BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş.
EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
AYDIN PROVINCE, GERMENCIK and INCIRLIOVA DISTRICTS
EIA Report Final EIA Report
ANKARA-AUGUST 2012
Öveçler Huzur Mah. 1139. Sok. Çınar Apt. No: 6/3 ÇANKAYA/ANKARA Ph: 0 312 472 38 39 Fax: 0 312 472 39 33 web: cinarmuhendislik.com e-mail: [email protected]
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BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
NAME OF EMPLOYER BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş.
Aşağı Öveçler 1322. Cadde No:29/6 ADDRESS OF EMPLOYER Çankaya – Ankara / TÜRKİYE TELEPHONE AND FAX Ph: 0 (312) 472 28 21 NUMBERS OF EMPLOYER Fax: 0 (312) 472 28 23
EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT (162,5 MWe) PROJECT NAME PROJECT
PROJECT COST 200.000.000 TL FULL ADDRESS OF THE LOCATION SELECTED FOR Aydın Province, Germencik and İncirliova Districts THE PROJECT (PROVINCE, DISTRICT, LOCATION) Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Datum: ED-50 Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Type: UTM Datum: WGS-84 D.O.M.: 27 Type: Geographical COORDINATES OF THE Zone: 35 D.O.M.: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree LOCATION SELECTED FOR Zone: - Sheet Name: Aydın M19 Scale Fac.: THE PROJECT, ZONE Area: (Station:77.003.27 m2) Coordinates are Coordinates are presented presented in the in the following pages. following pages. PLACE OF THE PROJECT APP-I List UNDER THE SCOPE OF EIA Item 47 – Producing the geothermal source LEGISLATION (ITS SECTOR and plants that use geothermal energy (heat AND SUB-SECTOR) capacity 25 MWe and over) NAME OF THE ÇINAR MÜHENDİSLİK MÜŞAVİRLİK A.Ş. ORGANIZATION / WORK Certificate of Competency No : 02 GROUP WHO PREPARED Certificate of Competency Date: 26.02.2010 THIS REPORT Öveçler Huzur Mahallesi 1139. Sok. ADDRESS, TELEPHONE AND Çınar Apt. No: 6/3 06460 FAX NUMBERS OF THE Çankaya / ANKARA ORGANIZATION / WORK
GROUP WHO PREPARED Ph : 0 (312) 472 38 39 THIS REPORT Fax: 0 (312) 472 39 33
REPORT PRESENTATION 17.08.2012 DATE
a BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT UTM 6 Degrees and Geographical Coordinates of the Power Plant Area
Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Datum: ED-50 Datum: WGS-84 Type: UTM Type: Geographical Project Area D.O.M.: 27 D.O.M.: - Zone: 35 Zone: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree Scale Fac.: 552800.000 4195250.000 37.9016400 27.6000330 560000.000 4194000.000 37.8899286 27.6818209 561000.000 4193000.000 37.8808498 27.6931084 License Area Polygon 1 558300.000 4193000.000 37.8810266 27.6624077 555375.000 4194225.000 37.8922493 27.6292422 554000.000 4193550.000 37.8862484 27.6135546 558300.000 4193000.000 37.8810266 27.6624077 561000.000 4193000.000 37.8808498 27.6931084 560000.000 4190000.000 37.8538790 27.6814887 552800.000 4190000.000 37.8543243 27.5996493 License Area Polygon 2 552800.000 4195250.000 37.9016400 27.6000330 554000.000 4193550.000 37.8862484 27.6135546 554000.000 4192294.000 37.8749287 27.6134607 556725.000 4191800.000 37.8703111 27.6444046
Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Datum: WGS-84 Datum: ED-50 Type: Geographical Project Area Type: UTM D.O.M.: 27 D.O.M.: - Zone: 35 Zone: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree Scale Fac.: 556924.261 4191632.148 37.8687859 27.6466568 556925.490 4191583.686 37.8683490 27.6466669 556892.872 4191584.634 37.8683596 27.6462962 556889.937 4191532.478 37.8678898 27.6462587 556893.000 4191522.209 37.8677970 27.6462927 556964.048 4191522.631 37.8677964 27.6471005 556964.851 4191493.670 37.8675353 27.6471073 556971.178 4191429.301 37.8669548 27.6471742 557117.132 4191419.454 37.8668569 27.6488327 557134.325 4191436.144 37.8670063 27.6490295 557276.564 4191413.764 37.8667956 27.6506447 557254.103 4191326.175 37.8660077 27.6503825 557231.936 4191235.085 37.8651881 27.6501232 557220.254 4191230.869 37.8651508 27.6499901 557220.660 4191179.959 37.8646920 27.6499907 557206.945 4191137.207 37.8643075 27.6498314 557205.002 4191132.211 37.8642626 27.6498089 557102.661 4191138.875 37.8643291 27.6486460 557094.449 4191140.525 37.8643445 27.6485528 Unit 1 Flash + Unit 2 Binary 556988.017 4191202.825 37.8649126 27.6473478 556927.143 4191230.106 37.8651623 27.6466579 556793.195 4191259.157 37.8654325 27.6451374 556749.102 4191243.793 37.8652968 27.6446349 556685.635 4191221.679 37.8651014 27.6439117 556586.836 4191185.093 37.8647778 27.6427856 556592.519 4191282.689 37.8656570 27.6428579 556600.315 4191337.427 37.8661499 27.6429508 556665.398 4191367.865 37.8664202 27.6436931 556712.714 4191375.839 37.8664891 27.6442316 556710.063 4191397.161 37.8666814 27.6442032 556720.793 4191446.527 37.8671257 27.6443290 556711.932 4191481.309 37.8674397 27.6442310 556747.718 4191481.959 37.8674433 27.6446379 556749.645 4191478.071 37.8674082 27.6446595 556798.081 4191477.724 37.8674020 27.6452101 556802.800 4191575.216 37.8682804 27.6452714 556784.677 4191602.347 37.8685260 27.6450675 556780.827 4191643.489 37.8688970 27.6450270
b BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Datum: ED-50 Datum: WGS-84 Type: UTM Type: Geographical Project Area D.O.M.: 27 D.O.M.: - Zone: 35 Zone: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree Scale Fac.: 553098.825 4193262.348 37.8837089 27.6032856 553104.861 4193263.444 37.8837185 27.6033543 553111.223 4193264.599 37.8837285 27.6034268 553143.501 4193261.679 37.8837003 27.6037936 553156.388 4193263.262 37.8837138 27.6039402 553178.246 4193261.645 37.8836980 27.6041887 553189.258 4193254.222 37.8836304 27.6043133 553196.152 4193257.978 37.8836639 27.6043920 553209.881 4193257.982 37.8836631 27.6045481 553213.752 4193248.024 37.8835731 27.6045914 553224.198 4193226.430 37.8833779 27.6047086 553244.446 4193198.267 37.8831229 27.6049368 553261.227 4193182.226 37.8829774 27.6051264 553270.591 4193167.784 37.8828467 27.6052318 553282.599 4193152.239 37.8827059 27.6053672 553293.619 4193141.601 37.8826093 27.6054917 553301.246 4193132.544 37.8825273 27.6055778 Unit 3 Binary 553324.488 4193124.309 37.8824517 27.6058415 553327.640 4193096.298 37.8821990 27.6058753 553296.773 4193089.119 37.8821362 27.6055237 553295.632 4193073.383 37.8819944 27.6055096 553238.756 4193068.728 37.8819558 27.6048625 553205.915 4193068.103 37.8819521 27.6044890 553201.151 4193105.181 37.8822865 27.6044376 553193.181 4193115.053 37.8823759 27.6043477 553143.223 4193117.376 37.8823998 27.6037798 553088.649 4193116.993 37.8823995 27.6031592 553084.367 4193147.548 37.8826751 27.6031128 553084.701 4193157.593 37.8827657 27.6031173 553098.016 4193174.229 37.8829148 27.6032699 553088.955 4193203.471 37.8831789 27.6031690 553086.018 4193211.789 37.8832540 27.6031363 553086.182 4193225.743 37.8833798 27.6031392 553089.476 4193257.724 37.8836678 27.6031790 553089.828 4193260.714 37.8836947 27.6031832
Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Datum: ED-50 Datum: WGS-84 Type: UTM Type: Geographical Project Area D.O.M.: 27 D.O.M.: - Zone: 35 Zone: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree Scale Fac.: 554259.682 4190763.278 37.8611177 27.6162983 554260.093 4190759.549 37.8610840 27.6163027 554303.087 4190761.232 37.8610966 27.6167915 554303.760 4190760.815 37.8610928 27.6167992 554278.263 4190568.432 37.8593605 27.6164949 554156.969 4190522.228 37.8589513 27.6151126 554152.480 4190543.707 37.8591451 27.6150632 Unit 4 Binary 554136.704 4190620.397 37.8598373 27.6148896 554141.811 4190627.186 37.8598981 27.6149482 554134.433 4190678.959 37.8603652 27.6148682 554131.021 4190696.443 37.8605230 27.6148307 554132.432 4190744.564 37.8609566 27.6148503 554128.822 4190765.582 37.8611462 27.6148109 554249.290 4190763.945 37.8611243 27.6161802
c BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Datum: ED-50 Datum: WGS-84 Type: UTM Type: Geographical Project Area D.O.M.: 27 D.O.M.: - Zone: 35 Zone: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree Scale Fac.: 558992.800 4190255.412 37.8562466 27.6700612 558993.235 4190338.531 37.8569957 27.6700729 558996.120 4190402.237 37.8575697 27.6701109 559048.626 4190395.794 37.8575082 27.6707073 559043.610 4190357.036 37.8571592 27.6706471 559107.111 4190358.765 37.8571707 27.6713690 559118.202 4190331.340 37.8569228 27.6714929 559129.584 4190295.799 37.8566018 27.6716193 559161.429 4190298.752 37.8566263 27.6719815 Unit 5 Binary 559209.061 4190304.632 37.8566762 27.6725235 559214.993 4190282.514 37.8564765 27.6725891 559197.818 4190230.122 37.8560054 27.6723896 559169.367 4190190.955 37.8556543 27.6720630 559163.798 4190192.903 37.8556722 27.6719998 559094.471 4190200.172 37.8557422 27.6712124 559018.643 4190205.626 37.8557963 27.6703509 558985.519 4190210.138 37.8558391 27.6699748 558986.303 4190255.745 37.8562501 27.6699874
