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IS 11358 (1987): Glossary of Terms and Symbols Relating to Rock Mechanics [CED 48: Rock Mechanics]

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IS 11358 (1987): Glossary of Terms and Symbols Relating to Rock Mechanics [CED 48: Rock Mechanics] इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान का अधकार, जी का अधकार” “परा को छोड न 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 11358 (1987): Glossary of terms and symbols relating to rock mechanics [CED 48: Rock Mechanics] “ान $ एक न भारत का नमण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge” “ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी चराया नह जा सकताह ै”ै Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” IS : 11368- 1987 Indian Standard GLOSSARYOFTERMSAND SYMBOLS RELATINGTOROCK MECHANICS UDC 001.4 : 624.121 @I Copyright 1988 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Gr 8 November 1988 IS:11358 - 1987 Indian Standard GLOSSARYOFTERMSAND SYMBOLS RELATINGTOROCK MECHANICS 0. FOREWORD 0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted bythe lated in this field, covering the method of test, Bureau of Indian Standards on 31 August 1987, code of practice and other related subjects. after the draft finalized by the Rock Mechanics Prior to preparation of this Indian Standard, Sectional Committee had been approved by the some of the terms relating to rock mechanics Civil Engineering Division Council. were covered in IS : 2809 - 1972* which is also under revision and during its revision the terms 0.2 A series of Indian Standards covering various relating to rock mechanics will be deleted. aspects of rock mechanics are being formulated However, some of the common terms which which will cover a large number of terms relating are in common use in both the fields appear in to this field. The extensive use of these terms has both of these standards. necessitated the preparation of this glossary so that all the terms could be brought out in one standard and reference to this Indian Standard *Glossary of terms and symbols relating to soi! engi- could be given in the other standards being formu- neering (first revision ). 1. SCOPE 2.5 Air Lock - A compartment in which air pressure can be equalized to the compressed air 1.1 This standard covers the definitions of terms inside a shield-driven tunnel as well as the outside and symbols relating to field of rock mechanics. air to permit passage of men and materials. 2. DEFINITIONS 2.6 Allowable Brearing Pressure ( qa ) - It is the 2.0 For this standard, the following definitions allowable pressure transmitted by a foundation shall app!y . to the rock mass such that no damage occurs A either in the structure or in the rock mass. It is ~2.1 A Line ( Minimum Excavation Line ) - A based upon safe bearing pressure (satisfying cri- dimensional line in a tunnel inside of which rock teria of shear, total and differential settlement and projections are not permitted, tilt), correction factors, and past experience and judgement of experts. or 2.7 Angle of Draw Subsidence - It is defined as It is the line within which no unexcavated material of any kind and no supports other than the angle between the vertical and the line con- permanent structural steel sup_ports shall be per- necting the limit of excavation with the point of mitted to remain. zero subsidence. This is also called the limiting angle of influence. 2.2 Acoustic Emission - See microseismic noise. 2.8 Angle of Friction of Fractures - It is the slid- 2.3 Active Fault - A fault along which there is ing angle ( tangential ) of friction at normal pres- recurrent movement, that is usually indicated by sure of 10 kg/cm2 across joints. It is classified as small, periodic displacement or seismic activity. A 1, A,, A3.‘Ad, A5 for angle of friction of fractures 2.4 Adit - A nearly horizontal passage leading of ~45, 35-45, 25-35, 15-25 and < lY, respectively. from the surface to an underground chamber or This notation is used in basic geotechnical passage connecting two such chambers, description ( BGD ). or The sliding angle of friction of joints is fur- Tunnel into an abutment for exploratory or ther measured in two parts as follows: test purpose, a) Peak Sliding Angle of Friction - It is the or sliding angle of friction for the maximum Opening in the face of a dam for access to or peak shear strength observed in a shear galleries or operating chambers, test across a joint. Or b) Residual Sliding Angle of Friction - It Access tunnel to a tunnel for construction or is the sliding angle of friction for the state maintenance purposes. of residual strength of a joint which may 1 IS : -11358 - 1987 be obtained by subjecting the joint to ex- It may be calculated using any of the follow- cessive slip such that no further reduction ing methods: in shear strength takes place. Tangential Young’s Modulus, Et - This is 2.9 Angle of Internal Friction, Peak ( #p ) - Angle the tangential Young’s modulus at a stress of internal friction ( that is, slope of strength level which is some fixed percentage of envelope ) coresponding to maximum shear stress the ultimate strength and is generally 50 in shear stress/displacement plot. percent of the ultimate uniaxial compres- sive strength. 