253

Index

a c acaroid resin 114 C4 92–97 acoustic sensors 145–146 calibre projectiles 64 afterburning 33, 34 cannon ammunition 22, 23 aftermath–residues 2 carbon reduction 171 air entrainment 33, 34 characterization factors (CF) 184, 186, 2‐amino‐4,6‐dinitrotoluene 219, 220, 224 (2‐A‐DNT) 51 Chemical Munitions Search and 4‐amino‐2,6‐dinitrotoluene Assessment (CHEMSEA) 150, (4‐A‐DNT) 51 157 ammonium dinitramide (ADN) 5, 80 Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA) 215 ammonium perchlorate (AP) Chemical Safety Report (CSR) 216 oxidizer 51, 70, 199 chemical warfare agents (CWA) 139, ammunition demilitarization 13–45, 176 156, 160 anti‐tank ‘Barmines’ 36 Chemring Nobel Company 96 antitank ranges 60, 68 chlorobenzenes 108 aqueous solubility (Sw) 58 chlorophenols 108 artillery guns 66, 79 circular economy 171 autonomous underwater vehicles civil authorities 1 (AUVs) 146 civilian pyrotechnic systems 107 clean‐up strategy 105 b CO2 estimates 38 bathymetry 146 Cold Regions Research and Engineering B4C/KNO3/KCl/Ca stearate/PVAc 125 Laboratory (CRREL) 47 beeswax 114 commercial demilitarization contract 15 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing commercially viable materials 19 Excessive Costs (BATNEEC) Composition B (Comp B) 51, 69, 77, 82 principle 43–44 contaminated water 58, 227 binders 26, 51, 96, 103, 104, 114, 117, contamination management 7 120, 124 corrosion 63, 64, 140–145, 151, 155– bioaccumulation factor (BCF) 218 158, 233, 246 bioturbation 143, 154 cost‐efficiency analysis (CEA) 83 5,5’‐bis(1‐hydroxytetrazole) 122 costs and associated logistics 15 blow‐in‐place (BIP) detonations 59, 78 Council Directive 67/548/EEC 214 bulk propellants 32, 33 CX‐85 83–85, 89

Energetic Materials and Munitions: Life Cycle Management, Environmental Impact and Demilitarization, First Edition. Edited by Adam S. Cumming and Mark S. Johnson. © 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2019 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

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d dioxin/dibenzofuran cocktail of data quality objective (DQO) process 53 pollutants 108 Decision aid for marine munitions dioxins 108 (DAIMON) 141 Directive 76/769/EEC 214 decision units (DUs) 53 Directive 79/831/EEC 214 deep sea dumping 13, 17 Director Land Environment (DLE) 47 Defence Research and Development disposal and waste burning 126–127 Canada (DRDC) 47 disposed military munitions (DMM) 139 demilitarization 235 DM12 detonation and deposition rate basic stages of 17–20 measurement 94 examples of cost and CO2 36 2,4‐DNT 51, 52, 58, 59, 64–66, 78, 80, facilities 20 81, 88, 89, 152 factors influencing 15–17 Doppler velocity log (DVL) 148 maturity and use of 21–26 DRDC Valcartier 48, 61, 90 munition manager’s perspective 44–45 e NATO AOP 4518 40–44 ecodesign 171, 173, 174, 194 open burning (OB) 29–33 Ecodesign Directive 173 open detonation (OD) 29–31, 33–36 ecoinvent database 179, 187 scale of issue 14–15 ecoinvent website 179 technical and environmental ecolabel 171 issues 27–29 ecotoxicity 186, 187, 190, 192, 204, 220, techniques and processes 20–21 224, 237 Department of National Defence Director ecotoxicology 8 General Environment (DGE) 47 effect factor 186 design for demilitarization (DFD) 235 embedded electronics 41 munition manager’s EM sensors 146 perspective 44–45 end‐of‐life (EOL) disposal 41 NATO AOP 4518 40–44 end‐of‐mission (EOM) disposal 41 design for disposal 173 end‐of‐operational‐life (EOOL) 41 detonation 2, 33–34 Engineer Research and Development residues 90–91, 233 Center (ERDC) 47 detonators 32, 33, 94, 132, 243 environmental and safety legislation 213 3,3’‐diamino‐4,4’‐dinitramino‐5,5’‐ environmental assessment 2, 16, 28, 38, bi‐1,2,4‐triazolate 121 39, 64, 180, 200 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene environmental hazard assessment 1 (FOX‐7) 80 environmental impact of munitions 2, diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) 181 247 dibutyl phthalate 105, 213, 220–223 environmental life‐cycle impacts 188, 191 diisononylphthalate 220 Environmentally Sustainable 2,4‐dinitotoluene 231 Manufacturing for Energetic 2,6‐dinitroanisole 231 Formulations 243 dinitroanisole (DNAN) 69, 80 environmentally sustainable RTAs 58 4,5‐dinitro‐1,3‐imidazole 121 environmental management 1, 20, 68, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT) 51 176, 194, 225, 243 2,6‐dinitrotoluene (2,6‐DNT) 51 Environmental Management System dinitrotriazalone (NTO) 80 (EMS) ISO 14001 27 dioctylsebacate 220 Environmental Occupational Health and dioctyl terephthalate 220–224 Safety Assessment in Canada 63

