1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2691 PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS 2,100 ot her railroad employees of the Third hurt almost beyond endurance by the Congressional District of Michigan, opposing dark inscrutable mysteries of life. So Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private St. Lawrence seaway project; to the Commit­ shall we be men in the highest and bills and resolutions were introduced and tee on Foreign Affairs. noblest sense, and grow stronger e8,ch severally referred as follows: 603 . Bv the SPEAKER: Petition of the Board o{ Supervisors of Erie County, Buffalo, day in the strength of God's spirit. By Mr. O'HARA: N. Y., petitioning consideration of their reso­ Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. H. R. 4219. A bill for the relief of Nora lution with reference to the Townsend na­ NAMING A PRESIDING OFFICER Snow; to the Committee on Claims. tional-recovery plan; to the Committee on H. R. 4220. A bill for the relief of Earl H. Ways and Means. The Secretary (Edwin A. Halsey) read Snow; to the Committee on Claims. 604. Also, petition of the city of Minne­ the following letter: By Mr. RANDOLPH: apolis, Minn., petitioning consideration of UNITED STATES SENATE, H. R. 4221. A bill for the relief of Charlotte their resolution with reference to the Upper E. Hunter; to the Committee on the District President pr o tempore, Mississippi River harbor; to the Committee Washington, D. C., March 31, 1941. of Columbia. on Rivers and Harbors. By Mr. ROLPH: To the Senate: 605. Also, petition of the city of Minneapo­ Being temporarily absent from the Senate, H. R. 4222. A bill for the relief of Jose M. lis, Minn., petitioning consideration of their Arrias, also known rs Joseph P. Arrias; to the I appoint Hon. LISTER HILL, a Senator from resolution with reference to extending the the State of Alabama, to perform the duties Committee on Immigration and Naturaliza­ Guffey-Vincent Act for 2 years; to the Com­ tion. of the Chair during my absence. mittee on Ways and Means. PAT HARRISON, 606. Also, petition of the Painting and Dec· President pro tempore. orating Contractors of America, Philadelphia, PETITIONS, ETC. Pa., petitioning consideration of their reso­ Thereupon, Mr. HILL took the chair as Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions lution with reference to national-defense acting Pre-sident pro tempore. and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk work; to the Committee on the Judiciary. THE .· JOURNAL 607. Also, petition of the Associated Gen­ and referred as follows: eral Contractors of America, Inc., washing­ On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by 594. By 1\lr. CULLEN: Petition of the Legis­ ton, D. C., petitioning consideration of their unanimous consent, the reading of the lature of the State of New York, urging the resolution with reference to defense con­ Journal of the proceedings of the calen­ Federal Government of the United States to struction; to the Committee on Ways and dar day of Thursday, March 27, 1941, make available from funds appropriated, or Means. to be appropriated, for defense purposes a 608. Also, petition of the Forward Trinity was dispensed with, and the Journal was sum adequate to carry out a program of mili­ Valley Association, Romayor, Tex., petitioning approved. tary highway construction to the extent con­ consideration of their resolution with refer­ CALL OF THE ROLL sidered imperative for the safety and security ence to flood control; to the Committee on of the State and Nation; to the Committee on Flood Control. Mr. BARKLEY. I suggest the absence Military Affairs. 609. Also, petition of the National Federa­ of a quorum. 595. By Mr. FORAND: Resolution of Eugene tion of Post Office Clerks, Local No. 81, Pitts­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ Perry Post, No. 332, Veterans of Foreign Wars burgh, Pa:, petitioning consideration of their pore. The clerk will call the roll. of the United·States, of Providence, R.I., for resolution with reference to Senate bill 220 The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the establishment of officers' traininG school and House bill 1057, with reference to estab­ the following Senators answered to their for Negro candidates; to the Committee on lishing the principle of longevity pay in the names: Military Affairs. Postal Service; to the Committee on the Post Adams Gerry Radcliffe 596. By Mr. GERLACH: Resolution adopted Office and Post Roads. Aiken Gillette Reed by the Senate of the State of Pennsylvania, 610. By Mr. MOSE-R.: Petition of the Sen­ Andrews Glass Reynolds voicing their opposition to the proposed St. ate of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Austin Green Russell Lawrence Waterway power project; to the memorializing the Congress of the United Bailey Guffey Sheppard Committee on Foreign Affairs. States not to approve or authorize the con­ Ball Gurney Shipstead 597. By Mr. JOHNSON of California: Pe­ Bankhead Hatch Smathers struction of the proposed St. Lawrence sea­ Barbour Hayden Smith tition of Alice M. Ebright and 93 others, all way project; to the Committee on Foreign Barkley Hill Stewart residents of Long Beach, Calif., making an Affairs. Bone Holman Taft appeal to the President and the Congress of Brooks Hughes Thomas, Idaho the United States, that legislation be adopted Bulow Kilgore Thomas, Okla. forthwith designed to make more effeciive the Burton La Follette Thomas, Utah laws t hat will stop the shipment of any Butler Langer Tobey SENATE Byrd Lee Truman supplies to Japan which will in any way aid Byrnes McCarran Tunnell her in waging her war against China; to the MoNDAY, MARCH 31, 1941 Capper McNary Tydings Committee on Foreign Affairs. Caraway Maloney Vandenberg 598. By Mr. JONES: Petition of the Piqua Clark, Idaho Murdock Van Nuys Townsend Club, No. 4, of Piqua, Ohio, A. L. The Chaplain, Rev. Z~Barney T. Phil­ Connally Murray Wallgren Brooks, president, and Ed Stengel, secretary, lips, D. D., offered the following prayer: Danaher Norris Wheeler favoring the enactment of the Townsend Davis O'Mahoney White o Thou, whose going forth is prepared Ellender Overton Wiley bill (H. R. 1036); to the Committee on Ways George Pepper Willis and Means. as the morning, whose judgments are as 599. By Mr. MARTIN J. KENNEDY: Res­ clear as the light: Draw near unto us, we Mr. ADAMS. I announce that my col­ olut ion adopted by the Legislature of the beseech Thee, and keep us faithful to league the junior Senator from Colorado State of New York, petitioning the Federal the trust Thou hast imposed on us, lest [Mr. JOHNSON] is absent from the Senate Government for funds to carry out a pro­ our goodness be as the morning cloud because of a death in his family. gram of military highway construction to and as the early dew that goeth away. Mr. BARKLEY. I announce that the the extent considered imperative for the Let the blessings of Thy wisdom and safety and security of the State and Nation; Senator from Mississippi [Mr. BILBO], to the Committee on Military Affairs. guidance be upon our President, Vice the Senator from Michigan [Mr. BROWN], 600. By Mr. KEOGH: Memorial of the Leg­ Pre-sident, the Congress, the judiciary, the Se:...ator from Nevada [Mr. BuNKER], islature of the State of New York, favoring and every servant of the Republic; give the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. CHAN­ Federal funds from funds appropriated, or to us grace sufficient not only to confess our DLER], the Senator from New Mexico be appropriated, for defense purposes, a sum sins but to forsake them; make us strong [Mr. CHAVEZ], the Sanator from Missouri adequate to carry out a program of military enough to overcome whatever difficul­ [Mr. CLARK], the Senator from California h ighway construction to the extent con­ ties may confront us; grant that our side·red imperative for the safety and security [Mr. DowNEY], the Senator from Iowa of the State of New York and Nation; to the cheerfulness may gladden others; give [Mr. HERRING], the Senator from Illi­ Committee on Military Affairs. to us faith that will make real the things nois [Mr. LucAs], tqe Senator from Ari­ 601. By Mr. LYNCH: Resolution of the of God, hope that will remove all anx­ zona [Mr. McFARLAND], and the Senator Legislature of the State of New York, me­ ious fears, and love that will conquer from Wyoming [Mr. SCHWARTZ] are de-· morializing Congress to provide funds for eve:·y form of hate. tained on important public business. defense purposes, a sum adequate to carry out a program of military highway con­ Help each one of us to realize that life The Senator from Mississippi [Mr. struction to the extent considered imperative is made blessed, not in doing the things HARRISON], the Senator from Virginia for the safety and security of the Nation: we like to do but in liking the things we [Mr. GLAss], the Senator from Tennessee to the Committee on Military Affairs. have to do if we would help to heal the [Mr. McKELLAR], the Senators from New 602. By Mr. SHAFER of Michigan: Peti­ breaking hearts of those about us and York [Mr. MEAD and Mr. WAGNER], the tion of Hugh Durham and approxilnatelf bring courage to those who have been Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. 2692· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 WALSH], and the Senator from Arkansas first hand, the affairs and conditions here, AWARDS OF CONTRACTS FOR THE ARMY [Mr. MILLER] are necessarily absent. and advocating the passing of legislation beneficial to the Territory, and showing in A letter from the Secretary of War, re­ Mr. AUSTIN. I announce that the every possible manner, his love and "aloha" porting, pursuant to law, relative to divisions Senator from California [Mr. JoHNSON], for this Territory, and opposing most strenu­ of awards of certain quantity contracts for the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. ously every effort to injure and to' mitigate aircraft, aircraft parts, and accessories there­ NYEJ, the Senator from Massachusetts against the welfare and progress of this Ter­ for entered into with more than one bidder [Mr. LoDGE], and the Senator from Maine ritory; and under authority of law; to the Committee [Mr. BREWSTER] are necessarily absent. Whereas as a Member of the Senate of the on Military Affairs. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ United States, he was a sincere and forceful DATA RELATIVE TO INDIAN IRRIGATION champion of peace, hewing to this principle PROJECTS pore. Seventy-two Senators having an­ in the face of ridicule and scorn; and swered to their names, a quorum is Whereas in his untimely death, the Ter­ A letter from the Acting Secretary of present. ritory of Hawaii has lost a sincere and loyal the Interior, transmitting, pursuant to law, MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE friend; the American Nation, a loyal and dis­ a statement of costs, cancelations, and mis­ tinguished citizen; his native State, a loyal cellaneous data pertaining to Indian irriga­ A message from the House of Repre­ son, and his family, a kind and loving parent: tion projects for the fiscal year 1940 (with an sentatives by Mr. Chaffee, one of its read­ Now, therefore, be it accompanying statement); to the Commit­ ing clerks, announced that the House had Resolved, That the Senate of the Territory tee on Indian Affairs. agreed to the report of the committee of of Hawaii, does hereby express its sincere APPROPRIATIONS FOR PORTION OF GAL­ conference on the disagreeing votes of and deep regret at the passing of the Hon­ LUP-DURANGO HIGHWAY ACROSS THE the two Houses on the amendments of orable Ernest Lundeen; and be it further Resolved, That this resolution be spread NAVAJO INDIAN RESERVATION the Senate to the bill Federal Security Agency, ceived world-wide recognition, it is then referred to the Committee on Printing. and for other purposes; to the Committee fitting and proper that the defense agencies The resolution (S. Res. 92) was referred on Education and Labor. of the United States of America should carry to the Committee on Printing, as follows: S. 1261. A bill to provide for the punish­ upon the high seas along with the Stars and ment of persons transporting stolen cattle Stripes the name of "Gettysburg": Therefore Resolved, That 4,000 additional copies of having a value of $50 or more in interstate Senate Report No. 151, a report of the Com­ be it commerce, and for other purposes; to the mittee on Education and Labor submitted Committee on the Judiciary. Resolved, That the Past Presidents Associa· pursuant -to Senate Resolution 266 (74th tion of the Patriotic Order Sons of America, Cong.), entitled "Violations of Free Speech By Mr. BARBOUR: of Adams County, Pa., do hereby pray that and Rights of Labor," be printed for the use of S. 1262. A bill for the relief of Minnie C. one of the battle cruisers under contemplated the Senate Document Room. Sanders, and Henry G. Sanders, her husband; construction be named "Gettysburg"; be it Mr. HAYDEN subsequently, from the Com­ to the Committee on Claims. further mittee on Printing, reported the foregoing By Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma: Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be resolution (S. Res. 92) without amendment, S. 1263. A bill for the relief of the sur­ forwarded to Hon. JAMES J. DAVIS, Hon. Jos­ and it was considered by unanimous consent viving dependents of Ernest N. Brownfield; EPH F. GUFFEY, and Hon. HARRY L. HAINES, and agreed to. to the Committee on Claims. our Senators and Representative in Con­ S. 1264. A bill conferring jurisdiction on gress, urging them to use their influence to EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMITTEES the Court of Claims to adjudicate the rights carry the provisions of this resolution into of the Otoe and Missouri Tribes of Indians effect. As in executive session, to compensation on a basis of guardian and Fraternally submitted, The following favorable committee re­ ward; to the Committee on Indian Affairs. GEO. D. SHEELY, ports of nominations were submitted: . By Mr. CAPPER: District President. By Mr. SHEPPARD, from the Committee S.l265. A bill making it unlawful for any Approved by the above organization. on Military Affairs: person to change his residence from one State JESSE C. SNYDER, President, Sundry officers for appointment, by trans­ to another for the purpose of avoiding the J, B. BUSBEY, Secretary. fer, in the Regular Army. payment of any judgment for support of 2698 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 minor children;. to the Committee on the selective training and service; to the Com­ dress delivered. by Ron. James A. Farley Judiciary. mittee on Military Affairs. before the Massachusetts Committe;e of the By Mr. BAILEY: H. R. 4146. An act to extend the provi· National Conference of Christians and Jews, S. 1266. A bill for the relief of Etta Houser sions of the Bituminous Coal Act of 1937 for held at the Boston Chamber of Commerce Freeman; to the Committee on Claims. a period of 2 years, and for other purposes; to on March 27, 1941, which appears in the S. 1267. A bill to provide for a study re­ the Committee on Interstate Commerce. Appendix.] lating to the promotion of the sale and use H . R. 4183. An act making appropriations in South America and Central America of for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1942, for ADDRESS BY GEORGE A. HILL, JR., ON tobacco produced in the United States; to civil functions administered by the War De­ OIL CONSERVATION the Committee on Commerce. . partment, and for other purposes; · to the [Mr. CONNALLY asked and obtained leave S. 1268. A bill to permit members of savings Committee on Appropriations. to have printed in the RECORD an address and loan associations and similar institutions CHANGE OF REFERENCE delivered by George A. Hill, Jr., at San An­ to report and pay tax upon their earnings in tonio, Tex., on March 21, 1941, on the sub­ On motion by Mr. CONNALLY, the Com­ such institutions in the taxable year in ject of Oil Conservation Achievements which such earnings accrue and to require mittee on Claims was discharged from the further consideration of the bill (S. 169) to Through the Medium of State Regulation, such institutions to make an information re­ which appears in the Appendix.) turn as to earnings of their members as is provide for an appeal to the Supreme Court required for interest, rents, and salaries; to of the United States from the decision of the PRIVATE FLYING OPERATIONS AND AC­ the Committee on Finance. Court of Claims in a suit instituted by George CIDENTS; AIR-CARRIER OPERATIONS S. 1269. A bill for the relief of Thomas P. A. Carden and Anderson T. Herd, and it was AND SAFETY RECORD, ·1936-40 referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. Waters; to the Committee on Military Affairs. [Mr. BAILEY asked and obtained leave to By Mr. KILGORE: SILVER LAKE HARBOR AND CHANNEL have printed in the RECORD a statement of S. 1270. A bill for the relief of Auguste C. FROM MANTEO TO OREGON INLET, private flying operations and accidents, and Loiseau; to the Committee on Claims. N. C.-AMENDMENT air-carrier operations and safety record, S. 1271. A bill granting a pension to Luther 1936-40, which appears in the Appendix.] R. Drum; Mr. BAILEY submitted an amendment in­ S. 1272. A bill granting a pension to Rachel tended to be proposed by him to the bill POWER OF THE PRESIDENT TO EMPLOY Melvina Ann Campbell Frum; (H. R. 4183) making appropriations for the THE NAVY TO CONVOY VESSELS IN S.1273. A bill granting an increase of pen­ fiscal year ending June 30, 1942, for civil TIME OF PEACE sion to Lelia M. Marple; functions administered by the War Depart­ ment, and for other purposes, which was [Mr. TAFT asked and obtained leave to S.1274. A bill granting an increase of pen­ referred to the Committee on Appropria­ have printed in the RECORD a memorandum sion to Martha L. E. Bromberg; which he had prepared concerning the S. 1275. A bill granting an increase of pen­ tions, ordered to be printed, and to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: power of the President of the United States, sion to Sarah Roush; and At the proper place, under the heading, when the United States is at peace, to em­ S. 1276. A bill granting an increase of pen­ "Rivers and harbors," insert the following: ploy the Navy to convoy vessels bound to a sion to Mary E. Wallace; to the Committee on "For improvements at Silver Lake Harbor, belligerent, which appears in the Appendix.] Pensions. N.C., and to provide a channel from Manteo UNION WITH BRITAIN?-EDITORIAL By Mr. REYNOLDS: to Oregon Inlet, N. C., as authorized by the S.1277. A bill to amend the act entitled act approved October 17, 1940, $105,000." FROM NEW YORK DAILY NEWS "An act for the retirement of public-school [Mr. REYNOLDS asked and obtained leave teachers in the District of Columbia," ap­ JACKSON DAY DINNER ADDRESS BY to have printed in the REcORD· an editorial proved January 15, 1920, as amended, and for SENATOR BARKLEY published in the New York Daily News en­ other purposes; to the Committee on the [Mr. HILL asked and obtained leave to titled "Union With Britain?" which appears District of Columbia. have printed in the RECORD the address de­ in the Appendix.] By Mr. SHEPPARD: livered by Senator BARKLEY on the occasion ARTICLE BY HUGH S. JOHNSON ON LIKE­ S. 1278. A bill to amend the Federal Credit of the Jackson Day dinner at Boston, Mass., Union Act; and on March 29, 1941, which appears in the LIHOOD OF UNITED STATES ENTERING S. 1279. A bill to amend the Federal Credit Appendix.] EUROPEAN WAR Union Act; to the Committee on Banking JACKSON DAY DINNER ADDRESS BY [Mr. REYNOLDS asked and obtained leave and Currency. to have pl'inted in the RECORD an article by By Mr. PEPPER: SENATOR HILL Hugh S. Johnson, published in the Washing­ S. 1280. A bill concerning the qualification [Mr. HILL asked and obtained leave to ton Times-Herald, which appears in the of voters or electors within the meaning of have printed in the RECORD the address de­ Appendix.] section 2, article I, of the Constitution, mak­ livered by him on the occasion of the Jack­ ing unlawful the requirement for the pay­ son Day dinner at Indianapolis, Ind., on FINAL REPORT OF TEMPORARY NATIONAL ment of a poll tax as a prerequisite to voting March 29, 1941, which appears in the Ap­ ECONOMIC COMMITTEE (S. DOC. NO. in a primary or general election for national pendix.) 35) offices; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. WHEELER: ADDRESS BY SENATOR TRUMAN ON IN­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, it is S. 1281. A bill to repeal the provision of VESTIGATION OF DEFENSE EXPENDI­ my privilege this morning to present to law requiring recoupment by the United TURES the President of the Senate the final States of sums advanced by it for school-con­ [Mr. CONNALLY asked and obtained leave report of the Temporary National Eco­ struction purposes to certain school distri~ts to have printed in the RECORD a radio address nomic Committee, with illustrations. I furnishing school facilities to Indian pupils; on the subject of the investigation of na­ shall ask that one of the pages deliver to the Committee on Indian Affairs. tional-defense expenditures, delivered by the report to the clerk's desk. By Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma: Senator TRUMAN on March 24, 1941, which The report presented by the T. N. E. C. S. 1282. A bill to reinstate in the Court of appears in the Appendix.