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Respons Beberapa Varietas Ubi Kayu Terhadap Pemupukan NPK Pada Tanah Latosol Di Maluku Utara

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Respons Beberapa Varietas Ubi Kayu Terhadap Pemupukan NPK Pada Tanah Latosol Di Maluku Utara BULETIN PALAWIJA VOL. 18 NO. 1, MEI 2020 Respons Beberapa Varietas Ubi Kayu terhadap Pemupukan NPK pada Tanah Latosol di Maluku Utara Response of Cassava Varieties to NPK Fertilization on Latosols in North Maluku Wawan Sulistiono*, Slamet Hartanto, Bram Brahmantiyo Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Maluku Utara Kompleks Pertanian Kusu No.1 Kecamatan Oba Utara, Kota Tidore Kepulauan. *Email:[email protected] NASKAH DITERIMA 30 SEPTEMBER 2019; DISETUJUI UNTUK DITERBITKAN 8 APRIL 2020 ABSTRAK Budi daya ubi kayu di Maluku Utara sebagian besar design was arranged using a factorial randomized block menggunakan varietas lokal dan tidak dipupuk. Informasi design with three replicates. The first factor consisted varietas unggul dan teknologi pemupukan spesifik lokasi of four cassava varieties namely Adira1, Mentega, Ubi di Maluku Utara masih terbatas, sehingga menyulitkan Kuning and local Bacan. The second factor was N, P, dalam pemberian rekomendasi budi daya ubi kayu. and K fertilization consisting of three levels (100% Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respons recommended dosage, 50% recommended dosage and pertumbuhan dan hasil varietas unggul dan varietas lokal without fertilizing as a control). The results indicated ubi kayu terhadap dosis pemupukan NPK. Penelitian that on Latosols soil in North Maluku, N, P, and K dilakukan pada lahan kering tanah Latosol di Desa fertilization with 100% recommended dosage (300 kg Tuokona, Bacan, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, of Urea + 200 kg of SP-18 + 100 kg of KCl/ha) was Maluku Utara mulai bulan September 2017 hingga Juni not likely able to increase productivity of Local Mentega, 2018. Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok Ubi Kuning, Local Bacan, and Adira 1 varieties. Even faktorial dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah though no NPK fertilization applied, Local Mentega and empat varietas ubi kayu, yaitu : Adira 1, Mentega, Ubi Ubi Kuning varieties could produce the highest tuber Kuning dan lokal Bacan. Faktor kedua adalah tiga dosis c.a. 63.80 t/ha and 53.71 t/ha, respectively. Adira 1 pemupukan NPK yaitu : 100% dosis rekomendasi, 50% variety also showed the same productivity as its genetic dosis rekomendasi, dan tanpa pemupukan sebagai potential when it is grown without N, P, and K fertilization, kontrol. Dosis pemupukan rekomendasi yang digunakan that was 31.16 t/ha. adalah 300 kg Urea + 200 kg SP18 + 100 kg KCl per ha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tanah Keywords: Cassava, dry land, growth, NPK fertilizer, Latosol di Maluku Utara, pemupukan NPK dosis 100% productivity. rekomendasi belum mampu meningkatkan produktivitas ubi kayu varietas Lokal Mentega, Ubi Kuning, Lokal PENDAHULUAN Bacan dan Adira 1. Varietas lokal Mentega dan Ubi Kuning tanpa pemupukan NPK mampu menghasilkan Ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) merupakan umbi tertinggi berturut-turut 63,80 t dan 53,71 t/ha. sumber pangan penting bagi masyarakat Maluku Varietas Adira 1 dapat menghasilkan umbi sesuai potensi