UTM 6 Degrees and Geographical Coordinates of Well Location Areas
Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Datum: ED-50 Datum: WGS-84 Type: UTM Type: Geographical Well Locations D.O.M.: 27 D.O.M.: - Zone: 35 Zone: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree Scale Fac.: -
ÖB31 557075.000 4190509.000 37.858654 27.648282 ÖB32 557497.000 4190570.000 37.859178 27.653084 ÖB33 557579.000 4190936.000 37.862471 27.654045 ÖB34 556746.000 4191250.000 37.865353 27.644600 ÖB35 556522.000 4190993.000 37.863051 27.642034 ÖB36 557517.000 4191499.000 37.867549 27.653385 ÖB37 558359.000 4190418.000 37.857753 27.662870 ÖB38 556510.000 4190492.000 37.858536 27.641858 ÖB39 556151.000 4191672.000 37.869193 27.637869 ÖB40 557728.000 4191250.000 37.865291 27.655764 ÖB41 557248.000 4190245.000 37.856264 27.650227 ÖB42 556247.000 4190252.000 37.856390 27.638850 ÖB43 557249.000 4190253.000 37.856336 27.650239 ÖB44 555754.000 4191248.000 37.865396 27.633323 ÖB50 552865.000 4190688.000 37.860521 27.600438 ÖB51 554744.000 4191250.000 37.865475 27.621841 ÖB52 555503.000 4190511.000 37.858769 27.630413 ÖB53 555020.000 4190524.000 37.858916 27.624923 ÖB54 553948.000 4192042.000 37.872661 27.612851 ÖB55 552858.000 4190705.000 37.860675 27.600360 ÖB56 553444.000 4190788.000 37.861389 27.607028 ÖB57 553003.000 4191000.000 37.863325 27.602030 ÖB58 552856.000 4190110.000 37.855313 27.600294
d BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Coor. Line: Dextro, Up Coor. Line: Latitude, Longitude Datum: ED-50 Datum: WGS-84 Type: UTM Type: Geographical Well Locations D.O.M.: 27 D.O.M.: - Zone: 35 Zone: - Scale Fac.: 6 degree Scale Fac.: -
ÖB59 554001.000 4191008.000 37.863339 27.613376 ÖB60 555250.000 4190250.000 37.856432 27.627517 ÖB61 554750.000 4190750.000 37.860969 27.621871 ÖB70 553751.000 4192991.000 37.881225 27.610681 ÖB71 553330.000 4193201.000 37.883143 27.605910 ÖB80 559286.000 4191787.000 37.870031 27.673520 ÖB85 559744.000 4190249.000 37.856140 27.678599 ÖB86 558500.000 4190746.000 37.860700 27.664499 ÖB62 555243.000 4191709.000 37.869582 27.627549 ÖB63 556298.000 4191323.000 37.866039 27.639513 ÖB64 556253.000 4190759.000 37.860958 27.638957 ÖB65 555748.000 4190158.000 37.855573 27.633170 ÖB66 554751.000 4190155.000 37.855606 27.621837 ÖB67 554249.000 4190155.000 37.855636 27.616131 ÖB68 554005.000 4191825.000 37.870702 27.613482 ÖB69 554501.000 4192006.000 37.872303 27.619135 ÖB72 553992.000 4193501.000 37.885807 27.613460 ÖB73 552995.000 4193007.000 37.881414 27.602086 ÖB74 552997.000 4193510.000 37.885947 27.602146 ÖB75 553500.000 4193497.000 37.885800 27.607865 ÖB76 554650.000 4194258.000 37.892591 27.621000 ÖB87 557999.000 4191004.000 37.863057 27.658825 ÖB88 558504.000 4190244.000 37.856175 27.664504 ÖB89 557999.000 4190036.000 37.854333 27.658747 ÖB90 558501.000 4191499.000 37.867486 27.664572 ÖB91 559000.000 4191496.000 37.867427 27.670244 ÖB92 558748.000 4192253.000 37.874266 27.667441 ÖB93 560001.000 4191249.000 37.865136 27.681604 ÖB81 559496.000 4191980.000 37.871757 27.675923 ÖB82 559245.000 4192841.000 37.879533 27.673140 ÖB83 559496.000 4191499.000 37.867422 27.675883 ÖB84 559258.000 4190255.000 37.856226 27.673076
e BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
LIST OF CONTENTS Page No
LIST OF CONTENTS ...... i LIST OF TABLES ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...... xi LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xiii ABBREVIATIONS ...... xiv NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ...... xv (Explaining all the works that are planned to be performed during the construction and operation stages of the project and all of the measures taken against the environmental impacts, without using technical terms and in a comprehensive manner) ...... xv SECTION I : PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE ...... 1 The description, life, aims of the service, the table showing the characteristic data of the powerhouses that will be established in the project, market or service areas, as well as country, region and/or province based significances and requirements in terms of economic and social aspects of the project. (the locations of the water sources and their distances to the project area shown on the coloured map, which are as large scaled as the project area and surrounding can be recognised; definition of the measures, which will be taken to maintain the integrity of the irrigation project carried out by General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (SHW); behaving in complience with the Feasibility Report and general information about the report) ...... 1 SECTION II: LOCATION OF THE SELECTED AREA FOR THE PROJECT ...... 13 II.1. Location of the project (Demonstration of the Environmental Plan and the Construction Plan including the legends and plan notes; if these plans do not exist the demonstration on the existing land use map of the location of the project whose correctness was assented by the relevant Governorship or Municipality ...... 13 II.2. The locations of the units of the project (The demonstration of the positions of the whole administrative and social facilities, transmission line routes, which will provide the energy transmission between the units, technical infrastructural units and if available other units in the project area and if available, the demonstration of the project together with other projects if any on 1/25.000 scaled map, the demonstration of the closed and open areas as well as the temporary and permanent storage yards on 1/2000, 1/5000 and/or 1/1000 scaled maps), Powerhouse layout plan, excavation dumping sites, (the distances between each other will be mentioned as well) etc...... 14 II.3. Assessment of the Locations of the Units Within the Scope of the Project with Regard to SHW Irrigation Project ...... 19 II.4 The Interaction of the Project with the Other Plants in the Region ...... 20 SECTION III: ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 21 III.1. The investment program, financial sources and the supplies of these sources related to the realisation of the project ...... 21 III.2. The flow chart and scheduling table related to conducting the project ...... 21 III.3. The benefit – cost analysis of the project (Considering its potential effect by comparing with agricultural activities and irrigation projects) ...... 23 III.4. Other economical, social and infrastructure projects that are not in the scope of the project but depending on the the realisation of the project, are planned to be carried out by the project owner or other investors ...... 24 III.5. Other economical, social and infrastructure projects that are not in the scope of the project but are indispensable for the realisation of the project and are planned to be carried out by the project owner or other investors ...... 25 III.6. Expropriation, how to perform the relocation, information related to the public disclosure within the scope of the expropriation , ...... 25
i BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