} Claims the suits entitled "Eastern or Emi­ represents the conclusion of 3 years of grant Cherokees Against the United States," WASHINGTON IN HISTORY -MAKINO work by the committee, which was set up No. 42077, and "Western or Old Settler Chero­ DAYB-ADDRESS BY SENATOR WILEY by Public Resolution 113 of the Seventy­ kees Against the United States," No. 42078; [Mr. WILEY asked and obtained leave to fifth Congress. I have asked Mr. Totty to the Committee on Indian Affairs. have printed in the RECORD an address de- to bring into the room the bound volumes (Mr. TOBEY introduced Senate Joint Reso­ livered by him before the Republican Women of this report because I venture to say lution 62, which was referred to the Com- · of Pennsylvania, at the Barclay Hotel, Phil­ that within the compass of these volumes mittee on Foreign Relations and appears adelphia, Pa., March 24, 1941, on the sub­ under a separate heading.) is to be found the substance of the reor­ ject, Washington in History-Making Days, ganization for peace and democracy which appears in the Appendix.] HOUSE BILLS REFERRED which must come after the war. The following bills were severally read OUR PART IN PEACE-ADDRESS BY When this study began, back in 1938, twice by their titles and referred as HERBERT HOOVER it was commonly asserted by those who indicated: [Mr. McNARY asked and obtained leave to were commenting upon the program that H. R. 3835. An act to exempt from internal· have printed. in the RECORD an address by the purpose of the study would be to revenue taxes, on the basis of reciprocity, former President Hoover regarding· the part harass, abuse, and destroy free private articles imported by consular officers and of the United States 1n peace, which ap­ enterprise. That statement was made employees of foreign states for their personal pears in tl: e Appendix.] in spite of the fact that in the message or official use; to the Committee on Finance. :ADDRESS BY JAMES A. FARLEY BEFORE in which the President of the United H. R. 4125. An act to amend Public Law No. 783, Seventy-sixth Congress, so as to re· NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRIS­ States, Mr. Roosevelt, had recommended lieve 3-year Regular Navy, Marine Corps, or TIANS AND JEWS this study, he said that- Coast Guard members and certain members [Mr. O'MAHONEY asked and obtained Generally over the field of industry and of the Reserve components thereof from leave to have printed in the RECORD an ad- finance we must revive and strengthen com.. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2699 petition 1f we wish to preserve and make who was associated with the committee, hearings and from the questionnaires workable our traditional system of free en­ so far as I have been able to observe, which were circulated among businesses. terprise. there was a sincere and deep purpose of That has been printed as Monograph I called the attention of the public to preserving what we call the democratic No. 28. Certain insurance companies that declaration by the President when way, the American way of life, to use a took exception to some of the statements our public hearings began. I announced phrase ·which has been popularized dur­ which were made in that monograph, then, and on frequent occasions after­ ing recent years. and a group of them prepared their own ward, that it would be the purpose of the I said that much would depend upon statement, and that statement was committee to assemble the facts with re­ the way in which this report would be printed in the record of the hearings. spect to the concentration of economic received by the public. We did not Another statement was made later-! power and wealth which were evident to capitalize the headlines as we ·might have received it only 2 weekG ago-comment­ most observers of the national scene, and done. We did not seek to pillory wit­ ing upon certain phases of Monograph that this would be done without any nesse~ as we might have done. We did No. 28, and the committee has ordered "witch-hunting" or any desire to impede not seek to obtain the sensational pub­ that to be printed as Monograph No. business. Our declarations were accept­ licity which was quite. possible in this 28-A, setting forth the point of view of ed as the statements of a person who had study, but we have obtained a wider pub­ the insurance companies themselves. his tongue in his cheek. lic notice than it seemed to me it would The work of our committee started out In the first public announcement I ever be possible to obtain wpen the study under the direction, as executive secre­ made at the time the hearings were began. More than 230,000 copies of these tary, of Mr. Leon Henderson, who later opened I said that whether this study monographs and hearings have already became a member of the S. E. C., and would be fruitful of benefit to society, or been circulated throughout the United who is now occupying an important role altogether futile, depended upon two fac­ States. Universities and high schools, in the national-defense program. When tors-one, the manner in which it would business leaders, executives in the offices he became a member of the S. E. C. he be conducted; two, the manner in which of big business, Government officials, had to retire from his post as executive it woUld be received by the public. Now, Members of Congress in the House and secretary of our committee, and his after almost 3 years of study, I can say in the Senate, all are sending letters day place was taken by Mr. James Brackett, without fear that any person will contra­ by day to the o:fHce of the committee ask­ who afterward retired because a better dict the statement, that the hearings ing for copies of .the reports. The opportunity was offered to him in private were conducted in a fair and impartial Superintendent of Documents tells me business. His place was then taken by manner. that more of these documents have been Dr. Dewey Anderson. Upon Dr. Dewey Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. President, will the sold over the counter, as it were, by the Anderson has fallen a great deal of the Senator yield? Superintendent of Documents, than of burden of preparing this mass of ma­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield to the Sen­ any other Govermflent publication. terial so that it is readily accessible to ator from Vermont. Because of the reception which this the public. I wish to pay here my trib­ Mr. AUSTIN. Before the distinguished work has had at the hands of the public, ute of appreciation to these three men chairman of the committee reports on the I am hopeful that deep and lasting re­ for the splendid work they have done. details of the great work in which he has sults will be obtained from it. I feel that Dr. Theodore J. Kreps, of the faculty of been engaged, I desire to o"Qserve for the I should make acknowledgement here of Stanford University, made a most effec­ REcORD that I think the great statesman­ the splendid cooperation we have re­ tive contribution as economic adviser, and ship of the Senator who happens to be ceived from all the Government depart­ many others coUld be mentioned. All the chairman of the committee is the ments, and from business and industry were primarily concerned in developing reason why we did not have a "witch as well. The committee; at one period facts. hunt," but had a real constructive exam­ in its proceedings, issued an invitation Members of the Senate will remem­ ination of conditions in the world and in to organized business to make its own ber that when the committee was cre­ this country. I have not seen the report, showing. Some businesses responded to ated it was composed of six Members of and therefore do not know what has been that invitation. The petroleum industry, Congress, three from the Senate and recommended, and I am not certain that for example, under the guidance of the three from the House of Representa­ I should be able to assent to what has American Petroleum Institute, gathered tives, and officials of six of the executive been recommended; but I know that per­ a tremendous amount of material, ex­ agencies. In other words, there were 12 sonally I am gratified over the manner in pended a large sum of money, and came members. The executive members had which this great research was handled before the committee at its public hear­ alternates. The late Senator Borah was by the committee; and to the chairman ings and made presentation of the picture one of the original members, and former of the committee I pay my compliments of the oil industry as those who are in Senator King, of Utah, was likewise one and offer my thanks. charge of that industry believe that pic­ of the original Senate group. Both of A DECLARATION FOR FREE ENTERPRISE ture to be; and there has been a great them contributed materially to the work of the committee. Mr. O'MAHONEY. The Senator is demand for that picture. The steel in­ very kind, and, of, course, I deeply appre­ dustry likewise responded to our invita­ On the House side we had the honor ciate his complimentary reference; but tion, and not only came before the com­ of being associated with the Honorable I should be lax if I were not to say that mittee with a well-prepared story, but HATTON W. SUMNERS, chairman of the the attitude which he finds in the chair­ they also brought to us a motion picture House Committee on the Judiciary, who man was to be found also in all the mem­ to show the degree of development in the just now entered the door of the Senate, bers of the committee. I can say without steel industry. I could mention others but when he realized that I was about to any reservation whatever that from the who have cooperated. mention his great contribution to the beginning to the end the injunction which We have attempted to give an oppor­ work of the committee he retired, mod­ was made by the President-that we seek tunity of expression to all who have in estly, as is his way. · the means of reviving competition and any way disagreed with any presentation I ask unanimous consent that I may free private enterprise-has been fol­ that was made, and one of the mono­ print as part of my remarks the list of lowed; and I am happy to say to the graphs now on the press, which will be the members of the committee and the Senate that to my mind the outstanding ready before long, will contain the state­ alternates, as they served throughout the recommendation of the committee's re­ ments prepared by various industrial life of the committee. port is its declaration of faith in the sys­ groups in comment on or in answer ·to The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ tem of free private enterprise. the statements which appear in the pore. Is there objection? Of course, I should not expect every­ report. We have tried to go about this There being no objection, the list was body to agree with what appears in the study in "the American way." ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as report, nor with what appears in the For example·, take the insurance in­ follows: monographs which have been printed by dustry. The S. E. C. conducted a study MEMBERSHIP OF TEMPORARY NATIOnAL ECONOMIC the committee, nor with the statements of insurance, and presented for the com­ COMMITTEE made by members of the committee or by mittee, and the committee published, a Representing the Congress witnesses in the hearings; but one thing report of the facts from the point of Joseph C. O'Mahoney, Senator from Wyo­ I do say-that on the part of everybody view of the S. E. c., developed at the ming, chairman. LXXXVII-171 2700 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH . 31

Hatton· W. Sumners, ~f:~ent~>tive from which was little, in the effort to familiar­ In addition to the recommendations Texas, vice chairman. ize myself with the proceedings. and the history of the committee, there William E. Borah, Senator from Idaho. Mr. President, I have risen at this time will be also the verbatim record of the Wallace H. White, Jr., Senator from Maine, public sessions, beginning on January-15 vice Borah. primarily to say that I did not join in William H. King, Senator from Utah. the report which has been made, but of this year, at which the recommenda­ James M. Mead, Senator from New York, when a few days ago I announced to the tions were publicly presented and pub­ vice King. committee that I would not join in the licly discussed. Many of the recommen­ Edward C. Eicher, Representative from report, I stated that that did not in and of dations which were there presented have Iowa. itself indicate hostility to any of the rec­ not been adopted, but in that verbatim Clyde Williams, Representative from Mis­ ommendations which might be made. I record will be found a discussion from souri, vice Eicher. B. Carroll Reece, Representative from Ten­ refused to join in the report because I many points of view of the fundamental nessee. did not feel sufficiently familiar with the problems of our economy. record to justify my expressing at the Finally, contained in this report, will Representing executive departments and agencies time either approval or disapproval. be the report to the committee itself of I feel that at some appropriate time in the executive secretary and his staff. Justice Department: the near future I· should make a rather That will boil down, as it were, the facts Thurman W. Arnold, Assistant Attorney General. brief statement as to my views concern­ which have been gathered throughout the Wendell Berge, Special Assistant to the At­ ing the whole undertaking. At this mo­ long .Period of the study. torney General. ment I merely wish to pay my respect to A CHALLENGE TO DEMOCRACY Hugh Cox, Special Assistant to the Attor­ the services of the chairman of the com­ ney General, vice Berge. mittee, the Senator from Wyoming [Mr. Mr. President, I should like to add just Securities and Exchange Commission: O'MAHONEY]. He has shown amazing a few more words with respect to the William 0. Douglas, Chairman, Securities industry during the 3 years of the life nature of this report. It is a challenge and Exchange Commission. of the committee. He has presided and to democracy. It comes, I believe, at a Jerome N. Frank, alternate, and also vice time , when the attention of the demo­ Douglas. has conducted the work of the committee Leon Henderson, vice Frank. with the greatest of fairness. He has cratic governments and the democratic Sumner T. Pike, vice Henderson. shown high intelligence, and I believe he people of America should be concen­ Federal Trade Commission: has made a most noteworthy contribu­ trated upon this problem of living for Garland S. Ferguson, Chairman of the Fed­ tion, in this work, to the study of the people. If the war which is now raging eral Trade Commission. problems which were before the com­ in the world means anything, and if the Ewin L. Davis, Commissioner of the Federal mittee. I cannot speak in too high terms enthusiasm which wells up in our hearts Trade Commission, alternate. of praise of the service which the chair­ when we read of the valor of the Greeks Department of Labor: and the courage of the Yugoslavs.means Isador Lubin, Commissioner of Labor Sta­ man of the committee-has rendered, and tistics. I hope I shall find opportunity in the anything, it Rleans that as a people we A. Ford Hinrichs, chief economist, Bureau near future to express myself briefly recognize the fact that government and of Labor Statistics, alternate. about the work itself. business have come into existence to Treasury Department: serve men. Herman Oliphant, General Counsel, Treas­ PUBLICATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE If the resistance of the people of Amer­ ury Department. Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, the ica to the thought of agression means Christian Joy Peoples, Director of Procure­ Senator is altogether too generous in his anything, it means that here in Amer­ ment, alternate. remarks. Joseph J. O'Connell, special assistant to the ica the great mass of our people believe General Counsel, Treasury Department, vice I have asked the pages of the Senate to that individual men and women have the Oliphant. distribute to each Senator a copy of the right to live their own lives without Charles L. Kades, special assistant to the catalog of the publications of the com­ being regimented by any small group. General Counsel, alternate. mittee. This has been printed at the That, Mr. President, is the essence of the Department of Commerce: Government Printing Office, and contains problem which is presented not only to Richard C. Patterson, Jr., Assistant Secre­ a brief description of the 32 volumes of thi~ country but to the world. It is a tary of Commerce. hearings and the 43 or 44 monographs Sumner T. Pike, vice Patterson. problem of fitting individuals into an Hon. Wayne Chat~eld-Taylor, Under Secre­ which have been printed under the au­ organized economy. tary of Commerce, vice Pike. thority of the committee. We have pointed out that the organ­ M. Joseph Meehan, Chief Statistician, The final report, which is now being ization here in Washington of this tre­ Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, filed, consists, first, of an analysis of our mendous defense effort is the conclusive alternate. situation, and the recommendations proof of the concentration of economic Leon Henderson, executive secretary. which are made by the committee. Each power and wealth which this committee James R. Brackett, vice Henderson. Dewey Anderson, vice Brackett. recommendation shows at its conclusion was appointed to examine. Dr. Theodore J. Kreps, economic ·adviser. the names of those members of the com­ Mr. President, I had hoped to have mittee who expressed dissent. This has here in the Senate today at the time I Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, will the been followed by separate statements was making this brief statement, an en­ Senator from Wyoming yield? which hav~ been prepared by some mem­ larged copy of the map which appeared Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield to the Sen­ bers of the committee setting forth their in the issue of Life, which is on the news­ ator from Maine, who succeeded Senator personal points ·of view of the analysis of stands this week. Let me use these Borah upon the committee. our economic problems. This will be ac­ copies of Life. The map shows the "war Mr. WHITE. I wish to make a very companied hy a brief history of the com­ babies" of the United States, to use the brief comment in response to what the mittee itself, and a financial statement. title of the editors of Life. It shows not Senator from Wyoming has been saying. It may be interesting for me to remark only that the new plants. are built by I was appointed to the committee fol­ that the entire appropriation used during Government money, but also the loca­ lowing the death of Senator Borah. At these 3 years amounted to $1,070,000. tion of all the war industries which have that time the committee had been func­ That is a large sum of money. The com­ come into existence as a result of this tioning for nearly 2 years, and there had mittee goes out of existence on the 3d all-out effort here in Washington. If been accumulated a tremendous mass of April, leaving a balance of something Senators will glance at that map they will of testimony, running into thousands like $8,000, a portion of which perhaps I see that the tremendous sum of money upon thousands of pages. It became shall ask the Senate and House to allot which the Government of the United clear to me early that by no possibility so that inquiries which are now coming States is now spending for defense goes could I inform myself as to that vast in may be properly answered. These to those States and those communities record. I appreciated that even to keep letters asking for information with re­ in which industrial concentration first current with the work that was being spect to this report and this study, are took place. Senators who have taken carried on after I became a member, in coming at the rate of at least 150 a day, part in the deliberations of the Appro­ the absence of knowledge of what had illustrating, as I said a moment ago, the priations Committee during the last few gone before, was in itself an almost im­ wide degree of public interest in the weeks have been impressed by the fact possible task. I have done what I could, report. that from every corner of this land have 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2701 come pleas from the peoples of various which is an ideal location for plants of To brlng about the reestablishment of States for the allocation to those States that kind. competition and the salvation of free · of Government funds to build up indus­ Mr. President, that is not the point, private enterprise the T. N. E. C. has tries in those States. A glance at the however. To me it is one of the saddest recommended, first, that we recognize map will show that the entire Middle things in our economy, and it is pointed that the fundamental purpose of gov­ West is practically without any alloca­ out in the committee report that cham­ ernment and business is to be of benefit tion of Government funds for purposes bers of commerce, Governors of States, to the people, and that our modern busi­ of defense. and mayors of cities have beaten a path ness is for the most part carried on by In the committees' report Senators will to Washington asking the executive de­ organization. We should undertake, by find a table prepared by one of the econ­ partment to allocate to their States de­ enforcing the antitrust laws, to break omists serving with the Council of Na­ fense industries or Government projects down the concentration which crushes tional Defense, showing that three States of one kind or another in order to solve business as well as individuals. Ever in the Union have received no allocation the local problem of unemployment, in since 1890, when Senator Sherman, of whatsoever; that 50 percent of the States order to solve the local problem of failing Ohio, stood upon this fioor and intro­ have less than half of the· total expendi­ business. We turn to Washington for duced the Sherman antitrust measure, ture; and that upon the other side of this. We, the people of America, turn so far as I know not a single candidate the scene, six States have received 52 to Washington now, because the self-im­ for the Senate or for the House of Rep­ percent of all the Government funds petus of local business has disappeared. resentatives has gone before his elec­ which have been distributed for the de­ For example, the junior Senator from torate to urge its repeal, for it was a fense effort. South Dakota [Mr. GURNEY], a member declaration of policy by the Government Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, will of the Appropriations . Committee, has based upon the age-long conviction o~ the Senator yield? pointed out that many States are now our people that combinations in re­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. being drained of their population. Me­ straint of trade are against public policy. Mr. BANKHEAD. I wish to ask the chanics of all kinds are being taken out But we know that those combinations Senator if he can tell us who is respon­ o:t those States and transported to the have gone on and on and on regardless sible for that great concentration in the concentrated plants of concentrated de­ of the law. The Sherman Antitrust Act location of these war industries? Is it fense industries. has been honored more in the breach a matter of war strategy to put them all What this picture shows, Mr. Presi­ than in the observance. So the commit­ in one location, so that if the enemy dent, is that the concentration of eco­ tee urges the strict enforcement of the landed here he could in a short time ob­ nomic power and wealth in the hands of antitrust laws. tain control of all of them, or if enemy big business inevitably leads to concen­ Some will say that that is an old­ airplanes came over here they could per­ tration in big government. The report fashioned idea. It is no more old­ haps put them all out of business in a now submitted to Congress and to the fashioned than our fundamental belief in day or in a night? people is a summons to Americans to re­ the rights of human beings; and unless . Mr.