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Tracking Linguistic Primitives the Phonosemantic Realization of Fundamental Oppositional Pairs

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Tracking Linguistic Primitives the Phonosemantic Realization of Fundamental Oppositional Pairs Tracking Linguistic Primitives The Phonosemantic Realization of Fundamental Oppositional Pairs Niklas Johansson Centre for Language and Literature Master's Thesis in General Linguistics General Linguistics December 2013 Supervisor: Gerd Carling Co-supervisors: Arthur Holmer, Joost van de Weijer, Jordan Zlatev Abstract This thesis investigates how cross-linguistic phoneme distributions of 56 fundamental oppositional concepts can reveal semantic relationships by looking into the linguistic forms of 75 genetically and areally distributed languages. Based on proposals of semantic primes (Goddard 2002), reduced Swadesh lists (Holman et al. 2008), presumed ultraconservative words (Pagel et.al. 2013), attested basic antonyms (Paradis, Willners & Jones 2009) and sense perception words, a number of semantic oppositional pairs were selected from the languages under study. Five different types of sound groupings were used dividing phonemes according to; frequency, sonority, a combination of the two, general phonetic traits e.g. voicing, and lastly incorporating all traits of the four presented groupings. These were analyzed by means of cluster analyses creating biplots, illustrating the phonological relatedness between the investigated concepts. Also, the sound distributions' over- and underrepresentation from the average was calculated defining which sounds represented and were lacking for each concept. Statistically significant semantic groupings and relations based solely on phonological contrasts were found for most but not all investigated concepts, including the semantic domains; Small, Intense Vision-Touch, Large, Organic, Horizontal-Vertical Distance, Deictic, Containment, Gender, Parent and Diurnal, and the sole concept OLD. The most notable relations found were MOTHER/EGO vs. FATHER, a three-way deictic distinction between EGO, indicatory deictic concepts and THERE, and a dimensional tripartite oppositional relationship between Small and (possibly together with Intense Vision-Touch), Large-Organic and Horizontal-Vertical Distance. Embodiment, benefits of oppositional thinking and evidence for more general meanings preceding complex meanings were proposed as explanations for the results. Keywords: phonosemantics, sound symbolism, iconicity, non-arbitratiness, semantic typology, phonetic typology, universals Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Gerd Carling, Arthur Holmer, Joost van de Weijer and Jordan Zlatev for assistance and input during the writing of this thesis especially regarding discussions considering semantics, typology and statistical analyses. I would also like to thank Mechtild Tronnier for guidance concerning phonetics, Revaz Tchantouria for providing data of Georgian and Inga-Lill Hansson for providing data of Akha. It has all been very much appreciated and I am very grateful for your help. 1 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4 2. Background ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Linguistic Relativity .................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Lexical Universals ....................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Swadesh Lists ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Natural Semantic Metalanguage ........................................................................ 12 2.2.3 The Oppositional Relation ................................................................................. 14 2.3 Phonosemantics ......................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Phonosemantic Experimental Results ................................................................ 18 2.3.2 Phonosemantics for Cross-Linguistic Comprehension ...................................... 20 2.3.3 Phonosemantic Sounds and Semantic Domains ................................................. 21 2.3.3.3 Articulation and Acoustics ............................................................................. 24 2.3.4 Phonosemantics in Basic Vocabulary ................................................................ 25 3. Method ............................................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Language Sampling ................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Concept Sampling ...................................................................................................... 31 3.3 Sound Classification and Quantification ................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Frequency ........................................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Sonority .............................................................................................................. 35 3.3.3 Combination ....................................................................................................... 35 3.3.4 Totals .................................................................................................................. 36 3.4 Data Sources .............................................................................................................. 36 3.5 Analyzes .................................................................................................................... 36 3.5.1 Related Phoneme Distribution ........................................................................... 37 3.5.2 Deviation from Average Phoneme Distribution ................................................. 37 4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 38 4.1 Signiciant Concepts ................................................................................................... 38 4.2 Signiciant Clusters ..................................................................................................... 39 4.3 The Biplots ................................................................................................................ 40 4.4 Oppositional Relations .............................................................................................. 45 4.5 Deviation from Average ............................................................................................ 46 5. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 48 2 5.1 Methodological Issues ............................................................................................... 48 5.2 Form and Meaning ..................................................................................................... 50 5.2.1 Embodiment and Phonosemantics ..................................................................... 50 5.2.2 Oppositional Relationship .................................................................................. 54 5.2.3 Semantic Origins ................................................................................................ 55 5.3 Explanatory Suggestions for the Semantic Relations ................................................ 59 5.4 Oppositional Relations between Clusters .................................................................. 64 5.4.1 Separated Components ....................................................................................... 64 5.4.2 Conjoined Components ...................................................................................... 70 5.5 Linguistic Primitives .................................................................................................. 72 6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 74 References ................................................................................................................................ 77 Language Sources .................................................................................................................... 82 Appendix A: Linguistic Forms. ................................................................................................ 84 Appendix B: Unreliable Deviation ........................................................................................... 91 Figure 1: Collins and Quillian's (1969:24) semantic network model ......................................... 7 Figure 2: The color hierarchy. .................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Shared properties depending on context ................................................................... 15 Figure 4: The positions of the sampled languages ................................................................... 30 Figure 5: Biplot according to Frequency. ................................................................................. 41 Figure 6: Biplot according to Sonority ..................................................................................... 42 Figure 7: Biplot according to Combination .............................................................................. 43 Figure 8: Biplot according
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