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Fraser Basin Sust~I N~Bi Iity Th~Ough Responsibility

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The Fraser Basin Sust~i n~bi Iity Th~ough Responsibility .• ' HC 7 9 .ES F72 1997 c.2 I -*- Fisheries and Oceans P~ches et Oceans • ...,.. Canada Canada Fraser River Plan d'actlon Canada Aclion Plan du Fraser l SL1stl\inl\bili!y tlwoL1gh 1•esponsibility ~ , .. ~· Contents The F1•ase1• Basi11: Sustainability th1•01.19h t'esponsibility .............................................. 3 What flsh t1eed to st.tl'vive ...................................................................................... 4 U1•ba11 development ....................................................... :... .................................... 7 .A91•icultu1•e ................................................................ ............. ... ....................... 10 Fo1•esh•y ......................... ......................................................... .......................... 13 Manufactu1•in9 ................... ................................................................................ 15 Mining ............................................................................................................. 16 T1•anspo1•tation ................................................................. .................................. 18 Dams ............................................................................. .................................. 19 C\eogMphic Regio11s Lowe1• F1•ase1• ............................................................................................... 21 Tho1npso11/J11te1•io1• ....................................................................................... 24 Middle F1•ase1• .............................................................................. .. ............. 27 Up pet• F1•ase1• ............................................................................................... 29 , - ~ .A 1nodel fo1• wo1•kin9 togethe1• ................................................................................ 31 , ' nn UIRARY BEDFORD INSTITUTE OP OCEANOGRAPHY BOX 1006 DARTMOUTH, N.S. S2Y 4A2 1 - The H 'l\S<W B asin ~ British Columbia ~~ \, ~.... Ill>~ " '.,-, . ,f-.y \:",,,..,, "'r1-~~ ' PRINCE I "-'°p-..,.., :. ;,...._~ -----.....:....~ ';;r ~"'··~·' · ~ .._..._, ·; a,eorya1; ' ~ ~ "'")~ ~/:. I f •.. 1 ~48,s I .,.., Ootsa Lak& ,/" ........ i r ~~~ t I \ :{-, 19 Whltts1U Llkt !\ \:. "-- ;.~·~~ _,~· . Eutsuk \\._.....-' I . > \. bk• Teleehuck Like ' 'I ' ' .. ,~ ..... · ' ~ ' ' • I . ~ Quesn<lel' \." ' .,. - ' "'.. ~ ". w2;: Hobs°" '- /. a: ~~ a: I . , Like '-.;. a: a: ,. "· \c • Ho1solly u§ w ~ loJ<e Q. 'Jl -. er.. E d. I ~ Will' Llkorw•l•r l.IUttlo o a: 1ams Lake Lfk• ,,_ 1 ~ Willia, ~ M.al'l ood ~o .,,,. """'°"'~~ CanlM ltkt r l z ••(# /~ ~(,\_.,,.. ~ 0 1cou,i.Hovw \JO- , nl' -- "\ J ,; \ , Bonoperlt~ - • /'~ J c• : - l•k• a ~ Ad•m• '" , / E l LOko \~ ..~... ... ~ • • '- '-., \ lt~loo ps o ff~ /' < _,, < # r~ < g ...,.,. "" * Lu, ~oet ~g il "-J,! KAMLOOPS''"""' ~~e! r I ~ 1,.J ' ,,f.' The Fraser Basin ~. 1 ,,..)°'-(.' ~r)? ~ Pi~0 ~, Hope • J..ti• >VANCOUV Salmon ~ - distribution 2 SL1stllinllb i lity tlwough 1•espo11sibility The Fraser Basin: S ustainabilify through responsibilify Home to millions of salmon from six different species, the Fraser River is the jewel of the B.C. salmon fishery and one of the largest producers of salmon in the world. The complex network of tributaries and lal<es that comprise the Fraser River basin supports hundreds of gcneticaUy unique salmon stocks and produces 60 per cent of the salmon caught in the province. The Fraser system is also home to 41 species ofnon-salmonjd fish and another 46 species in the estuary. All fish of th.is great river system, as well as the Fraser River itself, play a vital role in the social ;u1d cultural tapestry of British Columbia. The health of Fraser Basin streams and fish is impacted by adjacent land uses. Urban and industrial expansion, forestiy and agriculnu-al activities all generate potential tlu·eats to fish habitat. In mountrunous areas of tl1e basin, extensive forest harvesting occurs, which, if done without proper safeguards, can damage fish-bearing streams. In the Interior plateau, land and water impacts concena·ate in valley bottoms where activities such as agriculture can hamper fish VVhatisstevvardship? suivival. In tl1e lower reaches of the Fraser River, burgeoning urban and industrial development is impacting important Stl·eams and rivers. SteJJ>ardship refers to coopemtive forms ofplanning and Even land-use activities tl1at have a seemjngly minor influence can be cumulatively management ofenvironmental significant. Awareness of all these impacts and new approaches to land use that resources in which all users and embody stewardship are essential if we are to protect the valuable