bindex.indd 254 05-02-2019 15:12:59 Index 255

Environmental Protection for Heavy footprints 61–64 Weapons Ranges (EPHW) 47 explosive hazard 18, 20, 27 environmental releases 200, 204, 227, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) 15, 231, 237, 249 53, 92, 235 environmental safety and occupational explosive waste incinerator (EWI) 22, health (ESOH) 23, 28 acquisition 233–234 exposure factor 186, 203 conception 228–232 cost and time 208–210 f current and evolving regulatory fate factor 186 interests 207 Finnish Defence Administration 48 data requirements 201–207 firing positions (FP) 51, 54, 59, 64–66, decision‐making 238 68, 75, 78, 79, 91 demilitarization 235 fluffy layer of suspended matter disposal 237 (FLSM) 144 ecotoxicity 237 four‐power programme 5 engineering and Free From Explosive Hazard 27 manufacturing 234–235 freshwater ecotoxicity 185 evolving science and new tools 203 18, 82, 83, 92, 139 fate and transport 235–237 fuzeheads 117 field monitoring 237 industrial hygiene 237–238 g integration of flow charts 204 GIM 83–85, 89–91 life cycle environmental explosive residues 91 assessment 200 Global Navigation Satellite System material synthesis 231 (GNSS) 148 M116, 117, 118 simulators 207–208 GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya munition compounds and aetiology Sputnikovaya Sistema of 199–200 (GLONASS) 148 M‐18 violet smoke 208 global warming 170, 183, 186, 189 phased approach 201–203 greener munitions Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, definition 79, 242–243 and Restriction of Chemicals development approach 79–82 (REACH) 238 green plastic explosive 92 reproduction/developmental hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine effects 204–206 (RDX) 77 research and acquisition 200–201 IM 60‐mm mortar based on research vs. testing 203–204 PAX‐21 77 testing/demonstration 232–233 M115A2 ground burst projectile toxicology data requirement 228 simulator 77 Toxic Substances Control Act 238 M116A1 hand grenade simulator Environmental Security Technology 77 Certification Program M274 2.75” rocket simulator 77 (ESTCP) 104, 159 munitions constituents of EPA 8330b method 56, 68 concern 77–78 European Chemical Agency RIGHTTRAC 82–92 (ECHA) 215, 238 source of munitions European Conference on Defence and the constituents 78–79 Environment (ECDE) 48 unexploded ordnances (UXO) 75