· O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, store free private enterprise so that it we can make it clear by enforcement of the Senator from Alabama is referring to may spring from the grass roots, as it the antitrust · laws that combinations one of the most difficult phases of the were. If that is not done, in my opin­ privately effected shall not be permitted defense program. Our plane manufac­ ion there can be no hope of averting the to crush out local business, we have no ture, for example, is concentrated in continued erection of a tremendous con­ recourse except to see the Government southern California, and that concentra­ centrated structure. establishment at Washington continue to tion has resulted in the fact that to the What we must understand is that the expand. State of California has been allocated modern economy is dominated by group REGULATION OR CONTROL more than 11 percent of all the funds activity, and not by individual activity. Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. President, will the which have been contracted for under The Greeks and Yugoslavs in Europe are Senator yield? the defense program. That concentra­ opposing their poor bodies to the me­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. tion of airplane manufacture in Califor­ chanized instruments of -concentrated Mr. AUSTIN. I think this is a good nia has been due to a variety of factors, government. We have seen the impos­ point to ask this question with respect but the most important of them is that sibility of individuals successfully oppos­ to the report. On the point on which the executives in the aircraft industry ing themselves to concentrated force; the Senator is now speaking, I have have reported to the Council of National and that picture in industry is the pic­ always felt that there is a vast difference Defense, and to the War Department and ture which will be presented to us in between regulation and control by gov­ the Navy Department, that they do not peace. ernment. · I ask the Senator whether have the superintending personnel to Mr. President, I firmly believe that this great committee came to the conclu­ distribute to various parts of the country. there may be in these volumes t.he last sion that we ought to change our theory I think a glance at the map will show challenge to democracy, the last chal­ in that respect, we having held as a Gov­ that the Senator from Alabama has lenge for the establishment of an eco­ ernment up to this time that regulation pointed to a very serious problem of mili­ nomic system which will protect the should be our objective, maintaining the tary strategy. Airplane factories upon enterprise of the individual. When the maximum degree of competition under the Pacific coast are, of course, readily Declaration of Independence was drafted the minimum degree of Government con~ open to attack. If it be true that there and the Constitution of the United States trol. Are we advised by the committee is danger of Nazi penetration in South was adopted, in both instances the foun­ to make a change in the degree of con­ America, airplane attacks from below our southern border could easily concen­ ders of this Government declared to all trol by Government over private enter­ trate on that Paci'fic coast area. Here, the world and to all posterity that they prise, a change which would amount to directly east of the Rocky Mountains, in were seeking to establish a government management on the part of the Govern­ the States of North Dakota, South Da­ which would protect men in their inalien­ ment? kota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New able right to life, liberty, and the pursuit Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am very happy Mexico, and Arizona, we have an ideal of happiness. But individuals cannot that the Senator has asked that ques­ area, right behind .the rampart of the compete with highly organized modern tion, because the answer is that in the Rocky Mountains, to protect industrial industry. The mechanic of our day does view of the committee the desirable plants of that type from attack. not carry in his kit the tools with which objective is not control, but regulation. he must work. There should be only that degree of regu­ STATES AND PEOPLE TURN TO WASHINGTON · We wonder why strikes take place. lation which is necessary to preserve the Mr. President, I had not intended to Strikes take place because men on the public interest and protect business and make any reference to that matter until side of labor and men on the side of the citizens of the Republic from the the Senator from Alabama arose and business are looking too closely at the unhappy and improper activities of those gave me the opportunity. The Senator immediate problem, and do not see the who have heretofore evaded the law. I from Connecticut [Mr. MALONEY] was distant view. They do not realize that think the statem-ent just made by the also kind enough to rise in his place, and in this country we are trying somehow Senator correctly represents the feeling in response to the suggestion in his eyes, or other to adjust individual lives to the of the committee. Only that degree of I referred ta .mY own State of Wyoming, large-scale economy under which we live. Government regulation should be put 2702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 into effect which is necessary to keep the in Texas. I have forgotten the name of the subcommittee of which the former door of opportunity open to the largest the town. He was using a certain type Senator from Nebraska, Mr. Burke, was possible number. I think that is the of machine, not the Jl).achine upon which the chairman, the emissaries of big busi- · feeling of the committee. the Hartford Empire Co. had its patent, ness appeared there and held up their Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, will the but a machine that was patented by an hands in holy horror at the thought of Senator yield? altogether different concern; but when he what a terrible thing it would be to make Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield to the set up his factory and undertook to man­ responsible for violation of that law, in Senator from Nebraska. ufacture milk bottles, because he found their personal capacity, the men who plot Mr. NORRIS. As I understand, the he could manufacture them cheaper than the violation. That is the reason why Senator is complaining of present con­ they were being sold by the manufac­ the Senator from North Dakota can rise ditions, but he says that present condi­ tories which held licenses from the Hart-: here and ask if anyone has been sent to tions grew up under a system which I ford Empire Co., he received an inquiry jail. I will welcome the support of the presume the committee wants to change. from Hartford, Conn., and presently an Senator from North Dakota in bringing Is there too much control, or too little? agent notified him that there was grave about the enactment of a bill such as I Does the committee offer any hope, for danger that he was infringing the Hart­ have heretofore introduced and such as instance, that better enforcement of the ford Empire Co.'s patent, and asked if he is recommended here. Sherman Antitrust Act would bring re­ would not be good enough to come to So, Mr. President, the feeling of the lief? If the nonobservance of the Sher­ Hartford to discuss the matter. He went chairman of this committee is that if the man Antitrust Act is responsible for the to Hartford. It is a long story, but the Sherman antitrust law is honestly and present dilemma, would its observance, outcome was simply that he could not vigorously enforced, it will go far toward rather than its breach, bring relief? comply with the requirements which the curing this difficulty. But more impor­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. It is the belief of Hartford Empire Co. laid down, and he tant than that, Mr. President-and this the chairman of the committee-and I had to close the doors of his factory be­ is one of the objectives the chairman has think it is the belief of the committee cause he could not afford to litigate the hc:~.d in his mind throughout this study­ itself, because of the recommendations case. more important than the enforcement of which are to be found in the report­ I said to him, "Where did you get the law is that there shall develop in the that the enforcement of the Sherman capital with which you started this glass­ minds of the leaders of big business a Antitrust Act would materially protect bottle factory in Texas?" comprehension of their social responsi­ the public interest and materially alter "Why," he said, "that was Texas cap­ bility, and of the fact that to protect the conditions of which we complain. ital. My friends there in Texas raised themselves and their businesses they Let me not be understood as saying that the money.'' must abandon forever the practices the Sherman Antitrust Act is responsi­ I said, "Where did you get the labor?" which have restricted production in ble for this condition. It is not. I be­ "Every man in our factory", he said, order to maintain price, and which have lieve it is the lack of enforcement of the "was a native oJ Texas, save one"-and resulted in denuding more than half the Sherman Antitrust Act which is re­ he had lived in Texas for 15 years, as I _States of the Union of self-operating sponsible. recall. · business. Mr. NORRIS. I understood the Sena.:. Then I said, "How about the material Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will tor to say that. I think I correctly out of which you manufactured these the Senator yield? understood him. Does the committee glass bottles?" Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield to the think the undesirable condition which His face lighted up, and he said, "Why, Senator from Minnesota. has grown up has come about because of Senator, we have right there upon the Mr. SHIPSTEAD. In the light of the too much regulation or too little? borders of that town the greatest deposit past, and judging the future by the past, · Mr. O'MAHONEY. Oh, because of of glass sand to be found in America." .does . the Senator think or can he give too little regulation. So I said to him, "it turns out that expression to the faintest hope that in In my response -to the question asked Texas capital and Texas labor could not his day and.mine we shall ever have an by the-Senator from Vermont., I was at­ utilize a Texas resource without a certifi­ administration that will have the cour­ temping to develop the difference he­ cate of convenience and necessity from age to take action under any law we can tween regulation and control. The ideal a private corporation in Hartford." :Pass to stop these monopolistic practices of free enterprise, the ideal of democracy, Mr. LANGER. Mr. · President, will the by huge trusts and combinations? the ideal of individual activity, is an ideal Senator yield? RECORD OF PRESENT ANTITRUST DIVISION which calls for the least possble exercise Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am very glad to Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, in of Government authority to direct and yield to the Senator from North Dakota~ response to the Senator's inquiry, it is control. . Speaking for myself,- I say that Mr. LANGER. I desire to ask a ques­ only fair to say that under the direction -regimentation by big business is responsi­ tion. In all the enforcement· we have ·of Mr. Thurman Arnold, Assistant At­ ble for the movement toward reginienta­ had during_the past 4 or 5 years under torney General of the United States, tion by government; and I will give the .the Sherman Act, has anyone been sent the . Antitrust Division has been very Senator an example. to jail, ·or have we always had· consent ·active and very successful in its enforce­ . In our hearings upon the patent in­ decrees? _.ment of the Sherman antitrust law. dustry, we ·had testimony-this story was · Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Judging by the told under the direction of the Depart­ will say to the Senator that the Sherman newspapers, I am inclined to believe it ment of Justice; and Mr. Hugh Cox, now antitrust law pr~Jvides a penalty of $5,000. · has been active chiefly In regard to labor the alternate member of the Department It· is so inadequate that that is one of unions. of Justice,upon the T. N. E. C., was in the principal reasons why the Sherman Mr. O'MAHONEY. The Senator 1s general charge of the presentation of antitrust law has not been effective. The wrong about that. That was only an in­ that story, and it was a perfectly mag­ consent-decree device is the only alter­ cident. The Antitrust Division has nificent job-the testimony there·demon­ native under the present law, becaU.se the ·brought antitrust suits in various parts ~trated beyond any 'posSibility of dispute misdemeanor provision has apparently of the country; and so effectively have that an organization hi Hartford, Conn., been in effect unenforceable. - those suits been brought that the per­ the Hartford Empire Co., holding certain The committee has again' recommend­ sons who were indicted have walked patent rights, 'Yas effecting throughout ed the remedy which was recommended up to the bar and pleaded guilty, or the United States its own rules with re­ in the preliminary report, and to carry accepted the decree that was laid down. spect to production and price. Milk bot­ out which I introduced a bill which went The antitrust - prosecutions have been tles could be manufactured only to the to the Judiciary Committee-a recom­ carried on, as the Senator will rem~mber, degree that this organization at Hart­ mendation that the individuals, the behind the closed doors of grand juries, ford, Conn., would permit. I have a very officers and directors of a corporation, so that publicity has not been given to clear memory of the day when a witness who knowingly direct any policy that Is the perfectly splended record which the from Texas appeared before the com­ a violation of the Sherman antitrust law, Department of Justice has made under mittee to tell the story of how he had shall be held personally liable. . . the present administration. been closed out in his effort to establish When that bill was introduced, and Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, does a milk-bottle industry in a certain town when I appeared at a hearing held by the Senator know of any officers of any 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2703' great combinations that have ever gone from Congress. Congress must bear its and the other from London. The story to jail, as provided in the law, when share of the responsibility, at least so from Rome was that a representative of found guilty of violating it? far as Mr. Arnold is concerned, that more the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey was Mr. O'MAHONEY. The Senator asks comprehensive work has not been done. in Rome in negotiation with the govern­ a question which was just a moment ago Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am glad the Sen­ ment of Mussolini to supply oil from the asked by the Senator from North Dakota ator has called attention to that fact, Rumanian fields for the conquest of [Mr. LANGER]. The law does not effec­ because I think it is proper to mention Abyssinia. The other story, which was tively impose a jail sentence. Juries here that Congress has given the present from London, was to the effect that a rep._ hesitate to convict. The report of this Department of Justice much larger ap­ resentative of the Standard Co. of New committee recommends the modification propriations than were ever given before, York-the Socony Vacuum Oil Co., I or amendment of the la\v so that effec­ but the present administration has asked think it was called at that time-was tive penalties may be invoked; and if for more than any previous department negotiating with the representatives of such penalties are invoked, I believe the e.Jrer asked. The President of the United Haille Selassie in London for permission time will not be far distant when there States, in his message which initiated the to exploit the prospective oil lands in can be effective enforcement. But, more Temporary National Economic Commit­ Abyssinia, thus indicating that two great important than that, I wish to_say that tee, asked for an appropriation, as I corporations, one of them created by the during these 3 years in my contact with recall, of $250,000 to step up the enforce­ State of New Jersey and the other created the leaders of big business I have found ·ment of_the antitrust laws. Congress has by the State of New York, were entering a widespread disposition to recognize the given more than· $2,000,000 for that pur­ into contracts of such importance that . problem, a widespread disposition on the pose, and every penny of it, and more, they affected the activities of two govern­ part of business executives to do some­ too, has been returned to the Treasury ments that were then at war. thing to keep free, private enterprise free in the form of fines which have been paid Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Two democracies. from big business as weJI as from govern­ by those who had been indicted and con­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. I was reminded of ment. victed under the law. the fact that the Constitution of the Mr. SHIPSTEAD. May I ask the Mr. LA FOLLETTE. If the Senator United States provides that no State Senator an·other question? will permit a further interruption, de­ shall, without the consent of the Congress, Mr. O'MAHONEY. Certainly. spite the record which he has just cited, enter into any agreement with any other Mr. SHIPSTEAD. It has often oc­ if more money were today provided more State or with any foreign government. curred to me and I should like to have cases could be brought to the attention Of course, that prohibition written into the Senator's view about it, that when · of grand juries, and more important cases the Constitution was intended to govern the courts gave corporations the status could be brought to trial than it is now political activities; it was never the in­ of a person, enabling them to come be­ possible to· try under even the increased tention of the drafters of the Constitution fore the law on the basis of equality with appropriations. to prevent or to restrain business ac­ their creator, the individual citizen, they INDIVIDUAL HELPLESS BEFORE BIG BUSINESS tivity; but the point is that the great made the creature as respectable and modern corporations are so big and so powerful as its creator; and, so, from Mr. O'MAHONEY. The Senator is, of overshadow the States that they en­ year to year over a long period of time, course, correct; and it is perfectly obvious danger the Federal Government itself. monopolistic combinations have f.rro­ that if we permit the continued concen­ Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will gated to themselves more and more . tration of big business, with which the the Senator yield for a question? Then power, and to a greater and greater ex­ individual cannot compete, for the indi­ I shall have to leave the floor. tent have indulged in practices by which ·vidual is helpless before an organization Mr. O'MAHONEY. I do not want the they could rob the people, even to the ·which spans the country-unless we go a Senator to leave until I answer his ques­ extent of affecting elections and govern­ step further, we shall see government tion. ment, thus becoming often more power­ growing with the same degree that busi­ Mr. SHIPSTEAD. The Senator re­ ful than the government that created ness grows. Then we will find it impos­ ferred to two governments that were in­ them. Does not the Senator think that sible to evade the final conflict between fluenced. I assume the Senator referred the courts have had a great deal to do big business and big government, which to the two great democracies of France with itlCreasing the power of such com­ is the very cause of the war in Europe. and Great Britain, which sanctioned and binations? Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will had secretly agreed to the taking of Mr. O'MAHONEY. There is abso­ the Senator permit me to make another Ethiopia. lutely no doubt about that; the Senator remark for I have to leave the floor? I Mr.