resources oftl1e managers share the responsibility Fraser system. for management and consen1ation. t-lealthy watersheds mea11 healthy flsh Steu1ardship embodies rr, neJJ> ethic of cm·iug for local ecosystems in the Each waterway and tl1e SlLLTO LLnding land tl1at drains water into it forms a interests of lo11g-tenn watershed. Simply put, a healtlly sa·eam or river reflects a healthy watershed. J'11stainnbiiit)1• Today, people are In any watershed, tl1e relationship between waterways and the adjacent land is incrensingty aware thnt land, apparent. Watersheds contain upland, riparian and aquatic zones. The upland umter, fish and wildlife nre zone is where water in tl1e form of rain or snow is collected, stored or lost through entrnsted to om· care, and that it is evaporation o r overland flow ( runoft). The riparian zone is the strcamside ottr 1·espoTJ.sibility to pass a healthy vegetation that bufters and maintains the health of a su·eam. The aquatic zone is and diverse e11vi1'onment onto onr composed oftl1e streams, lakes, ponds and wetlands into whkh water from upland children and genemtions to come. ' I ,. areas drain. 3 The Ft•ase1• Bl\sin Even if we don't live near a stream or river, whenever we undertake any number of activities - cutting forests, clearing and cultivating land, paving roads, using fertilizers and pesticides, even washing our cars - we are also impacting tl1e rivers and streams tl1at drain ow· watersheds. Protecting a river's future Protecting and improving the fishe1y resomce has been a major goal ofFisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) tlu·ough tl1e Fraser River Action Plan (FRAP), a multi-faceted, six-year federal program started in 1991. Through FRAP, DFO and its partner Environment Canada (DOE) have been striving to improve Worlli11g to iniprove a watershed's health. the long-term enviJ·onmental health of the Fraser Basin. This report and accompanying posters summarize knowledge of the Fraser River's fish, habitat and water quality - including ongoing problems and concerns - tl1at DFO has gained during the past six years of FRAP. Highlighted tlu·oughout are actions FRAP has taken, and actions eve1yone can take, to improve tl1e healili oftl1e Fraser and its fish. (1\!fore details about FRAP's many p1·ojects can be found in the p1'ogram 's final report, Legacy for tl1e Fraser.) What ~sh need to survive Fish: barometers of river health Salmon and trout living in tl1e Fraser River system may be considered tl1c proverbial "canaries in the coal mine." The healtl1 of ilicse fish stocks - botl1 in terms of population size and stock diversity - is a reliable indicator of tl1e healtl1 of tl1e Fraser River ecosystem and the environment as a whole. These salmon ids are extremely sensitive to habitat degradation. The six species ofsalmo n tl1at inbabit ilie Fraser system - chum, sockeye, pink, coho, chinook and steelhead - as well as cuttlu·oat trout are all anadJ·omous fish. This means tl1at tbey spend part of their lives in tl1e ocean and return to freshwater to spawn. They are highly susceptible to disruptions in habitat during the freshwater phases of ilieir life cycle, when they live in streams and lakes. During tl1ese phases tl1ey require the foUowing basics: • clean gravel for spawning and incubating eggs; • adequate food supply; • a steady flow of clean, cool water well-enriched with oxygen; and • protected areas adjacent to main channels for shelter from floods and high water flow. 4 Sustllh1C1bility th 1 ·0~1gh 1•espo11sibility Unless precautions are taken to reduce their impacts, any number of human activities such as urban development, fanning and ranching, forestry activities, manufacturing, transportation, dams and mining can disrupt fish and their habitat. If habitat is protected for fish of the Fraser River, habitat for other flora and fauna - not to mention the river itself- will be preserved as well, benefitting the entire ecosystem, including people. a ood water quality Fish such as salmon and trout need cool, clean water for every stage of their life cycle. All streams naturally carry silt and other sediments suspended in the water, but too much silt can cover up gravel beds, reducing spawning habitat. If silt blankets incubating salmon eggs, they will die from lack of m.·ygen. Increased sedimentation also reduces critical fish food supplies by decreasing light needed for energy by algae and micro­ organisms - the foundation of the aquatic food chain. Furthermore, it smothers tiny organisms fish feed on, and, by reducing visibility in the water, mal<es it harder for fish to catch prey. Cool, clean water is needed in e11e1"y stage of a salmon's life. Too much silt can also damage fish gills. The water must also be free of high levels of metals and organic contaminants, found in stormwater runoft~ sewage and industrial effluent.
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