining with 500 micron plastic sheet 42,777 (Rs 97 per m2) 9 construction cost of inlet 10,000 requirement and spillway (Rs) 10 Labour cost for anchoring the lining 8,900 plastic sheets including trenching 11 Total cost Rs. 76677

Source : Reddy et al., 2012 (Technical Bulletin : 3/2012)

Annexure-VIII

Approximate cost of adaptation strategies S.no Work component Cost 1 Micro irrigation (per acre) a) Drip 60,000 b) Sprinkler 25,000 2 Bore well recharge structures 25,000 3 Backyard poultry 4000 4 25000 Small ruminants 5 Vermi composting 10000 6 Dairy cattle 60000

Annexure –IX Number of households in project villages Mandal Villages No of Households Jadcherla Jadcherla 207 Gopalpur 236 Kodgal 1130 Peddadirala 780 Chinnadirala 423 Bijinapalli Vattem 1043 Vasanthapur 279 Waddeman 1581 Salkarpet 490 Lattupalli 1659 Ghanpur Agaram 214 Anthaipally 85 Allampally 206 Md. Hussainaplly 412 Venkatampally 367 Total HH 9112