III.7. Other issues ...... 25 SECTION IV: DETERMINATION OF THE AREA THAT WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE UNITS OF THE PROJECT AND EXPLANATION OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES IN THIS AREA (*) ...... 26 IV.1. Determination of the area that will be effected by the project (how and according to what the influence area is determined will be explained and the influence area will be shown on the map, the project area and all of the projects that will be in the boundaries of the influence area will be shown in the same map)...... 26 IV.2. The Characteristics of the Physical and Biological Environment and Usage of the Natural Resources in the Influence Area ...... 26 IV.2.1. Meteorological and Climatic Characteristics ...... 26 IV.2.2. Geological properties ...... 41 IV.2.2.1. Regional geology, general geology map of the region with scale 1/25.000, stratigraphic column cross-sections, ...... 41 IV.2.2.2. Geology of project area, large scale of the investigation area (1/25.000 or 1/5.000 if available) geological map of study area and cross-sections of the units in the scope of the project, map scales and legends should be suitable with the ones in text, positive or negative exaggerrations done should be shown in linear scale, preparation of geological maps and cross-sections suitable to mapping techniques, detailing geological information suitable to format) ...... 42 IV.2.2.3. Mass movements (landslide/debris flow), sensitivity analysis, landslide risk map, lanslide-precipitation relationship ...... 47 IV.2.2.4 Slope stability for the areas within the project area, map showing slide movements in slopes, slide analysis (it should be applied even in case of presence of excavation waste), ...... 47 IV.2.2.5. Seismicity and potential of natural disaster, preparation of active/present fault map in detail in a manner showing especially project area and adjacent area in suitable scale (1/25.00 or if available 1/100.000) and chronological information concerning sesimicity, ...... 47 IV.2.2.6. Geotechnical study report, if available (detailed geotechnical studies of all units in the scope of the project), ...... 52 IV.2.3. Hydrogeological Properties (ground water levels; all types of caisson, deep, artesian etc. wells that are still present; safe drawing rates; physical, chemical and bacteriological properties of water; current and planned usage of ground water, flowrates, distances to project area) ...... 53 IV.2.4. Properties of geothermal resource (Potential, level of the geothermal resource; relationship with other geothermal resources/field in the region, safe drawing rate), ...... 54 IV.2.5 Other geothermal resources present in the region and utilization status of them (energy, tourism, warming-heating, greenhousing etc.), production wells and temperature of geothermal water, ...... 54 IV.2.6 Hydrogeological properties (physical, chemical, bacteriological and ecologic properties of lake, river and other wetlands among surfacial water resources, flow rates and seasonal changes of rivers in this scope, overflows, oligotrophic, mosotrophic, eutrophic, dystrophic classification of drainage basin, sedimentation, drainage, coastal ecosystem of all water resources), ...... 55 IV.2.7. Current and planned use of surface waters, properties of basin if available (drinking, using and irrigation water, electricity generation, dams, lakes, ponds, product types and production rates in aquacultural production), whether the project area is within inner continental surface water basin where drinking and using water is supplied, whether so-called stream is feeding any drinking water resource, whether drinking water is taken, ...... 55 IV.2.8. Properties of soil and usage status (soil structure, land use capability, classication, bearing capacity, slope stability, greasiness, erosion, usage for soil operations, pasture, grassland etc. as natural plant cover), ...... 57
ii BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT IV.2.9. Agricultural lands (whether agricultural areas are present, if present agricultural development project areas, size of irrigated and dry agricultural lands, product patterns and yearly production rates of these, place and economic worth of these products in national agriculture), ...... 58 IV.2.10 Forest lands (tree types and quantities, sizes of areas covered and shading property, current and planned protection and/or usage purposes, 1/25.000 scale stand map)...... 63 IV.2.11. Protection areas (National Parks, Natural Parks, Wetlands, Natural Monuments, Nature Reserve Areas, Wildlife Protection Areas, Biogenetic Rezerve Areas, Biosphere Rezerves, Natural Sites and Monuments, Historical, Cultural Sites, Specially Protected Environment Regions, Specially Protected Environment Areas, Tourism Area and Centers, the area in scope of Pasture Law, illustration of distances to protected areas in an comprehensive manner and colored in 1/100.000 scaled map) ...... 65 IV.2.12. Flora and Fauna (species, endemic especially local endemic plant species, the species that are taken under protection with the national and international legislation, rare and endangered species and their existing locations in the area, their distributions in the region, endemism status, their abundance status, names and population of the game animals and the Central Hunting Commission Decisions taken for them. By whom, when and with which method(literature, observation etc.) were the species detected, Collins Bird Guide, The Book of Important Bird Areas in Turkey, The Book of Important Nature Areas in Turkey, Decisions of the Central Hunting Commission, The situation of the species with respect to international agreements like IUCN, Bern Convention, CITES, how much will the species be effected from the project, the demonstration of the vegetation types in the project area on a map. The protection measures that need to be taken for the livings, which might be effected by the project and works. Performing the site flora surveys during the vegetation period and defining this period, for the flora checks by using the Turkish Plants Data Service, (for determining the fauna and flora species two senior biologist should join the field surveys and the surveys should be verified with literature works)...... 71 IV.2.13.Mines and Fossil Fuel Resources (reserves, existing and planned operation conditions, annual productions and their significance and economical values for country or local benefits.) ...... 93 IV.2.14 Animal Husbandry (species, feeding areas, annual production, the position and value of these products in the national economy) ...... 99 IV.2.15. Places with High Landscape Values and Recreation ...... 101 IV.2.16. The lands that are under the ruling and possession of authorised bodies of the state (Military Forbidden Zone, areas allocated to state institutions and organisation for certain purposes, etc.) ...... 103 IV.2.17. Existing pollution load of the project location and its influence area ...... 103 IV.2.18. Other features ...... 115 IV.3. Characteristics of Socio-Economic Environment ...... 116 IV.3.1. Economical Characteristics (the major sectors building the economical structure of the region, the distribution of the local labour to these sectors, the position and importance of the good and service produced in the local sectors, other information) ...... 116 IV.3.2. Population (the urban and rural population in the region, population movements, immigrations, rate of population increases, average household size, other information), ...... 117 IV.3.3. Income (Distribution of the regional income to the sectors, the maximum, minimum and average income per capita), ...... 120 IV.3.4. Unemployment (The unemployed population of the region and its ratio to the population of labour force) ...... 120
iii BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT IV.3.5. Social infrastructure services in the region (education, health, cultural services and the benfeciation situation from such services) ...... 121 IV.3.6. Urban and Rural Land Usages (distribution of the residential areas, current and planned usage areas, in this scope industrial zones, dwellings, tourism zones etc.), ...... 124 IV.3.7. Other Features...... 124 BÖLÜM V: IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ON THE AREA DEFINED IN CHAPTER IV AND MEASURES TO BE TAKEN (**) ...... 125 V.1. Projects in land preparation, construction and operation stage, the effecs on physical and biological environment and measures to be taken ...... 125 V.1.1. In the scope of operation for land preparation, where and in how much area the excavation work will be done, excavation amount, materials to be used in excavation, explosive materials, if available information about blasting, impacts and measures taken, where excess excavation soil, rock, sand etc. will be transported, where they will be stored or in what purpose they will be used, coordinates, properties of excavation dump site and planning and pestoration plan of excavation material with 1/1000 scale plan and cross-section views, assents to be taken and properties of temporary storage area, ...... 126 V.1.2. Transportation, storage and usage of flammable, explosive, hazardous, toxic and chemical ones among the materials to be used in land preparation and also construction, and tools and equipment to be used for these operations ...... 