Utara setelah beras. Luas panen ubi kayu di Maluku genetiknya walaupun tanpa pemupukan NPK, yakni Utara mencapai 21,5% dari luas panen tanaman 31,16 t/ha. pangan (BPS 2017). Ubi kayu di Maluku Utara Kata kunci: Lahan kering, pemupukan NPK, memiliki kadar pati dan serat yang tinggi (kadar pertumbuhan, produktivitas, ubi kayu pati 29-32%, kadar serat 10-13,69%) terutama dari varietas lokal Ternate dan Tidore (Sulistiono et ABSTRACT al. 2008). Secara umum ubi kayu merupakan tanaman yang adaptif pada tanah kurang subur, The cultivation of cassava in North Maluku mostly lahan sub optimal, dan cekaman kekeringan, serta uses local varieties with no fertilizer application. Information about improved varieties and fertilization perubahan iklim (Okogbenin et al. 2013; Mupakati technology in North Maluku is yet limited, resulting in dan Tanyanyiwa 2017). Produktivitas ubi kayu lokal difficulty to provide cassava cultivation recommendation. di lahan kering Maluku Utara mencapai 12,21 t/ This study aimed to determine the effects of different ha (BPS 2017), dan tergolong masih rendah bila levels of N, P, and K fertilization on growth and yield dibandingkan dengan potensi varietas unggul ubi of local and improved cassava varieties. This research kayu nasional yang mencapai 30-50 t/ha, dan was carried out on Latosols soil in dry land of Tuokona produktivitas rata-rata ubi kayu nasional yang village, Bacan, South Halmahera Regency from mencapai 15,6 t/ha (Suryana 2008). September 2017 until June 2018. The experimental 43 SULISTIONO ET AL. : RESPONS VARIETAS UBI KAYU TERHADAP PEMUPUKAN NPK PADA TANAH LATOSOL DI MALUKU UTARA Di Maluku Utara, budi daya ubi kayu umumnya meningkatkan produktivitas umbi segar serta masih dalam skala rumah tangga dan tidak dipupuk menutup kesenjangan hasil umbi antara hasil budi (Sulistiono et al. 2010), dengan bahan tanam daya dengan potensi genetisnya. Berdasarkan hasil sebagian besar adalah varietas lokal (Suwitono et penelitian tersebut dan budi daya ubi kayu di al. 2018). Secara genetis ubi kayu merupakan Maluku Utara, tampak bahwa produktivitas ubi kayu tanaman yang cepat menyerap unsur hara terutama dapat ditingkatkan melalui pemupukan yang tepat nitrogen (N) dan kalium (K) yang mencapai dan penggunaan varietas unggul yang sesuai. Oleh maksimal pada umur 250 hari setelah stek bertunas, karena itu, masih diperlukan pengkajian lebih lanjut sedangkan penyerapan fosfor (P) terus meningkat tentang pemupukan terhadap hasil umbi varietas hingga 300 hari setelah stek bertunas (Santos et al. lokal dan unggul nasional yang diintroduksikan. 2014). Pemberian unsur K (45-89 kg K2O/ha) saat Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh awal pertumbuhan vegetatif meningkatkan bobot pemupukan NPK terhadap pertumbuhan dan umbi dan penimbunan pati di umbi sebesar 36- peningkatan hasil ubi kayu varietas lokal dan varietas 49% serta meningkatkan penyerapan unsur N dan unggul nasional. S sebanyak 1,4-1,7 kali (Fernandes et al. 2017). Berdasarkan hal tersebut, rendahnya produktivitas BAHAN DAN METODE ubi kayu di Maluku Utara diduga disebabkan oleh faktor budi daya, terutama pemupukan dan Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Tuokona Bacan, pengunaan bahan tanam. Oleh karena itu diperlukan Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, Provinsi Maluku teknologi budi daya yang dapat meningkatkan Utara mulai