2.10 Angle of Internal Friction, Residual ( & ) - Angle of internal friction corresponding to shear b) Average Young’s Modulus, Ear - The aver- stress at large displacement ( that is, correspond- age Young’s modulus is defined as the ing to residual shear strength ). average slope of more or less straight portion of the axial stress-strain curve, 2.11 Anisotropy - A condition of a material hav- ing different properties in different directions. For C) Secant Young’s Modulus, Ea - The secant example, the state of geologic strata of transmit- Young’s modulus is usually measured ting sound waves with different velocities in verti- from zero stress to some fixed percentage cal and horizontal directions. Situation of a of the ultimate strength, generally 50 per- material having different moduli of deformation cent. in different directions. B 2.11.1 Transverse Anisotropy - The anisotropy of sedimentary deposits of rock mass is of very 2.20 B Line (Pay Line ) - A dimensional line in special nature and is called transverse anisotropy. a tunnel outside -of which excavation is not paid ( Only five elastic constants are sufficient to define for, the anisotropy of the rock mass ). or 2.12 Anticline - An arch-like fold ( up-fold ) in The B-line is that line for which payment is rocks, with the beds dipping in opposite direction made to the contractor for the underground ex- from the crest. cavation done in rock using conventional method of drilling and blasting. 2.13 Apron - A floor with lining of concrete, timber or other resistant material at the toe of a 2.21 Back Packing - Any material ( usually gra- dam, bottom of a spillway or chute to prevent nular ) which is used to fill the empty space bet- erosion from falling water of turbulent flow. ween the lagging and the rock ‘surface in a tunnel. 2.14 Arch - The configuration of the upper part 2.22 Basic Geotechuical Description ( BGD ) - of a tunnel section above the spring line or the The basic geotechnical description of rock mass crown or the curved roof of an underground is based on five parameters, namely, rock name opening ( tunnel ). ( geological description ), layer thickness, fracture intercept, uniaxial compressive strength and angle 2.15 Arching - The transfer of load by shear of friction of fractures. For example, a zone of from the yielding part of a rock mass to the ad- rock mass may be described as Quartz - Lz, F4, joining less yielding or restrained part of mass. S3 AZ, where L, F, S and A represent the last four parameters defined in the text. 2.16 Artesian Condition - Ground water that is under sufficient pressure to rise above the level at 2.23 Basic Sliding Angle of Friction of Joints which it is encountered by a well, but which does ( $b ) - It is the angle of-sliding friction between not necessarily rise to or above the surface of the flat non-dilatant rock surfaces in dry or wet ground. conditions. It is obtained from residual tests on 2.17 Asparities - These are small undulations flat unweathered rock surfaces. along a discontinuity. There are two types of as- 2.24 Bearing Pressure ( Safe ) ( qs ) - The load parities called primary and secondary asparities. per unit area which can be safely supported by Primary asparities are major asparities while the ground ( rock and/or soil ). secondary asparities are micro-undulations of the primary asparities. 2.25 Bed Rock - Any layer of rock underlying soil, The amplitude of waves de- 2.18 Attenuation - ‘or crease as they travel through rock mass. This reduction in amplitude is known as attenuation. Geologically, the term denotes material under- Attenuation is energy loss with distance per cycle. lying drift deposits, 2.19 Axial Young’s Modulus ( E )- It is the ratio or of the axial stress change to the axial strain pro- duced by the stress change for a cylindrical Speci- It is the solid, undisturbed rock in place men tested in uniaxial compression.
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