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green plastic explosive inertial navigation systems (INS) 148 HMX option 95–96 input–output analysis 171 PETN option 93–95 insensitive high explosive (IHE) 41, 69, green procurement 171, 173 70 green pyrotechnic systems 104 insensitive munitions (IM) 6, 70, 77, 82, groundwater plume contamination 49 169 gun propellant 51, 64, 79, 82, 83, 86, 88, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 213, 220, 243 Change (IPCC) 185 gun testing 89–90 in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) 207 h ISO 9001 27 Hawaii Undersea Military Munitions isocyanates 6, 117 Assessment (HUMMA) 142, 143, 157 j hazardous wastes 14, 18, 20, 28, 33, 56, just‐in time manufacturing 111 127, 199, 234 industrial demilitarisation 19 l Health and Safety Executive (HSE) L320 86–90 Industry Group 35 land management 246–247 heavy metals 18, 49, 77, 104, 105, 108, 109, large munitions 44 115, 118–122, 155, 169, 170, 184 large‐scale explosive waste hexachloroethane (HCE) smoke incinerator 23 systems 116 laser line scanners (LLS) 146 1,3,5‐hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitrate lead azide 105, 106 (RDX) 199 lead‐free bullets/primers 76 hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine lead styphnate (TNR‐Pb) 106, 181 (RDX) 77, 152 legislative impact 2–4 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐ life cycle analysis 7, 91–92, 199 hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) 80 life cycle assessment (LCA) hexavalent chromium compounds 115 methodology 171–172 HK416 76 environmental and toxicological human health and ecosystems 169, 184, impacts 170 185, 187, 213–215, 218–220, 225 four interrelated phases 172 human health (CTUh) and ecosystems functional unit 175–176 (CTUe) 186 goal and scope phase 174–178 human‐occupied vehicles (HOVs) 142 ISO standards 14040 and 14044 human toxicity 186, 187, 189, 192, 193, 172 220, 224 life‐cycle impact assessment hydrolysis 58, 141, 144, 153, 229, 232 (LCIA) 182–194 life‐cycle inventory 178–182 i life‐cycle thinking 170–171 IM 60‐mm mortar based on PAX‐21 77 limitations of 194 individual disposal/demilitarisation purpose of 173–174 action 13 simplified representation 171 industrial demilitarization 13, 17, 19, 21, life‐cycle costing 171 22, 27, 30, 31, 36, 39, 44 life cycle environmental assessment 200 Industrial Emissions Directive 28 life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA) industrial hygiene 208, 227, 234, case study 188–194 237–238 characterization 183

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classification 183 M116, 117, 118 simulators 207–208 methods 185–187 multicriteria analysis 171 normalization and weighting Multiple Launch Rocket Systems 183 (MLRS) 38 software 187–188 munition constituents (MC) 52, 225 life‐cycle inventory (LCI) 172, 178–182 munition manager’s perspective local exhaust ventilation (LEV) 44–45 systems 117 munition‐related contaminants 51–52 long baseline (LBL) 148 munitions, handling of 151–152 munitions and explosives of concern m (MEC) 139 magnesium teflon viton acoustic sensors 145–146 (MTV) 116–117 chemical degradation 152–153 M115A2 ground burst projectile corrosion 142–143 simulator 77 detection 150–151 M116A1 hand grenade simulator 77 ecotoxicological aspects marine Mk144 illumination signal 154–156 122 EM sensors 146 material flow analysis 171 environmental aspects 141–142 maximum acceptable concentrations fate and transport of (MACh) 58 constituents 144–145 metal‐based colourant 113 geopolitical aspects 156–158 methyl centralite (MC) 88, 89 global collaboration 159–160 military live‐fire training ranges global EU and NATO efforts analytical tool and adsorption method 160–161 for MC in aqueous handling 151–152 samples 67–68 human capacities 161–162 DRDC Valcartier 48 in situ methods 141 emerging constituents 69–70 location 150 explosive footprints 61–64 long‐term and long‐distance firing positions 64–66 transport 153–154 groundwater plume contamination 49 monitoring 151 mitigation measures 67–69 navigation and positioning munition related contaminants 51 systems 148 octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐ optical sensors 146 tetrazocine (HMX) 48 platforms 146–147 surface soil characterization 52 remediation 141–150 thermal treatment of shoulder rocket research infrastructures 161 propellant contaminated surface scientific advances 161 and sub‐surface soils 68–69 sea disposal process 145 (UXO) 50 technology innovation 161 105‐mm army artillery munition 82 munitions constituents (MCs) 47 105‐mm Howitzer gun 89, 90 of concern 77–78 155‐mm artillery munition (M777) 87 RTA 58–61 mobile demilitarisation plants 40 source of 78–79 modified single‐base (MSB) 86–89 munitions, disassembly of 13, 27 Monitoring of dumped munitions Munitions Safety Information and (MODUM) 151, 154 Analysis Centre (MSIAC) 45 M274 2.75” rocket simulator 77 M‐18 violet smoke 208

