RURAL ISOLATION OF CITIZENS IN EUROPE March 2016 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 3
Contents
Key terms 4 About Volonteurope About Volonteurope Volonteurope is an international network promoting volunteering, active Executive summary 5 citizenshipVolonteurope and social justice is an in international Europe and beyond.network promoting volunteering, active citizenship and social justice in Europe and beyond. Recommendations 7 Volonteurope works at all levels, from the local to the international, and Volonteurope works at all levels, from the local to the international, and across the public, private and third sectors. We facilitate exchange, foster Introduction 10 collaboration,across and the carry public, out privateresearch and and third advocacy. sectors. We facilitate exchange, foster collaboration, and carry out research and advocacy. Volonteurope currently has over 50 members in more than 20 countries Rural isolation: a multidimensional problem 12 across Europe.Volonteurope currently has over 50 members in more than 20 countries across Europe. Territorial, social and economic patterns across rural Europe 12 Established in the Netherlands in 1981, Volonteurope’s Secretariat is hosted by VolunteeringEstablished Matters, in the the Netherlands UK’s leading in volunteering 1981, Volonteurope’s charity in policySecretariat and is hosted The realities of rural isolation: opportunities, services and infrastructure 17 practice. by Volunteering Matters, the UK’s leading volunteering charity in policy and practice. European Rural Development Policy 24
From isolation to inclusion 26
Looking ahead 27 Contact: Contact: VolonteuropeVolonteurope Secretariat Secretariat c/o Volunteeringc/o Volunteering Matters Matters 18-24 Lower18-24 Clapton Lower Road Clapton Road Acknowledgements London E5London 0PD E5 0PD United KingdomUnited Kingdom E: [email protected]: [email protected] T: +44 20T: 3780 +44 587820 3780 5878 Volonteurope would like to thank the following for their contributions to this report: www.volonteurope.euwww.volonteurope.eu › Aleksandr Kurushev, EstYes › Justyna Duriasz-Bulhak, Polish Rural Development Foundation › Claire Alexander, Macmillan Cancer Support › Constantin Dedu, Imago Mundi Association › Iva Taralezhkova, Forum for Civic Participation and Devetashko Plato Association › Koos Mirck and Gert Hoogeboom, LVKK
A special thanks also goes to André Hudepohl from Humanitas for his helpful comments, and to all those who took part in events and discussions throughout our two year campaign.
Volonteurope is supported by the European Commission’s ‘Europe for Citizens Programme’. Sole responsibility for this report and its contents lies with Volonteurope.
Cover Image: © European Commission 4 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 5
Key terms Executive summary
CAP Common Agricultural Policy Over the course of a two year campaign on rural sustainability. Investment in the BioEconomy1 isolation, Volonteurope has been gathering is also an effective way to foster sustainable evidence and good practice from the European economic development, and to create employment CLLD Community-led local development voluntary sector. Following the publication of a opportunities for rural workers. policy brief in 2014, seminars were held in Rome, Riga and Sofia, and a concluding conference was EAFRD European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development held in Amsterdam, during which rural development Rural regions across Europe do not represent a experts and civil society actors from across Europe uniform group. EU European Union discussed the challenges facing rural communities Economic and social trends can be identified within and how these challenges should be addressed. macro-regions (Eastern Europe, North-Western This report brings together key findings from the Europe, and Mediterranean Europe), as can EU-15 Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, campaign, to show that: differences between older and newer EU Member the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom States. Nonetheless, rural development initiatives need to take into account the specificities of local Rural regions are economically and contexts. Problems and solutions will vary between EU-N13 The Member States who joined the EU in 2004, 2007 and 2013, namely Bulgaria, Croatia, demographically very important. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta Poland, Romania, countries and indeed regions, so responses must be Slovakia, and Slovenia More than half of the EU’s land area is classified as well targeted to a given area. predominantly rural and more than one fifth of the EU’s population lives in rural regions. Rural areas EU-28 All EU Member States provide food, raw materials, environmental services Rural isolation is a multidimensional issue and spaces for rest and recreation. They are also requiring a multidimensional response. home to some of Europe’s natural, cultural and It refers both to the wider systems that perpetuate GDP Gross Domestic Product historical heritage. rural poverty and social exclusion, such as remoteness and low population density, as well as the specific effects of these systems, such as poor GVA Gross Value Added Rural regions often lag behind urban and access to education or infrastructure. To effectively intermediate ones in a number of socio-economic combat rural isolation, cross-sector collaboration is indicators. ICT Information and Communications Technology therefore vital. Cooperation between organisations People living and working in rural Europe are and individuals with different areas of expertise usually at higher risk of poverty. They also often face is the only way to address the many aspects of LAG Local Action Group difficulties in accessing infrastructure and public the problem. In order to bring about real change, services, and display lower levels of employment, European institutions, governments, businesses NGO Non-governmental organisation income and educational attainment. The term and civil society must support each other and work rural isolation refers to these inequalities, as well together. as the mechanisms that perpetuate them such as RDP Rural Development Policy remoteness and low population density. Diversified investment in rural areas is needed to boost economic growth and employment In line with the Europe 2020 Strategy, the problem opportunities. of rural isolation is particularly pertinent. Areas with low levels of Gross Domestic Product The EU’s 2020 Strategy promotes “smart, inclusive and economic growth tend to be more at risk of and sustainable growth” in Europe during this poverty. Low investment levels in remote or sparsely decade. If Europe is to meet its targets for 2020, social exclusion in rural regions must be addressed 1 The parts of the economy that use renewable biological as a priority. Involving local communities in all resources such as crops, forests, fish, animals and micro- rural development efforts is key to ensuring their organisms to produce food, materials and energy. 6 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 7
Recommendations
populated areas may lead to low levels of economic Rural communities have tremendous These recommendations are only intended as a At the local level: and human capital. In turn, low capital formation development potential, and it is important to guideline. Problems will vary between countries 1) Support volunteering and grassroots action to leads to poorer economic performance and lower recognise and foster this. and regions, and these variations should be taken promote social inclusion. Recognise the role of levels of employment and income. This cycle can into account. Local communities understand their context and volunteers and volunteer-involving organisations only be broken by greater and more diversified needs, and are the best equipped to identify and in engaging citizens and promoting local ownership investment in rural areas. However, it is important EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS target the problems they face. Rural communities of projects. that outside investment does not monopolise must therefore be given a platform to articulate 2) Support the empowerment of rural communities. local economies, nor drain resources away from Investment and funding: these ideas and problems, whether that be an official communities. Communities should be encouraged 3) Involve vulnerable groups in the design, delivery rural parliament, or a more informal rural meeting. 1) Ensure that agricultural funding supports the to pull together and build small businesses and and evaluation of projects. They must be consulted and involved at every step poorest farms in Europe, including small family social enterprises that boost local economic growth of rural development processes, and empowered farms. sustainably. to take action. It should be recognised that rural 2) Aim to attract diversified investment in rural Europe 2020: communities have a lot to offer, and we must work areas, be it in tourism, industry or other types of together to create an enabling environment for 1) Continue to strengthen the rural dimension of An ageing and declining rural population is a services. them to reach their full potential. Europe 2020 by measuring its impact on rural growing problem in many Member States. 3) Increase the percentage of rural funding to areas. The European Semester should include Young people in particular leave rural areas to seek Community-Led Local Development. Strengthen the measurement of progress achieved in rural a better life in cities or abroad. This has significant The role of civil society should not be the role of Local Action Groups, community areas and the European Commission must make implications on the demographic of rural regions, as underestimated. organisations and civil society with funding, specific recommendations to Member States to many of those ‘left behind’ are vulnerable groups for engagement and assistance. address rural issues, especially regarding the Volunteering and active citizenship are essential whom leaving is not a viable option (older people, most deprived regions. tools for promoting positive and sustainable change. 