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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-15,373 RICHARD, David Irving, 1940- THE MOVEMENT PATTERNS OP POPULATIONS OF RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS. IN THE WESTERN LAKE tlRIE BASIN. The Ohio State University, Ph.D„ 1968 Zoology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ( £ ) Copyright by David Irving Richard 1968 THE MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF POPULATIONS OF RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS, AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS, IN THE WESTERN LAKE ERIE BASIN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David Irving Richard, B.Sc., M.Sc. & & it it it & The Ohio State University 1968 Approved by ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to my co-advisers, Dr. Mauriee L. Giltz and Dr. Loren S. Putnam; to Dr. Giltz for providing the idea for this study and his continued guidance throughout, and to Dr. Putnam for his con­ stant support and encouragement during m y course of studies. I am indebted to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, for the research assistantship and supplemental operating funds which made this study possible, and to Mr. Richard N. Smith, 0. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbus, Ohio, for providing the complex of decoy traps used on the Bass Islands. My thanks go to all who were instrumental in assisting with the observational and banding operations; especially..,to Mr. Joseph Halusky, Miss Jacqueline Loehr, Dr. M. A. Miskimen, Mrs. Walden E. Richard, Mr. Robert Schodorf, and Mr. Paul Stonerook, Jr. I also appreciate the help and ideas contributed by Dr. Melvin I. Dyer, Dr. M. A. Miskimen, Mr. David E. Schneider, Dr. C. R. Reese, Dr. Walter Rothenbuhler, and Dr. M. B. Trautman. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Susan, for her help with the field observations, for editing and typing this manuscript, and especially for her perseverance during the course of my graduate studies. VITA October 26, 1940 Born - Fremont, Ohio June, 1962 . B.Sc., Capital University, Columbus, Ohio 1962-1966 . Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Zoology and Entomology, The Ohio State Uni­ versity, Columbus, Ohio March, 1965 . M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1966-1968 . Research Associate B, Ohio Agricultural Re­ search and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Studies in the Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Birds. Professors Loren S. Putnam and Maurice L. Giltz Studies in Animal Behavior. Professors Loren S. Putnam and Walter Rothenbuhler Studies in Animal Ecology. Associate Professor David H. Stansbery CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments................................................ii V i t a ......................................................... iii Fields of S t u d y ................................. iii Tables . .................................................... vi Illustrations......................... .vii Introduction ................................................ 1 Materials and Methods ........................................ 8 R e s u l t s ........................................................ 12 General Flight Behavior .................................. 12 Roosting Observations .................................... 16 Breeding Observations .................................... 19 Feeding Flock Observations ................................ 20 Catawba Flights: Spring 1966 .............................. 26 General Flight Summary ................................ 26 Sex-Age Studies ........................................ 27 Catawba Flights: Summer 1966 ............................. 28 General Flight Summary ................................. 28 Sex-Age Studies ................ 29 Catawba Flights; Fall 1966 ................................ 30 General Flight Summary ................................. 30 Sex-Age Studies ........................................ 31 iv CONTENTS (continued) Page Catawba Flights: Spring 1967 . ...................... 32 General Flight Summary .......... 32 Sex-Age Studies ......................................... 34 Catawba Flights: Summer 1967 .............................. 35 General Flight Summary ................................ 35 Sex-Age Studies ..... .............................. 36 Catawba Flights: Fall 1967 ............................... 37 General Flight Summary ... 37 Sex-Age Studies ................................... 38 Supplementary Flight Observations ....................... 38 Island Banding Program: 1966 . 40 Island Banding Program; 1967 .............................. 41 D i s c u s s i o n .................................................... 42 Trans-Lake Flyways ................................ l42 Breeding Activities ...................................... 