Black Spot Identification And Improvement on SH-41 Between Unjha to

Prepared by:-

Guided Parikh Sujal K. By:- (110783106001) Patel Nikunj R. Dr. A.H.Shah (090780106032) Patel Hitesh S. (110783106006) Zala Siddhant k.

1 (090780106040)  Reasons of the road accidents :

1. Due to pedestrians :  carelessness  crossing of road at other places than cross-walks

2. Due to passengers:  passengers causing trouble to the driver.  passengers making noise, jocking and diverting the attention of the driver.  Passengers getting down the vehicle from wrong side.

2 3. Vehicles :

 Defective steering  Improper head lights positions  Break fail

4. Road condition :

 Nature of road  Wet and oily surface  Wrong super elevation and wrong radius of curvature

3  Introduction

 The term “black spot” (or “hot spot”) is used to describe Locations that have a higher than average crash rate and has been a standard safety engineering methodology for over 30 Years. The identification, analysis and treatment of black spots are widely regarded as an effective approach to road crash prevention.

The National Black Spot Program was first introduced in Western Australia (WA) in 1996/97 and extended until June 2006.

 Such that, the transportation plays a very prominent role in developing countries like . More the length of roadways, the prosperity is more of the nation. But these facilities of roadways is Increasing the population of vehicles and there by resulting in Increasing number of traffic congestion and accidental casualties. 4

 Black spots badly decreases the road serve quality, and there is characteristic that the proportion of the accident number accounts for the total number is high. So it is economy and effective method for improving the road traffic safety condition to differentiate the black spots, analyse the cause of black spots and raise the comfortable measure. Especially when the fund is lack, it is advisable to firstly improve the road safety level.

 Worldwide, the transportation problems faced by various nations have increased manifold, necessitating search for methods or alternatives that ensure efficient, safe, feasible and faster means of transport.

 It has been estimated that India currently accounts for nearly 10% of road accident fatalities worldwide. In addition, over 1.3 million people are seriously injured on the Indian roads every year. Hence, traffic safety has become a major area of concern for the authorities.

5

 What is Black spot?

 In general, identification of the site with potential safety problem is the first and important step in the accident mitigation process. The technique to determine whether a site has a safety problem varies from place to place and is referred to by different names. Methodologies vary from the simple flag sites that have high- accident records to the more complicated ones of which the expected number of accidents is estimated and potential for safety improvements is determined. However, the most widely used technique to determine whether a site has a safety problem, is based on the road accident history and this is known as determination of ‘Black Spot Locations’. Also, the whole accident mitigation process is often referred to as Black Spots Improvement.

 A black spot may be an intersection, or a section of road, or any 6 other location that fullfils the definition.  Black spot programs are designed to reduce the crash risk in these areas by improving the physical conditions or management.

 Identification of locations for safety improvement is the starting point of all the processes. The process is sometimes known as Black spot identification or hazardous location identification.

7  Objective The main objective of the present study is:

1. To carry out study of existing condition.

2. To identify black spot(High accident) in the study area for detailed study.

3. To reduce the number of fatal and injury caused by road accident.

4. Suggestion of remedial measure to improve road condition.

8

 Study Area

 Growth of road transport in very fast, UNJHA TO MEHSANA road is one of them. There is heavy volume and many big problem of accidents on this road. The heavy vehicles and passengers are moving on the SH-41 highway in the morning and peak hours. The accidents rate of the study area including all types of accidents as per the record of police station. The study is carried out on the stretch of UNJHA TO MEHSANA highway.

 The selected length of the study area between UNJHA TO MEHSANA is 30 km.

 This stretch comes under three different taluka of north .

9  Literature review  Research paper: LAD AND PATEL(2013), HAVE IDENTIFIED BLACK SPOT In this paper black spot were based on police record, deficiencies of geometric like non availability of footpath, non availability of speed breaker, advertisement board at intersection, improper zebra crossing or not availability of zebra crossing, other parameter like absence of traffic police, not working traffic signal, unauthorized parking at intersection etc.

LIPOVAC AND JOVANOVIC(2009), HAVE IDENTIFIED OF BLACK SPOT In this study, the database of black spots was prepared for Public enterprise Roads of Serbia. The data of road and traffic volume from public enterprise Roads of Serbia and the data of accidents from police reports was taken into account.

