Can E-Fuels Close the Renewables Power Gap?

VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 Thorsten Krol and Christian and Krol Lenz Thorsten power gap?Areview. Can renewablese-fuels closethe toren skizziert. logien wieGasturbinen undVerbrennungsmo vonErzeugungstechnoden Betrieb modernen Transportsektors sowie Auswirkungen die auf und des Industrie- lung zur Dekarbonisierung aus werden ihrPotenzial bei derSektorkopp hin- Darüber diskutiert. Dunkelflaute bei gung derals Stromversor Brennstoff zur Sicherung zung von überschüssiger Energie erneuerbarer undNut möglichedie Speicherung zukünftige Effizienz ihrer und Prozesse der Gesamtkosten ergeben. Schließlich wird Grundlage aufder der aufgelistet, sich die ausverschiedenen Quellen werdenlischen Eigenschaften Kraftstoffe der rer Studien dargestellt. detailliert - Diephysika der Kosten bis 2030 werden als Ergebnis mehre- schätzung einschließlich einerHochrechnung thanol sowie E-Ammoniak oder eineKosten prozesse von E-Wasserstoff, E-Methan, E-Me Produktions die Herstellung E-Kraftstoffe, der DerStrombedarf zur diskutiert. zenkappung Redispatch undSpit unter Berücksichtigung Energie amBeispielDeutschlands erneuerbarer trag wird Verfügbarkeit die von überschüssiger Bei Indiesem von E-Kraftstoffen. Speicherung und Energien zur Erzeugung erneuerbaren ist Nutzung die von überschüssiger Energie aus wird, halten. diskutiert EineOption, derzeit die barkeit Energien aufrechtzuer erneuerbarer Energie inZeiten Nichtverfüg der elektrischer weit hoheVerfügbarkeit die besteht darin, von nisierungsbemühungen Regierungen der welt Herausforderung Dekarbo beiden Eine große Rückblick. Ein schließen? erneuerbaren Energien den bei die Erzeugungslücke Können E-Kraftstoffe Kurzfassung Can renewablese-fuels closethe powergap?Areview. VGB PowerTechVGB Erlangen, Germany Gas Turbineof Head Marketing, Siemens Gas andPower GmbH & Co. KG Dr.Lenz Christian anderRuhr,Muelheim Germany stability Grid Expert Siemens Gas andPower GmbH & Co. KG Dr.Krol Thorsten Authors

2020

------l n 60 and range price betweened in the 35 35 by anincreasing CO power sector beensured andwill isdecided targets, term ofthe decarbonization adeep mid- and long- looking into the theless, development [1].Never plans future grid in butalso current inthe asdescribed grid sumption require will anextension ofthe ny. ofgeneration Thebalancing andcon example of Germa will be discussed atthe new market ofthe The effect challenges step to decarbonization fortion has decided andeeperadditional, voltage legisla In addition, stabilization. Operator-level (DSO)for frequency and erator- System (TSO) andDistribution operators onTransmissiongrid System Op for the This resulted inanincreasing effort windandphotovoltaics.on- andoff-shore been increased mainly by of strong growth newable generated power hassteadily development recent years ofre the In the Introduction are outlined. reciprocating combustion engines internal generation technologies like gas turbines and well asthe impact onoperation ofcurrent and transportation sectors as the industry tential in sector to coupling decarbonization their Inaddition, po- isdiscussed. doldrums a fuelto secure dark power during supply storage renewable power anduseofexcess as future possible the efficiency, their and es Finally, basedonthe total cost ofthe process- arefuels listed resulting from several sources. eral studies. The physical properties of the ofsev detailed out asaresult andsummary ing a projection of the costs to 2030 will be ammonia aswell asacost estimation includ of e-hydrogen, e-methane, e-methanol ore- to produce e-fuels, the production processes patches andTip Capping.Thepower demand re-dis considering isdiscussed of Germany renewables power ofexcess ity atthe example and store Inthis e-fuels. paper, the availabil is to power userenewable excess to generate bility. discussion under Oneoption currently ofrenewablespower times unavaila during maintain the highavailability ofelectric ofgovernments acrossforts the world isto A major challenge inthe ef- decarbonization - trad be will certificates many. the 2026 In

€/tCO

€/tCO 2 between 2021 and 2025 inGer 2 [2].Beyond 2026,CO 2 -tax from 10-tax the powerthe sector. Can renewablese-fuels closethe powergap?Areview.