- O'MAHONEY. No; I was refer­ is quite correct. When the amendment desire to express my appreciation to the ring to the Government of Italy and the to the Constitution was so interpreted Senator for the work he has been doing Government of Abyssinia. as to clothe the artificial corporate per­ and for his remarks. Having watched Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Then four govern­ son with the privileges and immunities of the trend of the monopolistic practice of ments were involved. a flesh-and-blood person, that was the industry, and later copied as a national Mr.-· o'MAHONEY. Yes; four govern­ greatest economic tragedy that ever took program for agriculture, toward the the­ ments were involved. That is quite place in this country. Let me give the ory that to produce less and less would correct. Senator an example. give us more and more, so far as industry Before the Senator leaves, I desire to Mr. LA FOLLETI'E. Mr. President, is concerned, any system of production call attention to the chart before me, does the Senator yield for a moment? based upon that theory will destroy in­ because it deals so clearly with the point Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am glad to yield dustry itself in the long run; but, before he has in mind. These black lines repre­ to the Senator from Wisconsin. it does that, the large corporations­ sent the assessed valuation, real and per­ Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Some time ago, creatures of the Government-will have sonal, of the taxable property of every during the course of this colloquy, the so much power that they will destroy the State in the Union. The red lines repre­ Senator from Minnesota asked whether creator that created them-the Govern­ sent the assets of the thirty $1,000,000,000 or not the Senator · from Wyoming ment itself. I wish again to express my corporations which were in existence in thought we would ever have an adminis­ appreciation to the Senator. 1935: The 2 laFgest of these are the tration which would have the courage to Mr. O'MAHONEY. The Senator is Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. and the enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act quite right, and I was about to call his American Telephone & Telegraph Co. .against large monopolies. I should like attention to one of the incidents which Senators will observe that each of these to say, of my own personal knowledge, first aroused my interest in bringing about corporations has assets of about $5,000,- that at this very time the Antitrust Divi­ a study of this kind, which was before I 000,000, and that there are only 10 States sion of the Department of Justice has became a Member of the Senate, as I in the Federal Union whose. taxable prop­ cases which are prepared and ready to be recall, when Mussolini was preparing for erty is greater than the assets of either submitted to grand juries, but it is un­ the invasion of Ethiopia in the old days of these corporations. On the other end able to proceed with them and to carry of appeasement. One day I picked up a of the scale, down at the bottom, we find on the trial work necessitated by other copy of the New York Times, and there, 16 or 18 States, each of which has tax­ cases that are going to trial because of on the front page, as I recall, I saw two ab1e property with an assessed valuation .the lack of sufficient appropriations stories, one of which came from Rome less than the assets of the smallest of 2704 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JYIARCH 31 these billion-dollar corporations; and I Total assessed valuation of States (1937) was to be fine or imprisonment. That could have included in the chart the compared with total assets of 30 "billion­ would be the function of the court. $500,000,000 corporations and have made dollar" corporations (1935)-Continued Billion Mr. O'MAHONEY. That is correct. this story much more effective. New Hampshire______. 58 Mr. NORRIS. The jury would simply There, I will say to the Senator from Utah------.52 find the defendant guilty or not guilty; Minnesota, is the picture which illus­ North Dakota------. 49 but is it accurate to say that the com­ trates why it is necessary for Members Mississippi ------.. 44 mittee is of tl:ie opinion that if the courts, of this body, for Governors and mayors, Arkansas------.43 in administering the Sherman law, would to come to Washington to ask for Gov­ Idaho ------. 38 send the guilty parties to jail instead of Arizona ------. 36 ernment appropriations to try to stimu­ South Carolina______. 36 fining them, it would improve the situa­ late local business. Montana------. 33 tion? Let me insert the following list in the Vermont------. 32 NEW COMMON UNDERSTANDING NEEDED RECORD to tell the story on the chart: ·Delaware______. 31 Mr. O'MAHONEY. Yes, I think it Total assessed valuation of States (1937) New Mexico ------. 29 compared with total assets of 30 "biUion­ \Vyoming______.28 would have had that effect; but my own dollar'' corporations (1935) Nevada------~ . 18 personal opinion is that the time has Billion Source: State figures from Bureau of For­ come now to reorient ourselves and to New York ______. ___ 25. 70 bring abeut a comprehension in business Pennsylvania ______12.40 eign and Domestic Commerce. Corporation figures from hearings before the Senate Judi­ and in Government and among the pub­ OhioCalifornia ------.------______8.7.80 80 ciary Committee, U.S. Senate, 75th Cong., 3d lic generally that this sort of restrictive sess., on S. 10, pt. 4, ibid., pp. 768-773. activity must come to an end. I feel that ~assachusetts------6. 30 that comprehension can be brought Michigan------6. 20 My point is, Mr. President, that unless New Jersey------6. 20 we find a way honestly and actively to about by a common understanding and Illinois ------5. 20 stimulate free private enterprise in the agreement, because the manner in which Indiana______5. 10 local divisions, we cannot possibly avoid the people of America and the business Wisconsin------4. 80 the continued growth of government. executives are now cooperating for pur­ Metropolitan Life Insurance Co__ 4. 23 Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President- poses of defense leads me to believe that Americanco______Telephone & Telegraph 3.99 Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield to the Sen­ when the picture is made clear to them, ator from Nebraska. we may expect them to cooperate to re­ MissourL------3. 80 Mr. NORRIS. The purpose of my in­ establish peace and prosperity likewise, Texas------3.20 because businessmen are coming more Iowa------3. 20 terruption. is a possible correction. The Prudential Insurance Co______3. 12 Senator has stated once or ·twice that and more to realize that there can be no Connecticut______2. 90 the Sherman antitrust law does not pro­ continued expansion of markets while Pennsylvania R. R. CO------2. 86 vide for any criminal punishment. That almost one-third of the population are Kansas------2. 70 is not my understanding of the law, living on meager W. P. A. and other relief Maryland ------·----- 2. 60 although the provision for imprisonment appropriations and are not able to buy KentuckY------2.40 the things that industry produces. Par­ . New York Central R.1R. Co______2. 35 is not very severe. Chase National Bank______2. 33 Mr. O'MAHONEY. The law does make ticularly now, when the leaders of great New York Life Insurance Co_____ 2. 22 its violation a misdemeanor. industries engaged in the manufacture of North Carolina______2. 20 Mr. NORRIS. It makes it a misde­ the products which we need for war are Nebraska ______2.10 obtaining their appropriations out of the Minnesota ______2.00 meanor, punishable by a year's imprison­ ment. same deep deficit from which theW. P. A. Standard on co______1. 89 Mr. O'MAHONEY. That is correct. fund was obtained, they must realize, as National City Bank of New York__ 1. 88 Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, if the this report says, that business is on the Guaranty Trust Co______1. 84 samP. level as the reliefer who gets his Equitable Life Assurance Co______1. 82 Senator will yield, I hav~ the law right United States Steel Corporation___ 1. 82 here in my hands. check from W. P. A. There was a great District of Columbia______1. 78 Mr. NORRIS. I have it before me. deal of complaint about an unbalanced West Virginia______1.74 Mr. LANGER. It provides for 1 year's Budget when appropriations were being Allegheny Corporation______1. 73 imprisonment and $5,000 fine. nade for the farmer alone and for W. P. A. Southern Pacific Railroad Co_____ 1. 67 Mr. O'MAHONEY. The Senator is alone, but now that millions and billions General Motors Corporation______1. 49 quite right;. but it goes against the corpo­ of dollars are being appropriated for the Tennessee------1. 47 ration, and not against the individual. purpose of expanding business and in­ ConsolidatedYork, Inc ______Edison Co. of New 1.38 Mr. LANGER. No; it goes against the dustry, there is no criticism of that kind. The Appropriations Committee of the Rhode Island ______·------1. 36 individual also. Louisiana------1. 34 Mr. NORRIS. I understood that. I Senate brought in upon the floor at the Bank of America______1. 27 interrupted only because I knew the last session an appropriation of several Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New Senator did not want to have any mis­ million doilars to build aT. V. A. dam, the OklahomaYork------______1.221.24 statement of facts in his remarl{S. Cherokee Dam, in order that public Mr. O'MAHONEY. Technically the money might be used to supply public Commonwealth. ration ______& Southern Corpo- 1.17 Senator is quite right. I have been talk­ power for the Aluminum Co. of America in defense-a very necessary and de­ Great Northern Railway Co______1. 15 ing about the realistic picture. Of course, Continental Illinois National Bank it is true that violation of the Sherman sirable thing. We have just brought in & Trust Co., Chicago______1. 14 Antitrust Act is made a misdemeanor, and an appropriation, or are about to bring Northern Pacific Railroad Co_____ 1.13 there is a punishment. The realistic in an appropriation, to expand the Associated Gas & Electric Co_____ 1. 12 fact, however, is that when defendants Bonneville project in order to provide Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co_____ 1.11 under. indictment have appeared before public power for the Reynolds Co., which City Service CO------1. 11 juries and have been accused of some of is being set up as a competitor with the Colorado------1. 10 these violations, which sometimes, it Aluminum Co. of America; but the Rey­ Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rail- road Co ______1.09 must be confessed, are rather vague, the nolds Co. could not possibly have entered that field if the R. F. C. had not loaned Washington------1. 08 juries have not found it desirable to in­ Northwestern Mutual Life Insur- voke the criminal punishment, and the it some $20,000,000 with which to do it. ance co ______1.07 Department of Justice has been thrust In other words, concentration has come Union Pacific Railroad Co______1. 07 back upon the civil penalty. I am very to such a point that private capital can­ Georgia------1. 06 glad the Senator has called attention to not enter the field. North American Co______1. 04 that matter. Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, of South Dakota-----~------1.03 Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, will the course I entirely agree with the Senator; Banker's Trust CO------1. 03 Senator further yield? but, with his permission, I should like to Alabama ------• 92 Oregon------.89 Mr. O'MAHONEY. Certainly. add that it seems to me the failure of the Maine------.66 Mr. NORRIS. Of course, the jury Sherman antitrust law to help out in this ~orida------.60 would not decide whether the punishment situation has come about to a very. great 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2705 extent from the lack of activity of the its subsidiaries the Butte Water Co., a until the growth of the national petro­ courts themselves in not administering company which supplied drinking water leum industry. jail sentences when the defendants. were to the people of Butte, and the Butte If I remember the facts correctly, a.n found guilty. Water Co. had a .charter from the State attorney general of Ohio was undertak­ .I am thinking now of a case decided of New Jersey to do business in Montana. ing to enforce the common law against a year or two ago in Madison, Wis., in A NATIONAL RULE FOR NATIONAL CORPORATIONS combinations and trusts, and a brilliant which the Government, I understand, lawyer in the East conceived a way spent somewhere in the neighborhood of The committee recommend to the around, and persuaded the State of New $250,000 or $300,000 in getting together consideration of the Senate the desir­ -Jersey to pass a new corporation charter­ the evidence and getting ready for trial. ability of establishing national rules to ing law which permitted the holding They had indicted many corporations govern the nature of these corporations, company; and it was there, in that alter­ and many individuals who were officers because the unlimited charter which is ation of our fundamental historic atti­ of corporations. The jury found some 40 granted by States like Delaware and New tude toward the corporations, that this of them guilty, and the judge sentenced Jersey gives an opportunity to bring great concentration of economic power the corporations which were found guilty about this concentration. The idea is and wealth emerged to life. each to pay a fine of $5,000, and each not mine, it is not the idea of the com­ Mr. WILEY. I appreciate the Sen­ individual to pay a fine of $1,000. It mittee. It was suggested years ago. ator's explanation; and I am sorry I was just a tap on the wrist. It was Practically every President since Cleve­ have not been present during all his merely a license which they would be land who has given any attention to this presentation, but I had to be in the Su­ glad to pay in order to continue in their problem has recommended Federal in­ preme Court to move the admission of a unholy business. The prosecution did its corporation. President Taft sent ames­ gentleman from my State. duty and the jury did its duty; it seems sage to the Congress in 1911 recommend­ . Mr. O'MAHONEY. Which is one of to me the judge fell down in his duty. ing permissive Federal incorporation. our important duties. Senator John Sharp Williams stood Mr. WILEY. Did the Senator outline Mr. O'MAHONEY. I think the Sena­ upon this :floor at the beginning of the tor is quite right. the character of the Federal statute Wilson administration and recom­ which he would put on the books? Mr. President, I have spoken much mended the Federal licensing of cor­ longer than I had intended, but Senators porations. The administration turned Mr. O'MAHONEY. I did not do that. have been so interested and have asked aside and did not adopt the idea. I As long ago as 1935 I introduced a com­ so many questions, and, of course, I have have no hesitation in saying that if that posite bill, drafted upon the basis of the been glad to respond. idea had been adopted then we never bill which had been introduced. by Sen­ Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, would have had the concentration which ator John Sharp Williams, and based will the Senator yield? is now draining the States of the Fed­ upon the bill recommended by President Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. eral Union. William Howard Taft. It contained Mr. VANDENBERG. Referring again Mr. President, I am sorry to have other provisions, intended to bring it to the amazingly interesting chart which trespassed so long upon the time of the more in harmony with present-day con­ the Senator exhibited to the Senate, I Senate, but the matter is of such im­ ditions. The bill was introduced for the inquire whether the Senator's committee portance that I have felt it desirable purpose of promoting study of this ques­ finds that these enormous corporations, to call the attention of the Members of tion an 1 of directing attention to it. My let us say typified by the Metropolitan the Senate to the report of the commit­ own personal feeling is that I do not Life Insurance Co. and the American tee and to its contents. I shall not bur­ regard myself as wise enough to know Telegraph & Telephone Co., are a hazard den the Senate longer now but I ask exactly what such a law should provide. because of their size per se, and must be unanimous consent that I may append The principle should be adopted, and dealt with on that basis alone. at the conclusion of my remarks the the least we should do is to pass a law Mr. O'MAHONEY. No, Mr. President, table of contents of the report. prohibiting to interstate corporations the committee has made no such state­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ those powers which we all know are ment, and the chairman of the committee pore. Witho'IJt objection, it is so or­ against the public interest. has repeatedly said that a big country dered. A GENERAL ECONOMIC CONFERENCE needs big business. The problem which

Clause 3 continues: the pages of history know that always of convoying ships. The citiz~ms of We are firm in the belief that an America there will be wars upon wars, and they North Carolina who have written me say which keeps at peace can, in the _long run, will come as the centuries follow. that they are afraid if we undertake the best rid the world of war and promote a just This resolution, Mr. President, is signed conveying of ships some of our ships will and lasting paace. by some 527 ladies of Greensboro, N. C. be sunk, some of our men will be drowned, Clause 3 reads: I shall not ask that the names be printed some of their blood will be spilled, and_, as in the RECORD, but I shall hand the reso­ a result of the propaganda that is sweep­ We heartily endorse our Government's lution to the clerk and retain the names ing the country and the hysteria we find preparedness for defense. in my files. evarywhere, that our country will be im­ We all do. Mr. President, the people of North Car­ mediately swept into war. They natu­ Clause 4 reads: olina havz become extremely interested rally have a perfect right and every We heartily approve of aid to Britain, but in their country. Before I turn to that reason to be exercised about the matter, we do not want to see our own defense~ point, however, they make mention of because I likewise am of the opinion that weakened thereby. provisions in the Democratic and Repub­ if, unfortunately, we should undertake We all, I am sure, share the same lican platforms. I have marked a por­ the convoying of ships it would lead to thought. tion of page 384 of the booklet entitled physical combat. If we convoy those The fifth clause of the resolution reads: "Platforms of the Two Great Political ships, and if, in protecting the merchant Parties, 1932 to 1940," and I respectfully marine by our battleships, our cruisers, We think the time has come for the United States to take the lead in formulating her invite attention to that page. Instead of our destroyers, and our planes, we should ideals of what would constitute a just and reading it, I merely ask that the portion shoot down some German bombers or lasting peace. We urge our legislators to con­ of the Democratic platform pertaining to should sink some German submarines or sider this matter immediately. our foreign policy and not sending troops battleships or cruisers 01; destroyers, Ger­ abroad to participate in anybody else's man blood would !Je ·spilled, and the I have great respect for these patriotic wars may be incorpora ted in the RECORD probabilities are that Germany would ladies of Greensboro, and I thank them as a part of my remarks at this juncture, declare war upon the United States. If for that suggestion. I apologize for say­ and that from page 399 an extract from that should happen it would not be n€ces• ing to them now that we cannot give im­ the Republican platform relative to the sary for the United States to declare war mediate consideration to the matter of particular subject may likewise be printed upon Germany, because our acts would peace, for the re~on that we have said to in the RECORD. have been perhaps the necessary pro­ the world we shall go "all out," that we The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. EL­ cedure for bringing about a state of war will fight to the bitter end, until there has LENDER in the chair). Without objection, under H. R. 1776. been a restoration of the rights of nations the matter referred to will be printed Mr. President, I hope nothing of that in continental eastern Europe. So we in the RECORD. sort will take place. I have read many shall say to these ladies of Greensboro, The matter referred to is as follows: articles recently in regard to convoying whose petition and resolution we appre­ ships; and I was told today by some of ciate, that we cannot give consideration (From the Democratic platform, 1941] The American people are determined that my colleagues of a very interesting dis­ to peace, according to what we have said, war, raging in Europe, Asia, and Africa, shall cussion which took place over the air until France shall have been restored to not come to America. waves of America last night in one of her feet, until Belgium and Holland and We will not participate in foreign wars. the debates at the Willard Hotel over a Luxembourg likewise shall have been re­ and we will not send our Army, naval or fo .... um that is conducted there from week stored; until Austria and Czechoslovakia, air forces to fight in foreign lands outside of to week. and, as a mater of fact, until Rumania the Americas, except in case of attack. We favor and shall rigorously enforce and de­ I see in an article before me something and Bulgaria and perhaps Yugoslavia that is quite startling. It is not only in shall have been returned to the millions fend the Monroe Doctrine. The direction and aim or' our foreign pol­ reference to convoying ships, but it is in of people of those distressed and unfor­ reference to our actually having sent a tunate countries. I might add there can­ icy has been, and will continue to be, the security and defense of our own land and propagandist