4) Invest in the development of the BioEconomy to disabled people and children). Investment in rural Governments and businesses should work closely foster sustainable economic growth and create 2) The 2016 review of the 2014-2020 Multiannual areas is therefore needed to increase educational, with civil society organisations to find innovative new employment opportunities for rural workers. Financial Framework must consider the rural training and employment opportunities for young and sustainable solutions to rural isolation. Urban dimension. The President of the European people. Initiatives improving access to infrastructure and rural citizens alike should engage with the issues Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, has indicated and services are also needed to improve the quality Policy: and work together to bring about lasting change. that the review will focus on his agenda for jobs, of life in rural areas, and give inhabitants a greater 1) Decouple Rural Development Policy (especially In the absence of sufficient infrastructure and growth, fairness and democratic change. These incentive to stay. Pillar II of the Common Agricultural Policy) from services in remote areas, civil society can do a lot to must also be looked at from a rural perspective. commercial policy. help vulnerable members of the community access transport, healthcare and more. Bringing volunteers 2 The Common Agricultural Policy should be linked Improving access to services and infrastructure MEMBER STATES to remote rural areas not only reduces communities’ to wealth and income levels and decoupled from should be the cornerstone of all rural development sense of isolation, it builds understanding and land ownership and output. initiatives in Europe. allows rural populations to share their traditions Funding: 3) Target rural infrastructure as a priority. Address Problems such as remoteness, low population and cultures. The promotion of volunteering and the digital divide with policies that increase 1) Improve implementation of European agricultural density and population decline can all be targeted active citizenship is therefore a cost-effective way broadband availability and take up in rural areas. funds for rural development. with improved access to education, broadband to target social exclusion throughout rural Europe. internet, transport and healthcare in rural 4) Develop digital skills among rural populations 2) Allow local groups to participate in the regions. For example, building transport links in an with local training programmes involving governance structure of European funds. Clarify isolated area improves access to services, which To combat rural isolation, governments, volunteers. Policies should take into account the local level participation with stakeholders before in turn improves wellbeing and can even reduce businesses, citizens and civil society need to be characteristics of the local population in terms of submitting them to the European Commission. outmigration and foster social mobility. Even in the pulling in the same direction. age, educational attainment and income levels. 3) Integrate the different funds’ strategic priorities most remote areas, innovative approaches to service Rural communities already possess much of what 5) Focus especially on vulnerable groups (women, to target areas most in need. provision can ensure that isolated communities they need to combat poverty and social exclusion, young people, old people, persons with disabilities, 4) Remove political resistance to farm subsidy have access to basic services. and together we must support them to do just that. ethnic minorities, migrants) when evaluating rural reductions to free up resources for broader and policy. more targeted rural development across Europe. 8 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 9
5) Focus resources on the most vulnerable rural 5) Guarantee the upkeep of roads in even the most enterprises. Encourage entrepreneurship with engage a variety of stakeholders (especially at areas and ensure that European programmes remote regions. micro-loan schemes. the local level) in the design, implementation and reach the most disadvantaged groups. evaluation of European programmes. 6) Encourage young people to remain in or migrate 11) Promote tourism and ecotourism in rural areas. 6) Invest in the BioEconomy as a means of to rural areas by improving the provision of 3) Establish local advisory groups to assist 12) Encourage volunteering and travel amongst rural sustainably boosting economic growth and infrastructure and services. grassroots and community organisations to populations with mobility schemes involving creating employment opportunities for rural access European funds. 6) Explore the possibility of ‘travelling’ service international volunteers. Exchange visits of workers. providers. For example, mobile medical clinics volunteers are a cost effective way to combat 4) Advise governments on strategic priorities and that regularly visit villages. social exclusion and promote cultural exchange. volunteer involvement. Government: 7) Support civil society initiatives focussed on 13) Work with businesses and local communities to 5) Engage and collaborate with local and regional 1) Ensure the quality and integrity of local the provision of services. For example, locally find innovative solutions to population decline governments to boost the efficacy and reach of government and administration. coordinated transport provision for older people. and population ageing. For example, organising rural development initiatives. 2) Equip local government officials with skills, internships for city-based university students in knowledge and an understanding of Community- villages. Led Local Development. At the local level: Working with communities: 1) Recruit consultants and service providers who CIVIL SOCIETY 1) Organise local festivals and initiatives to 3) Adopt a cross-sector approach. Tackle Rural understand the local rural context. Build local draw attention to rural communities and their Isolation from a political, business, educational, initiatives on existing social, human and physical General: traditions. social and cultural perspective. capital 1) Share examples of good practice. 2) Create cross-sector volunteer networks of civil 4) Create networks of rural communities with 2) Promote Community-Led Local Development. society organisations in rural areas. meetings for rural leaders. 2) Encourage citizens to take responsibility for Foster the role of Local Action Groups, community their villages. Avoid monopolising civil society 3) Encourage rural communities to engage with 5) Organise national and regional rural parliaments organisations and civil society, and don’t take it involvement. European and government policy impacting rural to open a dialogue between local communities away from them. development. and governments. 3) Promote cross-sector collaboration within rural 3) Provide technical assistance to Local Action communities. Local organisations should work 4) Work alongside rural communities to devise 6) Collaborate and cooporate with civil society Groups in developing their Local Development together to improve the community. rural development projects that are relevant and organisations on rural development projects. Strategies. 4) Encourage urban populations to visit isolated necessary. 7) Reinforce links between national, regional and 4) Engage volunteers and voluntary organisations regions. local governments. Strengthen local democracy by guaranteeing funding and meaningful spaces 5) Collaborate with the European Voluntary Service in particular. of debate. to open up new opportunities for voluntary work in ALL STAKEHOLDERS 5) Use training associations, educational projects rural areas across Europe. Services and infrastructure: and lifelong learning initiatives to promote skills 1) Use the above recommendations to create an that are relevant to the needs of rural labour 6) Coordinate local and international exchange visits 1) Address the digital divide with policies that enabling environment in which rural communities markets. with young people to build understanding between increase broadband availability and take up in urban and rural populations and promote cultural can thrive. rural areas. Develop digital skills among rural 6) Explore the possibility of group training exchange. populations with local training programmes associations and shared apprenticeships. 7) Work closely with governments and businesses to involving volunteers. 7) Use volunteering opportunities to develop skills obtain funding for rural development projects. 2) Increase the number of kindergartens and primary in the labour market. schools in rural areas so that children do not fall 8) Ensure that skills and knowledge acquired behind. through informal and non-formal learning, Government and funding: 3) Increase support and care for the elderly in these particularly volunteering, are recognised by 1) Take an active role in the governance structure areas to avoid them moving to cities for care- employers. of European funds impacting rural development. purposes. 9) Explore the possibility of community ownership Participate in the design of Operation Programmes and the oversight of monitoring 4) Preserve networks of rural settlements using of assets. This allows communities to use land and committees at the national level. transport links. Assess the possibility of free or buildings to run vocational and training schools. well-subsidised transport for young and older 10) Provide adequate support and funding for small 2) Communicate bad practices by Member States to people in these areas. the European Commission to ensure governments 10 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 11
Introduction