10

GOPAL RAJU (2013), HAVE IDENTIFIED BLACK SPOT

In these papers, last five years (2007-20011), the total crashes have increased by three folds on NH58 (from Km 75 – Km 138). The Critical Crash Rate Factor Method is used, which were suggested to be very effective. In identifying Accident-prone stretches for Four Lane Highways. From analysis, it is clear that maximum number of crashes occurs during the weekends; this may be due to the large number of tourists coming to Haridwar and Rishikesh. From analysis it is evident that maximum number of crashes occurs in the months of August and December. This may be due to the onset of rainy season in august and due to the fog in the month of December. The peak period for Crashes comes out to be between 14.00 - 16.00 hrs. The Crash ratio developed for the sections can be used for prioritizing Safety Development program.

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 METHODOLOGY

FLOW CHART: METHOD OF APPROACH

1. Data collection: collection of data on roads accident

2. Accident reporting : Standard form to be designed for different types of data

3. Accident recording : Accident summaries like accident per vehicle, accident per km, accident per reasons

4. Analysis: analysis of accidents and on side analysis

12 5. Identification : ranking and identification of black spot/hazardous road

6. Traffic volume : to data collected traffic volume on hazardous location

7. Improvement : suggestion of remedial measures at that location

13 1. Data Collection

 In order to determine the accident zone for unjha to mehsana, following data were collected and used. 1. Data collection for three different taluka police stations like unjha, and mehsana. 2. Accident reports for the year 2011, 2012 and 2013.

2. Accident Reporting

 For uniformity, standard forms should be designed for accident

reporting including the following information:

1. Date, day, time and precise location of accident. 2. Persons died, injured and extant of injured. 3. Location and description of accident of vehicle. 4. Problem causes. 14 3. Accident Recording

 A computerized system becomes necessary as the number of accidents increases in an area. Such a system cans summaries accident data properly. Accident summaries for fatal, injury, on analysis, can provide lot of statistical information such as: 1. Accidents per vehicle km. 2. Accident per vehicle. 3. Accident per reason. 4. Accidents classified as per location.

15 Smt.S.R.Patel Engineering College Dabhi-Unjha ACCIDENT DATA

YEAR : 2011

DIRECTION

DISTANCE CATEGOR TYPES NO OF NO OF REASON

SR. NO (FORM Y OF OF PERSONS PERSONS OF

AGE AGE

TIME

M/F/C M/F/C DATE ORIGIN) VEHICLES FUEL INJURED DEATH ACCIDENT TO LOCATION FROM

1 10/2/2011 15:10 unjha mehsana Bhandu 14.6 km Rickshaw C.N.G 1 F 24 due to dog

high speed 2 16/3/2011 11:15 unjha mehsana Bhandu 14.6 km Bike Petrol 1 M 19 and careless

3 12/6/2011 19:30 unjha mehsana Bhandu 14.6 km Truck Diesel 1 M 55 careless

4 15/11/2011 10:15 unjha mehsana Bhandu 14.6 km Truck/man Diesel 1 M 20 careless

truck/chota 5M 2M/ high speed 5 27/12/2011 11:50 unjha mehsana Bhandu 14.6 km Diesel 9 3 hathi /4F 1M and careless

Diesel/ high speed 6 15/5/2011 21:00 mehsana unjha Bhandu 13.9 km car/car 1 M 22 petrol and overtake

7 23/4/2011 21:30 mehsana unjha Bhandu 13.9 km car/man Diesel 1 F 29 careless

30/ due to 8 12/6/2011 12:30 mehsana unjha Bhandu 13.9 km Cycle/jeep Diesel 2 2M 17 overtake

2M 916 17/11/2011 14:45 mehsana unjha Bhandu 13.9 km car/car Petrol 3 37 high speed /F 4. Accident Analysis Accident data carried out from the three different taluka like unjha, visnagar, mehsana police station last three year from the 2011, 2012, 2013. It is a different case with the analysis stage. For this stage research, development and testing of new and better methods has only been done to a minor extent. 1. Distance from mehsana to unjha vs no of accidents 2. Distance from unjha to mehsana vs no of accidents 3. Categories of vehicles vs no of accidents 4. Resons of accidents vs no of accidents

17 18

16

14

12

10 2011 8 2012 2013 NO OF ACCIDENT OF NO 6

4

2

0 0 2 3.1 4.2 15.4 23 30 DIRECTION FROM MEHSANA TO UNJHA(Km)