to London aboard a bomber. not be consideration of peace, in view of the maintenance of its peace. The article, which I clipped today out of the words which we have held out to the the New York Daily Mirror, is entitled: world, until there shall have been re­ stored to one-half the people of Poland (From the Republican platform, 1941] United States must get ships to Britain, their territory taken by the aggressor, The Republican Party is firmly opposed to McCrary says. Hitler. There cannot be, according to involving this Nation in foreign war. There is a picture here of Mr. McCrary; the things that have been said, any con­ Mr. REYNOLDS. Mr. President, the and right under the picture it says: sideration of peace until Stalin himself people of North Carolina have become We must guarantee delivery. shall have been taken to task and the peo­ distressed and anxious about this matter The article reads: ple of the half of Poland which he con­ within the past few days because they trols shall have been returned to freedom; J. Reagan McCrary, chief editorial writer of have read, according to communications the Mirror, was heard here yesterday in a .until there shall have been returned to I have had in the form of letters, that a broadcast from London. the people of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, British ship or British ships were on the ·their Governments; likewise until there way to Norfolk, Va., to be repaired. Mr. McCrary is in London. shall have been returned to Finland the That matter was discussed when we had He was introduced by Edward B. Murrow, portion of her territory of which she was under consideration the lend-lease bill. Columbia Broadcasting System's chief corre­ despoiled; and, finally, we shall have to The people are disturbed that there spondent aboard, and his words were rebroad­ say that Stalin must return Bessarabia to cast here by Columbia. might be some danger in American His talk follows: the people of Rumania after Hitler has waters if British ships are to be or are "A bomber made in California brought me . been eliminated from the body of Ru­ now being repaired in American harbors. across the Atlantic to Brltain." mania itself. So, as to that, we have to They have become more disturbed since say "wait until Great Britain shall have having read that we have recently When I finish reading the article, you reconquered the world and likewise has seized a number of ships which belong can very easily acertain the fact that this kicked Stalin loose from the two-thirds to foreign nations and which are in our gentleman is certainly a propagandist; of China which is now under communistic harbors, particularly since protests are and the thing that surprised me was that rule. to be made by foreign governments he, a propagandist, was taken to England The sixth clause of the resolution whose property was or is about to be on an American ·bomber. reads: confiscated, but, according to the press, He continues: Resolved, That we pray and meditate each it was seized only for the purpose of I was going back to America on a freighter day for higher spiritual guidance to direct us making preservation of the ships, them­ in a convoy, but I lost my nerve. in a just and lasting peace. ·selves, and the machinery thereof. If he had wanted to get back to Amer­ We all hope that peace will come and They have become more thoroughly ica on a freighter or a passenger ship, if that it may be a just and lasting peace, distressed on account of all they have he was an American, he could not have but we who have given some attention to heard recently pertaining to the subject gotten back, because all our freighters LXXXVII--172 2716 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 and all our passenger ships are :filled to opportunity publicly to congratulate 2. A tendency to hold or advance strong the brim with refugees, aliens, nonciti­ those ladies of my Commonwealth for personal opinions only upon subjects on which one is relatively well informed. zens of the United States, while American their interest in keeping America out of 3. A critical ability to differentiate, at least citizens, mothers and their children, are war and thereby keeping their sons from in a general way, between propaganda and left in various foreign ports. dying on foreign battlefields. verifiable fact. I hope to be provided the opportunity Mr. President, I desire to bring just 4. A willingness to cooperate and compro­ of speaking tomorrow for the purpose of one more thing to the attention of the mise on one's dealings with other people. bringing to the attention of the Members Senate. I know that all of us want to 5. Recognition of the importance of hav­ of this body some of the things which keep our country out of war. None of us ing a sense of humor. have been occurring about leaving Amer­ want American sons to die abroad and be ican citizens on shore while refugees, non­ returned to their poor, distressed, un­ HUTCHINS SAYS WAR "SUICIDE" FOR AMERICA citizens, aliens have the ships to them­ happy mothers in little pine boxes around CHICAGO, March 31.-The United States still selves, and Americans cannot get aboard. which are wrapped American flags. None has a chance to remain at peace, President The battle of the Atlantic is on. Remember of us ever want to witness agai:::l the scene Robert Hutchins, of Chicago University, said that in World War No. 1 Britain had help from of American mothers standing by the side yesterday in a chapel address. Japan in the Pacific, from France and Italy of graves prepared for the remains of He referred to war for this country as "na­ in the Mediterranean, and from America in their sons-graves to keep the bodies of tional suicide" and "a counsel of despair.'' the Atlantic. And remember, also, that last boys who died in Europe. I desire to The United States, he said, has a task to time Germany had no long-range bombers · have printed in the RECORD at this point work out, "a new order in America, not, like out over the Atlantic. Hitler's, based on slavery and degradation, but an article which I clipped from the based on the premise that society exists to Says Mr. McCrary: Washington Daily News of today in re­ promote the happiness of its members and But this time there are both bombers and gard to a survey which was recently made that happiness consists in the development surface raiding cruisers loose in the Atlantic. by the magazine Fortune as to the num­ of the highest powers of men." The R. A. F.'s, those gritty boys in blue, ber of persons who are against our send­ "The war to which humanity calls America have beaten Hitler's Luftwaffe in the Battle ing men to Europe to fight again in the is the war against poverty, disease, ignorance, of Britain. I know. I've been safe on this war over there, which action is being pro­ and injustice," Mr. Hutchins said. island fortress for 60 days. He pictured America's fate, after a long war tested by .these ladies of Greensboro, as "millions unemployed," "an enormo~ Hitler's bombers haven't been able to knock N.C. debt," "no middle class," and "maintenance out the docks in the Battle of Britain. But The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ of order by a government scarcely distinguish­ the Battle of the Atlantic is quite a different able from those which we went forth to fight." story. It is true that the R. A. F. has kept out objection, the article will be printed Hitler from crossing the channel, but it is in the RECORD. Mr. REYNOLDS. Mr. President, I also also true that Hitler may keep American aid The article is as follows: ask unanimous consent to have printed to Britain from crossing the Atlantic. POLL SHOWS UNITED STATES AGAINST AN A. E. F. in the RECORD at this point a letter ad­ Americans must know the whole grim truth NEw YoRK, March 31.-Fortune magazine about the Battle of the Atlantic, they must dressed to me under date of March 28 announced today that its latest survey of 1941, know- public opinion indicated 6 percent of the by Mrs. Cecil Norton Bray, Presi~ Americ.an people believe "the chances are dent of "Americans United," and Chair­ Says this gentleman with authority, 50-50 or better" the United States eventually man of the Women's Mediation Commit­ who himself evidently has been the sub­ will send a naval and an air force to Europe. tee, together with an open letter to the ject of a good deal of propaganda. Only about one-third of the people favor President, and a copy of House Concur­ They must know how much of their aid sending an .expeditionary force to Europe, the rent Resolution 20 of the present Con- to Britain is being bombed and shelled and poll indicated. gress. .. torpedoed before it gets to Britain to help "By parts of the country it is the· west There being no objection, the matters beat Hitler. North Central S~ates that are most opposed referred to were ordered to be printed in Britain's shipping losses during the next to war, with two-thirds opposing the use of 12 months may a.verage 100,000 tons a week ships and planes, and three-quarters against the RECORD, as follows: at the present rate. Britain must be prepared using any army," Fortune said. AMERICANS UNITED, INC., to lose 5,000,000 tons of shipping in the The survey showed the Southern and West­ Washington, D. C., March 28, 1941. ominous year ahead. But Britain cannot ern States have the highest expectancy of Han. ROBERT RICE REYNOLDS, build and repair ships at half the rate of loss. war. United States Senate, Washington, D. C. The American people- MY DEAR SENATOR REYNOLDS: We women Mr. REYNOLDS. I also ask to have are deeply concerned over an article appear­ Says this gentleman­ printed in the RECORD at this point an ing in the Times-Herald of Washington, must decide now. article entitled "History Shows More D. C., under the date of March 27. The head­ War Than Peace," and an article entitled ing of the article is, "Donovan calls for con­ Decide what? Decide upon the ques­ "Hutchins Says War 'Suicide' for Amer­ voys." Col. William J. Donovan, the· ad­ tion of convoys. ica," both of which appeared in the ministration's unofficial observer in Europe, Says he: Washington Daily News of today. states in this article that the United States The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without has no choice as to whether or not we will The American people must decide now­ be attacked. He states that the United and I speak as an ex-isolationist-that it is objection, the articles will be printed in States has done two things in passing the not enough for us to produce guns and food the RECORD. war-aid program which could be considered and bombers for Britain. We must guaran­ The articles are as follows: acts of war. Colonel Donovan states them tee delivery; we must guarantee victory for HISTORY SHOWS MORE WAR THAN PEACE as follows in his release to the public press: this island airdrome in the battle of the "One is to authorize the building of fight­ Atlantic. There are ways to .help-ways safe­ ScHENECTADY, N. Y.-Prof. Walter C. Lang­ sam, of Union College, checked hist ory from ing ships to be delivered to England. The ly short of sending our conscript Army of other is the provision for the refitting and young Americans into this bloody struggle. 1496 B. C. to A D. 1861 and found that of 3,357 years the civilized world enjoyed gen­ repair of British ships in our yards." But he does not say that there are eral peace for only 227 of them-but there Colonel Donovan goes on to make the fol­ ways short of sending our seamen into a "There is suffi.cient evidence of general lowing statement in the same article which watery grave. progress during the past 2,000 years in man's I enclose herewith: relations with man to encourage me to take "Germany has ignored those acts, as she There are, for instance, half a million tons an optimistic view of the future," he said. has many others the past year and a half. of. foreign shipping idle in American ports. "As I have pursued my studies; one thing But we must not delude ourselves into Those ships can be wangled into the battle has become ever clearer to me, namely, that thinking that she hasn't stored it up against of the Atlantic on the side of Britain. There the history of the future may well have much us. We'll have to pay for it." are 1,000,000 tons of American shipping on less of the grim to record if only more per­ Now, we women ask why have these things coastal trade that could be safely diverted sons within each country would learn to ac­ been done when we women, mothers of into Britain's life lines in the Pacific and quire, early in life, certain simple habits­ American men, do not want war. And fur· South Atlantic, feeding arms and supplies only a half-dozen elementary and funda­ thermore many of the young men of draft to different ports. mental and, therefore, highly important at­ age do not think it is our war and do not titudes to govern their relations with their want this country to get into the fighting. I read that article merely because it is fellow men." One of the recent Gallup polls showed that in line with some of the paragraphs of They are: the great big majority of the people of the the resolution passed by 527 ladies of 1. Tolerance for the views and conditions United States are against our fighting in this Greensboro, N. C. I desire to take this of others. war. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE 2717 I am the president of an organization of in this second World War if we entered. But Whereas, with war engulfing a large portion women belonging to both political parties. we women do not think that it is our war. of the globe and threatening to draw other We are incorporated under the laws of the nations into its vortex, there is a real oppor­ District of Columbia. · This organization A close study of· the New Testament shows tunity for the United States to demonstrate called Americans United is nonprofit and that Jesus did not advocate fighting. He its sincerity as a good neighbor by assuming nonpartisan. preached a religion of love. As Christians the role of a peacemaker; and On Saturday, February 8, 1941, I, as presi­ who feel sorry for the suffering people of all Whereas there is a possibility, faint though dent of Americans United, was· invited to nations and creeds we should send food, it may be, that the New World, under the testify before the Foreign Relations Commit­ clothes, and materials for the rebuilding of leadership of the United States might bt: the tee of the Senate in its hearings on the lend­ homes and cities where it is needed and re­ means of freeing the Old World from the lease bill. On that day I presented the nego­ quested. But it does not seem right to me to miseries of war and reestablishing peace and tiated-peace plan of Americans United. It is send equipment which prolongs this terrible tranquility on earth: Therefore be it constructive. It is practical. I attach a copy holocaust. I, as one Christian, say it is Resolved by the House of Representatives hereto. pm;itively heartless. There should be a (the Senate concurring), That it is the sense The women leaders who came to Washing­ negotiated peace now. of the Congress of the United States that ton to fight the lend-lease bill organiz€d th:e I, a southern-born woman, desire at this the Pres!dent shall be requested to invite the Women's Mediation Committee here in Wash­ time to commend you, a southern Senator, American republics to send delegates to a ington the day after the lend-lease bill for the gallant fight which you made against conference to be held at the earliest prac­ passed. They elected me the chairman of the lend-lease bill. ticable date in the city of Washington to this committee. The organizations associated I happen to be the daughter of a primitive offer to the nations now at war the services together in this committee have a member.. Baptist preacher. In my girlhood, my father of the Western Hemisphere as a mediator, to ship of about 100,000 women from all parts took me with him when he went on preaching the end that the blessings of peace may be of the country. The activities of these women tours in your great State. Recently, some of brought to a distraught world. are known to millions of American women. the children of my father's intimate North SEc. 2. This ccncurrent resolution shall be The women went back to their respective Carolina friends have been in communication known as the Peace Resolution of 1941. home States to work for the passage of the with me. I have told them how grateful the. DEFICIENCY AND SUPPLEMENTAL AP­ peace resolution of 1941. It is House Concur­ women of the country are to you for your PROPRIATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE rent Resolution 20, introduced in the House of stand on the lend-lease b~ll. I am looking Representatives by the Honorable Loms LUD­ forward with great pleasure to a visit to The Senate resumed the consideration LOW, of Indiana, on February 27, 1941. The North Carolina in the near future. of the bill (H. R. 4124), making defi­ resolution provides that the President shall Assuring you again of the very high regard ciency and supplemental appropriations be requested to invite the American republics in which women throughout our country for the national defense for the fiscal to send delegates to a conference to be held hold you. because of your courageous and at the earliest practicable date in the c!ty of year ending June 30, 1941, and for other patriotic stand against the lend-lease bill, purposes. Washington to offer to the nations now at H. R. 1776, I am, in deepest patriotic sin­ war the services of the Western Hemisphere cerity, Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. Mr. Presi­ as a mediator, to the end that the blessings Most cordially yours, dent, it is not my purpose to take much of peace may be brought to a distraught (Mrs.) CECIL NORTON ~ROY, time at this late hour in a discussion world. I enclose a copy herewith. The President, Americans United, and of the problem we have been consider­ women ask that you use your good influences Chairman, Women's Mediation Committee. to get this resolution out of the Foreign tog. I should like to inquire what the Affairs Committee of the House, and that question now before the Senate is. you give this resolution as much publicity as MARCH 14, 1941. The PRESIDING . OFFICER. The possible, so that patriotic and alert citizens AN OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT question is on agreeing to the amend­ may do all in their power in requesting Rep­ DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: You have repeatedly ment at the bottom of page 5 of the resentative SoL BLOOM, chairman of the For­ pending bill. eign Affairs Committee of the House, and asked for unity in our country. We there­ other Representatives on his committee to get fore send for your information a copy of a Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. I should like letter addressed to Members of Congress, be­ to have the amendment read. this important resolution out of committee cause this letter is a concrete example of and onto the floor of the House of Repre­ unity. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The sentatives. You will see by the signatures on the ·letter clerk will state the amendment. Before the women left Washington City whicn we transmit herewith that the women The LEGISLATIVE CLERit. On page 5, for their home States some of the national of the United States of America have joined the committee proposes to strike out be­ officers with power to act signed and delivered forces and are coordinating their activities an open letter to the Members of .the United ginning with line 23, the following pro­ to keep out of war. We women actually rep­ viso: "Provided, That no part of this or States Senate and House of Representatives. resent over 50 percent of the total national Mrs. Rosa M. Farber, acting national chair­ vote-49,000,000 cast for you and Mr. Will­ any other appropriation contained in man of Mothers of the United States of ki~less those whom Senator HATTIE CARA­ this Act shall be available for the pro­ America, and I took a copy to the White WAY claims she speaks for. curement of any article of food or cloth­ House for the President's information. I We state this with assurance because we ing not grown or produced in the enclose a copy of this letter to the Congress, know why people voted for both major-party United States or its possessions, except together with a copy of our letter of trans­ candidates. Mr. President, the vote was not articles of food or clothing not so grown mittal. an endorsement of the foreign policy. On The officers of these national women's or­ the contrary, of all the campaign oratory, or produced or which cannot be procured ganizations who sent the letter to the Con­ one promise, very close to the hearts of our in sufficient quantities as and when gress respectfully request that you have the people, stood out clearly and was accepted needed and except procurements by ves­ letter to Congress published in the CoNGRES­ literally. This promise was as follows: sels in foreign waters and by establish­ SIONAL RECORD. I respectfully ask that you "Your boys are not going to be sent into ments located outside the continental also include our open letter to the President, any foreign wars." United States, except the Territories of since it contains the following promise made Mr. President, that was the mandate !rom Hawaii and Alaska, for the personnel at­ to the American people by the President the people. during the campaign, which is as follows: Sincerely and cordially yours, tached thereto." "Your boys are not going to be sent into any AMERICANS UNITED, INC. Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. Mr. Presi­ foreign wars." The information that I am MOTHERS OF THE UNITED STATES dent, one of the last acts of a previous receiving from women in the different sec­ OF AMERICA, administration, on March 3, 1933, was tions of the country is to the effect that the By RosA M. FARBER, the adoption of an amendment, which women intend to hold the President to his Acting National Chairman. promise. I think I will read at this time so that It seems a great pity that during this crisis Hon. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, the Senate may get the full purport of in the life of our Nation, there is no woman The White House, Washington, D. c. it. It provided: student of international affairs in a policy­ Notwithstanding any other provision of making position in the Department of State, law, and unless the head of the department or as an advisor to the President. We women House Concurrent Resolution 20 or independent establishment concerned shall feel that. if the woman's viewpoint could be Whereas it is the overwhelming desire of determine it to be inconsistent with the pub­ heard in the high executi"e circles of our the American people that the United States lic interest, or the cost to be unreasonable. Government at this time, there would not be shall remain at peace with the world and only such manufactured articles, materials, such a great danger of our. getting into the free from foreign entanglements, while it and supplies as have been mined or pro­ fighting. The women of the United States faithfully performs its duties as a good duced in the United States and only such do not want war. neighbor; and manufactured articles, material, and sup­ \Ve are at present unprepared to wage a Whereas, if the world ever needed a peace­ plies as have been manufactured in the victorious war, and would have but few allies maker, it ~eeds one now; and United States substantially all trom articles, 2718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 materials • • • shall be acquired for do not believe we should send our defense figures are available, was $5,635,000,000, public use. This section shall not apply dollars, which must be raised by taxes, to or 8.1 percent of the total national in­ to articles, etc. • • • for use outside foreign markets until American farmers come for that year. In other words, 25 the United States. and producers have had a chance to sup­ percent of the population was receiving In this connection I may say that ply our needs. only about 8 percent of the national in­ I think that has been the policy of I should like to call the attention of come. The same Government source re­ the Government since the time of the the Senate to the many articles produced veals that national income in 1939 had adoption of that language until just re­ by our farmers which would be affected recovered to 83.7 percent of the 1929 cently. In my opinion, it is a reason­ by this provision. Not only are beef pro­ total. Farm income was only 77.6 per­ able policy, and the House provision, ducers affected; also those who produce cent of the 1929 total. This was in spite which the amendment now pending mutton, pork, and poultry are concerned. of the fact that in 1929 business and in­ would strike out, is a reenforcement of Under the general classification of foods dustry were in the midst of boom times, that policy. are such items as potatoes, beans, wheat, while the farmer, even then, was in a I am assured by the proponents of vegetables, ·fruits, cereals, sugar, flour, depression. the bill that they have no desire to lard, butter, cheese, dairy products, and Translate these :figures into terms of change the present law, which we call other commodities which are produced the farmers' standard of living, and we the "buy-American" law. What causes in abundance in our own Nation. find that the situation at present is sim­ the question to be raised at this time Under the classification of clothing are ply intolerable. If we are to yield now to is the fact that recently one of the de­ wool and cotton materials, thus making the advice of those who say we must partments of the Government has seen the pending proposal of great importance abandon the farmer, Mr. President, if fit to go to South America to buy some to all sections of the United States. we give in to those who tell us ·we must Argentine meat, and only this week a With our present supply of wool, the stop the pitiful relief we have been giving contract has been let for a large quan­ huge surpluses of cotton, and all kinds of him, we shall be betraying our own tity of wool for the Government, and foodstuffs in this country, it seems utterly people. nearly 50 percent of it has been awarded foolish to go elsewhere to purchase these Figures show that in addition to the to foreign wool. Those are the reasons materials. abundance of domestic wool that will why we from the farm States are so I am reliably informed, Mr. President, soon be available, our stocks of livestock much interested in clarifying and reen­ that commeno!ng with June 1941 there on the farms and western ranges are at forcing, if possible, the Buy-American will be a sufficient quantity of domestic a high level. I think that at only one policy to which I have referred. wool available to supply all our demands. time in history have we had more cattle Mr. President, I have discussed the The wool growers of my State have op­ in the country than we have today. The matter of purchases by the Army under erated for many years on a very slim number of beef cattle has increased from the provisions of this act with General margin of profit-if they did not suffer 66,789,000, in 1939, to 71,666,000 at pres­ Corbin and the officers who are associated actual losses . . I believe it is their right ent. The number of sheep now totals with him. I hope nothing I say will be to have the first chance to fill the Gov­ 55,880,000, as compared with 53,783,000 taken as critical of the manner in which ernment's orders for blankets and cloth­ in 1939. In view of these increases, I they are conducting their job. I know ing. cannot see any logic in the Government that these men have a very difficult task, I may say, digressing from my prepared going abroad for purchases of beef and and I appreciate that they are merely statement, that that has been the policy mutton. following a purchasing policy which is of the Government from the year 1933 laid down for them. I do believe, how­ to November 6 last, on which date it ap­ If it were not for the defense program, ever, that it is highly important that Con­ peared to the Quartermaster General the present situation would not be so gress give this matter its most careful that he might be short of some grades of favorable. Without the tremendous consideration, to the end that a policy wool. The matter was taken up with the amount of purchases being made for de­ consistent with the welfare of our Nation secretary of the National Wool Growers' fense, the market for both beef and mut­ may be adopted. , Association. He was told that the De­ ton would be in a -depressed condition. I wish to call attention, Mr. President, . partment desired to include in its bids a With such an ample supply of cattle to the language of the provision now · bid for some foreign wool; and that was in this country, it would be a serious included in the bill. It specifies "that . done without objection. mistake to adopt a policy that would en­ no part of this or any other appropriation This appropriation contains large courage the purchase of Argentine contained in this act shall be available for sums for the purchase of wool, and there canned meats. As I understand, the the procurement of any article of food or is plenty of wool in this country. Our packers have perfected a process for can­ clothing not grown or produced in the wool is just now being sheared. But we ning choice cuts of meat for the Army United States, except articles or food not · find that the Government agencies refuse and Navy needs. This process can be produced in sufficient quantities" to sup­ : to limit their bids to domestic wool, but utilized in this country. We need not go to South America to make use of it. ply the demand. I wish to call the atten­ 1 include both foreign and domestic wools. tion of the Senate to the broad scope of This is depressing wool pri.ces right at Mr. President, the only argument that language. It means all articles of : shearing time, when the producers are which has .been given to me for voting food and clothing. · selling, for the committee amendment is that The provision is of extreme importance ' The condition of the American farmer beef can be canned in Argentina much to the farmers of this Nation, who pro­ has been so desperate for more than a cheaper than in our own country. That duce the mass of the raw materials which decade that we have tried to devise ways argument can be applied to any farm will be needed. and means of helping him, even to the product produced in South America, be­ I can see no logical or justified reason , extent of granting him Government sub­ cause, with the cheaper labor and lower why the Government should, in buying sidies. Now, for the first time during that standards of living, almost all farm com­ materials and supplies for its military period, we have a situation that will as­ modities can be produced there at less forces, go outside the boundaries of the sist the farmer to regain his financial cost. Nation for articles, either food or cloth­ feet. There is a way in which these sur­ Let us consider the Government's policy ing, so long as there is an abundance pro­ pluses of farm products which have been on wool purchases since 1933. Up to duced and available in the United States. accumulating may be put to beneficial November 6, 1940, the War Department Farmers of our Nation have not been use. Our Government needs these ma­ bought wool of domestic origin only, in prosperous for many years, Mr. President. terials for immediate consumption. accordance with the terms of the "Buy Even Government subsidies in the form Could anything be more fitting, or more American" Act. Since November 6, 1940, of parity payments have failed to bring right, than for the Government to go to however, the Department has been ask­ farm incomes to a basis of economic its own citizens for these articles rather ing for bids on both foreign and domestic equality. Our raw-materials markets are than securing them from foreign wool, or mixtures of the two. On March admittedly cluttered with surpluses. sources? . 5, 1941, representatives of the growers Under these conditions it is, in my opin­ According to figures from the Bureau were informed that it was not the inten­ ion, the obligation of the Government to of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, the tion of the Quartermaster to restore the buy at home as long as there are sufficient income of the 32,000,000 farmers in this rule requiring all domestic wool in future stocks of domestically produced goods. I country for 1939, the last year for which contracts. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2719 . The wool growers of America feel that growers into conference to discuss reports · wool. The American grower was deprived of when they have an ample supply of wool that had been received by the Commission to the opportunity to furnish, at a fair price, they should be entitled to the opportunity the effect that there was an insufficient sup­ any considerable amount of wool to be used of supplying the Government's demand. ply of some grades of domestic wool available in the manufacture of uniform cloth. for the contracts which it was intended to PARITY WOOL PRICES That is the object of the provision now make for woolen goods in December. The under consideration, as far as wool is con­ spokesmen for the growers agreed with the The parity prices as now published re­ cerned. It would require the use of do­ specting wool by the Department of Agricul­ situation, and while they did not approve ture have no value. The reason is that the mestic wool in Government contracts only the suspension of the former rule, thev did base period employed for wool is the same so long as the supply of the necessary state they would make no complaint or ob­ as for other agricultural commodities, grades of domestic wool was readily jection so long as the situation continued in namely 1909 to 1914. This was one of the available. . which the available supplies of domestic wool lowest periods of wool prices on record, and I believe the "Buy American" policy were insufficient for Army requirements. largely because of the fact that during that was a good policy in 1933, and I believe it On November 6 the Defense Commission period the agitation for free wool was rife, issued a statement saying that it would not and, subsequently, wool was put on the free is an equally good one today. The finan­ be permissible for woolen manufacturers to list. cial condition of the American farmer is bid on fabrics to be composed of all foreign The Department of Agriculture recognizes still serious. Our producers are just as wool, all domestic wool, or mixtures of the that the customary base period is not fairly essentially in need of assistance now as two. applicable to wool. Officials of the Depart­ they were in 1933. They need the added Under that arrangement large contracts ment of Agriculture Adjustment Administra­ protection given to them by the provision were let in December. Additional contracts t ion have signified their intention of spon­ which the committee is seeking to strike representing the equivalent of 90,000,000 soring an amendment to the Agricultural pounds of grease wool have been made or Adjustment Act of 1938, under which the out. are being made in the present month. base period for wool would be changed from The present international emergency In consultation with officials of the Quar­ 1919 to 1929. has not mitigated the emergency at home. termaster Corps on March 5, representatives On this basis the present parity price of On the contrary, it has intensified it. I of the growers were informed that it was not wool would be about 37 cents. do not believe it is wise for our Govern­ the intention of the Quartermaster to re­ COMPARISON OF BIDS AND .AWARDS FOR FOREIGN ment to become so absorbed in interna­ store the rule requiring all domestic wool in future contracts when ample supplies of all AND DOMESTIC WOOL BY THE ARMY tional affairs as to forget the emergencies grades of wool (domestic) would be avail­ On the awards for dark-shade serge, the wh:ch exist at home. So long as Ameri­ able. average price for all domestic wool was can producers can supply our needs they The provision under consideration by $2.87604. On all foreign wool the average should be given the preference. your committee would require the use of price was $2.83423. On the combination of Mr. President, I very much hope that domestic wool in Government contracts only foreign and domestic wool the average was the committee amendment to strike out so long as the supply of the necessary grades $2.8185, and on a blend of foreign and do­ this protection of the American farmer of domestic wool is readily available. The mestic wool $2.84255. will be defeated. As I have already stated, invitations for bids of woolen materials sent In the case of dark-shade serge, the all­ to prospective bidders stated that some dif­ domestic wool was 112 percent higher than it has been the policy to give the domestic ferential in favor of domestic wool would the all foreign. The combination was lower producers of wool the market so far as it be allowed. However, the amount of such than the all foreign, and the blend one-third could be supplied, and all we are asking differential has never been disclosed except of 1 percent higher than the foreign. is that that policy be continued. But the to the extent that may be done from ex­ On the light-shade serge, the award for Quartermaster General has given the in­ amination of previous awards. all domestic wool was $2.88418 on the aver­ formation to the secretary of the National A differential for domestic wool was sup­ age, for. all-foreign wool $2.82241, on the posed to be allowed in contracts made last combination of foreign and domestic wool Wool Growers' Association and others $2.86340, and on a blend of foreign and do­ who have called upon him that they ex­ week for the purchase of 2,0QO,OOO blankets. Bidders who were propcising to use all do.: mestic wool $2.8540. pect to continue the same policy of divid­ mestic wool received contracts for 405,000 On the light-shade serge made from all ing the bids. The provision merely blankets. Bidders proposing to use all for­ domestic wool the price was 2 2-10 percent directs the Army officials that they .must eign wool · received contracts on 220,000 htgher than that made from all foreign. "buy American"; that is all we are asking. blankets. The remainder of the awards That made from the combination was 112 Mr. President, before I conclude I ask went to concerns bidding on mixtures of percent higher than the all foreign, and that foreign and domestic wool. The average made of a blend of foreign and domestic was that there be printed at this place in the 11-10 percent higher tharr the all fo~eign; RECORD a statement in support of our pro­ price of blankets to be made from domestic wool was $6.51, and for blankets to be made On the light-shade elastique the averagE:) posal which has been prepared by the of all foreign wool, the price was $6.29. The bid on all domestic wool was $3.05562. No Secretary of the National w ·ool Growers' proportion of these blankets going to domes­ awards were made to the all-domestic wool Association. tic wool users was gratifying. However, it is bidders, but awards were made on all-foreign I also have another memorandum on possible and more than probable that more wool at an average of $3.03866, and on a combination of foreign and domestic wool parity wool prices which I should like to extensive bids would have been submitted for $3.0630. · · · · . · on the basis of domestic wool if it had been have printed in the RECORD at this point. In this case the bids on the all-domestic I also have a memorandum furnished possible .for the bidders to know the amount of the differential that the Quartermaster wool was 12 of 1 percent higher than the me of comparison of bids and awards for would have approved in favor of domestic bids on the all-foreign wool, and· the com~ foreign and domestic wool by the Army, wool. bination of foreign. and domestic wool was ~hich I wish to have printed in the 8-10 of 1 percent higher thari the all-foreign The average of awards made on domestic wool. · . RECORD. wool blankets was $6.51 each and on foreign On the shirting flannel, the average bid . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is. there wool $6.29-a dierence of 22 cents. per on all-domestic wool was $1..80817. No award objection to the request of the Senator blanket or 4.4 cents per pound pf scoured made on the all-Clom·estic b"ids. A large award from Idaho? wool. was made on all-foreign wool at $1.77414, and . There being no objection, the matters . On March 17, bids were opened on 4,900,000 on a combination of foreign and domestic were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, yards of 18-ounce dark serge, 5,000,000 yards wool at $1.83010, and on a blend of foreign of light serge, and 10,200,000 yarGs of flannel and domestic wool at $1.8340. as follows: shirting weighing 1012 ounces per yard. In this case, the offer on the · all-domestic STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF -PROPOSAL TO IN­ Again the bidding mills were not informed wool was 2 percent higher than the award CLUDE "FOOD AND CLOTHING" IN .PROVISION as to the amount of the price differential on the all-foreign. The award on the com­ OF H. R .. 4124, REQUIRING THE QUARTER• that would be recognized on cloth to be bination of domestic and foreign wool was MASTER CORPS TO PURCHASE MATERIALS OF. made from domestic wool. Here, the ex­ 3 Y:J percent higher than the all-fore.ign DOMESTIC -ORIGIN tent of bidding on all domestic wool was wool, and the award on the blend of for­ Respecting the purchases of wool for the much less than in the case of blankets. eign and domestic wool was 3 Y:J percent Army, the situation 1s briefly as follows: Some firms bid as low on all domestic wool higher than the all-foreign wool. During the calendar year 1940 the War as others did on all foreign wool. The bids These awards required 9,717,357 pounds Department purchased wool materials repre­ on domestic wool were from 16 cents to 20 of domestic wool and 12,118,364 pounds . of senting the equivalent of 248,000,000 pounds cents per yard more than on all foreign foreign wool. All of these are, of course, in of grease wooL Until November ·a. it was re­ wool. At the outside, the difference for the clean weights. Converted to a grease basis, quired in accordance with the terms of the small amount of domestic wool bid on was this would mean somewhere between 65 Buy American Act of 1933 that all wool 12 cents per scoured pound. We know and 75 million pounds of wool. entering into Army purchases should be of nothing as yet about the awards. Figuring another way on the dark-shade domestic origin. · Plainly, the inab111ty of the mills to know serge, the difference between _the all-foreign Late in October officials of the Defense the amount of differential for domestic wool and the all-domestic was 0.04181 cents. Commission called representatives of the caused them to )lid cheaply upon foreign · That is, the all-domestic wool was that 2720 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 much higher than the foreign wool per On light-shade elastic, that manu ac­ Mr. President, I realize that we are yard. Using the Army's figure of 1.4 pounds tured from all-domestic wool was 0.01696 living in a period when the Executive of clean wool per yard of 18-ounce serge, cents per yard higher than goods manu­ this difference amounts to 3 cents per pound factured from all-foreign wool. Using the branch of the Government may con­ of clean wool. 1.4 pound of clean wool to make a yard of sider many extrrnal factors which may On the light-shade serge, the difference 18-ounce elastic, we find that the domestic affect our domestic economy, but I agree between the domestic and the foreign was wool was 0.012 per pound higher. with the distinguished Senator from 0.06177 cents per yard higher than on the On the shirting flannel, the price of all­ Idaho, who just spoke, that the Ameri­ all-foreign wool. Using the 1.4-pound figure domestic wool per yard was 0.0277 higher can market should be for the American of clean wool per yard of 18-ounce serge, than the all-foreign. On the basis of the producer. we find that the difference in the value of 1.4-pound figure of clean wool, domestic At present, if we want to import 199 the clean domestic wool would be 0.0441 wool would figure 0.0185 cents per pound pounds of beef there is a protective rate cents higher than the all-foreign wool. higher. of only $2.98, but if we want to import Scoured-wool requirements, fiscal year 1941 199 pounds of peanuts there is a pro­ tective rate of $9.95. In other words, Item Type Scoured wool Grade we now say to the man on the ranch and the man on the farm, the man who has Woven fabrics: Yards ~ou~d~ invested his life-and I mean that lit­ A. Elastique______Worsted·--··-·---·-----·--- 835,000 ,1 , 0 64 erally-in clearing the trees from the fields and then breaking up the land, SergEi~:t~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::~g::::::::::::::::::::::: ~g; ~ ~~ ~§; ~:; ~~ ~ "We are not going to protect you. We Shir~~neL ••••••••••••• ~------••••• do______13, 822, 500 9, 122, 850 60 are going to buy our products outside this Worsted------~------•••••_ do...... 1, 751, 200 1, 435, 984 60 country with taxpayers' money." The other day when this matter first Total.