€/tCO

€/tCO 2 to to 2 2 ------

In the years 2017,In the 2018 and2019 re- the graph. bottom ofthe tive inthe part re-dispatch moving average nega net ofthe capacity 12-monthTip Cappingcanbe seen inthe Theimpact of 1. e r u g i is illustrated inF cost Both forduced to re-dispatch. the limit from overloading,grid hasbeenintro generationable to protect transmission the allow a sufficient generation of e-fuels for e-fuels of generation sufficient a allow and Power-to-Xcapacity capacities would ofrenewable expansion generation further asoftoday. decarbonization deep enable A andto for fuels able ofdark times doldrums available for stor production ofsynthetic, 6.36 available excess power of7.83 introduction. This results in a potentially have beencappedby Tip Cappingsincethe 4.27[2] while 1.65 by 3.56 grid the balanced dispatch ofupto 3 cut-off Capping, the have heavily increased. In2017 Tip the management andbalancing re-dispatch to 2017, for costs utilized andcapacity the power system years balanced.2013 In the to keep the TSOs andDSOsahigheffort and averaged power mix require from the powerand photovoltaics momentary in the renewable produced power basedonwind Even as of today, increasing share of the Engines(RICE). tion (GTs) orReciprocating Combus Internal generation equipment like GasTurbines couldbeusedinstandard thermal which indiscussione-ammonia are currently like e-hydrogen, or e-methanol e-methane, storageterm andusage. Potential e-fuels erated) power to produce for e-fuels long clearly useofexcess (renewable bethe gen will Onepath future grid. sured inthe must been dark doldrums during ability seasonalstoragebut also andpower avail sectors. Residual load and transportation of sector to coupling industry decarbonize powerfor the sector asanelement butalso environmentbe implemented grid into the ways available, storage must technologies As renewable generated power isnot al achieve environmental protection goals. and upperlimitsgiven politicsto by the generated market lower onthe the within volume year peryear. be will Theprices adecreasing belimitedemissions will with

TWh and -0.61TWh TWh and4.54 TWh

TWh, 4.71 TWh,

TWh which would which be TWh

TWh TWh

as excess power TWh, 5.15TWh,

% ofrenew

TWh, TWh, TWh, TWh,

TWh TWh 37 ------

VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 sary CO sary H fore letting two itcatalytically react with ilar but first transforming CO transforming first but ilar air.the issim Theproduction ofmethanol processes ordirectlyother captured outof by reaction ofhydrogen nitrogen via with Tab. 1. using CO produced following process Sabatier the carbon boundto four hydrogen atoms, is consisting molecules ofone with methane, e-fuels. other Syntheticprocess of the expensive feedstock production for the sis (AEC). Hydrogen and is an important electrolychange membrane) and alkaline are commonly available: PEM(proton ex sis equipment where two mainmethods latest generation of high efficient electroly lying details mightget complex for rather potentialelectric Theunder atelectrodes. hydrogenents andoxygen by applying an ter substitu are molecules into split their water(demineralized) where basically wa- isproducedple viaelectrolysis ofclean for already. longtimes Hydrogen for exam standard processes known and optimized The production processes for e-fuels are intensity energy Production of synthetic fuels and sectors. useinother orfortion the generation,- fuelgeneration for transporta Fig. 1. Can renewablese-fuels closethe powergap?Areview. 38 [kWh Electricity required re-electrification* Total efficiency [kWh Electricity required of60 *) Assumesre-electrification inacombinedcyclegasturbine powerplantwithanoverallnetcycle efficiency 2 molecules. Ammonia finally is produced Cumulated monthly re-dispatch in TWh el el /MJ] /kg] power available for long term storage.power availableforlongterm power increase andreduction-measures; graph: bottom difference monthly as excess Overview aboutre-dispatch measur Overview -1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Energy consumption forpr