Over the past two years, Volonteurope has been population at risk of poverty and social exclusion than in cities. In rural Romania and Bulgaria, the engaged in a campaign on the Rural Isolation of in rural areas was 27.4%, considerably higher than difference was as much as 20% (Eurostat 2015: Citizens in Europe. This campaign has explored the in both urban and intermediate areas (Eurostat 272). This is particularly relevant in the context of challenges facing rural communities across Europe 2015: 271). The term rural isolation refers to the Europe 2020 Strategy, which aims to promote and identified possible solutions to these challenges, these inequalities, as well as the mechanisms that “smart, inclusive and sustainable growth” in Europe while advocating for stronger political and financial perpetuate them such as remoteness and low during this decade (Eurostat 2015: 271). In line support for voluntary sector organisations engaged population density. with this, rural poverty and social exclusion must be in rural development initiatives. addressed as a priority, using a sustainable and cross- In 19 EU Member States, the proportion of sectoral approach. With adequate support, local initiatives people at risk of poverty or social exclusion can make an invaluable contribution to © European Commission in 2013 was higher in rural areas than in addressing rural isolation. More than half of the European Union’s (EU) land cities. Following the publication of a policy brief in 2014, area (52% in 2014) is classified as predominantly seminars were held in Rome, Riga and Sofia, and rural1 , and more than one fifth of the EU’s population Rural regions across Europe do not represent a concluding conference was held in Amsterdam. (27.6% in 2015) lives in rural regions (Eurostat a uniform group. The challenges facing rural During these events, rural development experts, 2015: 271). Rural regions are particularly important communities differ greatly between countries, decision-makers and civil society actors from in the EU-N13, where they represent 58.3% of the regions and indeed villages. It is therefore important across Europe discussed the challenges facing rural territory, whereas urban regions only cover 6.3% to consider the specificities of local contexts. There communities, and how best to respond to these (European Commission 2014: Territory). Over 21% is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ solution to rural isolation. challenges. A range of civil society organisations of the European population is employed in rural areas, However, economic and social trends can be also shared examples of their work combatting which illustrates the importance of these regions identified within macro-regions (Eastern Europe, © European Commission rural isolation, highlighting both the breadth of the for the European economy (European Commission North-Western Europe, and Mediterranean problem, and the variety of ways in which citizens can 2013: 52 ). Europe), as can differences between older and newer Rural communities already possess much of what contribute to rural development efforts. EU Member States. In fact, the urban-rural divide they need to combat poverty and social exclusion, Rural areas provide food, raw materials, Throughout the campaign, Volonteurope has is often quite complex, with some macro-regions and together we must offer them the support and advocated for a comprehensive and coherent environmental services and spaces for experiencing high levels of rural isolation (especially assistance to do just that. European institutions, governments, businesses and civil society actors approach to rural development policy, which actively rest and recreation. They are also home among the Mediterranean countries and the newer promotes rural areas’ endogenous development Member States), while others present high levels of each have an important role to play in the creation of potential. The network has also stressed the to some of Europe’s natural, cultural and wellbeing in rural areas when compared to urban an enabling environment in which rural communities importance of citizen and voluntary sector historical heritage. ones (especially among countries in Central and across Europe can thrive. North-Western Europe). engagement, arguing that with adequate support, Despite their demographic and economic local initiatives can make an invaluable contribution importance, rural regions often lag behind urban and Rural communities already possess to addressing rural isolation. intermediate ones in a number of socio-economic much of what they need to combat social This report brings together key findings from the indicators. People living and working in rural Europe exclusion and isolation. campaign, exploring the complex issues surrounding are usually at higher risk of poverty. They also rural isolation, looking at why these issues need to often face difficulties in accessing infrastructure Nonetheless, it is possible to identify patterns of be addressed and suggesting how actors at different and public services, and display lower levels of rural isolation across the EU. In 19 EU Member levels can work together to build a more inclusive employment, income and educational attainment. States, the proportion of people at risk of poverty Europe. Across the EU in 2013, the proportion of the or social exclusion in 2013 was higher in rural areas
1 Since 2010, the European Commission has classified regions as either predominantly urban, intermediate or predominantly rural based on population density. Urban areas are those with a minimum population density of 300 inhabitants per square kilometre and a minimum population of 5000 inhabitants. Areas that do not meet these thresholds are classified as rural. 12 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 13
Rural isolation: a multidimensional problem
Rural isolation is a multidimensional problem “The construction of infrastructure of all The TiPSE report has concluded that: requiring a multidimensional response. Firstly, the kinds, and the provision of healthcare, “In the long run, it is often the most education and other basic services is usually mechanisms that perpetuate poverty and social vulnerable population groups who become more costly because of the nature of the exclusion in rural areas must be identified and trapped in a vicious cycle of immobility, terrain, and the remoteness of the location, targeted. This involves assessing territorial and exclusion and poverty. It is specifically critical and more difficult to justify because of economic patterns that lead rural communities to when, within this cycle of immobility and the small number of people being served. fall behind in a number of socio-economic indicators. poverty, disadvantage is transmitted from Secondly, the specific effects of these patterns – (ESPON 2014: 61) one generation to the next. [...] Prejudice and stigmatization increases the risk of poverty social exclusion, poor access to infrastructure and In light of these findings, more must be done to and contributes to a downward spiral.” services, and high levels of outmigration – need to be provide even the most remote communities with the (ESPON 2014: 44) addressed with a more targeted approach. services necessary for their wellbeing. Broadening Despite the multidimensional nature of rural access to education, employment opportunities and To create an inclusive environment that fosters social isolation, all rural development initiatives in Europe infrastructure should therefore be the cornerstone mobility, the stigmatisation of rural populations must should have the same principal objectives: of any rural development initiative. be targeted. Encouraging urban populations to visit © European Commission isolated regions, coordinating exchange visits with • to promote the endogenous potential of rural Social exclusion and poverty: a vicious cycle young people, promoting tourism in rural areas, and communities; Remoteness plays a major role in The territorial dimension of rural isolation is only drawing attention to the traditions and culture of part of the story; a number of social factors also • to stimulate rural economies and foster social determining spatial patterns of poverty rural communities are all ways to reduce feelings of mobility; and come into play in generating entrenched poverty and exclusion and isolation. In line with this, volunteering and social exclusion in Europe. social exclusion in rural areas. Rural isolation has a and active citizenship should be recognised as • to improve access to services and infrastructure strong intergenerational element, with poverty and useful tools to promote integration and inclusivity across rural Europe. Remote islands, as well as mountain, coastal social exclusion often being passed down through in rural regions. Cultural exchange is a low-cost In order to meet these objectives, governments, or border regions, tend to experience generations and becoming deeply entrenched. way to combat social exclusion, share the traditions businesses, citizens and civil society need to be the highest levels of rural isolation. Rural Individuals and communities facing social exclusion and cultures of remote communities and build pulling in the same direction. Rural communities regions that are easily accessible or close to often feel alienated from mainstream society, and relationships between urban and rural populations. should be encouraged to tap into their existing urban centres tend to present relatively high socio- lack the tools to seek better opportunities and engage development potential to combat isolation. As this economic indicators in terms of income and quality of with social networks outside their often restricted Local communities understand their report will demonstrate, citizen and voluntary sector life. Thus, geographical distance has a strong impact on social circles. Civil society groups have repeatedly context and needs and have tremendous access to opportunities. pointed to the stigmatisation experienced by some engagement is as vital to this process as government development potential. or business action. The TiPSE report identified four broad patterns of rural populations, especially from the poorest areas, which deepens feelings of isolation and exclusion. The territorial dimension: differentiation in levels of social exclusion in Europe. A lack of understanding between many rural and remoteness and low population density Three of these are of particular relevance for this urban communities can make rural inhabitants report: wary of external intervention. Involving local Throughout Europe, people living in remote • urban-rural differentiation; citizens in rural development efforts, and recruiting areas often face difficulties in accessing services, consultants and service providers who understand infrastructure, labour markets and educational • peripherality (geographic marginality); and the local context, is key to ensuring the success and opportunities. Remoteness therefore plays a major sustainability of rural development initiatives. Local role in determining spatial patterns of poverty and • place specific issues (e.g. demographic ageing, outmigration or population density). communities understand their context and needs, and social exclusion in Europe. The Territorial Dimension have tremendous development potential. Initiatives of Poverty and Social Exclusion in Europe (TiPSE) Both ‘peripherality’ and ‘place specific issues’ are should be built on existing social, human and physical report (2014), a joint collaboration between pertinent to the concept of rural isolation (ESPON capital, and involve the local community at every step the European Commission and Member States, 2014: 32-33). Rural areas with low population of the process, instilling a sense of ownership in local identified spatial patterns of social exclusion and density, for example, tend to have the lowest levels residents and ensuring their continued input and poverty in Europe. The TiPSE report found that “the of access to health services. As the European © European Commission support. role of space as a driver for social exclusion is clearer Commission has acknowledged, in some rural for the rural than the urban context” (ESPON 2014: regions: 42). 14 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 15