128 V.1.3. Transportation infrastructure plan in the scope of project, distances of project site to highways and railways, connection roads to highways, measures to be taken for not damaging current roads to be used for transportation and measures to be taken in terms of traffic safety, operation concerning the construction of transportation infrastructure, properties of newly constructed roads; materials, chemical materials, vehicles and machinery to be used; dust emitting mechanical operations like crushing, grinding, transportation and storage, vehicle payload, type and number, calculation of increase, maps (assents, permits to be taken in this context) ...... 128 V.1.4. Possible effects on physical environment during drilling to be performed concerning the usage of geothermal resource, number of wells to be opened, information about how many of these will be used for reinjection purpose, installation of drilling equipment, roads to access well head and effects on surface morphology in this area and local plant cover and natural life and measures to be taken, ...... 140 V.1.5. Opening geothermal well and possible effects on ground water during construction of other units, measures to be taken while drilling through potential aquifers not to mix ground water with drilling fluids, ...... 140 V.1.6. Mud amount to be used in drilling, how to dispose off after use, operations to be done for purification and separation of this mud from fluid and measures to be taken, information concerning Overflow Protection Facility to be constructed on İl Creek,...... 141 V.1.7. Operations concerning establishment of pipeline to be used in transportation of geothermal fluid and possible effects on surface and measures to be taken, .... 141 V.1.8. Flood study of project area, where and how operations concerning flood prevention and drainage will be made, ...... 141 V.1.9. Operations to be performed to provide ground safety, ...... 142 V.1.10. Dust emitting operations lilke crushing, grinding, washing, screening, transportation and storage during construction and cumulative values, ...... 142 V.1.11. The size of agricultural lands to be used in order to supply of lands necessary for land preparation and construction area, land use capabilties of these and types of agricultural products, informaton about non-agricultural use of agricultural lands, pasture lands, evaluation of the project in terms of Soil
iv BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT Protection and Land Use Law No: 5403, Pasture Law No: 4342, Aquaculrue Law No: 1380, (stating assents of Soil Protection Commission), ...... 143 V.1.12. Types and numbers of trees to be cut in order to supply necessary land for land preparation and construction area, stand type, shading area, effects of cut trees on forest ecosystem in the region, necessary permits, assents, distance of project area to forests in case of outlying of one or more project units, assessment of impacts, measures to be taken, ...... 144 V.1.13. Fuel types, properties to be used in operations starting from land preparation to opening of the units, measures to be taken against possible emissions, vapor and H2S values to be emitted to atmosphere and impacts, ...... 146 V.1.14. Water supply system plan, from where will be supplied, types and amount of wastewater due to operations performed from land preparation to opening of the units, disposal methods, mediums to be discharged, illustration locations of wastewater lines and if present wastewater treatment plant on a plan, attachment of fosseptic plan into the report in case of collection of wastewaters, ...... 147 V.1.15 Types and amounts of solid wastes to be formed from land preparation to opening of the units, where to transport these wastes or for what purposes to use them, ...... 149 V.1.16. Noise and vibration sources and levels that may emerge due to operations to be done from land preparation to opening of the units, cumulative values, ...... 152 V.1.17. Operations concerning construction of energy transmission line between units, grounding prosedures in power lines, ...... 157 V.1.18. From land preparation to opening of the units how and where the accomodation and other technical/social infrastructure needs of the personnel to be employed and their families will be provided, ...... 158 V.1.19. Environment and health; risky and hazardous ones for human health and environment among the operations pursued from land preparation to opening of the units, health protection band distance, compliance with expropriation borders of drainage channels engaged into operation of SHW, not approaching Mursallı Pumpage Irrigation Channel closer than 10 m and leaving protection distance, .... 158 V.1.20. In how much area and how to perform landscaping activities (forestation and/or green spaces etc.) for creating landscaping elements and for other purposes in the project area, plant and tree types to be selected for these activities, ...... 159 V.1.21. Determination of the possible effects on the underground and aboveground cultural and natural assets (traditional urban fabric, archaeological remains, and natural values to be protected) ...... 171 V.1.22. Other Properties...... 171 V.2. Subprojects during the operation phase of the project, their effects on the physical and biological environment, and precautions to be taken ...... 172 V.2.1. Specification of the all units within the project (including structures to be used for power transmission line), distribution of the activities according to the units, their capacities, energy production quantities to be produced in each unit, (Operating times of the plant), ...... 174 V.2.2. Transportation and storage of hazardous, toxic, inflammable and explosive substances used in units during production, ...... 177 V.2.3. Precautions to be taken for heavy metals and toxic chemicals carried by the geothermal fluid (arsenic, lead, zinc, boron with substantial amounts carbonate, silicate, sulphate, chlorine etc.) and gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, ...... 178 V.2.4. Properties and amounts of the machinery instruments and tools to be used in the facility units, ...... 179 V.2.5. Production of goods and/or services at the operation units; current output of end and sub products; where, how much, and how to be marketed; where, how, and how much the population and/or area the services are presented, ...... 182
v BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT V.2.6. Evaluation of the geothermal resources after the usage or disposal systems; reinjection to ensure the continuity of the resource; the number of reinjection wells, depth, capacity, ...... 182 V.2.7. Due to the utilization of geothermal source, possible effects of the corrosion over the protective liner of the pipe system used in source production and transportation on the groundwater; Precautions to be taken to prevent the damage in cold groundwater aquifer ...... 183 V.2.8. The effects of the using the geothermal resources on the other geothermal resources/basins and the precautions to be taken, ...... 183 V.2.9. Possible effects on the topsoil due to the use of the geothermal resource, risk evaluation of collapse or sink occurrences ...... 184 V.2.10. Discarding of the geothermal fluid to the environment during well cleaning or during the operation to start production of a closed well, the effects that might occur and the precautions to be taken for the interaction of the fluid with the environment, ...... 184 V.2.11. Quantities of boilers and/or cooling water to be used in the facility units, the processes to be applied to the water before sending it to which receiving water environment and the properties of the water to be sent, ...... 184 V.2.12. Definition of the potential effects on forest lands and measures to be taken against these effects, ...... 190 V.2.13. Definitions of the potential effects on agricultural lands and measures to be taken against these effects, measures to be taken to prevent possible soil contamination during the use of geothermal fluid, (and stating the opininon of Soil Conservation Commission), ...... 190 V.2.14. How and where to provide the needs of accomodational and other social/technical infrastructure needs of personnel to be employed in operations of the project and their families, ...... 