Mobilising European Citizens to Invest in Sustainable Energy CLEAN ENERGY for ALL EUROPEANS FINAL RESULTS ORIENTED REPORT of the RESCOOP MECISE HORIZON 2020 PROJECT

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Mobilising European Citizens to Invest in Sustainable Energy CLEAN ENERGY for ALL EUROPEANS FINAL RESULTS ORIENTED REPORT of the RESCOOP MECISE HORIZON 2020 PROJECT Mobilising European Citizens to Invest in Sustainable Energy CLEAN ENERGY FOR ALL EUROPEANS FINAL RESULTS ORIENTED REPORT OF THE RESCOOP MECISE HORIZON 2020 PROJECT This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 649767 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is the final results oriented report of the REScoop MECISE Horizon 2020 project. This project ran from the end of March 2015 until the end of February 2019. REScoop MECISE is a project development assistance or PDA-project launched by the Belgian renewable energy cooperative Ecopower with as its partners: REScoop.eu, the Federation of groups and cooperatives of citizens for renewable energy in Europe, and 4 other of its members: Courant d’Air (BE), Enercoop (FR), Energy4All (UK) and SomEnergia (ES). The project had support from the Horizon 2020 Program of the European Commission. This publication is edited and partly written by me, Dirk Vansintjan, board member of the Belgian REScoop Ecopower and for Ecopower president of REScoop.eu. I want to thank Karel Derveaux and Fiene Biesbrouck of Ecopower, Josh Roberts, Sara Tachelet and Daan Creupelandt of REScoop.eu, Paul Phare and Mark Luntley of Energy4All, Nuri Palmada of Som Energia, Achim Langer and Mario Heukemes of Courant d’Air and Maëlle Guillou of Enercoop for their contribution, for reading through the text and providing many valuable suggestions for improvement. I would like to thank Mark Luntley for editing the English text. Any mistakes are due to later additions by non native speakers. Photographs and illustrations are our own, or used with authorisation. Anything written by ourselves can be freely used, quoted, copied and distributed when mentioning the author and REScoop.eu. Dirk Vansintjan Layout and illustrations by De Bemanning, www.debemanning.be Printed by De Wrikker, www.dewrikker.be, Antwerp, Belgium ISBN 9789082366624 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 649767 Disclaimer: The sole responsibility for this content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. CONTENTS PREFACE 6 Introduction: The REScoop MECISE Horizon 2020 project (2015-2019) 9 Context of the REScoop MECISE Horizon 2020 project What did liberalisation of the energy market bring? 11 • A short people’s history of energy privatisation and liberalisation in Europe 12 • The impact of liberalisation on the environment 15 • The impact of liberalisation on citizen participation in the energy transition 16 • More competition, smaller margins for suppliers but higher electricity prices for households 19 • Industrial consumers don’t contribute to the energy transition 22 Context of the REScoop MECISE Horizon 2020 project Climate Change 27 • COP21 in Paris (2015) 29 • Countries fail to act 30 • Cities and Municipalities act 31 • Citizens act, privately and in citizen energy communities 36 Context of the REScoop MECISE Horizon 2020 project The energy transition towards a decentralised renewable and citizen owned energy system 41 • The energy transition to energy democracy 43 • The potential of energy citizens and citizen energy communities 43 • Citizen Energy Communities team up with municipalities 48 • Citizen energy communities teaming up with schools 58 • From passive consumer to active member of a citizen energy community 60 • From rare exception to interesting partner for local authorities 63 • From investing in Renewable energy and Energy effiency to district heating, e-carsharing, ... 66 Energy democracy offers opportunities for the local economy 68 Energy democracy and local democracy 72 Energy democracy and Europe 77 REScoop MECISE: Financial tool for Citizen energy communities 94 CONCLUSION 99 GLOSSARY 100 REFERENCES 103 PREFACE At the beginning of 2019 Europe had more than 3400 renewable energy cooperatives or, as defined in the recent EU-directives, ‘citizen energy communities’. More than a million Europeans are united in these REScoops to jointly invest in the energy transition from fossil and nuclear fuels to renewable energy and energy efficiency. There are many more Europeans at home who are also committed to reaching this goal in their daily lives. They are investing in insulation, solar water heaters, in photovoltaic panels (PV panels), electrical mobility, … Five REScoops from four countries teamed up with their European federation REScoop.eu in the framework of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme. Between December 2015 and February 2019 