order to stimulate economic growth throughout encourage innovation and fight social immobility EstYes is an Estonian non-governmental became increasingly involved in programmes Europe, the socio-economic contexts of individual and exclusion in rural areas by unlocking public and organisation (NGO) that has been running promoting international cooperation, voluntary regions must be taken into account. For example, in private investment and targeting infrastructure international voluntary service initiatives in service and youth exchange. Today, it hosts the predominantly rural regions of the EU N-13, the developments. In line with this, The European Estonia for over 20 years. Their projects fight international volunteers in the local kindergarten primary sector1 still accounted for 8.3% of Gross Commission has underlined the role of Member rural isolation by promoting intercultural learning and youth centre, providing intercultural learning Value Added (GVA) in 2011, compared to only 4% in States and regional authorities in deriving maximum among rural communities. Rural communities and language practice to children and young people. the EU-15. Likewise, the importance of the secondary impact from EU structural funds, by capitalising on across Estonia host between 5 and 15 They host volunteer camps where international sector2 was 10% higher in the predominantly rural loans, equity and guarantees (Eurostat 2015: 122). international volunteers for 2-3 weeks. During participants work alongside the local community to regions of the EU-N13 (39.6%) than in those of However, part of the problem is the cyclical nature this time, the volunteers help the communities tidy up public spaces and carry out other practical the EU-15 (29.3%). By consequence, the weight of of the economic problems facing rural communities. with farming, constructing and renovating public tasks in the village. They also send local young the tertiary sector3 in predominantly rural areas is The remoteness and low population density of some buildings, tidying up public areas, running local people to a range of international programmes and considerably lower in the EU-N13 (52.1%) than in rural regions have resulted in low investment levels, festivals and more. There are also opportunities training activities in countries ranging from India to the EU-15 (66.7%) (European Commission 2014: leading to low levels of economic (productivity, for long-term volunteers to stay in a village for Mexico. Finally, an international folk dance festival Structure of the economy). up to a year, usually taking on a role in a local has now been running in Märjamaa for 10 years. employment, enterprise, innovation) and human kindergarten or community centre. The importance of the secondary sector across the (knowledge, skills, qualifications) capital. In turn, The perseverance of EstYes in fighting local predominantly rural regions of the EU-28 is much low capital formation leads to poorer economic Working alongside foreign volunteers opens reservations and prejudices with regards to higher than in the urban regions. Accordingly, the performance, and lower levels of employment and people’s minds, teaches tolerance of other international collaboration has put Märjamaa on the weight of the services sector in the economy of income. This cycle can only be broken by greater and cultures and fights the stereotypes and map, and made this village part of an international predominantly rural regions is generally lower than more diversified investment in rural areas. prejudices that perpetuate rural isolation. It also community. in urban and intermediate regions, especially in gives international volunteers the experience of the Czech Republic (51.5%), and Bulgaria (48.8%) The Imago Mundi Association, an organisation living and working in another country, specifically (European Commission 2014: Structure of the based in Arges county, Romania, runs initiatives in a rural area. The contacts built through these economy). that promote cross-sector collaboration and initiatives encourage local communities to get investment in rural communities. involved in other international programmes. Given the varying weights of different sectors, the EU has devoted more than one third of its budget It was founded in 2008 in the rural community The positive outcomes of EstYes’ work are perhaps to Cohesion Policy, which aims to remove economic, of Mâlureni by teachers and young people from best illustrated by the example of Märjamaa, a social and territorial disparities across the EU. the community. The organisation partners with small village in Estonia. The village entered the Diversifying rural areas, with the aim of fostering external corporations operating in the Arges EstYes programme in 2000 with considerable economic growth and creating new jobs, is an area, involving them in their rural development trepidation. After hosting international important part of this. During the 2014-2020 period, projects. The contacts and awareness generated volunteers for several years, the community © Marjamaa Folk a total of €351 billion will be invested, split across the through these schemes enable Imago Mundi to following groups: help young people from rurally isolated areas enter the labour market, fostering social mobility Economic development in rural Europe • less developed regions (GDP <75% of the EU-28 and stimulating economic growth. In general, areas with low levels of Gross Domestic N13 has therefore increased (European Commission average); Product (GDP) and economic growth are more at risk 2014: GDP per capita). One such project took place in 2015, funded • transition regions (GDP 75%-90% of the EU-28 by a corporation operating in Arges, OMV of poverty. Economic development should therefore Accordingly, levels of poverty risk across Europe average; and be at the heart of any solution to rural isolation. Petrom. Having been briefed on Imago Mundi’s present an urban-rural divide. In 2014, people living • more developed regions (GDP>90% of EU-28 work against rural isolation, OMV Petrom In 2014, predominantly rural regions had the lowest in rural areas were most at risk of poverty, with a average). offered financial support to a project on rural level of GDP per capita in Europe (73% of the EU- rate of 27.3% in the EU-28. Particularly high rates of development and the prevention of violence. The Regional economic policy aims to stimulate 28 average). This means that income levels in rural risk of poverty were recorded in sparsely-populated educational project, 3D Communities: Personal investment in rural areas by improving accessibility, regions are considerably lower than in urban regions. areas in Bulgaria and Romania (61.4% and 54.8%, development, Communication, Nonviolence, providing infrastructure and quality services and The fastest growth between 2006-2011 took place respectively). Rural poverty has also been strongly ran between March and November of last year preserving the environment. This, it is hoped, will in predominantly urban regions of the EU-N13 (from associated with Spain, Portugal, Greece and Italy in partnership with OMV Petrom. Young people 90% of GDP per capita in 2006 to 108% in 2011). By (European Commission 2014). 1 The industries engaged in the production or extraction of from three rural communities were involved in contrast, predominantly rural regions in the EU-N13 natural resources violence awareness campaigns, counselling and Due to variations in the sectoral distribution of such as crops, oil and ores. only grew from 40% in 2006 to 46% in 2011. The 2 career guidance activities, as well as personal economic activity across these countries, there The industries engaged in the manufacturing of finished goods difference in GDP per capita between predominantly and products from raw materials. development training courses, all financed by the is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ solution to rural poverty. In 3 rural and predominantly urban regions in the EU- The services industry. corporation. 16 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 17
