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Synthèse Des Études Antérieures Sur Les Huiles Essentielles Et D'autres

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Synthèse Des Études Antérieures Sur Les Huiles Essentielles Et D'autres République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et la recherche scientifique Université Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia - Jijel Faculté des Science Exactes et Informatique Département de chimie Domaine : Sciences de la matière Filière : Chimie Spécialité : Chimie organique Mémoire de fin des études En vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Master Intitulé Synthèse des études antérieures sur les huiles essentielles et d’autres métabolites secondaires d’une espèce de la famille verbenaceae Réalisé par : Bouhabila Souria & Bourahla Boutaina Les membres de jury: Mr. Belghobsi Mébrouk Président Université M. Seddik Benyahia - Jijel Mme. Bouchair Nabila Examinatrice Université M. Seddik Benyahia - Jijel Mr. Boudjerda Abdlhamid Encadreur Université M. Seddik Benyahia - Jijel Année universitaire 2019 /2020 Remerciement Avant tous, Nous remercions Dieu Tout-Puissant pour son succès et nous accordant patience et force pour terminer ce travail Nous tenons à remercier avec plus grande gratitude Monsieur Bolghabsi Mabrouk pour l’honneur qu’il nous fait d’avoir accepté de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Nous remercions vivement Madame Bouchir Nabila, d’avoir accepté d’examiner ce mémoire. Nous tenons à exprimer toute notre reconnaissance à notre encadreur Monsieur Boujderda Abdelhamid Nous vous remercions pour votre sa disponibilité aide et vos conseils. Nous plus chaleureux remerciements pour tous ceux qui de prés ou de loin ont contribué à la réalisation de ce mémoire. Merci ********** Je dédie ce travail à Ma chère maman qui n’a jamais cessé de ménager ses efforts pour que j’atteigne ce niveau. Ses sacrifices et privations ne l’ont pas empêché d’accomplir son devoir de mère soucieuse de l’avenir de ses enfants. Que dieu te protège et garde. Mon cher papa qui a su se montrer patient, compréhensif et encourageant. Que dieu te protège et garde. Mes très chères Sœurs qui m’aiment beaucoup : Ibtissem, karima, moufida, kamilia, Fatima, Loubna, Akila. Mes chères amies surtout : Ratiba, Sakhria, Selsabil et Mon binôme, Souria qui a partagé ensembles les bons et mauvais. Moments de ce travail Ma Deuxième famille et tous les gens m'aiment. Spéciale Dédicace à mon mari pour ses encouragements et son soutien tout au long de ce travail. Je dédie ce travail à Ma mère, la reine de ma vie pour son soutien tout le long de ma vie. Que dieu te protège et garde Mon père, mon héros qui toujours fait le possible pour m’aider dans ma vie. Que dieu te protège et garde Mes très chères frères et Sœurs qui m’aiment beaucoup : Ramzi, Ahsen, Ahmed, Mohamed et Adel Selma, Noura, Loubna Mes chères amies surtout : Ratiba, Sakhria, Selsabil et Mon binôme, Boutaina qui a partagé ensembles les bons et mauvais Moments de ce travail Ma Deuxième famille et tous les gens m'aiment Spéciale Dédicace à mon mari pour ses encouragements et son soutien tout au long de ce travail Liste des Abréviations Liste des abréviations Liste des abréviations : APG III : Classification phylogénétique. AN : Anthocyane totaux. C : Carbone. °C : Degrés Celsius. CC : Chromatographie sur colonne. CCMP : Chromatographie sur couche mince préparative. CHCl3 : Chloroforme. C5H8 : Isoprène. 2D : Bidimensionnelle. CG-SM : Chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplé à la spectroscopie de masse. CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone. RMN 13C : Résonance magnétique nucléaire de carbone. EtOH : Ethanol. g : gramme. HE : Huiles essentielles. HMBC : Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation. HMQC : Heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence. RMN 1H : Résonance magnétique nucléaire de proton. H2SO4 : Acide sulfurique. Hz : Hertz IK : Indice de kovalt. Ir : Indice de rétention. Liste des abréviations IR : Infra-rouge. J : Constante de couplage. KBr : bromure de potassium. OMS : Organisation mondiale de santé. m : mètre. MeOH : méthanol. mHz : millihertz. mgCAE/gDB : milligramme d’acide caféique équivalent par gramme de biomasse sèche (dry en anglais). mgCE/gDB : milligramme de catéchine équivalent par gramme de biomasse sèche (dry en anglais). mgME/gDB : milligramme de Maldividine équivalent par gramme de biomasse sèche. mgCAE/mgDA : milligramme d’acide caféique équivalent par milligramme d’aire sèche. mgOE/mgDA : milligramme d’orientine équivalent par milligramme d’aire sèche. μgCAE/mgExtrait : microgramme D’acide caféique équivalent par milligramme d’extrait. μgQE/mgExtrait : microgramme de quercitine équivalent par milligramme d’extrait. nm : nanomètre. NOE : Effet overhauser nucléaire. O- : Ortho. OD : O-Diphénols totaux. SM : Spectroscopie de masse. TF : Flavonoïdes totaux. TMS : Tetraméthylsilane. Liste des abréviations TP : Polyphénols totaux UV : Ultra-violet. VAC : vitex agnus castus. λmax : La longueur d’onde maximale. % : Pourcentage. Liste des Tableaux Liste des tableaux Liste des tableaux : Tableau (1) : Quelques exemples des monoterpènes ……………………...