% forallfuels. -500 2 500 500 2 canbeusedascaptured form assource for carbon.Theneces 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 0 0 Net capacityforseasonalstorage re-dispatch increase re-dispatchCummulated monthly capacity 12 month movingaverage12 month re-dispatch reduction Methane/ Natural 0.57 28.7 29 gas 2

% into CO be- oduction oduction fuels. of synthetic Liquified Natural 0.58 29.2 29 es in [3]. Germany Top graph: cumulation monthly of gas

% ------the other e-fuels. For re-electrification of re-electrification For e-fuels. other the energy requiredtal is still lower for than for production. But even if liquified,the to- power the considering necessary demand e-fuels best alternative amongst the the compressed storage outto be fuel,turns Hydrogen, especially ifusedasapure, hydrogen to be produced first as feedstock. arefuels quite need all butthey different, processes to produce the the Nevertheless, andammoniaisalmost identical. methanol The required energy to produce methane, lower.times toneeded liquify is almost 16 methane (about 8 quired energy for liquefaction is significant caseofhydrogen,especially re inthe the although, transportation efficient for key Thecomparison liquid purposes. state is subsequentonly liquefactionfor andwith show gaseous valuestostate produce the figures the methane, and hydrogen For 1. e l b listed inTa consumption to produce synthetic fuels is assumptions, totaling these energy the are taken from C.Hanket. al.[4].Follow conversion efficiencies their stepsand cess Theassumptionsinsights. pro aboutthe reveals fuels various interesting ofthe tion energy intensity ofproduc Comparing the ogenic systems. airseparation cry airbytracted state-of-the-art from the process. Thenitrogen HaberBosch ex the Hydrogen 0.45 53.5 37

kWh/kg). Contrar kWh/kg). hydrogen Liquified 60.3 33 0.5

% Methanol 0.57 11.4 29

% y, energy the Ammonia 0.57 10.8 29

------bon neutral fuel,itdoesnotbon neutral produce CO toxic. becauseitisvery tion Further, ascar larger useammoniarequires proper cau replace heavy highpolluting fueloil.For potential the to fuelwith for useasmarine ahot Ammoniaiscurrently candidate forts. any ef without produced methane thetic power to couldtransition plants useofsyn pression, must ofdiesel fraction al asmall relates oncom also mechanism ignition IndualfuelRICEengines whose ane slip”. plete combusted fuel referredto as“meth of incom amount significant a emit still RICE while carbon-neutral classified be completely like inGTs, entire cycle can the producedneutral fueliscombusted nearly excessable power. carbon- Incasethe into usingrenew fuels canbeturned tion) processes (e.g.anaerobic digesing other - atmosphere or captureden out of the dur be classified as CO as classified be overall leakage, the methane process could Assuming effect. greenhouse no drive the (GHG) impact of methanemight again >25 times higher Greenthe House Gas CO as to chain whole avoid across the gas leaks require will ready Usinge-methane exists. large aroundgas natural al infrastructure can be used like commongasnatural and a gen for to Methane fuels. example other advantageous toseems very process hydro for itNevertheless, someapplications up to 60 t andcost. Other manageable efforts with gas natural to with useblends upgraded hydrogen, gas ofany turbines sizecanbe at a maximum be carbon neutral. COat amaximumbecarbonneutral. can like fuels ormethanol taining methane and combustion processes. Carboncon production specific fuel in differentiated orcarbon-freeneutral generation must be To achieve carbon- decarbonization, deep or e-ammoniarequire specialattention. in GTs andRICEs,e-hydrogen, e-methanol up fuelare well known andcommonly used natural gas and diesel as a standard back- mainconstituent of asthe Where methane es shouldbeusedindicatively only. sourc ofvaluesfrom various collection the referencepressure onthe usedso butalso erence like conditions temperature and highly onref depend sel. Theseproperties carbon-based fuelslike anddie methane in comparison to common hydro 2 e l b Ta andammoniaare listedane, methanol in ofhydrogen,The physical properties - meth combustion technologies fuels and theimpact of their use in Physical properties of different tance whenitcomestotance usehighcost fuels. cies ofgas incombinedcycle turbines mode efficien NET high The challenges. logical techno significant face or grids power for cells are not yet available in sizes significant CO during combustion butNOCO during echnologies for re-electrification like fuel like re-electrification for echnologies 2 is captured from the atmosphere and iscaptured from the

% and abov VGB PowerTechVGB 2 neutral. Commongas neutral. e are of high impor x emissions.