Ultra-micro economics: a possible solution? that places with stronger social capital tend to be The realities of rural isolation: opportunities, services and While outside investment in rural areas is important, more successful economically. it should not monopolise local economies, nor drain Although ultra-micro economics can only work if infrastructure resources away from communities. A large industrial different parts of the community pull their resources plant, for example, may divert profits elsewhere and together, the government also has a role to play. Concretely, rural poverty is characterised by reduced Territorial factors play a significant role in reduced exacerbate local inequalities of income and wealth. Central government has to support the launch of access to education, employment opportunities, access to education among rural populations. Children By contrast, enterprises that build an inclusive local institutions that work at the required scale. For infrastructure and services. Although interconnected, living in remote areas often have a difficult commute economy based on local needs and resources, and example, financial institutions that are small enough each of these issues should be targeted individually. to school, resulting in reduced school attendance, that empower people to be economically active to lend money to small projects and entrepreneurs Accessing education lower numbers reaching upper-secondary education and included, can be extremely beneficial to small (credit unions in the USA, the KfW in Germany and and high levels of school drop-outs. Younger children Access to education is strongly correlated with life communities. co-operative banks in Italy are helpful examples to may also fall behind, as parents are unwilling or unable chances and social mobility. A lack of educational Ultra-micro economics is a sustainable way to boost follow). to take them to far-away kindergartens and primary skills and qualifications tends to limit access to jobs, local economic growth. A 2014 report on ultra-micro schools. The European Commission’s “Barcelona Local government must develop a vision and therefore increases the risk of poverty and social economics published by Co-operatives UK suggests objectives” call for the development of childcare exclusion. In assessing access to education, a number that communities often possess ignored assets: for economic development and accept facilities for young children in Europe, with a view of dimensions should be considered, including level of to sustainable and inclusive growth. A review of the [...] even the biggest losers in the developed responsability to deliver it. educational attainment1, school dropouts2, academic objectives has highlighted that in 2010, 15 Member world [...] do actually possess the basics Councils, municipalities and towns can focus their achievement, and participation in lifelong learning3. they need for an economy: they have money States failed to reach the Barcelona target to ensure flowing into the remaining public sector procurement activity on local enterprises and In general, rural areas present lower levels of childcare provision for at least 33% of children under outposts, universities or hospitals, and they organisations that generate real value to communities educational attainment and higher rates of school the age of 3, registering a clear difference between have people with imagination and drive who and keep the benefits of public spending local. dropouts. Across the EU, the proportion of early urban and rural areas (European Commission, 2013: want to work. They have people who need European funding for rural development must leavers from education and training was highest 7). Lifelong learning opportunities in remote areas to buy things, and they have raw materials, also increase support for local development among those living in rural areas (13.3% compared also tend to be few and far between. The result is a maybe in the form of rubbish, but resources strategies. Funding can be channelled to support with 12.6% in towns and suburbs, and 10.7% in self-perpetuating cycle, in which citizens with limited nonetheless. (Boyle 2014: 5) small businesses and the voluntary sector, and to cities). Early leavers made up a higher share of the access to education are less able to value education, Ultra-micro economics teaches us that local provide technical assistance and training for the population aged 18-24 in rural areas in most EU and therefore more likely to drop out of school, or economics is about repatriating economic activity local labour force. Equipping rural communities with Member States and particularly in rural areas of allow their children to do so. In order to promote and keeping resources flowing within the community. the tools to capitalise on their assets is an effective Bulgaria, Spain and Romania (Eurostat 2015: 277). social mobility in rural regions, this cycle must be Small businesses and social enterprises are key agents and sustainable way to boost economic growth and The percentage of people who achieved at least broken. at this scale of economic activity. Research by the support economic development in rural Europe. upper-secondary education in rural areas in 2013 As the European Commission has rightly noted, New Economics Foundation has found that spending was 71.2%, compared to 77.8% in cities. In rural “evidence suggests that delivery of education and £10 in a local food outlet in the UK is worth another The Rural Development Foundation (RDF) regions of Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Italy, Malta, training, at all levels of the education system, is likely £25 to the local economy, as it gets re-spent locally in Poland aims to support non-agricultural Portugal and Romania, the percentage was as low as to prove an important mean of helping the poor and several times. By contrast, spending money in a large businesses and fight rural unemployment. 60%. Rural regions also present the lowest rates of socially excluded” in rural areas (ESPON 2014: 61). supermarket chain only returns about half of that to Their microloan scheme was started in 2003 to lifelong learning (Eurostat 2015: 78). the local economy (NEF 2002: 20). offer credit to entrepreneurs from rural areas, Improving access to education must therefore be wanting to develop their own small business the foundation of all initiatives targeting young Sustainable economic success requires but lacking collateral and a verifiable credit people in rural Europe. Fundamentally, this means a variety of local enterprises and co- history. The maximum loan amount is 40000 increasing the quantity and quality of educational institutions and projects in remote areas. Rural operatives that can trade with and invest PLN (around €10 000) with very low interest rates and a credit period of 24-48 months. So communities should have kindergartens and schools in each other. far the Foundation has distributed more than within easy reach, as well as lifelong learning initiatives and educational projects which endorse At this scale, economics becomes more reliant upon 10 700 loans, totaling over 17 200 000 PLN. learning throughout the community. Offering free strong social networks and relationships based Its benefits have been felt acros rural Poland, or well subsidised transport to students at all levels on mutual support. These, added to local citizens’ stimulating local economies and encouraging would also reduce barriers to education for rural knowledge and willingness to improve things, are economic development. Today, the microloan © European Commission populations. invaluable assets for development. Evidence shows initiative is largely financed by EU sources. 1 Educational attainment is defined as the percentage of the population between 25 and 64 years with at least an upper- secondary level of education. 2 School dropouts are defined as those people, aged 18-24 years, who have attained at most lower secondary education level and are not involved in further education or training. 3 All learning and training pursued throughout life, including informal and non-formal learning. 18 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 19
however, significant discrepancies in the distribution The Educational Enterprise Foundation of employment rates by degree of urbanisation their heritage. They offer visitors unique culinary (Poland) was set up by a consortium of across the EU. In Bulgaria and Lithuania, for example, experiences and planned activities (such as foraging organisations to support talented secondary employment rates were as much as 14.3 and 12.3 % for wild herbs). For the past 8 years, the villages have school graduates from rural areas across Poland. higher in cities than in rural areas (Eurostat 2014: also competed to host the annual ‘Songs of Spring’ Their Bridge Scholarship programme addresses 272-273). festival, which attracts visitors from all over Bulgaria. the disparity in access to higher education The people from the Devetashko Plateau have come As the number of farms across the EU decreases, rural between urban and rural youth. together to show their region and traditions to the workers in Member States are leaving agriculture world. Bridge Scholarships offer young people from and seeking employment in other sectors. In 2010, disadvantaged rural backgrounds educational there were around 12 million farms in the EU, but Very importantly, the Association and the opportunities that might normally appear out of only 10 million Annual Work Units1, which is less than communities have attempted to spread the benefits © Devetashko Plateau Association their reach. By removing any financial concerns one per farm (European Commission 2013: 20-33). of their revitalised local economy throughout the and promoting higher education across rural A place of stunning beauty, the Devetashko region. Poland, the project fosters social mobility With the mechanization of farm practices, Plateau is one of Bulgaria’s most isolated regions. and economic development. Cross-sector agricultural labour is gradually being For years, people from the area’s handful of Very importantly, the Association and the collaboration has been vital to the initiative. villages saw no reason to come together in communities have attempted to spread Today, Bridge Scholarships are financed by the replaced by physical capital. common activities or projects. In 2007, however, Polish-American Freedom Foundation, The Polish the benefits of their revitalised local The decline in the agricultural sector’s share of the Devetashko Plateau Association built Rural Development Foundation, the National total employment is even more apparent in the EU- a playground in one of the local villages. The economy throughout the region. Bank of Poland, the PZU Foundation, the BGK N13 (-2.0%) than in the EU-15 (-1.6%) and EU-28 following year, the Association brought the Foundation and a coalition of some 100 local Visitors are encouraged to stay and participate (-1.8%) (European Commission 2014: Employment). region’s residents together to share their visions NGOs. in activities in the most remote mountainous In the context of a declining primary sector, new of how they wanted the Plateau to develop. villages which are not so close to the popular opportunities must be created elsewhere to maintain Ever since, the organisation