------39,434,400 43,963,814 came up I read the amendment, and I B. Overcoating •• ------••• ------· ------•• ---•••••• 7, 882, 500 18, 129, 750 44 thought to myself, "Well, that is going to Units hit the dairy industry in my State pretty Blankets______Worsted_ ••••••••••••••••••• 4, 346, 250 20, 383, 913 56 strong." Then I got to thinking after­ Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. ------38,513,663 ward that when we discussed it here Knitted fabrics: , , 2 in the Senate, and the statement went 25 19 2 260 2 0 60 60 out through the newspapers that this c. Fo~i1~~~YT~:~e~~~~==:::::::::::::::::: :~e;ir:~~~::::::::::::::: 1t; ir~; g~l ~: ~!& ~~~ 64 amendment simply related to corned 1------1------1 beef. So I asked Representative MuR­ Total .••• _------__ ----_•• ____ -----___ • __ • -----• ==26=, =51=8,=4=33=l==6=,04=6,=57=9=l 1 RAY, who is from my State, and who is D. Gloves, wooL •••• ------Carded woolen yarns ______l==2=, =008='=9=38=l===44=1,=96=6=l 56 a member of the House Committee on 34, 845, 769 64 Agriculture, to obtain a few figures for 15, 164, 624 60 me to confirm my conclusion as to what 56 A~~~f~tfg~~~r:~~~6i~pounds scoured }------i~; ~~; ~~g 44 was taking place. In the $7,000,000,000 appropriation measure, $1,300,000,000 is 188,966,022 provided for agricultural products. If this amendment is stricken out those This would require about 233,000 to 240,000 of territory grease wool. who are going to do the buying will be Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. I also ask to price of dried beans was only 62 percent of given the discretion to spend anywhere in have printed in the RECORD a portion of parity. the world this hard-earned money which a statement which I made to the Com­ we are spending allegedly for defense. Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. Mr. President, The American farmer is overlooked in mittee on Appropriations as to the parity I realize that the same provision was prices of various farm commodities. that arrangement. voted out of the naval bill by the Senate As I stated, I have had a chance to There being no objection, the matter a few days ago, and I understand the look into this matter and I find that my was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, conference committee has taken it out, State of Wisconsin is one of the greatest as follows: · with the principal argument of the good­ beef-producing States in the United I would like to give some figures that will neighbor policy, but the first group of States. Of course, it is generally known illustrate the economic condition of the neighbors we should satisfy is the Ameri­ that we produce a great number of dairy farmer. Let us consider some of the crops can farmers. I am willing to go along which are produced and the pl'lces that are cattle but usually we are not identified being received for them. We wm consider in an effort to help the South American as a great beef-producing State. these figures on the parity-price basis that countries as well as we can. We are Mr. President, at this point I ask to has been established by Congress. As you lending them money now, and doing have inserted in the RECORD as part of well know, this indicates the prices which everything to further the good-neighbor my remarks a tabulation showing the the farmer should receive for his products ln policy, but they ought to be given to total number of cattle and calves on hand order that his purchasing power will be on understand now that the good-neighbor on January 1, 1940, in all the States of an equality with other industrial groups. the Union. Potatoes, for instance, on February 15, policy does not include the surrender of 1940, sold for 87 percent of parity. On the American farmers' market to other The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ February 15 of this year the price was only countries. out objection, it is so ordered. 62 percent of parity. And potatoes do not Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I wish to The tabulation is as follows: share in the parity program. The same is Cattle and calves on hand Jan. 1, 1940 true of a great number of other farm-pro­ take the time of the Senate for a few moments in relation to the amendment ~aine______238,000 duced commodities. New Hampshire______126, 000 Eggs, on February 15, 1940, were selling which has been the subject of discus­ sion here for the last hour or so. As I Vermont______452, 000 at 82 percent of parity. Last February 15 Massachusetts______193, 000 they brought only 68 percent of parity. recollect, the situation as it now stands Rhode Island______30, ooo Rye last year sold at 61 percent of par­ is that the House wrote into the bill the Connecticut______182, 000 ity. On February 15 of this year it sold language: New York______2, 116, 000 at 45 percent of parity. The price of wheat on February 15, 1940, was 75 percent of par­ That no part of this or any other appropri­ NewPennsylvania Jersey------______1,543,000203, 000 ity. A year later it was 60 percent of parity. ation contained in this act shall be available Ohio ______2,091,000 Similarly, the price of oats on February for the procurement of any article of food Indiana______1,74a,roo 15, 1940, was 74 percent of parity. By Feb­ or clothing not grown or produced in the Illinois______2, 915, 000 ruary 15, 1941, oats had fallen to 64 percent United States. ~ichigan ______1,708,000 of parity. The price o! sugar beets in Decem­ Wisconsin______3, 406, 000 ber 1939 was 70 percent of parity. In Decem­ And so forth. The· Senate recently ~innesota ______3,341,000 ber 1940 this price was 67 percent of parity. approved that amendment. The con­ Iowa ______4,688,000 The price of dry beans in December 1939 was ferees now have gotten together and have ~issourL______2, 802, 000 70 percent of parity. By December 1940 the stricken it out. North Dakota______1,337,000 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2721 Cattle and calves on hand Jan. 1, 1940-Con Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I desire Table showing the total number of cattle South Dakota______1, 630, 000 Nebraska ______3,084,000 to call attention specifically to the fact marketed by State, 1939-Continued

~ansas ______3,063,000 that the States of New York, Wisconsin, Delaware______54, 000 OJ:io, Texas, Illinois, Minnesota. Iowa, Numbe Shipped In-ship· shipped ~aryland______338,000 Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, State out ments out less Virginia------913,000 and California, or 25 percent of the number West Virginia______600, 000 States, produce over one-half the cattle shipped!n North Carolina------·------684, 000 of the country. Note the enormous Arkansas ______South Carolina______359, 000 Z74, 000 13,000 261, 000 amounts of beef produced in Iowa, Kan­ 231,000 Georgia______1, 009, 000 Louisiana.------Oklahoma ______19,000 212, 000 Florida ______- 821,000 sas, Texas, Nebraska, nlinois, and Wis­ 936,000 241,000 695,0 00 consin. It is significant to note, as one Texas.------2, 560,000 261,000 2,299, 000 ~entuckY------1,243,000 Montana ______248,000 53,000 195, 000 Tennessee______1, 228, 000 reads this table, that the annual value of Idaho.------131,000 6, 000 125,000 Alabama______1,080,000 this beef is twice the value of the cotton­ 316,000 32,000 284,0 00 671,000 190,000 481,00 0 MississippL------1, 273, 000 fiber crop of 1940, which was only New~Jg~~~~~~======Mexico ______595,000 122,000 473, 000 Arkansas------1,174,000 $595,000,000. Arizona.------319,000 124,000 195, 000 Louisiana______1, 131, 000 Utah ___ ------106,000 14,000 92, 000 Mr. President, I ask that there be in­ Nevada_------72,000 5,000 67, 000 Oklahoma------2,247,000 serted in the RECORD also a table showing Washington ______117,000 17,000 100,000 Texas------6,677,000 Oregon. ____ ------184.000 8,000 176, 000 ~ontana ______1,107,000 the total amount of cattle marketed by California.• ______: 1, 128,000 423,000 705, 000 Idaho______775,000 each of the States. Wyoming______787,000 There being no objection, the table was United States .. 24,723,000 6, 161,000 18,562, 000 ColoradO------1,404,000 ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as New Mexico______1, 276, 000 follows: Mr. WILEY. I ask that it be noted Arizona______898, 000 that one-third of the cattle marketed are Utah------432,000 Table showing the total number of cattle produced in four States-Texas, Wiscon Nevada------364,000 marketed by State, 1939 sin, Minnesota, and Iowa. OregonWashington------______1,012,000826,000 We were talking about beef as an im California______2, 161, 000 Number port. It is a significant thing to note United States______68,769,000 Shipped In-ship· shipped State out less that from 1900 to 1904 we imported 100, out ments number 000 head of live cattle, but from 1934 to Mr. WILEY. I also ask to have in­ shipped in 1938 we imported 359,000 head. In 1940 serted in the RECORD at this point as part we imported 631,000 head. It is signifi of my remarks, a table which shows the Maine .... ------~- 69,000 1, 000 68,000 cant to note that in 1940 we imported amount of cattle products, in pounds, New Hampshire ______54,000 5,000 49,000 Vermont._------186,000 . 10,000 176,000 11,216,000 pounds of fresh, chilled, or produced during 1939, and the cash in­ Massachusetts______104, 000 25,000 79,000 frozen beef, and 62,000,000 pounds of come of the products for each State in Rhode Island ______21,000 7,000 14,000 Connecticut ______79,000 11,000 68,000 canned, pickled, or cured beef or veal. the Union. New York ______797,000 10,000 787,000 It is significant to note that our ex­ There being no objection, the table was New Jersey------110,000 Zl, 000 83,000 Pennsylvania ______ports fell correspondingly. In 1940 we ordered to be printed in the REcORD, as 2.58,000 118,000 140,000 Ohio.------·------750,000 152, ()(J() 598,000 imported 631,000 live ·cattle, and export­ follows: Indiana.------7Z7,000 m. ooo 500,000 ed 3,000. In the same year we imported Cattle products, 1939 Illinois._------1, 447,000 745, 000 702,000 Michigan. ------511,000 75,000 436,000 11,000,000 pounds of fresh, chilled, or Wisconsin ______1, 424,000 40,000 1, 384,000 frozen beef products, and exported Production in Cash Income Minnesota-______1, 465,000 190,000 1, Z75, 000 State pounds from sales Iowa. __ ------2, 240,000 1, 097,000 1, 143,000 7,000,000 pounds. In the same year we Missouri. __ ------1, 152,000 414,000 738,000 imported 62,000,000 pounds of canned North Dakota ______356,000 30,000 326,000 South Dakota ______506,000 67,000 439,000 and pickled or cured beef, and exported Maine______33,925,000 $2,106,000 Nebraska ______New Hampshire...... 18,630,000 1, 304,000 J, 076,000 389,000 687,000 8,000,000 pounds. 1, 241,000 744,000 Vermont______62,640,000 3, 856,000 DelawareKansas. ______------497.000 I ask that the table showing the im­ Massachusetts.------24,330,000 2, 587,000 9,000 J, 00 8,000 Rhode Island...... 3, 050,000 517,000 98,000 17,000 81,000 ports and exports of beef from 1900 to Connecticut______24, 725, 000 2, 020, 000 t1~~r~fa~~:::::::::::: Z77, 000 14,000 263,000 1938, in 5-year periods, and for the cal­ New York.------·- 352,060,000 23,297,000 West Virginia ______125,000 2,000 123,000 NewJersey______32,270,000 3,614,000 North Carolina ______109,000 2,000 107,000 endar years 1939 and 1940, be printed in South Carolina______35,000 1,000 34,000 Pennsylvania______278,470,000 26,056, 000 Georgia ______the RECORD at this point as a part of my Ohio.------458,010,000 41, 457, 000 134,000 8, 000 126,000 remarks. Indiana.------438, 615, 000 41, 855, 000 Florida. . ------70,000 1, 000 69, 00 fllinois______771, 460, 000 93, 409, 000 Kentucky------478,000 118,000 360,00 There being no objection, the table Michigan.-···-·------3 59, 955, 000 26, 960, 000 Tennessee ••••· ------380,000 55,000 325,000 RECORD, 25,000 182,000 was ordered to be printed in the Wisconsin______683, 420, 000 41, 215, 000 Alabama.------Mississippf. ______Minnesota______777,845,000 60, 32.~, 000 ~~~: 888 5, 000 339,000 as follows: 1 1 ' ~~~o1iri======North Dakota______299,980,000~~~: :~: g~g ~~:15,546,000 ~~~: ggg Cattle and beef: United States imports and exports, annual averages by 5-year periods, South Dakota______379, 600, 000 29, 074, 000 1900-1938, and for calendar years 1939 and 1940 Nebraska------770,460,000 75,698,000 Kansas______807,780,000 80,886,000 [U.S. Tarifi Commission, March 1941] Delaware.------7, 355,000 636,000 Imports Exports ~:~r~r~~:======West Virginia______126,965,000~~: ~~&: ~~~ 16:8, ~~:585,000 ggg North Carolina...... 93,215,000 4, 981,000 South Carolina______56, 145,000 3, 089,000 Beef and veal Beef and veal Georgia.------110,090,000 5, 154, 000 Period l Florida______69, 845, 000 3, 415, 000 Live Live cattle Fresh, Canned and cattle Fresh, Canned and KentuckY------238, Z75, 000 20,292,000 pickled or T ennessee ..• ------219, 080, 000 14, 447, 000 chilled or chilled or pickled or Alabama______145,075,000 6, 648,000 frozen cured frozen cured Mississippi______191,670,000 9, 810,000 1 t~~;r~~a::::::::::::::: I~~:!~::: g; ~~g: ~ 5-year average: Head Pounds Pounds Head Pounds Pounds Oklahoma______550, 020, 000 42, 163, 000 1900 to 1904. _------100,000 398,000 (2) 448,000 307, 405, 000 115, 276, 000 64,000 212,000 (2) 426,000 222, 060, 000 95,807,000 Texas .•. ------1, 429, 730, 000 108, 319, 000 1905 to 1909. _------Montana______265, 400, 000 15, 469, 000 1910 to 1914------399,000 36,918,000 (2) 88,000 29,453,000 42,265,000 Idaho______166,285,000 9, 460,000 1915 to 1918. _------414,000 74,083,000 (2) 14,000 242, 216, 000 118, 359, 000 Wyoming______219, 325,000 18, 128,000 1919 to 1923.------319,000 35,208,000 8, 131,000 61,000 2, 628,000 23,422,000 301,000 28,692,000 29,842,000 39,000 2, 451,000 29, 068,000 Colorado.. ------·- 377, 720, 000 40, 970, 000 19291924 to 1928------1933 ______New Mexico______276,435,000 22,130,000 185,000 11,696,000 47,250,000 5,000 2, 477,000 13, 824,000 Arizona______174,090,000 15,964,000 1934 to 1938.------359,000 3, 911,000 77,130,000 5,000 4, 735,000 10,373,000 774,000 2, 529,000 88,035,000 3,000 6, 214,000 8, 949,000 Utah------97,820,000 6, 7Z7, 000 1939 ____ ------Nevada______77, 415, 000 5, 075,000 1940____ ------631,000 11,216,000 62,743,000 ~3, 000 37,265,000 •8, 201, ooo Washington...... 160,960,000 10,261,000 Oregon______229,690,000 14,600,000 California______484,415,000 57, 711,000 I Fiscal years 1900 to 1918, Inclusive; 1915-18 is a 4-year average; calendar years 1939-40, 1------1------•Not separately reported. United States______14, 955, 485, 000 1, 274, 714, 000 B11 months. Source: Official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 2722 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, the fore­ If the Walsh-Healey Act is a desirable Let me say at this point, because I going tables depict the cattle situation in act for certain labor groups-and I sub­ want to get it into the RECORD, that it is the United States. It will be noted that scribe to its objectives-why are not the a significant thing, which the country cattle are found on a large percentage of farm-labor groups entitled to equal legis­ ought to know, that-in 1939 New York the farms of this country. Any legisla­ lative protection? produced 7,465,000,000 pounds of milk, tion beneficial to the cattle industry ulti­ If the Guffey Coal Act is desirable for and .received $2 per 100 pounds for it. mately benefits a large percentage of the coal miners, why is not farm labor en­ Pennsylvania produced 4,622,000,000 farmers of the country. On the other titled to equal legislative protection? pounds, and received $2.40 per 100 hand, any adverse legislation in connec­ If the Miller-Tydings bill affords busi­ pounds. Massachusetts produced 804,­ tion with beef products causes a very gen­ ness protection to certain business ooo,ooo pounds, and received $3.29 per eral loss to a large percentage of the groups, why is not the American farmer 100 pounds; but Wisconsin, which pro­ farmers of this country. entitled to the same legislative protec­ duced 11,973,000,000 pounds, received When I originally spoke on this matter tion? only $1.23 per 100 pounds. I spoke in relation to the dairy industry. If one group of farmers, representing I ask unanimous consent to have Bear in mind that this money may be 29 percent of the milk producers, is en­ printed in the RECORD at this point as a spent to buy millions of pounds of butter titled to the legislative protection part of my remarks a table showing the and beef for the soldiers located in Amer­ afforded by price fixing in the milk­ milk production in certain States in 1939. ica. I do not have the information, but marketing agreements, why are not the There being no objection, the table what has been said here today indicates . majority of farmers entitled to the same was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, the possibilities in this connection. legislative protection? as follows~ Who constitutes this country? Is- it made up only of a few bureaucrats, or a Milk, 1939 few people on the eastern seaboard? As Total production Value per Value of pro- Number of has been said many times, the farm ·sec­ States on farms 100 pounds duction milk cows tion is the real backbone of this country. - - We now have an opportunity, through this Pounds very provision, to demonstrate that we New York .• ------­ 7, 465, 000, 000 $2.00 $149, 300, 000 1, 355,000 Pennsylvania~------4, 622, 000, 000 2.40 110, 928, 000 882,000 have some consideration for the farm 804, 000, 000 3. 29 26,452,000 137,000 section. It has been stated all over the ~J:g~~~:-~:~---~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11, 973, 000, 000 1. 23 147, 268, 000 2, 108,000 to Minnesota ••••••••••••••••••• -••• ------'------­ 8, 160, 000, 000 1.08 88, 128,000 1,600,000 country that the provision relates Iowa. __ •••••••••••• _••••••••••••••••••••••• __ ._. __ ._ ••• 6, 519, 000, 000 1.08 70,405,000 1, 393,000 corned beef. A team of horses could be Texas_ .. ___ •••••••• --_ •••••• -••••• -••• ------.-•• ---.--- 4, 227, 000. 000 1. 81 76,509,000 1, 342,000 driven through this section. The lan­ 1, 936, 000, 000 1. 64 31,750,000 553,000 guage refers to clothing and products i'f~~:'~~C::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1, 373, 000, 000 1. 62 22,243,000 522,000 grown or produced in the United States. That language is so all-inclusive that t Note the wide price variation in the e-astern area. it could even include shoes. If there is a Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, who farmers demand the American sugar disposition to disregard the implications would suggest that we build a battleship market for their farmers and at the same of this provision for the farmer, possibly in some foreign country because we can time fairly subscribe to a program which those in the East who manufacture shoes secure cheaper labor there? Who, in gives away the American beef market of and other products will realize what it fairness, can suggest that we import for­ the beef-producing States? may mean, even to them. eign beef, and say that such meat is in­ How can the peanut producers of Mr. President, I call attention to the finitely better than that produced in this Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi, fact that since 1913, when the tariff was country, when the facts will not justify Alabama, and other States expect to removed by the Wilson administration, the assertion? maintain a protective tariff of 7 cents a this country has been on a beef-importing While the farm people represent only pound on their products and at the same basis. A study of the preceding tables 25 percent of the population, and receive time expect Congress to give away the will show the large importations of cattle less than 10 percent of the national in­ American beef producers' market? The during the past 2 years, amounting to come, many authorities believe that they tariff on peanuts is two and one-third 774,000 head in 1939 and 631,000 head in have 40 percent of the purchasing power times the cost of producing the peanuts. 1940, or a total of 1,405,000 head for the of the country. Many groups are de­ while the tariff on beef is low in com­ 2 years. pendent upon the farm groups, not only parison. I ask the following questions: for food, but also for commercial mate­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ Why should we continually import such rials and for their economic contribu­ sent to have printed in the RECORD at large amounts of beef when the United tions. Why continually ask the Ameri­ this point as a part of my remarks a States is one of the greatest livestock­ can farmer to be the good neighbor of schedule showing the tariff rates on pea­ producing countries in the world? the good-neighbor policy? Certainly in nuts, together with the tariff rates on Why should we appropriate $500,000,- our domestic economy we have not been beef cattle and beef prtJducts under va­ 000 annually to control our agricultural such good neighbors to the farmer. rious tariff acts since the act of 1897. production and import from $500,000,000 The foregoing tables- show where the There being no objection, the ·sched­ to $860,000,000 worth of competitive agri­ meat of this country is produced. Can ule was ordered to be printed in the cultural products? Louisiana, Colorado, Utah, and Florida RECORD, as follows: Tariff rates on beef cattle and beef products since the Tariff Act of 1897 [U. 8. Tariff Commission, Washington, Mar. 10, 1941] Beef Cattle Tallow Hides raw or uncured Fresh or frozen Canned