190 V.2.15. Detailing characteristic process of treatment plant applied for treatment of wastewater formed after use of water for drinking and using purposes in administrative and social units, ...... 190 V.2.16. Quantity and quality of solid wastes to be formed in administrative and social facilities, how and where to transport these wastes or for which purposes and how they will be utilized, ...... 192 V.2.17. Risky and hazardous operation in terms of human health and environment in operation stage of the project and measures to be taken,...... 196 V.2.18. Electromagnetic field strengths due to power tranmission lines planned to be established between the units and its effects, comparison with national and international standards, explanation of measures to be taken by considering possible effects in terms of human and environment, ...... 196 V.2.19. While the project is in operation assesing the cumulative impacts together with the other geothermal plants in the region, ...... 200 V.2.20. Other properties...... 200 V.3. The Impacts of the Project on the Socio-Economic Environment (***) ...... 200 (***) In this section interviews need to be made with the local people, who will be effected by the projects realisation, especially about the agricultural areas to be sold out, preserving the integrity of expropriation and relocation issues...... 200 V.3.1. The expected increase in the income with the project’s realisation; population movements, migrations, education, health, culture, other social and techincal infrastructure services and changes in the condition of being beneficiated from such services, etc., ...... 200 V.3.2. Environmental Benefit – Cost Analysis ...... 201 V.3.3. Assesing the social impacts depending on thew realisation of the project. (The irrigation projects in the project area and in its effective area, farming, animal breeding and tourism activities as well as all the other activities, the impact of project on these, whether the heat, emerged during the emperature adjustment to
vi BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT be made for the reinjection of the geothermal fluid, can be used in green houses, contribution of the project to the heating activities in the region, the relationship of the people who will work during the construction and operation of the project with the locals, the impacts of these on the lives and Social İmpact Analysis with respect to Socio-Economic Issue, related to the integrated usage of geothermal source (social responsibility projects that will be conducted in terms of thermal tourism or green house activities), ...... 202 BÖLÜM VI: OPERATION, THE IMPACTS THAT MAY OCCUR AND CONTINUE AFTER THE CLOSURE OF THE PROJECT AND MEASURES TO BE TAKEN AGAINST THESE IMPACTS (GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT, WELL LOCATIONS, PRODUCTION AND REINJECTION WELLS) ...... 204 VI.1. Land Reclamation and Development Works, ...... 204 VI.2. Impacts on the existing water sources, irrigation projects, ...... 204 VI.3. Seismic movements that may occur in underground...... 204 SECTION VII : ALTERNATIVES OF THE PROJECT ...... 205 (In this section the selection of the location, technology, the precautions to be taken, comparing the alternatives and the order of the selections are addressed. As the project units effect the SHW irrigation project in a negative way, the alternative land comparisons will be performed in detail and all of the alternative areas will be evaluated by also taking the opinions of the Commission of Soil Protection) ...... 205 SECTION VIII: MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 206 VIII.1. The suggested monitoring program for the the construction of the activity, the suggested monitoring program for the operation activity and after operation stage and emergency response plan, Environment Management Team ...... 206 VIII.2. In Case the EIA Positive Ceritficate will be given, the schedule related to realisation of the terms mentioned under the title of “The liabilities of the institutions/organisation that took the Certificate of Competency” under the Competency Paper...... 218 SECTION IX: PUBLIC PARTICIPTION ...... 219 (How and with which methods are the local community is informed, the opinions of the community about the project and explanations about the subject)...... 219 SECTION X: CONLUSIONS ...... 222 (The summary of all the comments, a overal assessment, where the the significant environmental effects of the project are listed and at what degree of success can be achieved in preventing the negative environmental impacts in case the project is realised is mentioned, in the scope of the project selections between the alternatives and the reasons of these selections) ...... 222 APPENDICES NOTES AND REFERENCES INTRODUCTION OF THE WORK GROUP WHO PREPARED EIA REPORT
vii BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT LIST OF TABLES Page No
Table I.1. Long Term Estimation of Electrical Energy Demand in Turkey ...... 2 Table.I.2. The Comparison of Geothermal Applications in Turkey and 2013 Target...... 4 Table II.1.1 The Settlements Surrounding the Project Area and the Distances of the Settlements to the Project Units ...... 13 Table II.2.1 Units of 72.5 MWe and 22,5 MWe Powerhouses ...... 14 Table III.2.1. Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project Scheduling Table...... 22 Table III.3.1. The Economical Analysis Results of the Investment of Efe Geothermal Power Plant ...... 23 Table IV.2.1.1. Long Term Pressure Data ...... 27 Table IV.2.1.2. Long Term Temperature Data ...... 28 Table IV.2.1.3. Temperature Data ...... 29 Table IV.2.1.4. Long Term Precipitation Data ...... 30 Table IV.2.1.5. Humidity Data ...... 30 Table IV.2.1.6. The Evaporation Values Obtained from Aydın Meteorology Station ...... 31 Table IV.2.1.7. Data of Counted Days ...... 32 Table IV.2.1.8. Wind Distribution Values of Aydın Meteorology Station ...... 34 Table IV.2.1.9. Data of the Direction and Speed of the Highest Blowing Wind ...... 34 Table IV.2.1.10. Data of the Number of Storm and Strong Wind Days ...... 35 Table IV.2.1.11. Average Speeds and Blowing Number Sums of the Winds according to the Directions ...... 36 Table IV.2.1.12. Seasonal Blowing Sums of Wind according to Directions ...... 38 Table IV.2.2.5.1. Large Earthquakes Recorded in Aydın Province and Surrounding (M≥5) ...... 50 Table IV.2.4.1. Distance of Efe Geothermal Power Plant to Neighbouring Geothermal Resources ...... 54 Table IV.2.7.1. Technical Properties of Hıdırbeyli Dam ...... 56 Table IV.2.8.1. Land Distribution of Aydın Province ...... 57 Table IV.2.9.1. Usage of Cultivated Lands in Aydın Province ...... 58 Table IV.2.7.2. Poaceae Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010 ...... 59 Table IV.2.7.3. Forage Plants Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010 ...... 59 Table IV.2.7.4. Industrial Vegetation Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010 ...... 59 Table IV.2.7.5. Fruit Production in Aydın Province in 2010 ...... 60 Table IV.2.7.6. Vegetable Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010 ...... 61 Table IV.2.7.7. Pesticide Usage According to Product Groups in 2010 ...... 62 Table IV.2.12.1. Plant Species That May Be Found With A High Probability In The Project Area And Its Surroundings Due To Their Habitat Feature And Their Turkish Names, Pyhtogeographical Regions, Endemism Status, IUCN Red Data Book Categories And Habitats ...... 75 Table IV.2.12.2. Red Data Book categories determined by Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy (1996) ...... 85 Table IV.2.12.4. Amphibian Species That May Be Found With A High Probability In The Project Area And Its Surroundings Due To Their Habitat Feature And Their Conservation Status ...... 88 Table IV.2.13.1. Mine Deposit and Developments in Aydın Province ...... 95 Table IV.2.13.2 Reserve and Qualities of the Quartz Deposits ...... 96 Table IV.2.13.3. Lignite Sites and Their Reserves, ...... 97 Table IV.2.14.1. Numbers of Bovines in Aydın Province ...... 99