2020 2 tak 2 or or ------

VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 ment, they will have will ment, they to bede-rated beyond displace stroke engine fixed a have RICE as but modifications, minor with GTs is Thishascan easilymethane. beconsidered gas usingnatural or higher than much must be combustion chamber into the flowsvolume hydrogen,the of lowdensity the considering high.Nevertheless, very Valueer Heating hydrogen (LHV)perkg is Compared Low to the andmethane, diesel e-hydrogen or sectorother measures. coupling re-electrification for them use to der negative orTip re-dispatch Cappinginor by power the grid considering taken ofthe 8.0 valueofabout aheating with methane assumptions,en. Basedonthese green future developments ifprojections are giv used and assumptions technology tailed on de on the depending values mightdiffer by published data C.Hanket al.[4].The usingcomparablebased oncalculations 0.57 1 produce Tab. 2. not accountfor CO fuelproduction process does also and the no pilot fuelmust be usedfor combustion powerbon free inthe production process if or ammoniawould becategorized ascar The use of carbon-free fuels like hydrogen haust gas treatment measures are installed. carbon neutral in RICE unless proper ex bon fuels cannotneutral be considered as carbondioxide,than evenuseofcar the more potentane is a much gas greenhouse ongaseouswhen operating Asmeth fuels. ways be used to provide a pilot flame, even ural gasural asoftoday for GTs andRICEs.To useofnat islikeThe useofe-methane the e-methane GTsuse within orRICEs. own for challenges the and opportunities its comealong with ofe-fuels type Every VGB PowerTechVGB Formula Properties *in [kg/l] Diffusivity inair[cm Quenching gapinNTPair[cm] Laminar burningvelocity[m/s] (equivalence ratio) Limits offlammability Stochiometric airfuelratio/mass Flammability limits[vol%inair] Min. ignitionenergy[mJ] Auto ignitiontemperature[K] Adiabatic flametemperature[°C] Lower heatingvalue[MJ/kg] Lower heatingvalue[MJ/m Density [kg/m

PJ couldhave beenproduced in2019

kWh ofrenewabl Comparison of physicalparameters of current andfuture, fuels. synthetic

MJ calorific value calorific MJ 3 ]

8 2 /s]

l 2

2020 emissions. e power isrequired 3 ] of e-methane, e-methane, of Methane 5 to15 1,914 0.716 0.21 0.38 10.4 0.28 50.0 35.8 CH 873 0.7 9.5 4 ------0.1 to7.1 Hydrogen 4 to75 120.0 0.064 2,207 0.090 0.63 0.02 34.3 10.8 858 2.9 H electrification or other sector coupling measures. sector other or electrification Tip for Cappinginorder to re- usethem or re-dispatch negative by grid the en of duced in2019 power the considering tak sumptions’ hydrogen green aheating with detailed technology.the as Basedonthese on depending valuesmightdiffer and the by published data rable C. Hank et. al.[4] quired usingcompa basedoncalculations ment already [5]. value ofabout10.1 gen, 0.45 To1 produce content of60 large-scale power anH projects plant with Low Emission(DLE)technology. First driven to limit the formation ofNO formation todriven the limit mainly are modifications These required. generator downstream or the areturbine to gas changes no but properties, flame different and flows volume high the flect to re may becomenecessary burners the of modifications that, Beyond hydrogen. of highdiffusivity the considering made be to have will modifications minor only GTs,In tosignificant up hydrogen content, gines like valves, valve orpiston seats rings. en components highstrength ofthe the from hydrogen of inducedembrittlement cial attention must be taken to prevent physical property.this Spe- from profit not orevendium low can speedengineswhich used for power generation are typically me in favor larger while enginescommonly high speedengines velocity brings burning autotrolled Thehighlaminar ignition. ofanuncon Hydrogen risk results inthe low gap very quenching of the bined with low Thevery energy ignition neutral. com- cannotoperation becategorized ascarbon signs. So even using a carbon free fuel, the de RICE self-igniting most in flame pilot gen isquite berequired will high,diesel as auto-ignition temperatureAs the ofhydro hydrogena critical fuel gas. content of the 2 Methanol 6.7 to36 CH 0.792*