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n OHSAS 18001 27 NAMMO Buck 29, 30 old red lead/silicon primer 115 NAMMO NAD 29 One health approach 199–210 national legislation and public on‐site disruption and disposal 8 acceptance 15 open burning (OB) 4, 22, 25, 29–33, 66, NATO AOP 4518 40–44 78, 128, 170, 235, 249 NATO Applied Vehicle Technology vs. EWI incineration of SAA 39 (AVT) 48 open detonation (OD) 4, 13, 22, 25, NATO AVT 115 4 29–31, 33–36, 52, 170, 176 NATO AVT 177 4 optical sensors 145, 146 NATO AVT 179 4 ordnance disposal site 247 NATO AVT 197 4 Organization for Security and NATO AVT 269 4 Cooperation in Europe NATO AVT‐249 task group 48 (OSCE) 23 NATO Collaboration Support Office oxydiethane‐2,1‐diyl dibenzoate 220, tasked AVT‐197 48 224 NATO Cooperative Demonstration of ozone depletion 183, 184 Technology (CDT) 48 NATO Industrial Advisory Group p (NIAG) 21 pentaerythritol trinitrate (PETN) 80 NATO RTO AVT‐177 symposium 63 option 93 NATO Support Agency 8 perchlorates 7, 49, 51, 59, 77, 78, 97, 104, NATO Support and Procurement Agency 108, 109, 112, 120, 199 (NSPA) 16, 247 chlorate 116, 122–124 navigation and positioning systems periodates 120, 123 148 persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic neurotoxin 6 (PBT) 216 N‐guanylurea‐dinitramide (FOX‐12) 80 phosphorus (V) nitride (P3N5) 118 nitramines 51, 80, 95, 231 physical destruction techniques 20 nitrate esters 7, 51, 231 plastic‐bonded explosives (PBX) 41 nitroaromatics 81, 153, 231 plume dispersion 33, 34 nitroaromatic‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) 2, plume formation 33, 34 4, 6, 80, 152 polychlorinated biphenyls 123 nitroglycerin (NG) 51, 59, 69, post‐detonation residues 62, 77, 91, 93 97, 231 Prevention of Marine Pollution by nitroguanidine (NQ) 51, 59, 86 Dumping of Wastes 139 nitrotriazalone (NTO) 69, 80 Programmatic Environmental Safety and North American RTAs 49, 51, 82 Health Evaluation (PESHE) 200 Norwegian Armed Forces 76 propellant production 192, 220 Norwegian servicemen 6 propellant residues 54, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 79, 236 o propellant’s environmental hazard obscurant smokes 124 assessment 1 octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐ propelling charge system 66 tetrazocine (HMX) 48, 59, 80, 95, pyrotechnics 5, 227 152 civilian pyrotechnic systems 107 octanol/water partition coefficients ‘clean‐up’ strategy 105 (Kow) 58, 209 compositions 103, 104 octol (TNT/HMX) 51 disposal and waste burning 126–127