viii BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT Table IV.2.14.2. The Quantities of the Performed Artificial Seeding in Aydın Province by Years ...... 99 Table IV.2.14.3. Aydın Province Ovine Assets, ...... 99 Table IV.2.14.4. Aydın Province Poultry Assets , ...... 100 Table IV.2.14.5. Aydın Province Aquacultural Resources Production in Years 2009 ve 2010, ...... 100 Table IV.2.14.6. Aydın Province Apiculture Data by Years, ...... 100 Table IV.2.17.1. The Instruments, Reference Turkish and EU Standards, Standard Methods and SamplingMeasurement Instructions That Were Used In Determining the Current Situation ...... 107 Table IV.2.17.2. Air Quality Gas Measurement (SO2 and VOC) (Polluter Measurement with Passive Diffusion Tubes) Analysis results and Short Term Limit Values taken from the IBAPCR...... 109 Table IV.2.17.3. Analysis Results of the Surface Water Samples Taken in the Scope of the Determination of the Current Situation ...... 110 Table IV.2.17.4. Analysis Results of the Groundwater Samples Taken in the Scope of the Current Situation Determination Studies...... 112 Table IV.2.17.5. The water classes, their qualities and areas of usage defined in Water Pollution Control Regulation Table 1. Inland Water Quality Criteria according to the Classes ...... 113 Table IV.2.17.6. Soil Sample Productivity Analyses ...... 114 Table IV.2.17.7. Measurement Results of Particle Material (PM10) ...... 115 Tablo IV.2.17.8. Noise Levels Determined at the Measurement Points ...... 115 Table IV.3.2.1. Population Distribution of Aydın Province in 2011...... 118 Table IV.3.2.2. Population Distribution of Germencik District in 2011 ...... 118 Table IV.3.2.3. Population Distribution of İncirliova District in 2011 ...... 119 Table IV.3.2.4. Immigration, Emigration, Net Migration and Net Migration Rate of Aydın Province...... 119 Table IV.3.2.5. Immigration and Emigration of Aydın Province by the Residential Areas ...... 119 Table IV.3.3.1 Germencik District SocioEconomical Indicators ...... 120 Table IV.3.4.1 The unemployment, labour force participation and employment data of Aydın Province...... 121 Table IV.3.5.1. Aydın Province, The Types and Numbers of the Primary and High Schools ...... 121 Table IV.3.5.2. The Medical Establishments Located in Aydın Province Center and the Districts and Their Bed Numbers ...... 122 Table IV.3.5.3. Aydın Province, Incident, Potential Incident and Fatality Numbers related to the Diseases Whose Notification is Mandatory ...... 123 Table IV.3.6.1. Aydın Province Cultural Land Usages ...... 124 Table V.1.3.1. Distances of Units to Highways and Railways ...... 128 Table V.1.3.2. The Closest Data of Mobile Station of Vehicle Count and Classification Station to Project Area ...... 135 Table V.1.3.3. Emission Factors to be used İn Mass Flow Calculations of Dust Emissions IBAPCR (Table 12.6) ...... 136 Table V.1.11.1. Land Assets To Be Used In The Scope Of The Project ...... 143 Table V.1.13.1. Emission Factors Sourcing from Diesel Vehicles (kg/ton) ...... 146 Table V.1.13.2. Machinery and Equipment to be used in Construction Operations ...... 147 Table V.1.13.3. Gas Emission Values...... 147 Tablo V.1.14.1. The places to use water, quantities, supply points, wastewater amounts and the manners of disposal of wastewater in land preparation and construction stages of the project ...... 148 Table V.1.14.2. Total Pollutant Load of Domestic Waste Water to be formed in Land Preparation and Construction Stages ...... 148 Table V.1.16.1.Machinery and Equipment to be used in Construction Operations ...... 152
ix BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Table V.1.16.2. Data Concerning Noise Sources ...... 156 Table V.1.16.3. Ambient Noise Limit Values for Construction Sites ...... 156 Table V.1.20.1. Plant Properties and Classification ...... 166 Table V.2.3.1 Mole Percentages of the Gases in 1 Mole From the Cooling Tower Outlet ...... 178 Table V.2.4.1. Properties of the Project Units ...... 179 Table V.2.11.1. Sodium Hypochlorite – Nalco 3434 Mixture ...... 188 Table V.2.11.2. Chemical Nalco 3dt180 ...... 188 Table V.2.11.3. Chemical Nalco 3dt190 ...... 188 Table V.2.11.4. Conversion Factors of Water Components ...... 189 Table V.2.15.1. Places of Water Usage, Quantities, Supply Points, Wastewater Quantities and Disposal Methods of Wastewater ...... 191 Table V.2.15.2. Total Contamination Load of Domestic Wastewater to be formed in Operation Stage...... 191 Table V.2.18.1. Relative Risks of Factors Possibly Causing Cancer ...... 197 Tablo V.2.18.2. Magnetic Field Strengths of the Electrical Home Appliances ...... 198 Table V.2.18.3. Limit Values for 50/60 Hz. Electrical and Magnetic Fields ...... 199 Table V.2.18.4. Electrical And Magnetic Fields Sourced By The High Voltage Electricity Transmission Facilities (Right Below The Overhead Line, Right Above The Subsurface Line, The Approximate Measurement Interval On Transformer Centre’s (TC) Fence) ...... 199 Table V.2.18.5. Electrical and Max. Field Strength Sourced by the High Voltage Electricity Transmission Facilities ...... 199 Table VIII.1.1. Mitigation Plan ...... 207 Table VIII.1.2. Monitoring Program ...... 213
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LIST OF FIGURES Page No Figure I.1. The Formation Model of the Geothermal System ...... 4 Figure I.2. Assessment and Comparison of Geothermal Energy in Turkey and in the World ...... 5 Figure I.3. Current Situation of Geothermal Energy in Turkey and its Future ...... 5 Figure I.4. Process Flow Sheet ...... 9 Figure I.5. Process Flow Sheet ...... 10 Figure I.6. Representative Flow Sheet ...... 11 Figure II.2.1. In the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit1 and Unit2 Binary Systems (1) ...... 16 Figure II.2.2. In the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit1 and Unit2 Binary Systems (2) ...... 16 Figure II.2.3. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit3 Binary System ...... 17 Figure II.2.4. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit4 Binary System ...... 17 Figure II.2.5. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit5 Binary System (1) ...... 18 Figure II.2.6. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit1 and Unit2 Binary System (2) ...... 18 Figure IV.2.1.1. The Graphical Demonstration of the Monthly Local Pressure Values Taken from Aydın Meteorology Station ...... 28 Figure IV.2.1.2. Graphical Demonstration of Temperature Values ...... 29 Figure IV.2.1.3. Graphical Demonstration of Precipitation Values ...... 30 Figure IV.2.1.4. Graphical Demonstration of Minimum and Average Relative Humidity Data ...... 31 Figure IV.2.1.5. Graphical Demonstration of Evaporation Data ...... 32 Figure IV.2.1.6. Graphic of the Numbers of Snow and Snow Covered Days ...... 33 Figure IV.2.1.7. Graphic of the Number of Foggy, Hail, Hoarfrost and Thunderstorm Days ...... 33 Figure IV.2.1.8. Graphic of Monthly Average Wind Speed and Maximum Wind Speed ...34 Figure IV.2.1.9. Graphical Demonstration of the Maximum Wind Speed ...... 35 Figure IV.2.1.10. Graphic of Storm and Strong Wind Days ...... 36 Figure IV.2.1.11. Annual Wind Diagram according to the Numbers of Blowing Wind, ...... 37 Figure IV.2.1.12. Annual Wind Diagram according to the Average Wind Speed, ...... 38 Figure IV.2.1.13. Seasonal Wind Diagram According to Blowing Numbers ...... 39 Figure IV.2.1.14. Seasonal Wind Diagram According to Average Wind Speeds ...... 39 Figure IV.2.1.15. Monthly Wind Diagram According to Blowing Numbers ...... 40 Figure IV.2.1.16. Monthly Wind Diagram According to Average Wind Speed ...... 40 Figure IV.2.2.1.1. The Generalized Stratigraphical ColumnCrosssection of the Project Area and Surrounding ...... 42 Figure IV.2.2.1.2. AydınGermencik MRE AG2011/2 Geothermal Borehole Log ...... 45 Figure IV.2.2.5.1. Seismicity Map of Aydın Province ...... 49 Figure IV.2.2.5.2. The Earthquakes Recorded in the Project Area and Whose Magnitudes Are Higher Than 5 ...... 50 Figure IV.2.2.5.3. Active Faults Map of the Project Area and Surrounding ...... 52 Figure IV.2.7.1. The Current Water Usage Status, Planned and Current Irrigation Facilities Located in Project and Adjacent Area ...... 56 Figure.IV.2.9.1. Products Obtained from Agricultural Production ...... 63 Figure.IV.2.10.1. The Distances of the Powerhouse Areas to Fertile Forest Lands ...... 64 Figure IV.2.11.1. Sensitive Areas Located in Aydın Province and Surrounding ...... 65 Figure IV.2.12.1. Location Of The Project Area according To Grid Square System ...... 72