kWh ofrenewabl 2,222 0.14 19.9 0.66 15.8 N/A N/A 706 0.5 6.4 3

OH MJ calorific value calorific MJ

% hydrog

PJ couldhave beenpr Ammonia 16 to25 0.699 1,800 0.609 0.12 18.9 13.6 N/A N/A NH 680 924 6.1 en are indevelop 3 e power isre of e-hydroof Can renewablese-fuels closethe powergap?Areview. (C8-C20) CnH1.8n 0.7 to5 0.846* 2,327 Diesel 0.13 42.6 14.5 36.0 N/A N/A N/A 530 x 20 in Dry inDry o 2 ------

feedstocks for the fertilizer industry and industry fertilizer for the feedstocks most important As e-ammoniaisoneofthe [7]. industry chemical inthe feedstocks all sidering the power taken of the grid by power the grid sidering taken ofthe nia couldhave beenproduced in2019 con- by published data rable C.Hank et. al.[4]. quired usingcompa basedoncalculations in RICEmust beavoided. slip methane “ammonia slip” similar to the environment, to the an sonous and harmful Asammoniaispoi emission legislation. tomight contradict todays’ and future the highest amountofCO the Unfortunately,Bosch-synthesis. itcauses ergy intense, butwell-established Haber- produced en accordingis currently to the as well. andstore Itiseasyto and transport potentialhas the for decarbonization deep As apotential carbon-free fuel,e-ammonia e-ammonia in2017diesel [6]. range of0,1the sectorother coupling measures. This is in in order to use them for re-electrification or by negative orTip re-dispatch grid Capping 2019 power the considering taken ofthe couldmethanol have been produced in ply. valueofabout8.0 Aheating feedstock or chemical back-up power sup mainusemightbeintransportation, the andstoredit canbeeasily transported so same range butasaliquid asmethane fuel provides astorage conversion ratein the of0.57demand der to use them for re-electrification or sectorother coupling measures. This isin re-electrification for them use to der negative orTip re-dispatch Cappinginor valueofabout8.0 A heating nia, 0.57 To produce 1 ofincreased NO risk the dition, usage ofRICEfor Inad loadoperation. full low velocity the limit will the also burning shares needto will be overcome. However, different fuelsbalancing to the optimum loadchallenges in load soespecially inpart er the and e-ammonia with as fuel varies combustion promot necessary share ofthe The promoter. combustion or flame pilot probably require fuels as a or diesel other introduced inRICEwill [9].Theignition nia. InGTs mightneedto be new burners combustion ofe-ammo challenges for the energyhigh ignition required creates some and temperature flame adiabatic low The fuel for power generation might be limited. future useas foralso shippropulsion, the favorsling ammoniaasanalternative fuel ease of hand- production [8], and the the about 50 the powerthe generation sector. apower With back-up most important currently fuel in to CO to diesel reduce the future additive mightbeacarbonneutral mainuse inthe producedable e-fuel.It’s nol as is indiscussion an alternative renew As an alternative to hydrogen also metha e-methanol

% the food product % the kWh of renewable power is re

MJ calorific value

% of Germanys demand of demand % ofGermanys

kWh/MJ heating valueitkWh/MJ heating 2 2 -emissions of the -emissions ofthe emissionsfrom

