Nikolaj Medtner: Klavírní Sonáta Č. 1 F Moll Op. 5

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Nikolaj Medtner: Klavírní Sonáta Č. 1 F Moll Op. 5 JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra klavírní interpretace Hra na klavír Nikolaj Medtner: Klavírní sonáta č. 1 f moll op. 5 Bakalářská práce Autor práce: Kamil El-Ahmadieh, DiS. Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Igor Ardašev Oponent práce: MgA. Alice Rajnohová, PhD. Brno 2019 Bibliografický záznam EL-AHMADIEH, Kamil. Nikolaj Medtner: Klavírní sonáta č. 1 f moll op. 5 (Nikolai Medtner: Piano sonata no. 1 f minor op. 5). Brno; Janáčkova akademii múzických umění v Brně, Hudební fakulta, Katedra klavírní interpretace, 2019, 38 s., vedoucí diplomové práce Mgr. Igor Ardašev Anotace Bakalářská práce Nikolaj Medtner: Klavírní sonáta č. 1 f moll op. 5 stručně popisuje život skladatele Nikolaje Medtnera, jenž byl rovněž uznávaným interpretem a koncertním pianistou, a zaměřuje se na jeho první klavírní sonátu, v níž vyzdvihuje charakteristické prvky, typické pro autorovu hudební řeč, a jejíž analýza se opírá o teoretické znalosti hudebních forem a zaměřuje se nejen na interpretační problematiku, ale i na porovnání jejích různých pojetí a provedení. Annotation Bachelor thesis Nikolai Medtner: Piano sonata no. 1 f minor op. 5 describes concise biography of a composer Nikolai Medtner, who was also established as an interpret and concert pisnist. There are mentioned characteristic features, which are typical for his musical expression, and analysis is based on theoretical knowledge of musical forms. Thesis focuses not only on problems connected with interpretation, but also on comparation of different kind of performer´s views, concept and performance. Klíčová slova Nikolaj Medtner, Klavírní sonáta č. 1 f moll, analýza, interpretace, Lucas Debargue, Boris Berezovský Keywords Nikolai Medtner, Piano sonata no. 1 f minor, analysis, interpretation, Lucas Debargue, Boris Berezovsky Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedené prameny a literaturu V Brně dne 10. května 2019 Kamil El-Ahmadieh Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval především vedoucímu mé bakalářské práce, Mgr. Igoru Ardaševovi, za odborné konzultace a cenné rady. Rád bych také poděkoval svému pedagogovi hlavního oboru, Mgr. Heleně Suchárové-Weiser, za pomoc při náhledu do interpretační problematiky celého díla. Obsah Úvod ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. Seznámení s autorem................................................................................................ 2 2. Analýza sonátového cyklu ....................................................................................... 4 2. 1. Allegro .............................................................................................................. 4 2. 2 Intermezzo. Allegro ......................................................................................... 10 2. 3 Largo divoto .................................................................................................... 14 2. 4. Finale. Allegro risoluto .................................................................................. 19 3. Porovnání interpretací ............................................................................................ 25 3. 1. Allegro ............................................................................................................ 25 3. 2. Intermezzo. Allegro ........................................................................................ 28 3. 3. Largo divoto ................................................................................................... 30 Závěr .......................................................................................................................... 36 Prameny a literatura ................................................................................................... 37 Úvod Předmětem této práce bude nejprve obecně přiblížit život skladatele Nikolaje Medtnera a následně prostřednictvím hudebně-teoretické i interpretační analýzy hlouběji proniknout do problematiky autorova raného díla – Klavírní sonáty č. 1 f moll op. 5. Tato sonáta, jež vznikala mezi léty 1901 – 1903, bezesporu potvrzuje slova skladatelova staršího současníka a blízkého přítele Sergeje Rachmaninova, který ve vyjádřeních o Medtnerových kompozičních schopnostech nešetřil superlativy a několikrát jej dokonce označil za lepšího skladatele, než jakým byl on sám. Již z prvního pohledu do partitury této sonáty je zřejmé, že Medtner s Rachmaninovem si nebyli blízcí pouze po lidské stránce. Užitá faktura napovídá tomu, že oba skladatelé používali velice podobné prostředky, jež jsou však v Medtnerově pojetí často užity ještě originálnějším a novátorštějším způsobem a jsou zasazeny do jiných souvislostí, než je tomu