xi BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT Figure IV.2.12.2. Phytogeographic Regions of Turkey And Anatolian Diagonal (EUR. SİB.: EuroSiberian Phytogeographic Region, Mes.: Mediterranean Phytogeographic Region, IR.TUR.: IranoTuranian Phytogeographic Region) ...... 72 Figure IV.2.12.3. Phytogeographical Region Spectrum of The Plants Existing in The Flora List and Being in Species and SubSpecies Categories ...... 82 Figure IV.2.12.4. The Spectrum of The Families in the Flora List ...... 82 Figure IV.2.12.5. Relationship between IUCN Categories ...... 87 Figure IV.2.15.1. A View Around the Project Area (1) ...... 102 Figure IV.2.15.2. A View Around the Project Area (2) ...... 102 Figure IV.2.17.1. View from the Area Where the Passive Diffusion Tubes Were Placed (1) ...... 104 Figure IV.2.17.2. View from the Area Where the Passive Diffusion Tubes Were Placed (2) ...... 105 Figure IV.2.17.3. View from Noise Measurements (3) ...... 106 Figure V.1.3.1. Map of Connections of State Highways in Unit 1 Flash + Unit 2 Binary Area ...... 130 Figure V.1.3.2. Map of Connections of State Highways in Unit 3 Binary Area ...... 131 Figure V. 1.3.3. Map of Connections of State Highways in Unit 4 Binary Area ...... 132 Figure V.1.3.4. Map of Connections of State Highways in Unit 5 Binary Area ...... 133 Figure V.1.3.5. Traffic Load Map of Aydın Region Motorway and State Highways ...... 134 Figure V.1.12.1. View Of Unit 1 Flash + Unit 2 Binary Plant Area ...... 144 Figure V.1.12.2. View Of Unit 3 Binary Plant Area...... 145 Figure V.1.12.3. View Of Unit 4 Binary Plant Area...... 145 Figure V.1.12.4. View Of Unit 5 Binary Plant Area...... 146 Figure V.1.16.1. The Frequency Analysis of Noise Level of Truck ...... 153 Figure V.1.16.2. The Frequency Analysis of Noise Level of Excavator ...... 153 Figure V.1.16.3. The Frequency Analysis of Noise Level of Crane ...... 153 Figure V.1.16.4. The Frequency Analysis of Noise Level of Generator ...... 154 Figure V.1.16.5. The Frequency Analysis of Noise Level of Concrete Pump ...... 154 Figure V.1.16.6. The Frequency Analysis of Noise Level of Concrete Mixer...... 154 Figure V.1. 16.7. The Frequency Analysis of Noise Level of Loader ...... 155 Figure V.1.20.1. Stripping the Topsoil During the Construction Stage ...... 160 Figure V.1.20.2. Storing Methods of Topsoil...... 161 Figure V.1.20.3. a and b Storing Methods of Topsoil, Geotextile Application ...... 161 Figure V.1.20.4. Material Deposits and Stacking Made in the Scope of the Erosion Prevention Methods ...... 163 Figure V.1.20.5. Sedimanlardan Kaynaklı Su Kirliliğini Azaltma Ve Önleme Yöntemleri; Silt Kafes, Saman Balyası ...... 164 Figure V.1.20.6. Silt Cage Application in Sedimentation Control ...... 164 Figure V.1.20.7. a Pruning of the shoot roots, b Sowing Coniferous Shoots, c Sowing Leaved Shoots and d Sowing Bushes ...... 168 Figure V.1.20.8. Planting Distances for a) Coniferous, b) Leaved Shoots and c) Bushes ...... 169 Figure V.1.20.9. In Hole Sowing Technique ...... 169 Figure V.1.20.10. The Application Mistakes Made During The Planting In The Holes ... 170 Figure V.1.20.11. Sample Plant Screens to be Planned to be Used During the Landscaping and Reclamation Woks ...... 170 Figure V.2.1.1. Schematic View of Steam Turbine ...... 175 Figure V.2.11.1 Flowsheet of the Cooling Tower ...... 189 Figure IX.1. A View From Public Participation Meeting (1) ...... 220 Figure IX.2. A View From Public Participation Meeting (2) ...... 220 Figure IX.3. A View From Public Participation Meeting (3) ...... 221 Figure IX.4. A View From Public Participation Meeting (4) ...... 221
xii BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT LIST OF APPENDICES
App-1 Official Writings and Documents App-1.1. Opinion of Regional Directorate of Highways 2. Regional Directorate App-1.2. Decision of the Commission of Soil Conservation App-1.3. Operation License App-1.4. Field Characteristics of Station Area App-1.5. Opinion of SHW 21. Regional Directorate App-1.6. Geothermal Potential Report of License Area App-1.7 GEP Conformity Letter of Special Provincial Administration App-1.8 Meeting Minutes of Public Participation App-1.9 Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) Conformity Letter App-1.10 Opinion of Natural Assets App-1.11 Opinion of Turkish State Railways (TSR) Directorate of 3. Region App-1.12 Permit for NonAgricultural Use
App-1.13 Commitment
App-2 Location of Project in Turkey (Locality Map) App-3 Project Area Demonstration on 1/100.000 Scaled Environment Plan, Legends and Plan Notes App-4 The Project Area and Its Surrounding 1/25.000 Scaled Topographic Map App-5 The Project Area and Its Surrounding 1/25.000 Scaled Map of Land Assets App-6 The Project Area and Its Surrounding 1/25.000 Scaled Geological Map App-7 The Project Area and Its Surrounding 1/25.000 Scaled Vegetation Map App-8 Due Diligence Studies, Measurement and Analyses Report, H2S Measurement Report of a Current Operating Plant and 1/25.000 Scaled Topographic Map App-9 Meteorological Records of Long Years from Aydın Meteorology Station, The Maximum Precipitation Values Observed in Standard Periods and Relevant Graphics, App-10 Social Impact Assessment Report App-11 Emergency REsponce Plan App-12 Single Line Diagram of the Project App-13 Plan of Cesspool and Package Treatment Plant App-14 Noise Maps App-15 Locality Plan App-16 The Report of AG2 Well Opened by MTA App-17 Irrigation Area Map of Hıdırbeyli and Aydın Plains
xiii BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT ABBREVIATIONS
EU : European Union : T.R. Ministry of Environment and National Parks; General Directorate of Nature Conservation HCD and National Parks; Central Hunting Commission Decisions for 20112012 Hunting Season BERN CONVENTION : Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats Rfr. : Refer to EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment AMENR : Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise Regulation dated 01.07.2005 No. 25862 EMRA : Energy Market Regulatory Authority g : Gram h : Hour PAQR : Protection of Air Quality Regulation AMAQR : Assessment and Management of Air Quality Regulation kg : Kilogram m : Meter mm : Millimetre Max : Maximum Min : Minimum MW : Megawatt WPCR : Water Pollution Control Regulation IBAPCR : Industrial Based Air Pollution Control Regulation TETC : Turkish Electrical Transmission Company TC : Transformation Center Etc. : etcetera SW : Surface Water GLC : Ground Level Concentration % : Percent GPP : Geothermal Power Plant
xiv BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT (Explaining all the works that are planned to be performed during the construction and operation stages of the project and all of the measures taken against the environmental impacts, without using technical terms and in a comprehensive manner)
The Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project is planned to be established and operated in Aydın Province, Germencik and Incirliova Districts. Efe Geothermal Power Plant was handed over to Burç Jeotermal Yatırım Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. on 28.11.2011 with a 28,3 km2 width geothermal license site for 30 years.
In order to beneficiate the geothermal source existing in the license site and located in the boundaries of Aydın Province, Germencik District and İncirliova District, Burç Jeotermal Yatırım Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. plans to establish and operate Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project with 162,5 MWe installed power (1 x 72,5 MWe triple flash vapour powerhouse + 4 x 22,5 MWe binary cycle powerhouse).The operation license of the Project area is given in the appendices (Rfr. App1.3).
The coordinates of the mentioned 5 powerhouses and reinjection wells are given in the introduction section of the report. The detailed studies of the production and reinjection wells to be opened in the scope of the Project have been in progress.
In order to connect the electrical energy that will be produced in Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project to the national interconnecting system, necessary communications will be made with Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TETC) and the generated energy will be transferred to main power site that is located in the Unit1 + Unit2 Binary Power Plant area via 31,5 kV power line. From there the electrical energy will be transferred to Germencik main transformer station via a single 154 kV power line.