PJ ofe-ammo ion relies on of e-ammo x emissions

PJ ofe- 39 ------VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 larity amongst ecologicallarity activists as well Hydrogen inpopu- growing iscurrently fast could be e.g. a COdifference this relying economies. to Mechanisms pare competing against fossil-fuels traditional when disadvantages significant face will to energy carbonneutral forms switching Economies fuels. traditional higher than still highcost ofenergy, atleast 2times are fuels assumed,foresee ofsynthetic tion cess matureness andlarge-scale produc pro future Also, tion. projections inwhich ReformingforMethane hydrogen produc like productiontional methods Steam and energy intensive compared to tradi casesarementioned way more expensive productionfuels of above-cost of synthetic studies, the result of such the Anticipating – – 2 cases: requirestion following acomparison of the ques Answering fuels currently? this thetic How production ofsyn economicisthe seasonal storage Economic evaluation for of e-fuels [6]. residual fueloilfor shippropulsion in2017 range of0.5 the Can renewablese-fuels closethe powergap?Areview. imn nry[0 Figure 2). 2 e r u g i Siemens Energy [10] (F outby cussed basedonananalysis carried bedis will fuels cost ofsomesynthetic The total production andtransportation paper. inthis not further bediscussed shall carbonfootprint ofgoods, butthis the 40 Fig. 2. – – €/MWh cover cost transmission cally, power cost would bezero oronly would Basi haveerwise, beencurtailed. but only excess utilizing power oth that, emission free production (like incase1) orwind solar power,of-energy green of such mainly power,“green” cost- the butconsidering emission free production usingonly 2019-2020 Prices (EU) Benchmark (renewables) Electricity abroad best sites from Imports offshore) onshore, (wind, mix Electricity Germany technological improvements. Production costs of “green” e-fuels in comparedGermany, tobestsitesabroad. Future valuesare extrapolations based on scaling effects and th 1)

% of Germanys demand of demand % ofGermanys e-hydrogen e-methanol e-methane e-ammonia ~ ~ 0522-0021 22-0021 0523 052025-2030 2015 2025-2030 2015 2025-2030 2015 2025-2030 2015

320 150 SMR H2 ~ 10-16 ~ ~

160 50 3) “ black“ methanol ~

300 bio-ethanol bio-ethanol 2 tax on tax 90-110 50 ~ ~

110 200 ------2)

2) the same cost levelthe a CO ditions aCOditions way closerto gas. natural Under con these production down to 60 would total reduce levelized the cost of “free ofcharge” excess renewable power gen. cost of power Reducing the by using 2would cost ofhydroScenario reduce the governmentGerman [2]. from plans atleast the the off and isfar level would onthis tax behighly unrealistic 450 bring cost to the samelevel cost to gas. ofnatural the bring CO makes gas more expensive compared to be considered to asanadder fuelcost. This atabout25 currently forThe increasing tax CO between gas natural andhydrogen exists. upto 2030,alargeprice gap infuelcost and assumingnomajor increase ingas of25 gasnatural price ing 110 equivalent to 120 energy content of 33 we 1 assumethat ton (equals 3.6 Averagingtransportation. gives 3,600 powerand opex, ofrenewables and price levelized the cost of production incl. capex 4,500 on scenario 1suggest of2,700toon scenario prices costs.tion Altogether projections based the fects would hydrogen reduce the produc hydrogen massively increases, ef scaling total production quantityassuming the of tions are given for the year 2030 for which, aswell. associated Projec cost vary their shares, ofrenewablesandtype andtheir production ofhydrogenthe like region, ofconditions boundary different dering begiven.shall Several consi- publications onhydrogen summary prices Abrief jects. cost always negatively power affect pro as power Ingeneral, producers. highfuel ~

bio-gas/methane 500 2

free hydrogen. To to fuels both balance natural gas €/t would berequired 1. inscenario A ~ 50-80