18 FIGURE 3.1 DISTANCE FROM MEHSANA TO UNJHA VS NO OF ACCIDENTS 16

14

12

10

8 2011 2012 2013

6 NO OF ACCIDENT OF NO

4

2

0 0 7 14.6 25 27 28 30 DIRECTION FROM UNJHA TO MEHSANA(Km)

19 FIGURE 3.2 DISTANCE FROM UNJHA TO MEHSANA VS NO OF ACCIDENTS 50

45

40

35

30

25 2011 2012

20 2013 NO OF ACCIDENT OF NO

15

10

5

0 Bike Rikshaw Car Jeep Bus Truck Other CATEGORIES OF VEHICLES

20 FIGURE 3.3 CATEGORIES OF VEHICLES VS NO OF ACCIDENTS 25

20

15

2011 10 2012

2013 NO OF ACCIDENTS OF NO

5

0 Careless High Speed Overtake High Speed Slip Other and careless REASONS OF ACCIDENTS

21 FIGURE 3.4 RESONS OF ACCIDENTS VS NO OF ACCIDENTS 5. Identification

 The black spot are identify base on accident records like date, time, direction, location, category of vehicles, reasons and traffic volume on the selected stretch.

 After the accident, their are analyzed by the maximum total number of accident in three location can be selected like UNAVA HIGHWAY, BHANDU COLLEGE AND NAGALPUR BUS STAND for the previous graph.

 There are total number of three hazardous location identified by the respondents. The total number of accident Vs black spot zone graph plot as shown in below.

22 80 Rank-1 Rank-2 70

60 Rank-3

50

40

30

Total Number of Accident of Number Total 20

10

0 Unava Highway Bhandu College Nagalpur Bus Stand Black Spot Zone

23  Having applied this method we identified three hazard site/spots, 72(37.69%) of which belong to Rank-1, 66(34.55%) to Rank-2, and 53(27.74%) to Rank-3 in below table-1.

Identified Hazardous Site/Spot

Number % Rank-1 72 37.69 Rank-2 66 34.55 Rank-3 53 27.74 Total 191 100

Table-1

24  Table-2 to indicate the total number of injured and fatal by the road accident of the year 2011, 2012 and 2013 as shown in below. Traffic Accident Black Spot Zone Total Injured Fatal

Rank-1 65 19 84

Rank-2 52 20 72

Rank-3 39 17 56

Table-2  This is also confirmed by the fact that 37.69% of hazardous site of Rank-1 are very high risk location, 34.55% of hazardous site of Rank-2 are nearly high risk location and 27.74 % of hazardous 25 site of Rank-3 are comparatively less for Rank-1 and Rank-2. 6. Traffic Volume

 For each location, or for these identified in the initial analysis of the alternative procedure, data collected for on days and off day for each identified location. Smt.S.R.Patel Engineering College Dabhi-Unjha UNAVA HIGHWAY (on day) Field Data Sheet For Traffic Volume Direction of Traffic From UNJHA TO MEHSANA(UP) Road Classification : SH-41 From MEHSANA TO UNJHA(DOWN) Distict : MEHSANA , State : GUJARAT TYPES MOTOR OF THREE CARS/JEEPS/V ANIMAL DRAWN REMAR BUSES TRUCKS CYCLES AND CYCLES VEHICL WHEELERS ANS VEHICLES KS SCOOTERS ES HOURS OF UP DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN UP DOWN COUNT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 FROM 9:00 TO 40 54 170 182 12 19 72 80 83 90 4 6 2 3 10:00 FROM 13:00 TO 30 32 166 163 7 15 56 60 66 69 0 1 1 0 14:00 FROM 17:00 TO 36 46 165 174 9 17 61 73 84 96 3 2 4 3 18:00 TOTAL 238 1020 79 402 488 16 13 TOTAL UP AND 26DOWN FOR 106 132 501 519 28 51 189 213 233 255 7 9 7 6 VEHICLE TYPE Traffic Data Collection Vehicle Type PCU Factor and Analysis Two Wheeler 0.50 Auto Rickshaw 0.75 Car/Jeep 1.00  Data collected from site was analyzed to study daily variation and hourly Van//Tempo (Passenger) 1.00 variation of traffic, peak hour share, Mini Bus 1.50 traffic composition and Average Daily Standard Bus 3.00 Traffic (ADT) at all the survey LCV 2.00 locations. The various vehicle types 2xAxle Rigid Truck 3.00 having different sizes and characteristics 3xAxle Rigid Truck 3.00 were converted into equivalent MAV 4.50 passenger car units. The Passenger Car Unit (PCU) factors recommended by Tractor 3.00 Indian Road Congress in “Guidelines for Tractor Trailer 4.50 Capacity of Roads in Rural Areas” Animal / Hand Drawn 4.00 (IRC: 64-1990) were used. Vehicles Cycle 0.50 27 VALUES OF PASSENGER CAR UNIT FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLE CATEGORIES Sr. Vehicle type Unava Bhandu Nagalpur bus no highway college stand