they achieved the goals set in their Project Development Assistance (PDA) project as shown in this illustration and created tools for themselves and other groups of citizens to accelerate the energy transition. This project ran in parallel with the process of designing new EU-directives on energy: the Clean Energy for All Europeans package. This recognises EU citizens and their collective projects are essential stakeholders in tackling climate change. This booklet also highlights how the project partners responded to this. Karel Derveaux, for Ecopower, REScoop MECISE project coordinator, January 22, 2019 6 48 50.000 municipalities European citizens At least 5 new were effectively have joined the 5 REScoops involved in MECISE REScoops of the MECISE started thanks to developments, of which consortium since the MECISE developments 3 co-investing with a beginning of the REScoop in a newly project developed project Almost Over €100 million in €10 million were sustainable energy mobilised for energy investments were efficiency developments, unlocked including district heating 116 GWh/year 31 GWh of energy additional renewable for heating will be 35.900 electricity will be saved – that’s the energy tons of CO2 produced – this equals needed for heating emissions will be the electricity consump- about 2000 family avoided every year tion of about 38.000 homes in Europe. EU households. 7 Celebration opening Westmill Wind Farm ©Energy4all Farm Wind opening Westmill Celebration 8 INTRODUCTION: THE RESCOOP MECISE HORIZON 2020 PROJECT (2015-2019) by Dirk Vansintjan REScoop MECISE stands for ‘Renewable Energy Cooperatives Mobilising European Citizens to Invest in Sustainable Energy’ and refers to a Horizon 2020 project funded by the European Commission through EASME. Five renewable energy co-ops from four EU member states linked renewable energy projects to energy efficiency, fostered collaborations with cities and municipalities and set up a financial tool to help other REScoops overcome initial financing obstacles. Besides the five renewable energy coops — Ecopower (BE), Courant d’Air (BE), Enercoop (FR), Energy4All (UK) and Som Energia (ES) — the European federation REScoop.eu was also an active partner for the communication about the project, the dissemination of its results among its members, municipalities and European citizens in general and the advocacy about citizen energy communities towards the European Commission, the European Parliament and EU member states. 9 The main ambitions of REScoop MECISE as a Project Development Assistance project were met: • an investment portfolio was created, leading to almost €110 million investments in renewable energy projects (wind, photovoltaics, biomass, hydro) and energy efficiency, and over 50.000 extra EU citizens joining the REScoops involved; • 48 local municipalities were supported in implementing their sustainable energy action plans (SEAPs) by taking energy efficiency measures in public buildings, by helping them to accelerate the energy transition; • a service to help citizens implement energy efficiency investments in their homes was set up, tested and is operational now; • a dedicated financing tool to help local energy cooperatives finance their renewable energy sources (RES) and energy efficiency (EE) projects was created and is operational now: REScoop MECISE sce. In addition to these formal objectives, the partners actively contributed to advocacy so that in the new Renewable Energy Directive and Energy Market Directive active citizens and their renewable energy communities get a definition and the right to take up an active role in the energy transition as demonstrated in the REScoop MECISE project. As a result the project allowed the partner-REScoops not only to accelerate their efforts in renewable energy and to link these projects to energy efficiency but also to provide citizens, community energy initiatives and local authorities with good practices, permanent tools and a legal EU framework to allow them to accelerate the energy transition and help to keep climate change under control from bottom up. 10 CONTEXT OF THE RESCOOP MECISE HORIZON 2020 PROJECT WHAT DID LIBERALISATION OF THE ENERGY MARKET BRING? by Dirk Vansintjan Europe’s energy sector has been undergoing a steady process of profound transformation over the past three decades. At the heart of this transformation has been market opening and liberalisation, leading to the separation of activities (generation, supply, distribution and transmission) across the energy value chain. Liberalisation has been sold as a solution to promote competition, cost-efficiency and, ultimately, lower prices and consumer choice. Indeed, liberalisation and technological advances in clean energy technologies have allowed for the entry of
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