300 20-25

€/ton hydrogen in2030,considering

€/MWh for hydr ~

180

90 2 tax ofaround 170 tax

€/kg) or110€/kg)

ton ofhydr MJ/kg (LHV). MJ/kg Compar “ black“ ammonia

€/t inGermany, can 40-45

€/MWh (Europe),

MWh/t w

ogen with today’sogen with €/MWh 2 ~ ~ emissions, with emissions,with 2

180

90 tax of 400 to tax €/MWh in case €/MWh incase ogen hasan

€/t would which iswhich hich ishich Germany signiﬁcant cost advantagecompared to products atbestsitesabroad provides a Production of green e-H no CO costs, feedstocknatural gasprice gaswith 5,5-7€/GJ, ii) i) 3) Production costs based Reformingon SteamMethane (SMR)–H Price (MEPCP), 02/2020 toEurope,2) Prices Methanex European for delivery Posted Contract 1) Remarks: iv) e-ammonia, green hydrogen andHaberBoschsynthesis iii) industrial origin BestsitesPV, costs &distribution Wind w/otransportation EU tothe e-hydrogen, electrolysis and use of Wind-/PV electricity e-methanol: green hydrogen and use of unavoidable CO e-methane, similarto e-methane, e-methanol

€/ ------

2 penalties are currently under investigation. under are currently e-hydrogen, and e-ammonia, e-methanol Several energy storage like fuels e-methane, ofdark times supply doldrums. during also (orevenand carbonneutral free) power newable power. Thiscanensure areliable past, to butalso produce excessas inthe re powerthe when required instantaneously operators not only to andgrid produceers power power generation the drives produc an increasingtion share with of renewable burg, Germany. Steel e.g.Thyssenkrupp producers in Duis beingconductedcurrently by many steel large-scale Testsdustrial validation. are in- still lacks technology this Nevertheless, sector from environmental point of view. be even power more in effective the than coal dust to decrease emissionshere could hydrogen asareduction instead element of Considering that even that todayConsidering we have CO around 7 CO ly steel industry. Steel- production isextreme sector,higher ifusedinanother e.g.the bonizing potential ofhydrogen wouldn’t be have to decar be evaluated the whether Once available inlarge itwould amounts, offuel. portation for trans gas grid by usingthe grids tion anddistribu transmission vestments inthe power production would avoid major in renewable closeto afacility the side other hydrogen oftransporting fort but onthe consumer would expensive ef reduce the ofhydrogentions production closeto the locations for hydrogen production. Loca best to the identify benecessary will ation aneconomiccost Inaddition, evalu nario. is not acompletelythis unimaginable sce- taxes around 120 Th Summary e global trend towards deep decarboniza 2 intensive andaccommodates for