Tariff Act of 1897 •••••••••••••••••• $2 per head,' or $3.75 per head,2 or 27~ per· 2 cents per pound •••• 25percentad valorem ~cent per pound •••• 15percentad valorem. cent ad valorem.s Free. ~:~ !~~ gf i~?t::::::::::::::::: -F"iee~~--~======::::::::::::::::::::::::: We~~~~~~~~~~-~:: - Free~~--~::::::::::::: ~r;:~:-~~~~~~~~:::: Do. Tariff Act of 1921 (emergency tariff) 39 percent ad valorem ______2 cents per pound.... 2..'i percent ad valorem . ....do.------Do. Tariff Act of1922______1~ cents per pound,• or 2centsper pound 4 3 cents per pound •••• 20percentad valorem ~cent per pound •••• Do. Tariff Act of 1930 •••••••••••••••••• 272 cents per pound,6 1 or 3 cents per- 6 cents per pound.... 6 cents per pound, _____ do.s.~------· lOpercentad valorem pound. uo but not less than 20 percent ad valorem . 1 1f less than 1 year old. • Weighing less than 1,050 pounds each. ! If 1 year old or over and valued at not more than $14 per head. 4 Weighing 1,050 pounds each or more. If 1 year old or over and v~lued at more thai!- $14 per head. - . e Weighing less than 700 pounds each. 7 Vnder trade agreement With Canada, effectlv~ Jan. 1, 1936, cattle '"?'elg~mg less than 175 pounds each were dutiable at 1~ cents per pound on entries not in excess of51,933 head Idn any calendar year. Under the new Canadian agreement, effective smce Jan. 1, 1939, the reduced rate ap_plies to cattle under 200 pounds each and the tariff quota is In­ crease to 100,000 head per ca~endar year,. Entries in excess of tariff quotas are subject to original tariff act rate of 2~ cents per pound. 8 Plu~ 3 .cents per pound unport exCise tax (sec. 2491 (a), Internal Revenue Code). 9 W etghmg 700 pounds each or more. 10 Beef cattle weighing over 700 pounds ·each were dutiable under the first Canadian trade agreement at 2 cents per pound on entries not in excess of 155 799 bead in any ~lendb~r year· V~der th~ new Canadian agreement, the tariff quota was increased to 225,000 head and the rate reduced to 1~ cents per pound. Entries in ex-., of tariff quotas 6re su ~ect to ongmal tariff act rate of 3 cents oer oound. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2723 Tariff rates, peanuts Murray Shipstead Tunnell of the country, I had several conferences Norris Smith Tydings O'Mahoney Stewart Vandenberg with members of the Advisory Council of Not shelled Shelled Pepper Taft VanNuys National Defense, particularly with Hon. Radcliffe Thomas, Idaho Wallgren Chester C. Davis, member of the Federal Reed Thomas, Okla. Wheeler Tariff Act of 1909______~ cent per 1 cent per Reynolds Thomas, Utah Wiley Reserve Board, who is on the Advisory pound. pound. Russell Tobey Willis Council and who, as members of the Sen­ Tariff Act of 1913______% cent per ~ cent per Sheppard Truman pound. _-pound. ate will recall, was at one time admin­ Emergency Tariff Act, 3, cents per ,3 cents per The PRESIDING OFFICER. Sixty­ istrator of the Agricultural Adjustment 1921. pound. pound. Administration. No person, I assume, in Tariff Act of 1922 ______do __ _----- 4 cents per eight Senators have answered to their pound. names. A quorum is present. the whole Government has a clearer i4 cents per 6 cents per of the producer's point of view than has tion, sec. 315, Tariff pound. pound. The Senator from Wyoming. Act, 1922 (effective Feb. Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, the Chester C. Davis. He was appointed to 18, 1929). the Advisory Council because he did have Tariff Act of 1930 (ef· _____ do______7 cents per issue involved in this question seems to fective June 18, 1930). pound. me to be the perfectly simple one of that point of view. In numerous confer­ whether we will be satisfied with the ences which were held he demonstrated preference for domestically produced that to be the case. Mr. WILEY. The much-criticized articles carried in the general law, or Our first conferences had to do with Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act appears to be whether we shall substitute for that a the purchase of wool. I was particularly very acceptable to the peanut interests complete, ironclad ban against the pur­ anxious that wool should not be acquired of the country. Does anyone want to chase of certain articles produced out­ in great quantities from sources outside foster increased peanut importations? side the United States. the United Stat.es in such a way as to Again I say, please remember that the In ordinary circumstances, if there endanger the interests of the American tariff on peanuts is more than twice the were no danger of war, and if we were not producer of wool. The Government ot cost of producing the peanuts. While engaged in raising and supplying a very Great Britain wanted to make arrange­ 199 pounds of beef cattle may have a large Army and Navy, I should be tak­ ments for the importation into the United duty of $2.985, 199 pounds of peanuts ing today the same position that I took States of Australian wool, but as to that may have a duty of $9.95. I am sure with respect to this matter in a pre­ the Council of National Defense was so that my distinguished friends from South vious session of Congress. But in view careful that arrangements were made Carolina, Virginia, Louisiana, and Mary­ of the circumstances my feeling is that whereby such importation was to be land do not desire to harm the beef in­ it is unnecessary and, indeed, unwise to handled in such a way as not to affect dustry. I noted the desire for an in­ . impose the absolute ban which is pro­ adversely the price of wool. The records crease in the Smoot-Hawley rates asked vided by the amendment. for the past year demonstrate that effort by Representatives of those States before The act of March 3, 1933, in section 2 to have been successful. Producers of the United States Tariff Commission on of title III, which, I understand, has wool are receiving a very satisfactory January 9, 1941, when the question of already been read to the Senate, pro­ price. increasing the tariff on crab meat was vides: With respect to beef cattle, I am satis­ under consideration. Our colleagues fied that the result will be exactly the Notwithstanding any other provision of from those States believed in the Amer­ law, and unless the head of the depart­ same, and, as I had occasion to remark ican market for the people of their States ment or independent establishment con­ on this :floor when this amendment was and districts. Why not the American cerned shall determine it to be inconsistent under consideration only a few weeks market for all farmers? It will be re­ with the public interest, or the cost to be ago, the officers and directors of the membered that the gentleman from Loui­ unreasonable, only such unmanufactured American National Livestock Association siana, Hon. F. EDWARD HEBERT, said in articles, materials, and supplies as have been came to Washington to hold conferences his testimony before the Commission: mined or produced in the United States, and with the Council of National Defense in only such manufactured articles, materials, We are vitally interested in protecting any­ order to make certain again that the in­ and supplies as have been manufactured in terests of the producer would be taken thing pertaining to the canning of any of the United States substantially all from our fish or shrimp or anything of that nature. articles, materials, or supplies mined, pro­ care of. They left here entirely satisfied that that would be done. Their satis­ The livestock farmers ·of this country duced, or manufactured, as the case may be, in the United States, shall be acquired faction was based upon the fact that the would be apprehensive of this legislation for public use. Purchasing Division of 0. P. M., headed if they realized the millions of dollars of by Mr. Donald Nelson and his assistant, their money being used to subsidize a And so forth. Mr. MacKeachie, agreed to change the sectionally produced crop, and if they That places it, of course, within the specifications for the purchase of fresh realized that some favored crop is the discretion of the executive bureaus which meats. The weight of the carcass of beef beneficiary of an annual subsidy of one­ acquire supplies for the United States to cattle has been reduced from 500 pounds third of the annual value of the crop. determine whether or not the price is to 450 pounds, and with respect to lamb, Mr. President, I hope the committee unreasonable. the weight of the carcass has been in­ report now striking out the original pro­ The amendment which the committee creased from 45 pounds to 60 pounds. vision will not be adopted. has stricken out provides: Thus assurance was given that the Coun·­ Mr. O'MAHONEY obtained the :floor. Provided, That no part of this or any other cil of National Defense had in mind the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will appropriation contained in this act shall be essential interests of the producer. So the Senator yield? available for the procurement of any article the officers and directors of the Ameri­ of food or clothing not grown or produced in Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. the United States or its possessions, except can National Livestock Association left Mr. BARKLEY. I suggest the absence articles of food or clothing not so grown or Washington satisfied that the livestock of a quorum. produced or which cannot be procured 1n business would not be injured by the re­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk sufficient quantities as and when needed and jection of the House provision. will call the roll. except procurements by vessels in foreign We should not blind ourselves to the The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the waters ar.d by establishments located out­ fact, Mr. President, that in this all-out following Senators answered to their side the continental United States, exe;ept effort, to use the popular phrase, and the Territories of Hawaii and Alaska, for the in the expenditure of the huge sums names: personnel attached thereto. Adams Byrd Gurney which have been appropriated for na­ Aiken Byrnes Hatch It bacame obvious more than a yaar tional defense, th3re is grave danger that Andrews Capper Hayden ago, when the defense effort was initi­ prices may get out of line. If prices for Austin Caraway Hill ated, that difficult problems would arise agricultural products or for any other Bailey Clark, Idaho Holman Ball Connally Hughes with respect to the supplying of our products should get out of line the pro­ Bankhead Danaher Kilgore armed forces. It also became obvious ducers of such products would, in my Barbour Davis La Follette that unless the defense efforts were care­ opinion, stand in great danger of suffer­ Barkley Ellender Langer Bone George Lee fully managed there might be discrim­ ing from the effects of inflation. Brooks Gerry McCarran ination against American producers. We are now engaged in a momentous Bulow Gillette McNary defense effort in which complete cooper­ Burton Green Maloney After consultation with various repre­ Butler Gutrey Murdock sentatives of the agricultural producers ation of all factors of the population is 2724 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 31 necessary. When we consider that there considering only the spending of tax­ in the Nation to see that the cost of living are now considerably more than a million collected money by official representa­ does not go beyond reason; but as yet men in the Army, and that these men on tives of the Government. the commodities which the farmers sell active field duty will need meat prod­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, the are away under parity, as indicated by ucts which can easily be transported in news which is coming to us every day on the parity appropriation about which the the field, I think we can understand that the radio and the announcements made Senator is speaking. I know that the there is not much danger from the im­ in the press with respect to the condi­ farmers of America will do their bit and portation of canned meat. The Pur­ tion of shipping upon the surface of the do more than their part; but I do not chasing Division of 0. P. M. has made ocean certainly make it clear that within think we should be quite so much worried the statement that it does not contem­ the next 6 months or a year we are about a high price for beef and other plate the purchase of more than likely to have a tremendous reduction of farm products until we are more nearly in that situation. 20,000,000 pounds of canned meat; and the amount of tonnage that will be 20,000,000 pounds is a small amount when available for the importation of products I should like to ask the Senator an­ one considers the total quantity con­ other question. I believe there is some sumed. Importations of canned meat of any sort, including agricultural prod­ sort of a legal regulation (or the pre­ from South America have been greatly ucts. It was only on Saturday night vention of the employment of foreigners l'educed during the past year. that the United States Coast Guard in defense work here in America. If Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. Mr. Presi­ seized Italian and Danish and German that is the case, is it logical by action of dent, wili the Senator yield? vessels in various American ports. What this kind to employ foreigners in the Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. is the significance of that action? I production of our food products? It does Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. I am very certainly do not anticipate that there not seem to me· very logical. much interested in the Senator's state­ is going to be any increase of shipping Mr. O'MAHONEY. The expert upon ment, for I know he has given very much to bring increased imports into the that question, the distinguished Senator attention to this matter and has been United States. On the contrary, I feel from North Carolina [Mr. REYNOLDS], very helpful in trying to work out this that our problem will be one of finding tells me that there is no such ban upon problem. He mentioned a limitation of ships in which to export our products the employment of aliens in defense 20,000,000 pounds of canned meat. To for defense, and we know now that food work; certainly not such a ban as he what period does that limitation apply? and agricultural products will be among would like. Mr. O'MAHONEY. I understand it our exports. I feel that there is every Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I may applies during the next purchasing year. likelihood that the people of America and say that my information is that in order Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. Does the the Government of America are about to. to get work in defense activities today a Senator mean to the 1st of July 1941, realize that the biggest market we are man must show his _birth certificate, and or a yea,r from that date? likely to have is the market right here it must have originated at the right place, Mr. O'MAHONEY. I think it is a year at home, which is promoted by increas­ or he does not get work. from 1941. ing the ·purchasing power of the masses The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ Mr. THOMAS of Idaho. I understand, of the people. pore. The question is on agreeing to the from reading the newspapers and from amendment reported by the committee. conversations, that the Government It is said that one-third of our people are living below the line of poverty. We Mr. BUTLER. I call for the yeas and would be glad to get canned meat for nays. peacetime purposes, and if they can have had to circulate food stamps in order to dispose of surplus commodities, The yeas and nays were ordered. purchase 20,000,000 pounds up to July 1, Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, a parlia­ 1941, was there any agreement about fu­ and primarily to enable persons with de­ mentary inquiry. ture purchases? That is the point I am fiicient purchasing power to acquire these things, We are moving men into The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ making. pore. The Senator from South Carolina Mr. O'MAHONEY. No; it was for the the Army, We are providing men with will state the inquiry, more food materials than many of them present emergency: that is correct; but, Mr. SMITH. This is a vote on whether Mr. President, I am satisfied that the have had in their homes. I feel that or not we will. allow Argentine canned Defense Council is making a sincere and the time is coming when we should un­ beef to come in, is it? honest effort to handle a tremendously derstand that the way out is to build difiicult problem in a way which will up the purchasing power of those who The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ serve the best interests of the producer, pore. The Chair will state to the Senator are in the lower income brackets. When from South Carolina that that is not a the producer of agricultural products that is done, there will be a new oppor­ parliamentary inquiry. particularly, and that we may rely upon tunity for agriculture. them to continue to make that effort. Mr. SMITH. It is a parliamentary in­ The agricultural appropriation bill, quiry. I do not khow, and the Chair I am sure the agricultural interests of which the Senator from Georgia [Mr. this country will not suffer. They may ought to know. RussELL] will have on the floor of the The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ rely upon the good faith of the 0. P.M. Senate within a short time, contains i.r! carrying out this understanding. pore. The Chair will advise the Senator large appropriations, the purpose of that the question before the Senate is Mr. BUTLER rose. which is to guarantee parity to the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will on agreeing to the committee amendment the Senator yield to me? farmer. Those appropriations have been proposing to strike out, on page 5, begin­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. If the Senator sustained by the Senators upon the Ap­ ning at line 23, all language, words, and from Kentucky will pardon me just a propriations Committee who represent verbiage down to the end of the first minute, I yield first to the Senator from the area from which the Senator from paragraph on page 6. Nebraska [Mr. BuTLER], who was on his Nebraska comes. I have supported those Mr. SMITH. A parliamentary inquiry: feet. appropriations, and I feel confident that That includes the Argentine-beef section, Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, the in­ he may rely upon the disposition of does it? ference from the Senator's remarks Congress and of the Defense Council The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ seems to be that the restrictions to be adequately to protect the interests of pore. The Chair will advise the Senator placed on importations affect all the agriculture. Our danger lies in such a that that is the so-called meat section. purchases the Nation may make from policy of restriction that we may bring Mr. SMITH. A vote to permit the Argentina or other South American about an increase in price which will be purchase of Argentine beef will be "yea," countries. Is it not true that this re­ perilous to all concerned. and a vote to keep it out will be "nay"? striction pertains only to the purchases Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, will the The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ made by the Army under this bill, and Senator please yield for another ques- pore. An affirmative vote is to strike out that imports are still admissible and tion? · the limitation now contained in the bill. coming in at the rate of hundreds of Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. A negative vote is opposed to striking out millions of pounds, in the case of all the Mr. BUTLER. I should like to say first the limitation. articles which are admitted regularly by that I, for one, am certain that American The question is on agreeing to the law from ·season to season? We are agriculture is as anxious as anybody else ·amendment reported by the committee. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2725 On that question the yeas and nays have California [Mr. DowNEY], the Senator Several Senators addressed the Chair. been ordered. The clerk will call the roll. from Iowa [Mr. HERRING l, the Senator The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ The legislative clerk proceeded to call from Illinois [Mr. LucAs], the Senator pore. The question is on agreeing to the the roll. from Arizona [Mr. McFARLAND], the Sen­ motion of the Senator from Kentucky. Mr. BONE (when his name was called). ator from Wyoming [Mr. SCHWARTZ], and Mr. McNARY. I ask for the yeas and On this question I have a pair with the the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. nays. Senator from Dlinois [Mr. LucAsl. I SMATHERS] are detained on important The yeas and nays were ordered. understand that if he were present he public business. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ would vote "yea." If I were at liberty to The Senator from Mississippi rMr. pore. The question is, Shall the Senate vote, I should vote "nay." I withhold my HARRISON], the Senator from Tennessee take a recess until tomorrow at 12 o'clock vote. [Mr. McKELLAR], the Senator from Vir­ noon? The yeas and nays having been Mr. DAVIS