… 12 Tableau (2) : Quelques exemples des diterpènes ...………………………….. 13 Tableau (3) : Classification, squelette de base et quelques exemples des triterpènes ……………………………………………………………..……... 13 Tableau (4) : Classification et quelques exemples des tetraterpènes ……..…. 14 Tableau (5) : Classification et quelques exemples des sesquiterpènes……….. 15 Tableau (6) : Quelques exemples des flavonols……………………………… 17 Tableau (7) : Quelques exemples des flavanones…………………………….. 18 Tableau (8) : Quelques exemples d’isoflavones………………………..…….. 19 Tableau (9) : Quelques exemples des coumarines simples …………………... 21 Tableau (10) : Exemples des coumarines hétérosides………………………... 22 Tableau (11) : Classification et quelques exemples des furanocoumarines …. 22 Tableau (12) : Exemples des pyranocoumarines……………………………... 23 Tableau (13) : Classification botanique classique …………………………… 40 Tableau (14) : Classification APG III 2009 ...................................................... 41 Tableau (15) : Région et nom d’article à partir duquel les résultats sont tirés.. 48 Tableau (16) : Composition chimique d’huile de vitex agnus castus du Bénin 49 Tableau (17) : Constituant d’huile de vitex agnus castus du Nigéria ………... 51 Tableau (18) : Constituant d’huile de vitex agnus castus d’Igalo Monthénégro Serbie ………………………………………………………… 54 Tableau (19) : Constituant d’huile de vitex agnus castus du Bechar et Beniounif Algérie ……………………………………………………………. 56 Tableau (20) : Région et nom d’article à partir duquel les résultats sont tirés.. 59 Tableau (21) : Les données spectrales de la casticine………………………... 61 Liste des tableaux Tableau (22) : Les données spectrales d’artémétine …………………………. 62 Tableau (23) : Les principaux travaux sur la teneur en composés phénoliques chez les différentes parties de vitex agnus castus ………………. 64 Liste des Figures Liste des figures Liste des figures : Figure (1) : Structure d’unité isoprène …………………………………………………… 11 Figure (2) : Structure de base des flavonoïdes …………………………………………… 16 Figure (3) : Structure de base des flavonones ……………………………………………. 17 Figure (4) : Structure de base des flavanones…………………………………….………. 18 Figure (5) : Structure de base des anthocyanes ………………..…………………………. 19 Figure (6) : Biosynthèse des flavonoïdes ………………………………………………… 20 Figure (7) : Structure de base des coumarines …………………………………………… 21 Figure (8) : Structure de la nicotine .........................……………………………………... 24 Figure (9) : Structure de la caféine ……………………………………………………….. 25 Figure (10) : Structure de la mescaline …………………………………………………... 25 Figure (11) : Vitex agnus castus de la région de Jijel ……………………………...……... 41 Figure (12) : Familles des composés identifiés de l’espece vitex agnus castus du Bénin .. 50 Figure (13) : Familles des composés identifiés de l’espece vitex agnus castus L du Négéria………………………………………………………............................................ 53 Figure (14) : Familles des composés identifiés de l’espece vitex agnus castus L d’Igalo, Monténégro Serbie …………………………………………………………………..…… 56 Figure (15) : Familles des composés identifiés de l’especes vitex agnus castus L d’Algérie …………………………………………………………………………………. 58 Figure (16) : Structure de la casticine…………………………………………………….. 60 Figure (17) : Structure d’artémétine…………………………………………………….... 62 Sommaire Sommaire Introduction Générale ………………………………………………………………… 1 Etude Bibliographique Chapitre I : La phytothérapie et les plantes médicinales I.1. Introduction générale …………………………………………………………...… 3 I.2. La phytothérapie ………………………………………………………………….. 3 I.2.1 Définition …………………………………………………..……………………… 3 I.2.3 Les avantages de la phytothérapie ………………………………………………… 4 I.2.4. Les inconvenants de la phytothérapie …………………………………………….. 4 I.3. Généralité sur les plantes médicinales …………………………………………… 5 I.3.1 partie de la plante utilisée …………………………………………………...…… 5 I.3.2 Domaines d’utilisations des plantes médicinales …………………………………. 7 Références bibliographiques ………………………………………………………….. 8 Chapitre II : les métabolites secondaires II.1. Introduction générale ……………………………………………………………. 11 II.2. Structure chimique de quelques métabolites secondaires ……………………... 11 II.2.1. Les terpénoïdes………………………………………………………………….. 11 II.2.1.1. Définition ……………………………………………………………………… 11 II.2.1.2. Classification …………………………………………………………………... 12 Hémiterpène…………………………………………………………………….. 12 Monoterpène…………………………………………………………………….. 12 Diterpène………………………………………………………………………... 12 Triterpène……………………………………………………………………….. 13 Tetraterpène……………………………………………………………………... 14 Sesquiterpène …………………………………………………………………… 15 II.2.1.3. Bioactivité………………………………………………………………..…….. 16 II.2.2. Les flavonoïdes …………………………………………………………………. 16 II.2.2.1. Définition ………………………………………………………………………
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