% ofglobal CO 2 and e-H VGB PowerTechVGB

2 €/t inSweden, atleast -based 2 emissions.Using 2 of

l 2

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VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 VGB PowerTech - All rights reserved - Alle Rechte vorbehalten - © 2020 increased NO tent of up to 100 to produce are. Theeffort they canremain as gasnatural infrastructure, lines, power plants, heaters, most of the downstream like technologies gas pipe process theis hand, On less other efficient. requires hydrogen production first, andthe power de-rate. synthetization E-methane yond about38 velopment onmajor components and,be requires bustiontechnology de- significant flame combustion technologies. RICE com - Wet Low Emissions (WLE) or diffusion ural gas in DLE mode and up to 100 uptodle 60 the art gas canalready turbines today art han the Statefuel ormixed-up methane. of with ate somechallenges, itcanbeusedaspure storagecreand, while andtransportation E-hydrogen easiest fuelto produce isthe CO advantage ofzero free fuelwould the bring The combustion ofammoniaasacarbon usinghydrogen e-fuels other asfeedstock. apowernitrogen with like demand the ofe-ammoniarequiresduction aircaptured up fuel for use in GTs and RICE. The pro toadded back- liquid andactasgreen fuels fuel canbe tois similar but the e-methane, hydrogen ahydrogen with fuelblends con to continuously to ability develop use the slightly timelines, different with although ofgas have turbines facturers committed, sector. major All equipment manu- original power decarbonization the fuel to further hydrogeneration, easiest seemsto bethe andpotentialduction for carbonfree gen production processes, cost ofpro- the ering nearto future. Consid ited mid-term inthe use for power generation lim might be very future sector the tation (mainly marine), potential transpor to the decarbonization and, given its high industry and fertilizer rently used as a feedstock chemical for the VGB PowerTechVGB empfohlen werden des Weiteren der VGB-S-891-00-2012-06-DE-EN und VGB-B 108d/e. Application Guideline Application sinngemäß insbesondereumzusetzen sind. Diesgilt fürHilfs- und Nebensysteme Für projektspezifisch Anlagenteile,die variieren,die im AnleitungenmitBeispielen, prinzipielle die Richtlinie gibt konkreten Anwendungsfall sind (z.B.Elektrolyseur, Methanisierungssystem). Festlegungen Die Richtlinie detaillierte enthält zurReferenzkennzeichnung spezifischfür fürAnlagenteile,die eine Power to GasAnlage DokumentDas vorliegende regelt AnwendungdesKennzeichensystems die RDS-PPfürPower to Gas Anlagen. normative Sie istdie fentlicht. fürdasRDS-PP®,„ReferenceGrundlage SystemforPower Designation Plants“. Für denKraftwerksbereich wurde inEinklangmitden Fachnorm die Grundnormen DINISO/TS81346-10veröf- Anlage und dasZusammenwirken ihrer einzelnen Teile genauab. mit einem alphanumerischenKennzeichen zuversehen.EineguteKennzeichensystematik Strukturder bildetdie Anlage, ist industriellen es hilfreich, und die Anlagezugliedern die einzelnen Anlagenteileklar und eindeutig Für eine effiziente AbwicklungderAufgabenvonPlanung,Entwicklung,Bau,Betrieb undInstandhaltung einer RDS-PP Das vollständige DIN A4,160Seiten,Preis für VGB-Mit VGB-S-823-41-2018-07-EN-DE. Ausgabe2018 deutsch/englische Teil 41: Power to Gas |Part 41: Power to Gas RDS-PP VGB-Standard 2 emissions but comes with the risk of risk the emissionsbutcomeswith

® % ofhydrog x Anwendungsrichtlinie

output. As ammonia is cur % hydrog

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tion emits emits moretion CO A. Brunning; Brunning; A. – Chart GasTurbineWorld; Sternberg, A. N.C. Hank, Köppel, M. tion-by-mode/assessment-10. cators/transport-final-energy-consump- www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indi- European Environment Agancy; https:// F. J.Verkamp, M.C.Hardin, J.R.Williams; L. K. Boerner; Pwrt- – “Power-to-X change that. cal-making reaction. Chemists want to CO2/97/i24. Industrial-ammonia-production-emits- acs.org/environment/green-chemistry/ News, Vol. 97 Iss.24; 2019; https://cen. gen/. com/working-toward-100-percent-hydro- hydrogen; 2020; https://gasturbineworld. 2020;Tab.Chemistry; 1. renewable electricity basedon energy carriers ment ofimported assess- economic and efficiency Energy tion: H-M. Henning; Holst, T. C.Helbing, Schaadt, A. Smolinka, 25X. science/article/abs/pii/S0082078467802 1967; https://www.sciencedirect.com/ onCombustion Vol.ternational) 11, Iss.1; inGasTurbinesformance andper Ammonia combustion properties release_on_the_Commitments.pdf. upload/Our_Mission/EUTurbines_press_ 2019; https://www.euturbines.eu/cms/ energy mix; Press release EU-Turbines; transition Europe’s todrive adecarbonized The Gas Turbine Commitments to Industry pact.pdf. cen/97/24/WEB/09724-industrialim- 2019; https://cen.acs.org/content/dam/ Graphics;; Periodic Reactions dustrial download-power-to-x.html. en/products/energy/technical-papers/ 2019; https://new.siemens.com/global/ Proven in Production Today Green Hydrogen: Technology Available and Energy consumption intransport ; Chemical&Engineering Environmental Impact ofIn Industrial Ammoniaproduc - Industrial Decarbonizing Energy with Supplementary Informa Supplementary 2 Working toward 100 than any other chemi ; The Royal Society of VGB-S-823-41-2018-07-EN-DE Teil 41: Power to Gas Anwendungsrichtlinie Part 41: Power to Gas Application Guideline RDS-PP VGB-Standard ; Symposium (In ® ; SiemensAG;

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