Angiosperme Cu Flori Negre Şi Perceperea Culorii Lor De Către Insectele Polenizatoare

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ANGIOSPERME CU FLORI NEGRE ŞI PERCEPEREA CULORII LOR DE CĂTRE INSECTELE POLENIZATOARE Autor : Ioana CRIŞAN, Coordonator ştiinţific : şef lucr. dr. Andrei STOIE Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară, Str. Mănăştur, Nr. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, România; [email protected]; REZUMAT Cum percep insectele polenizatoare culorile petalelor şi tepalelor mai ales dacă acestea sunt aproape negre? Perceperea culorii la insecte este diferită de cea a omului sau a altor animale datorită tipurilor de receptori vizuali prezenţi la nivelul ochiului şi a sistemului de formare a imaginii de la nivelul creierului. Florile negre prezintă o mare concentraţie a pigmenţilor antociani la nivelul învelişului floral, iar prin absorbţia radiaţiilor UV realizează un contrast cu fondul care reflectă radiaţia UV, transmiţând un semnal mult mai puternic către receptorii din ochiul insectei, decât cel perceput de ochiul uman. Deşi există o serie de angiosperme cu flori mai mult sau mai puţin negre, multe dintre ele aparţin la soiuri cultivate şi au fost obţinute prin ameliorare. Se cunosc însă şi specii a căror frumuseţe întunecată este naturală şi a apărut prin evoluţie biologică. Din rândul lor face parte Iris chrysographes originar din China, dar şi irişii secţiunii Oncocyclus a subgenului Iris din genul Iris care cuprinde specii răspândite în Orientul Mijlociu, unele protejate prin lege cum este Iris nigricans întâlnit în Iordan, sau Iris atropurpurea care este endemic Israelului. CUVINTE CHEIE Flori negre, Iris chrysographes, Iris nigricans, antociani, pigmenti florali BIBLIOGRAFIE Rausher D. Mark, Evolutionary transitions in floral color, International Journal of Plant Scieces 169(1):7–21. 2008. (pag. 14) Menzel Randolf, Color vision in visiting insects, Intitut für Neurobiologie der Freien Universität Berlin,http://www.neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de ANGIOSPERMS WITH BLACK FLOWERS AND THEIR COLOUR PERCEIVED BY POLLINATING INSECTS Author: Ioana CRISAN, Scientific Coordinator: sef lucr. dr. Andrei STOIE University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] ABSTRACT How pollinating insects perceive the colour of petals and tepals, especially if these are almost black? Colour perception in insects is different from that of humans or other animals due to visual receptors present in the eye and due to image forming system present in the brain. Black flowers have a high concentration of anthocyanin pigments at perianth level, and by absorbing the UV radiation they realize a contrast with the background which reflects the UV, thus transmitting a much stronger signal to the receptors of an insect eye than perceived by the human eye. Although there are a series of angiosperms with more or less black flowers, many of them belong to cultivated varieties and have been obtained by artificial breeding. But there are also species of a natural dark beauty that occurred by biological evolution. Among them is Iris chrysographes originally from China, and also the irises of the section Oncocyclus from subgenus Iris, genus Iris, which comprises species distributed throughout Middle East, some of them protected by law like Iris nigricans from Jordan, or Iris atropurpurea an endemic of Israel flora. KEYWORDS Black flowers, Iris chrysographes, Iris nigricans, anthocyanins, flower pigments REFERENCES Rausher D. Mark, Evolutionary transitions in floral color, International Journal of Plant Scieces 169(1):7–21. 2008. (pag. 14) Menzel Randolf, Color vision in visiting insects, Intitut für Neurobiologie der Freien Universität Berlin,http://www.neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de.

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