bulan September 2017 hingga Juli produktivitas umbi yang belum diterapkan petani, 2018. Jenis tanah di lokasi penelitian adalah Latosol. yaitu pemupukan dan varietas unggul baru. Tanah di lokasi penelitian mempunyai warna coklat, tekstur tanah liat, struktur tanah remah dengan Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedalaman tanah 78,4-80 cm, KTK 20,5, pH (H2O) pemupukan pada ubi kayu berpengaruh positif 6,4, dan bahan organik 1% (Wakiah et al. 2016). terhadap hasil umbi. Varietas ubi kayu lokal Ternate Curah hujan selama penelitian dan dua tahun terakhir dan Tidore mampu menghasilkan umbi segar 48,37 berkisar antara 1.286-2.274 mm/tahun (2016- t/ha dan 62,10 t/ha dengan pemeliharaan intensif 2017) (Gambar 1). Suhu harian lokasi penelitian dan pemberian pupuk 100 kg Urea+ 200 kg SP18 berkisar antara 25-30 °C. + 100 kg/ha KCl (Sulistiono et al. 2010). Dilaporkan lebih lanjut oleh Sulistiono et al. (2010) bahwa Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak varietas lokal Bacan mampu menghasilkan umbi Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial tiga ulangan. Faktor segar 76,9 t/ha pada perlakuan pemupukan tersebut. pertama varietas ubi kayu yang terdiri atas empat Hasil ini selaras dengan laporan Sutrisno dan Sundari varietas yaitu: 1) Adira 1, 2) Mentega (lokal Jawa (2013) bahwa pemberian 200 kg Urea, 100 kg Barat), 3) Ubi Kuning (lokal Jawa Barat), dan 4) SP36 dan 100 kg/ha KCl meningkatkan hasil umbi Lokal Bacan. Faktor kedua adalah dosis pupuk NPK segar varietas Adira 1 mencapai 40 t/ha. Lebih lanjut yaitu: 1) dosis 100%, 2) dosis 50% dan 3) tanpa disampaikan oleh Luar et al. (2018) bahwa aplikasi pupuk NPK (kontrol). Dosis 100% yang digunakan pupuk yang optimal pada budi daya ubi kayu adalah 300 kg Urea+ 200 kg SP18 + 100 kg KCl/ Gambar 1. Data curah hujan pada 2016-2017 di lokasi penelitian (BMKG Bacan Halmahera Selatan 2018; BPS Halmahera Selatan 2018). 44 BULETIN PALAWIJA VOL. 18 NO. 1, MEI 2020 ha sesuai Wahyuningsih et al. (2014). Luas petak biomassa tertinggi dibanding varietas Adira 1 pada masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan 5 6 m2. Jarak semua dosis pemupukan NPK, Ubi Kuning pada tanam ubi kayu adalah 1 0,7 m, 100 cm antarbaris dosis 50% dan 100% dosis NPK, lokal Bacan pada dan 70 cm dalam barisan. perlakuan pupuk 50% dan 0% dosis NPK, serta Lahan penelitan diolah menggunakan hand Mentega pada perlakuan 50 % dosis NPK (Tabel tractor, dan diratakan dengan rotari. Lahan yang 1). sudah siap dibuat petak-petak dengan ukuran 5 Rasio akar tajuk dipengaruhi oleh varietas 6 m. Got keliling dibuat antarpetak dengan ukuran (p<0,05). Parameter ini menunjukkan kemampuan lebar 40 cm, dalam 30 cm. Bibit ubi kayu dipotong alokasi penimbunan fotosintat untuk biomassa akar seukuran stek (20-25 cm) dari sumber benih asal dibanding tajuk (Tabel 2). Varietas lokal Bacan masing-masing varietas. Lokal Bacan diambil dari memiliki rasio akar-tajuk tertinggi dan berbeda lahan di Desa Toakona Bacan. Varietas lokal Mentega nyata dengan varietas Adira 1. Hal ini menunjukkan dan Ubi Kuning serta varietas Adira 1 diambil dari bahwa varietas lokal terutama Bacan lebih banyak lahan demplot LIPI di Cibinong Jawa Barat. menghasilkan biomassa pada bagian pucuk (tajuk), Pemupukan dilakukan dua kali, yaitu saat tanam yang diekpresikan pada morfologi
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