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Public Health Risk Assessmentdistrict of the Aktobe Region Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020 Aug 25; 8(E):481-487. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4662 eISSN: 1857-9655 Category: E - Public Health Section: Public Health Disease Control Public Health Risk Assessment Due to Air Pollution in the Temir District of the Aktobe Region Laura Sakebayeva*, Valentina Sabyrakhmetova, Gulsim Karashova, Perizat Aitmaganbet, Kulyan Shayakhmetova Department of Hygienic Disciplines with Occupational Diseases, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan, Asia Abstract Edited by: Sasho Stoleski BACKGROUND: This article focuses on the health risk assessment associated with air pollution for the population Citation: Sakebayeva L, Sabyrakhmetova V, Karashova G, Aitmaganbet P, Shayakhmetova K. Public of the Temir district in the Aktobe region. The risk assessment of the effects of air pollution on public health revealed Health Risk Assessment Due to Air Pollution in the Temir a tendency to deterioration in the health indicators of the children’s population. District of the Aktobe Region. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020 Aug 25; 8(E):481-487. AIM: The research object was the population of the Temir district living near the oil and gas field Zhanazhol. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4662 Keywords: Air pollution; Non-carcinogenic risk; METHODS: The work was carried out according to the risk assessment methodology described in the manual R Carcinogenic risk; Children; Adolescents; Adults *Correspondence: Laura Sakebayeva. Department of 2.1.10-1920-04. The maximum non-carcinogenic risk due to exposure to chemicals in the air basin of residential Hygienic Disciplines with Occupational Diseases, West areas was established for children from 0 to 6 years of age in the Temir district. Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan, Asia. E-mail: [email protected] RESULTS: A high risk of respiratory, blood, and cardiovascular diseases was observed. Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen Received: 19-Mar-2020 Revised: 08-May-2020 sulfide, nitrogen, and carbon oxides contained in atmospheric air contribute to the risk of developing these diseases. Accepted: 12-May-2020 The levels of carcinogenic risk to public health in the Temir district show that the maximum individual risk of Copyright: © 2020 Laura Sakebayeva, Valentina Sabyrakhmetova, Gulsim Karashova, Perizat Aitmaganbet, oncological diseases is observed in the group of children. The risk of malignant neoplasms in adolescents is 1.2 Kulyan Shayakhmetova times lower, in the male population – 1.4 times lower, on average, and in the female population – 1.3 times lower than Funding: This research did not receive any financial support in children. Public health risk analysis aims to select the best ways in a particular situation to eliminate or reduce risk Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no associated with air pollution for the population. competing interests exist Open Access: This is an open-access article distributed CONCLUSION: The methodology of a comprehensive health risk analysis is a promising and developing approach under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) in the system of monitoring the quality of the human environment and assessing environmental hazards. Introduction measures, and, based on a systems analysis, study the contributions of individual risk factors to the predicted indicator of individual or public health [1], [2], [3]. Environmental pollution has a negative impact The analysis of modern literature confirms on every resident of both the Russian Federation that the concept of “environmental risk” is given special and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The environmental significance [4], [5]. The level of environmental risk threat is probably the most important in terms of allows analyzing both natural and territorial production national security. Environmental safety and sustainable complexes in a unified methodological manner according development of society are possible only if the state of to individual classes of natural and anthropogenic the environment and sources of anthropogenic impact prerequisites for human diseases, as well as their territorial on the environment are under control, and there is an combinations. The application of the environmental risk effective mechanism of environmental management. criterion to assess the negative impact of the environment Anthropogenic air pollution in the context on the health and living conditions of the population of a socio-ecosystem is a global environmental and creates objective prerequisites for the implementation of hygienic issue that makes a significant contribution to forecasting studies both for the total risk as a whole and the formation of public health in urban areas. In recent for its individual forms. Domestic and foreign literature, years, a methodology for assessing and managing highlighting the problems of environmental risk to public environmental pollution risks has been tested to address health, as a rule, connects the process of occurrence of this issue in many regions of the Russian Federation. medico-environmental tension and the emergence of new A risk assessment of the effect of environmental factors risk forms with the formation of a polluting environment on public health is not only an integral part of socio- complex [6], [7], [8], [9]. hygienic monitoring but also the pinnacle of hygienic Under the conditions of the multicomponent diagnosis. The implementation of this methodology and multimedia effects of environmental factors, the total makes it possible to assess the sanitary well-being of value of non-carcinogenic risk for the population of the city the territory, develop an effective system of preventive of Aktobe was 9.41 • 10–4 (high priority), of which 84.8% Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020 Aug 25; 8(E):481-487. 481 E - Public Health Public Health Disease Control was due to air pollution, with a high risk of harmful effects period (data on the content of the main pollutants in the from the respiratory, central nervous, and blood systems. atmosphere of the Temir district are presented in Table 1) The total carcinogenic risk for the population amounted and their average annual concentration according to the to 2.61 • 10–2 (high priority) and was formed due to the data of RSE “AOTSEE” of the committee on consumer inhalation and oral intake of carcinogens. An industrial rights protection under the Ministry of National Economy city is a territory of increased risk for public health: The of the Republic of Kazakhstan. To calculate the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are 2.1 and risks, reference concentrations for chronic inhalation 4.3 times higher, respectively, in areas with a high level of exposure were used (Table 2). The calculation of non- anthropogenic environmental pollution [10], [11]. carcinogenic risks, taking into account critical organs The purpose of this article is to give a risk and systems, was carried out for such atmospheric air assessment of the effects of air pollution on public pollutants as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen health in the Temir district. sulfide, and carbon monoxide. At the first stage of the study, the average annual and average daily concentrations of pollutants were calculated (Table 3). Based on these calculations, Materials and Methods the concentration of a substance entering the body with atmospheric air was determined on the basis of mg/kg body weight (for a specified period of time). The research object was the population The HQ of non-carcinogenic effects was of the Temir district living near the oil and gas field calculated with regard to gender (men and women) and Zhanazhol. The work was carried out according to age (children, adolescents, and adults). The HI was the risk assessment methodology described in the determined for all of the above substances with regard manual R 2.1.10-1920-04 [12], [13]. An assessment to the same parameters (gender and age). In addition, of non-carcinogenic risk, or a calculation of the non- the HI was calculated for each critical organ and system. carcinogenic index, was carried out in fractions of the The recommended standard values of reference concentration or dose. The procedure for exposure factors (Tables 4 and 5) were applied. assessing non-carcinogenic risk involves comparing the values of the acting and reference concentrations The population risk coefficients and factors (doses). If the ratio of these values is lower than one, (Tables 6 and 7) were applied. then there is no risk; if it is higher, then there is a risk. Based on the results and recommended It was important to assess non-carcinogenic standard values of exposure factors (Tables 4 and 5), effects based on establishing compliance with the population risk (Tables 6 and 7) was calculated the reference doses of priority substances. The for adults (men, women), adolescents, and children development of non-carcinogenic effects was analyzed according to the formula: by comparing the actual exposure levels with the safe HRI= Е × TW × Р/10,000 exposure levels (the hazard index [HI]/hazard quotient where HRI is the comparative non-carcinogenic [HQ]), according to the formula: HI HQ = AC/RfC, where AC is the actual exposure TW is the time-weighted coefficient of health level; RfC is the safe exposure level (reference impact concentration). P is the population size Taking into account
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