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environmental effect 103, 104 reactive injection moulding 249, 250 environmental legislation 127, 129 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation green pyrotechnic systems 104 and Restriction of Chemicals heavy metal 115, 118–122 (REACH) 2, 105, 238 integration 129–133 European defence capabilities 213 list of ingredients 104 overview of 214–215 magnesium teflon viton (MTV) regulation 793/93 214 countermeasures 116–117, 127 regulatory thresholds 218 obscurant smokes 124 remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) 142 packaging waste 118 removal from storage 17–18 perchlorate and chlorate 116, residual material disposition 20 122–124 resins 114, 117 perchlorate levels 104 resonant acoustic mixing technology 249 production 109–110 reuse, recovery and recycling (R3) pyrotechnic devices 112 methods 18, 26, 41 qualification 107 Revolutionary Insensitive, Green and raw materials acquisition and quality Healthier Training Technology control 112–114 with Reduced Adverse Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation Contamination (RIGHTTRAC) and Restriction of Chemicals cost‐efficiency analysis (CEA) 83, 91 (REACH) 105–106 fate, transport and toxicity 88–89 resins, binders and solvents 117 field demonstration 89 and simulators 32 IM properties 83–84, 87–88 site location 110–112 main explosive charge 83 smokes 116 105‐mm army artillery munition 82 specific materials performance 83 production 114–115 propellant charge 86 storage 117–118 rising gas 143 suitably qualified and experienced rocket motors 18, 26, 29, 32, 33, 45, 243 person (SQEP) issues 128–129 usage and disposal 118 s volatilization smokes 116, 124–125 Safe Drinking Water Act 97 safety data sheet (SDS) 106 q sea disposal 139, 140, 145, 146 quality assurance/quality control (QA/ sea disposal process 145 QC) 57, 231 sea‐disposed munitions 140, 143, 161 quantitative structural activity relationship sea‐dumped munitions 4, 160, 245 (QSAR) models 230 sea dumping 13, 159, 176, 241 quantitative structural property SENTINEL project 107 relationship (QSPR) 230 settling sediments 143 short baseline (SBL) 148 r shoulder rocket propellant contaminated range and training areas (RTA) surface and sub‐surface characterization 47 soils 68–69 R440 dim illuminant 122 SimaPro 187, 188 RDX 6, 49, 51, 52, 58–60, 63, 68, 77, 79, single‐base propellant 51, 86, 87 80, 82, 83, 85, 92–97, 149, size reduction/removal 18 152–156, 182, 199, 213, 231 small arms ammunition (SAA) 15, 28, RDX/TNT 36, 37 29, 32, 33, 39, 40

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small arms ammunition destruction oven 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) 6, 51, 59, 77, (SAADO) 33 80, 152, 156, 176, 200, 231 small arms propellant residues 65 twin screw extrusion 249 small‐scale incinerator and products 22 u smokeless propellant 5 ultrashort baseline (USBL) 148 snow sample filtration 62 unexploded ordnance (UXO) 35, 50, 75, soil sorption constants (Kd) 58 92, 139, 170 solvents 32, 56, 105, 116, 117, 125, 243 United Nations Environment Programme/ space agencies 1 Society of Environmental SS 158, 245 Toxicology and Chemistry (UNEP/ steel/lead projectile 188–193 SETAC) 185 Strategic Environmental Research and unplanned disposal 8, 247 Development Program unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) 147 (SERDP) 47, 77, 104, 159, 210, unmanned vehicles 146 239, 243 unused/surplus munitions 247 styphnate 105, 106, 152 USA peer‐reviewed funding program 47 substances of very high concern U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 6 (SVHC) 105, 213, 214, 216 U.S. Army Environmental Quality substantial residues 170 Technology Program 208 suitably qualified and experienced person U.S. Army’s Green Ammunition (SQEP) issues 128–129 Program 76 surface soil characterization US Environmental Protection Agency 2, cleaning 57–58 49, 78, 104, 201, 238 data quality and sampling U.S. EPA Contaminant Candidate List 3 objectives 53–55 (USEPA web site) 97 risk to the receptors through the U.S. EPA Interim Lifetime Drinking Water transport of munitions Health Advisory 78 constituents 58–61 USEtox method 185–189, 193, 194, safety aspects 53 218–220, 224 soil samples 56–57 U.S. Massachusetts Military Reservation surface soil sampling pattern 55 (MMR) 49, 76 surface to near‐surface UXOs 64 US Strategic Environmental Research and surface vessels 146–148 Development Program system boundaries 172, 175–178 (SERDP) 47, 77, 104, 159, 243 t v Technology Demonstration Program volatilization smokes 116, 124–125 (TDP) 77 w terrestrial toxicity 80, 85, 88 thermal treatment 32, 68–69, 170 Wallop Defence Systems site 117 toxicological life‐cycle impacts 189 waste disposal 19, 20, 110, 126 Toxic Substances Control Act 238 waste management 110–112, 116, 126, 176 trichloroethane (TCE) 105 watercraft 147 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TNB) 58, water solubility of energetic materials 81 154–156, 231 ‘whistle, bang, flash’ simulators 207–208

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