v případě Rachmaninova. Rovněž se v práci pokusím dotknout interpretační problematiky díla a pokusím se upozornit na úskalí, která na pianistu při jeho nastudování čekají. Na tyto zmíněné nástrahy pak plynule naváže porovnání interpretací dvou světových klavíristů – Lucase Debargua a Borise Berezovského. Zde se budeme zabývat různými možnostmi pojetí a tím, jak odlišně se dá tato hudba chápat, a přesto je možné v obou případech dosáhnout velice působivého vyznění díla. Upozorníme také na to, jak oba interpreti řeší obtížná místa v této sonátě, ať už po stránce technické či výrazové. Na závěr práce zhodnotíme vše, co jsme z analýzy a srovnání obou nahrávek získali, a obecně shrneme význam a pozici Medtnerovy Klavírní sonáty č. 1 f moll op. 5 vzhledem k repertoáru, jenž je možné slýchat na světových pódiích. 1 1. Seznámení s autorem Nikolaj Karlovič Medtner se narodil 5. ledna 18801 v Moskvě jako nejmladší z pěti dětí. Klavírní základy mu dala jeho matka a strýc Fjodor Goedicke, poté studoval na moskevské konzervatoři, kde byli jeho učiteli například Vasilij Iljič Safonov nebo Sergej Tanějev. Byl vynikajícím pianistou a zároveň plodným a uznávaným skladatelem a pedagogem. Jeho současníky byly osobnosti jako Alexander Skrjabin (1872 - 1915) nebo Sergej Rachmaninov (1873 – 1943), s nimiž se osobně znal a přátelil. Zatímco v Rusku budoval kariéru jako koncertní pianista, učil Medtner nejprve na soukromých školách v Moskvě a poté na své alma mater – konzervatoři v Moskvě, kde pracoval s vybranou skupinou studentů (v posledním roce jeho působení na této škole jich bylo sedm).2 Pokud se na chvíli zastavíme u jeho interpretační a skladatelské činnosti, jeho recitály v Moskvě měly vždy velký ohlas, avšak reakce na koncerty v Německu mezi léty 1904 – 1907 jsou poněkud rozporuplné. Kritiky kladou velmi vysoko jeho interpretační umění a pianistické schopnosti, zároveň ale zpochybňují uměleckou kvalitu jeho skladeb.3 Medtner emigruje ze Sovětského svazu v roce 1921. Poté přijíždí v roce 1927 za účelem koncertního turné, jež vzhledem k jeho emigraci a také k faktu, že skladatelovo renomé po odchodu ze země utrpělo stejně tak, jako například v případě Prokofjeva, Stravinského či Rachmaninova, mělo až nebývalý úspěch. Když však chtěl v roce 1930 v Sovětském svazu uskutečnit další sérii koncertů, jeho žádost byla zamítnuta. V roce 1935 pak odchází do Londýna, což se později ukázalo jako moudré rozhodnutí. Britské kritiky si ho oblíbily a obdivovaly jej nejen za interpretační umění a pianistické schopnosti, avšak uznávaly i jeho skladby a kompoziční styl. Jedna z nich o něm tvrdí následující: „Hudebníka, jenž je zdatnější v řemesle kompozice, si lze jen stěží představit.“ 11879 podle gregoriánského kalendáře 2KARPAEV, ALEXANDER: Nový pohled na Nikolaje Medtnera jako skladatele a pedagoga (New light on Nikolay Medtner as pianist and teacher); City University Londýn 2014; str. 1 3APETYAN: Dopisy (Letters); Moskva 1973; str. 68-69 a 114-116 2 Další píše: „Duch jeho hudby je duchem velkých romantiků minulosti, posíleným zkušenostmi moderního světa.4“ Ve třicátých a čtyřicátých letech byla Medtnerova hudba v Sovětském svazu cenzurována a k jakési její renesanci došlo až po Stalinově smrti zásluhou nové generace ruských pianistů, jimiž byli například Emil Gilels, Tatiana Nikolajeva nebo také skladatel a dirigent Jevgenij Světlanov. Ti na svých koncertech velmi často uváděli jeho díla a určitým způsobem mu tak vraceli renomé, které v předchozích létech kvůli politickým okolnostem značně utrpělo. Medtner umírá ve svém domě v Golders Green ve věku 71 let 13. listopadu 1951 a je pochován na Hendon Cemetery vedle svého bratra Emila. 4KARPAEV, ALEXANDER: Nový pohled na Nikolaje Medtnera jako skladatele a pedagoga (New light on Nikolay Medtner as pianist and teacher); City University Londýn 2014; str. 2 3 2. Analýza sonátového cyklu Sonáta č. 1 f moll op. 5 je tvořena čtyřmi větami, z nichž první a čtvrtá působí v rámci celého sonátového cyklu spíše monumentálně, naopak věta druhá a třetí mají značně intimnější charakter, což vytváří působivý kontrast a dodává to skladbě vnitřní soudržnost. 2. 1. Allegro Úvodní věta je psána v klasické sonátové formě, v níž můžeme pozorovat jak očekávaný počet témat, tak i bez výjimek následovaný tonální plán typický právě pro tento typ formy. Celou sonátu otevírá expozice začínající hlavním tématem zasazeným do unisona v tónině f moll. Téma zní ve forte, již ve druhém taktu můžeme však zaslechnout dvojhmaty, které se ozývají jakoby zdálky v pianissimu a působivě narušují průběh hlavní myšlenky (viz ukázka č. 1). Ukázka č. 1 Vše se zopakuje v dramatičtější tónině es moll a oblast hlavního tématu dále pokračuje přesunem veškerého doposud užitého materiálu zpět do hlavní tóniny, tentokrát však se značně pozměněnou sazbou levé
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