1 THREE WHEELERS 174 205 1683

2 CARS/JEEPS/VANS 980 1066 4445

3 BUSES 237 256 1894

4 TRUCKS 1311 1416 3599

MOTOR CYCLES AND 5 243 260 2479 SCOOTERS

ANIMAL DRAWN 6 57 21 93 VEHICLES

7 CYCLES 5 5 46

Total 3007 3229 14239 PCU/HR

28 TOTAL PCU PER HOUR 7.Improvement

 It is observed during the study that the three location were decided to black spot accident zone.

 From the accident data we also observed that the accident are increasing in inadequate road condition, improper speed breaker, drivers negligence etc.

 So it is suggested to some remedial measures provide for that.

 Proper problem at that location as shown in below.

29 30 UNAVA HIGHWAY 31 UNAVA HIGHWAY 32 BHANDU COLLEGE 33 NAGALPUR BUS STAND  The remedial measures suggested for improvements of that location are :

BLACK SPOT SR NO CAUSES OF ACCIDENT REMEDIAL MEASURES LOCATION To Need Repair Work on Improper Height of Divider Divider Installation of Proper Sign No Sign Provide 1 Unava Highway Posts aside the Roads To Need Repair Work On Improper Speed Breaker Speed Braeker With Road Reflector Provision of Road Speed Very High Hot Speed Breaker In the Both 2 Bhandu College Direction Installation of Proper Sign No Sign Provide Posts aside the Roads To Need Repair Work On Improper Speed Breaker Speed Breaker With Road 3 Nagalpur Bus Stand Reflector Installation of Proper Sign No Sign Provide 34 Posts aside the Roads Extra some problem face on this highway

35 36 37 References

Papers

 Identification Of Black Spot In Urban Area- Rajan J Lad, Bhavesh N Patel, Prof. Nikil G Raval (Volume : 2 | Issue : 4 | April 2013 ISSN - 2250-1991)  Identification Of Black Spots And Improvements To Junctions In Bangalore City- Nikhil.T.R, Harish J Kulkarni, Sarvada H(Volume : 2 | Issue : 8 | August 2013 • Issn No 2277 – 8179)  Identification Of Accident Hot Spots: A GIS Based Implementation For Kannur District, Kerala Deepthi Jayan.K , B.Ganeshkumar(Volume 1, No 1, 2010 ISSN 0976 – 4380)August

38  Empirical Study On Identifying Potential Black Spots Through Public Participation Approach: A Case Study Of Bangkok- Tuenjai Fukuda, Tetsuhiro Ishizaka, Atsushi Fukuda(Journal Of The Eastern Asia Society For Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, Pp. 3683 - 3696, 2005)  Improvement In The Quality Control Method To Distinguish The Black Spots Of The Road-Yulong Pei, Jianmei Ding(Proceedings Of The Eastern Asia Society For Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, Pp. 2106 - 2113, 2005)  Identification Of Accident Black Spots For National Highway Using Gis –Apparao, G. P. Mallikarjunareddy, Dr. Sssv Gopala Raju (International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2013 ISSN 2277-8616) ISSN

39 Books

 Dr.L.R.Kadiyali,Khanna Publishers Delhi, “Traffic Engineering And Transport Planning”  Dr.L.R. Kadiyali, Dr. N.B.Lal , Khanna Publishers Delhi, “Principles And Practice Of Highway Engineering”  S.K.Khanna, C.E.G.Justo, Nem Chand & Bros , Civil Lines , Roorkee, India “Highway Engineering”

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