has been carrying attractions. This way, communities with apparently employment levels across affected regions. out projects at the communities’ request. With fewer opportunities for growth are supported in A lack of investment in rural areas leads to reduced the Devetashko Plateau Association’s help, the generating local income. employment opportunities, thus debates on communities have found a way to revitalise the local economy and generate income. A large part of the initiative’s success is that it was rural development must emphasise the need for built on previously existing local capital, involving economic diversification and innovation. Investment Taking advantage of the beautiful natural even the most remote communities. By promoting in tourism, industry and other services would create attractions and rich traditions the Devetashko has tourism in the area, the people of the Devetashko new prospects for local employment, and dissuade to offer, the communities registered guesthouses Plateau have created a network of rural communites, the young population from moving away to find and restaurants to cater for tourists. Only 10 built connections with urban populations and found 2 © European Commission work. Greater investment in the BioEconomy years ago, the region was completely unknown to a sustainable approach to stimulating the local would ensure the sustainability of economic growth, Bulgarians, now it receives hundreds of visitors economy and labour market. while generating varied employment opportunities each year. The local residents are very proud of Employment in rural Europe for rural workers. Given the variation in economic performance across EU countries and macro- Employment conditions and opportunities influence regions, initiatives targeting unemployment should material living conditions and general wellbeing. Outmigration: a vulnerable population From an economic perspective, these trends are take into account the specificities of local contexts. Work generates income and occupies a large part of Due to a lack of educational and employment worrying. There can be little development in areas each working day. It can also build social connections, All attempts to diversify employment opportunities opportunities, rural Europe experiences high levels where younger and more qualified groups leave to skills and a sense of satisfaction. Those who cannot must be accompanied by appropriate training for of outmigration. An ageing and declining rural seek better opportunities elsewhere. Furthermore, find work or who work in precarious jobs, are more workers. This could be offered through training population is a growing problem in many Member those staying behind are vulnerable and more likely likely to feel socially excluded or isolated. associations and apprenticeships, as well as other States. Young people in particular leave rural areas to suffer the effects of social exclusion. Not only is it forms of informal and non-formal education. to seek a better life in cities or abroad. This has harder for vulnerable groups to live in areas lacking In 2013, predominantly rural regions had a slightly Volunteering programmes are an effective way to significant implications for the demographic of rural infrastructure and support, they are also often lower rate of employment than the country average develop skills in the labour market, and should be regions, as many of those ‘left behind’ are vulnerable unable to contribute to the development of the local in 15 Member States. For the EU as a whole, the recognised as such by governments and employers. groups for whom leaving is not a viable option (older economy. In many cases, rural isolation becomes self- employment rate in rural Europe stood at 68% in people, disabled people and children). perpetuating. 2013, 0.8% below intermediate regions. There are, 1 An Annual Work Unit corresponds to the work performed by one person who is occupied on an agricultural holding on a full-time basis. 2 The parts of the economy that use renewable biological resources such as crops, forests, fish, animals and micro- organisms to produce food, materials and energy. 20 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 21
Ageing populations are particularly prominent in rural stitching groups are: also means that there are likely to be fewer local parts of Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, medical professionals in these regions. This means • beneficial to mental health, reducing social Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and that patients may have to travel long distances to isolation, and promoting integration into the United Kingdom (European Commission 2014: receive necessary assistance. Whereas young people communities; Age structure). The old-age dependency ratio for the leave rural areas to seek better opportunities, some • seen as an attractive and accessible activity by EU-28 was 27.4% in 2013, meaning that there were of the older or disabled population may be forced diverse community groups seeking support less than four persons of working age for every person to leave to access services. Access to healthcare with all of the above; and aged 65 or over. This dependency ratio was higher in is therefore an important factor to consider when predominantly rural regions of the EU-15 (above 30% • instrumental to the self-esteem of vulnerable assessing wellbeing in rural areas. in Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, individuals who are empowered to give back to In 2013, the proportion of the EU-28 population aged the Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and the their communities in a way which utilises their 18-64 who classified their own health as bad or very United Kingdom), and lower in the EU-N13 countries skills and assets. (below 20% in Poland and Slovakia). The young/ bad was as high as 6.7% among rural populations. This old population ratio complements this analysis. In There is a correlation between social isolation was somewhat higher than those living in urban areas rural regions, only four countries (Belgium, Poland, © Volunteering Matters and deterioration of both mental and physical (6%). The discrepancy was particularly noticeable health, and it has been shown that volunteering in Eastern Member States (Eurostat 2015: 276). Slovakia© European Union, and 2014 especially Ireland) have more young First launched in 1988, Volunteering Matters’ helps people to gain social stimulation, which Rural areas across EU Member States suffer from people than older people, while Germany, Spain, Retired and Senior Volunteer Programme in turn improves wellbeing and lengthens life a lack of medical infrastructure and staff, as well Italy and Portugal count less than 65 young people (RSVP) responds to local community needs expectancy. as limited access to medical specialists (European for every 100 older people (European Commission by delivering services led by community Commission, 2008: 59). In some cases, difficulty 2014: Age Structure). volunteers. RSVP projects make use of the skills Margaret is an example of the way in which accessing healthcare is also due to the low number and experiences which older volunteers have initiatives such Norfolk Knitters & Stitchers The problem of outmigration also has a gender of people with medical insurance in rural areas (for to offer, while reducing loneliness and isolation combat loneliness and social exclusion. She dimension, as Eastern and Southern Member example agricultural workers and small farmers who among the older community. lost her husband to illness in 2013 and found States experience particularly high outmigration usually have small or no pensions). The challenge levels among women. This is due to labour- market herself alone and socially isolated. She became The Norfolk Knitters and Stitchers project was depressed, but found Norfolk Knitters and of accessing medical assistance is even greater for related barriers and must be targeted with anti- started by a local retired headteacher who vulnerable ethnic minorities and undocumented discriminatory policies and initiatives (European Stitchers and decided to raise money for the wanted to share her love of knitting. It has Palliative Care Centre which had looked after migrants (European Commission, 2008: 64). Commission 2008). grown into an action group of retired volunteers her husband. Margaret no longer feels alone, The EU’s health strategy is closely aligned with the that coordinates knitting groups across Norfolk In order to slow outmigration and restore balance in and is enjoying putting her skills to good use. She Europe 2020 strategy. Investment in health, and for senior and retired individuals, vulnerable the demographic of rural areas, investment - with the has now joined a crochet group as well, because attempts to reduce health inequalities, must target adults, and other community groups. Groups aim to increase educational, training and employment “you are never too old to learn something new!” rural areas as a priority. opportunities - is key. It is not, however, the only way have developed in community halls, churches, to target the problem. Improving the quality of life libraries, care homes, and individuals’ houses, Schemes such as Norfolk Knitters and Stitchers With better access to healthcare, rural are tremendously helpful in combatting rural in rural areas would also discourage outmigration. bringing together like-minded people who want populations will stay active for longer, Simply having better access to infrastructure and to meet others, use their skills to help the less isolation. Creating an inclusive environment services would give the younger population an fortunate, and raise money for good local causes for vulnerable rural citizens has positive reinforcing their employability and incentive to stay and reduce feelings of isolation at the same time. repercussions throughout the community, contributing to social cohesion. among vulnerable groups. improving citizens’ sense of wellbeing and Items are knitted or sewn to donate to charities encouraging further positive action towards Governments also have a vital role to play in and good causes, or sold to raise funds. There building an inclusive community. improving national healthcare provision. Simply are also links to local schools who take knitted improving transport links would have numerous items to developing countries on the knitters’ positive repercussions on access to healthcare, as and stitchers’ behalf. From a handful of people Healthcare would the construction of new medical centres in in 2009, the reach of Norfolk Knitters and For any community with an ageing or vulnerable isolated areas. To ensure that even the most remote Stitchers has grown year on year, expanding to population, a lack of access to healthcare is especially communities can easily access medical services, reach over 2,570 members in the last few years. problematic. There is a direct correlation between innovative solutions are also needed. For example, Knitting and stitching provide vulnerable geographical position and access to healthcare. mobile medical clinics could bring care and support individuals with a social network, an opportunity There tend to be fewer healthcare providers in to very remote regions by regularly visiting several to use their skills to help others and a sense sparsely populated areas, as there is less incentive small villages. Volunteer or civil society initiatives of community and belonging. Far from being to provide services due to the low number of people can play an important role here, broadening access simply an excuse to practice a craft, knitting and being served. Poor access to education and training to healthcare and support throughout rural Europe. © European Commission 22 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 23