49 Feeding Flock Behavior ......... 54 Roosting Behavior ........................................ 56 Spring Movements .......................................... 57 Reverse Migration ........................................ 64 Summer Movements .......................................... 69 Fall Movements..............................................79 Summary and Conclusions................................... 87 A p p e n d i x ...................................................... 90 Literature C i t e d ............................. 116 v TABLES Table Page 1. Morning and Evening Flight Totals - 1966............. 91 2. Morning and Evening Flight Totals - 1967............. 96 3. Banding Program: Resident Females - 1966 and 1967 . 101 4. Banding Program: Resident Males - 1966 and 1967 . 102 5. Banding Program: Summer and Fall Transients - 1966 and 1967 .................. 104 6. Banding Program: Major Repeating Groups... ............ 105 7. Banding Program: Related Band Recoveries . ............107 vi ILLUSTRATIONS Map Page I. The Western Lake Erie Basin (with trans-lake flyways).............................................. 109 II. The Catawba Island Area (with local roosts and flyways) ................ 110 Graph I. Spring Flights at Catawba - 19S6 and 1967 Ill II. Summer Flights at Catawba - 1966 and 1967 112 III. Fall Flights at Catawba - 1966 and 1967 ....... 113 IV. Mean Daily Red-winged Blackbirds Banded - 1966 .... 114 V. Mean Daily Red-winged Blackbirds Banded - Spring 1967 115 VI. Mean Daily Red-winged Blackbirds Banded - Summer 1967 116 VII. Mean Daily Red-winged Blackbirds Banded - Fall 1967 117 vii INTRODUCTION The movements of birds have been observed, studied, and "explained" by man for thousands of years. Nevertheless, our basic understanding of this common phenomenon remains highly elusive. A perusal of the litera­ ture of avian migration leaves the definite impression that bird move­ ments are highly complex and adaptable, and that even local populations of individual species often differ considerably from one another in their particular migratory behavior. "There is not a 'single,1 there are 'many' migrations, whose circumstances, infinite in variety, change from species to species, region to region, or from one set of conditions to another" (Dorst, 1962:xvi). This study involves the migration of a single avian species within a particular geographic area. It was undertaken in an attempt to dis­ cover the gross movement patterns of populations of Red-winged Black­ birds , Agelaius phoeniceus, in the western Lake Erie Basin region of Ohio. It was carried out primarily as a behavioral study of the Red­ winged Blackbirds in this area, with an emphasis on the build-up, compo­ sition, and fluctuation of the local populations throughout the year. Although "Red-winged Blackbird" is the accepted common name of this species (American Ornithologists' Union, 1957), it is often referred to as the "Redwing" (Allen, 1914-; Nero, 1956; Bent, 1965). The shorter name appears occasionally in this paper, and should not be confused with that of the European Redwings, Turdus musicus and Turdus iliacus. 1 The Red-winged Blackbird is a diurnal migrant which often follows major topographical features in the landscape in its flights (Meanley and Webb, 1961). Such features are often called "leading lines" (Mueller and Berger, 1967; Matthews, 1955), and within the study area they consisted chiefly of shorelines and islands. This type of flight phenomenon has been observed in many species of diurnal migrants, and has been called "coasting" (Lack, 1963:478), a term which will be used in this paper. "The western end of Lake Erie, lying athwart much of the broad route from the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys to central and eastern Canada, becomes a point of concentration for many migrants" (Gunn, 1951:102). The marshes bordering this south shore of western Lake Erie from Sandusky to Toledo, Ohio, form the major roost concentra­ tion areas for Red-winged Blackbirds in the state. Extending five miles northward from the southern shore, just east of Port Clinton, Ohio, is the wooded, limestone peninsula of Catawba Island (Map I). Due north, midway across the lake, lie the Bass Islands, part of the western Lake Erie archipelago. The tip of Catawba, which is the em­ barkation point for most of the northbound trans-Lake Erie flights of Red-winged Blackbirds in the vicinity, served as the major observa­ tion site in this study. The Red-winged Blackbird has been present in Ohio for many years. Wheaton (1860) reported this species in the state over a hundred years ago. Catawba residents recall that these birds were present in great numbers in the area marshes more than fifty years ago,.when large ex­ panses of wild rice drew them to feeding areas along the "Harbors" (West
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