Internet access People without internet access are also unable to Macmillan Cancer Support is one of the largest “ Henrietta has had cancer twice, she The European Commission’s Digital Agenda is one view online information about government and civil British charities. It provides specialist health society initiatives which may be helpful to them. It is can’t walk far and is losing her sight, of the seven pillars of the Europe 2020 Strategy. care, information and financial support to people It aims to tap into the potentional of Information therefore vital to increase broadband availability and affected by cancer. As well as helping with the so I help her with little things like trips and Communications Technology (ICT) to foster take up in rural areas, and increase ICT training in line medical needs of cancer patients, Macmillan to the shop or the bank, or just have innovation, economic growth and progress (ESPON with this. looks at the social, emotional and practical impact 2015: 176). a chat and cup of tea if she doesn’t cancer can have, and campaigns for better cancer A lack of ICT skills perpetuates care. feel like going anywhere. People like unemployment in rural regions, as rural Research has shown that a cancer diagnosis Henrietta already have very busy can increase a person’s feelings of isolation and workers cannot compete in the modern loneliness. This is especially true for someone carers so what we offer is different. labour market. It therefore impedes who is already living in an area that is rural and We often help people whose families economic development and increases isolated. The Macmillan Buddies scheme in live further away too.” feelings of isolation, with communities Carmarthenshire, Wales, is an example of how volunteers from local communities deliver feeling ‘cut off’ from the modern world. All volunteers receive core induction training ©Imago Mundi services that support local people who are While one of the seven pillars of the Digital Agenda is before delivering the service in order to ensure living with cancer in a remote and rural location. to promote fast and ultra-fast internet access to all, they have the skills, competency and confidence Carmarthenshire was selected as a suitable area broadband internet is available to only 76% of rural Last year, the Imago Mundi Association led a to undertake their role. The training of volunteers for the Macmillan Buddies scheme because of its households in Europe, compared to 96% of non-rural small-scale ICT project in the rural community is vital to the success of the programme as it not remoteness, which means there is limited support households (European Commission 2013: 268). of Mâlureni in Romania. The initiative, Digital only ensures the quality of the service delivered, available for people affected by cancer. This urban-rural digital divide, especially acute in the Opportunities For Future Generations, hosted a but also that volunteers feel valued, supported newer Member States, is further reinforced by a lack series of ICT workshops with the aim of increasing Volunteers who have been carefully selected and and motivated. Macmillan’s Carmarthenshire of ICT education in rural schools. The implications of the computer skills of the community’s young trained deliver the Macmillan Carmarthenshire Buddies scheme is an example of the many such a digital divide are numerous. population. Buddies scheme throughout the region, ways in which civil society can help vulnerable providing practical and emotional support to rural populations access services and feel less A lack of ICT skills perpetuates unemployment in rural A lack of ICT education in rural schools people affected by cancer in their homes and isolated. regions, as workers cannot compete in the modern further reinforces the urban-rural local communities. labour market. It therefore impedes economic digital divide. The service is tailored to the needs of the development and increases feelings of isolation, with individual and can include help with household communities feeling ‘cut off’ from the modern world. An example of effective cross-sector collaboration, chores, simple gardening tasks, walking the dog, the project was sponsored by Renault Romania company to the shops, as well as being there to and Ateliere Fara Frontiere, and coordinated by listen and provide emotional support as required. Imago Mundi. Bringing targeted ICT training to The service provides support not just for those rural areas fosters social mobility and economic with a cancer diagnosis, but also for their carers. development by equipping rural populations with the necessary skills for entering modern labour Paula Clarke is a volunteer with the programme. markets. She was inspired to start volunteering with the © European Commission Buddies scheme after losing family members to cancer. Paula visits 89 year old Henrietta Hughes every week, helping her with odd jobs in the house and taking her to the supermarket and local bank: 24 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 25
European Rural Development Policy
processing and marketing of agricultural products, However, in order to make CLLD a viable tool for It is vital that EAFRD funding is well and animal welfare and risk management in local development, relevant actors should address agriculture; issues of bureaucracy, complex funding instruments targeted to reach the poorest areas, and and unused funds. used for the projects that are most needed • restoring, preserving and enhancing ecosystems related to agriculture and forestry; Member States must spend at least 30% of their by local communities. EAFRD on measures related to land management • promoting resource efficiency and supporting the Reductions to Pillar I funding in order to increase and the fight against climate change, and at least 5% shift towards a low carbon and climate resilient availability of resources for Pillar II (RDP) have to on CLLD. This is meant to guarantee minimum levels economy in agriculture, food and forestry continue despite political opposition. Some have of funding for the social and environmental needs sectors; and suggested an increase in co-financing requirements of rural areas, and avoid disproportionate shares for Pillar I, thus forcing Member States to withdraw • promoting social inclusion, poverty reduction © European Commission of the resources being used as payments to farms. opposition to further reform. Similarly, co-financing and economic development in rural areas. Nonetheless, as can be seen from the six priorities requirements for targeted rural development could in the 2014-2020 period, farm (agricultural) support European Rural Development Policy (RDP) has be reduced (although co-financing is an important The promotion of active citizenship and continues to be an important part of RDP. This means undergone considerable change in recent years. The aspect of European funding in order to promote that in addition to farm payments under Pillar I, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), in place since the volunteering should be at the heart of better quality project design and prioritisation by subsidies to agricultural activities are also promoted 1950s, has traditionally been a sectoral policy dealing rural development efforts. Member States). Further shifts from Pillar I to Pillar under Pillar II, and represent important shares of mainly with agricultural development through II may bring more opposition from some Member These priorities feed into the CAP’s three general RDP spending. subsidies and price guarantees for farms, with limited States, especially those who would move from net objectives (viable food production, sustainable territorial aspects. recipients (due to the size of their agricultural output) management of natural resources and climate action, to net contributors (due to their lower rates of rural The late 1990s saw the establishment of RDP as and balanced territorial development), which in turn isolation). However, funding for the poorest rural Pillar II of the CAP, while Pillar I continued to focus feed into the three objectives of the Europe 2020 regions must be protected and enhanced. on direct payments to producers. This meant that, in Strategy: smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. addition to direct market support for farmers (Pillar Community-Led Local Development (CLLD) is meant A considerable body of economic research I), the CAP gained an explicit element of targeted to give flexibility to the implementation of RDP at social and environmental investment in rural areas has emphasised the need to move away the local level, enabling communities to find relevant (RDP or Pillar II). from heavy farm subsidy and towards solutions to local needs. The guiding principles of RDP under investing in rural areas’ social needs, Local Action Groups (LAGs) should © European Commission innovation and environmental services. the CAP are the decentralisation of design Local Development Strategies to responsibilities and the flexibility of A considerable body of economic research has It is vital that EAFRD funding is well targeted to reach be funded by the European Agricultural emphasised the need to move away from heavy programming. Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). the poorest areas, and used for the projects that farm subsidy and towards investing in rural areas’ are most needed by local communities. To ensure In 2014, a new legal framework for RDP under the social needs, innovation and environmental this, local citizens and civil society should always be CAP entered into force. It covers the 2014-2020 services (Zalurnt 2009: 13). These priorities need involved in project implementation. The promotion of period and is aligned with the Europe 2020 Strategy. significantly less budget and would be more effective active citizenship and volunteering should therefore It is based on six key priorities: in combatting rural isolation. The EU budget should be at the heart of rural development efforts in all • fostering knowledge transfer and innovation in follow an even more welfare-oriented logic, rather Member States, allowing rural communities to take agriculture, forestry and rural areas; than being shaped by agricultural output, political ownership of their wellbeing and prosperity. compromise and historical patterns of payments. • enhancing farm viability and competitiveness Rural policies have been dominated by large political of all types of agriculture in all regions, and and economic interests, rather than by the social and promoting innovative farm technologies and environmental needs of the poorest rural regions sustainable management of forests; © European Commission in Europe. Further CAP reforms are therefore • promoting food chain organisation, including necessary. 26 Rural Isolation of Citizens in Europe 27
From isolation to inclusion
The Netherlands Giving rural communities a voice There are some 2500 village organisations in education and broadband internet, as well as the Netherlands. These organisations are made Rural communities are the best equipped to identify Giving rural citizens a platform to the rennovation of unused buildings for social up of volunteers who take responsibility for the and target the problems they face. Giving citizens a articulate their ideas and problems purposes (such as housing for young people or wellbeing of their villages. Village organisations platform to articulate these problems empowers them spaces for vocational projects). promotes active citizenship and engages are members of a regional organisation for small to take action and ensures the relevance and efficacy rural communities in development efforts. villages. There are 11 regional organisations, At the November 2015 Rural Parliament, the of rural development efforts. Bringing communities made up of professionals who support the village main themes were healthcare in rural areas and together to share ideas and common experiences inhabitants and their local organisations. These the allocation of social housing. Following the not only reduces their sense of isolation, it allows Poland 11 regional organisations form the national event, concrete advice was sent to the Dutch them to work together to target the issues outlined organisation LVKK (Landelijke Vereniging voor parliament. Events such as these facilitate in this report. This is why several Member States have Since 2002, The Polish Rural Development Kleine Kernen – National Organisation for dialogue between rural communities and established Rural Parliaments. Foundation and the Nidzica Development Small Villages). regional and national governments, ensuring Foundation (NIDA) have been organising Rural Parliaments originated in Scandinavia and the relevance and efficacy of rural development nationwide meetings for representatives of rural LVKK hosts national Rural Parliaments, bringing their success in Sweden in particular encouraged efforts in the Netherlands. organisations from across Poland. The purpose together representatives from local and other countries (including Estonia, Hungary, is to support rural development by involving regional organisations across the Netherlands. the Netherlands and Lithuania) to hold their citizens in social and public issues. Every May, Regional organisations host a parliament own meetings. Rural Parliaments bring together between 350 and 500 activists gather in Maróz once every two years, and themes from these representatives from rural organisations to share for a three day event. regional parliaments are noted and, if widely ideas. Crucially, they open a dialogue between relevant, discussed at the national meetings. rural communities and national, regional and local The meeting is an opportunity to make new Issues related to just one specific region are governments, promoting civil society involvement in contacts, exchange experiences and know how, sent to the regional government. rural development initiatives. Rural Parliaments also hear about good practice examples from other encourage rural representatives to build contacts parts of the country, improve management skills Prevalent themes at Rural Parliaments in the and collaborate with leaders and organisations and get information about funding opportunities. Netherlands include ageing and declining from other villages. The resulting networks of The meetings are sponsored by the Polish populations in rural areas, the economic © Plattelands Parlement rural communities combat feelings of isolation and Rural Development Foundation and the Polish- crisis, social mobility, access to healthcare, encourage communities to work together. As some American Freedom Foundation. civil society organisations have recognised, similar Past topics at the meetings have included: ‘From Looking ahead benefits may be derived from smaller, more informal idea to project’, ‘Information technologies in the meetings. development of local communities’, ‘Cultural In order to break self-perpetuating patterns and rural citizens should be encouraged to take action of exclusion and poverty across rural Europe, and work together. When communities have the Following the success of national Rural Parliaments Heritage’ and ‘Internet , education, landscape, improvements must be made to education, labour opportunity to share knowledge, skills and resources, and meetings, the European Rural Parliament was art’. markets and infrastructure. This means targeting they can not only survive in harsh economic times, established to ensure that rural communities’ ideas both specific areas of social inequality, as well as the but thrive and guarantee the prosperity of future and opinions are reflected in European policy. There wider territorial, economic and demographic patterns generations. It is up to governments and businesses have been two meetings of the European Rural that perpetuate them. Investment, innovation and to give communities this opportunity, and to ensure Parliament so far, most recently in November 2015 economic diversification in rural areas will be central that local initiatives are supported by coherent in Schärding, Austria. During this meeting, 240 rural to achieving this, as will the provision of adequate funding and public engagement. representatives from across Europe approved a public services. European Rural Manifesto, calling for full recognition Volunteering and active citizenship are essential tools of rural communities’ rights to a quality of life equal If Europe is to meet its targets for 2020, an integrated for generating awareness and promoting positive, to that of urban populations, as well as their right to and sustainable approach to rural development must sustainable change across Europe. As the case full participation in political processes. The European be adopted at all levels: European, national and local. studies in this report demonstrate, several NGOs Rural Parliament aims to engage rural communities, A priority should be empowering rural communities, and associations have taken the lead in providing and ensure that changes to RDP in particular are and supporting civil society to take action and expand innovative solutions to rural problems, and this must based on real opinions and needs.The campaign © Krzysztof Wierzbicki its activities. The importance of local action cannot continue. If Europe is to eradicate rural poverty, will continue over the next two years with a view to be exaggerated. Rural development initiatives should governments, businesses, citizens and civil society influencing the preparation of policies for the period build on existing social, human and physical capital, must all be working towards these same central aims. beyond 2020. 28 29
References
1) Boyle. D. (2014). Ultra-Micro Economics. Manchester: Co-operatives UK. 2) European Commission. (2008). Poverty and social exclusion in Rural Europe. Final Study Report. 3) European Commission. (2013). Rural Development in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information. http://ec.europa.eu/ agriculture/statistics/rural-development/2013/ full-text_en.pdf 4) European Commission. (2013). Barcelona objectives: The development of childcare facilities for young children in Europe with a view to sustainable and inclusive growth. http:// ec.europa.eu/justice/genderequality/files/ documents/130531_barcelonaen.pdf 5) European Commission. (2014). CAP context indicators. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap- indicators/context/2014/indicator-table_en.pdf 6) ESPON. (2014). The Territorial Dimension of Poverty and Social Exclusion in Europe: Draft Final Report. 7) Eurostat. (2015). Eurostat Regional Yearbook. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 8) Matthews. A. (2013). The CAP Budget in the MFF Agreement, http://bit.ly/1BuUEyq 9) New Economics Foundation. (2002). Plugging the Leaks: Making the most of every pound that enters your local economy. 10) Zalurnt. V. (2009). The Budgetary Aspects of the New CAP Payments, D-G for Internal Policies. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies
Volonteurope Secretariat, Volunteering Matters, The Levy Centre, 18-24 Lower Clapton Road, London, E5 0PD, United Kingdom Phone: +44 20 3780 5878 – Email: [email protected]