In terms of the usage of the locations, which correspond to the project areas, renting or purchasing will be carried out or expropriation will be conducted in compliance with Item 15 clauses c and d of Electricity Market Law No. 4628 (amended with the law No. 5496). Any work (land preparation and construction) will not be commenced on these areas before leasing and expropriation work are finalised.
After the construction works and start up of the operation, new job opportunities will be created for the local community. It is estimated that during the land preparation and construction stage of the project 350 people and during the operation 100 people will be employed. The recruitments will be primarily supplied from the local community.
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SECTION I
PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE
BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT SECTION I : PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE The description, life, aims of the service, the table showing the characteristic data of the powerhouses that will be established in the project, market or service areas, as well as country, region and/or province based significances and requirements in terms of economic and social aspects of the project. (the locations of the water sources and their distances to the project area shown on the coloured map, which are as large scaled as the project area and surrounding can be recognised; definition of the measures, which will be taken to maintain the integrity of the irrigation project carried out by General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (SHW); behaving in complience with the Feasibility Report and general information about the report)
Consumption of the electrical energy is one of the most significant indications of the economical development and social welfare. In a country the electrical generation and/or consumption per capita bears a great importance as this reflects the living standards of that country. As a fast growing and industrialised country, Turkey today is in a need of continuous, high quality, reliable and economical energy.
Although per capita electrical energy consumption had reached to 2.773 kWh (gross) at the beginning of year 2008, when it is considered that this value is 6.500 kWh/person in Europe and the World average is 2.350 kWh /person, it can be seen that the electrical energy per capita in our country is quite low. For this reason the necessity to increase the electrical supply is obvious.
Especially in our country the need for energy has been continuously increasing depending on the overall development. To meet this vital need in order to beneficiate clean, natural, environment friendly and renewable energy sources at the highest level, geothermal energy generation is very important.
Yet, in the Ninth Development Plan (20072013) the vision of Turkey was expressed as “Turkey, a country of information society, growing in stability, sharing more equitably, globally competitive and fully completed her coherence with the European Union” . In this context:
It is ultimately targeted that the energy that is demanded by the economic growth and social development, is supplied in a continuous, reliable manner and with minimum cost. While the demand for energy is met, keeping the environmental negative effects minimum, using the energy at every stages from production to consumption in an efficient and economical manner are desired.
In the electrical industry, it was planned that the privatisation of the governmental production powerhouses and distribution systems would be performed in accordance with the Strategy Paper, which was entered into force in 2004. It was also planned that in order to gain the benefits expected from privatisation of the distribution and production systems in possibly shortest time, the process will be accelerated.
In order to enhance the supply security, a more balanced diversification of the primary energy resources and the original countries is aimed. It is also targeted to push up the share of the domestic and renewable energy at highest level.
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It was stated that upon with the withdrawal of government from the industry, in order to compensate the lack of production to be emerged by the private sector and to initiate the investments for new production in parallel with supplydemand projections forthwith, the favourable conditions will be provided if required by regulating the necessary legislation. This way, the existing plants will be privatised and the burden of new investments will not be kept on the government. It was also envisaged that the government would be organised in the scope of regulating and inspecting roles, closely follow up the supply security and take precautions when required.
The investments in electricity transmission, which will be kept under government’s responsibility, will be proceeded in a manner that the electricity safety and reliability will be preserved.
Within the frame of privatisation of the electrical industry, in order to enhance the competitive power of the economy and increase the welfare level of the population, it is targeted to establish a system in which the energy will be generated with the most reasonable cost.
During the period of the plan, it is envisaged that there will be 6,2% increase in the first energy demand in parallel with economical and social development. It is expected that natural gas consumption will be increased from 28% to 34% and the petroleumbased products will be receded from 37% to 31%. On the other hand, during the period of Ninth Development Plan the electricity demand will be increased by 8,1%, mainly depending on the progresses in the industry, manufacturing and services sectors.
In our days, there are studies performed in many countries to implement the national programs related to providing the economical progress by means of sustainable energy sources and establishing the strategies for achieving the defined sustainable targets. The energy subject that has become globalised in time and liberal economical models followed with changing market conditions, has necessitated the application of new energy policies, which might contribute to the economical recovery at the highest level.
The electrical energy longterm demand estimation for Turkey is presented in Table I.1.
Table I.1. Long Term Estimation of Electrical Energy Demand in Turkey PEAK DEMAND ENERGY DEMAND YEAR MW INCREASE (%) GWh INCREASE 2005 25000 159650 2006 28270 13,1 176400 10,5 2007 30560 8,1 190700 8,1 2008 33075 8,2 206400 8,2 2009 35815 8,3 223500 8,3 2010 38785 8,3 242020 8,3 2011 41965 8,2 262000 8,3 2012 45410 8,2 283500 8,2 2013 49030 8,0 306100 8,0 2014 52905 7,9 330300 7,9 2015 57050 7,8 356200 7,8 2016 60845 6,6 383000 7,5 2017 65245 7,2 410700 7,2 2018 69835 7,0 439600 7,0 2019 74585 6,8 469500 6,8 2020 79350 6,4 499490 6,4 * Demand values are gross and the losses in the generation and transmission lines, the inner requirements of the stations belonging to the generation and distribution system are included to these values (Source: www.teias.gov.tr)
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When the situations given in Table I.1 and the demand estimates are taken into consideration, it can obviously understood that electrical generation capacity should be increased in order to the meet the energy requirement.
In compensating the energy demands, beside focusing on the domestic resources, diversifying the resources should be also maintained. For this reason with the decision agreed by the Higher Planning Council on 18.05.2009, these issues are stated in the strategic paper of energy market and supply security demand as well.
Furthermore in the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (2010 – 2014) it is envisaged that the whole renewable energy potential of our country will be brought to economy.
The mission of this plan was addressed as “Our mission is evaluating the energy and mining resources effectively, efficiently, securely, timely and environmentally friendly and therefore reducing the import dependence and bringing the highest contribution into the national prosperity.”
In Turkey generation electrical energy from the geothermal resources was regulated with the “Law of The Use of Renewable Energy Sources for the Purpose of Electrical Power Generation numbered 5346 and dated 10.05.2005”.
Turkey ranks 7. in the world and 1. in Europe with respect to the rich geothermal potential. And with respect to direct use of this energy, Turkey ranks 4. in the world with 10.247 GWh/year; with respect to generating electrical energy from geothermal resources ranks 12. in the World with 490 GWh/year.
Geothermal resources is simply a heat in the ground and composed of the chemical bearing hot water, steam and gas heated by the accumulated heat at the various depths of the earth’s crust. Geothermal energy on the other hand comprises all sorts of beneficiation from this geothermal resources. Geothermal energy is a renewable, sustainable, boundless, cheap, reliable, environmentally friendly, domestic and green type of energy.
The geothermal reservoirs that are made by waters coming from precipitation, seas and magmatism and feeding the fractures and joints in the rocks in underground, preserve their renewable and sustainable characters as long as their underground and reinjection conditions are maintained. They are not effected by the shortterm atmospheric conditions. The formation model of a geothermal system is presented in Figure I.1. The comparisons of the geothermal applications in Turkey and the 2013 Target are presented in Figure I.2. And the current situation and the future of the geothermal applications in Turkey are presented in Figure I.3.
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Figure I.1. The Formation Model of the Geothermal System
Source: http://geocen.iyte.edu.tr/teskon/2001/teskon2001_02.pdf
Table.I.2. The Comparison of Geothermal Applications in Turkey and 2013 Target
2013 Size of Usage (Installed Capacity) 2002 2007 2013 Targets Investment (Million USD)
1200 Greenhouse heating (acres) 500 4000 200
30 65 Heating (House + Thermal powerhouse) 150 thousand 500 thousand thousand 215 Thermal Usage 175 300 500
Electricity Generation 600Mwe 15 Mwe 27,4 Mwe 1,3 Installed Capacity 7.500MWt Extracted by geothermal drillings + natural 3.000 4.000 (250 thousand meters 150 extractions Geothermal MWt MWt drilling) Total 2.65 Billion $
In our country research studies related to geothermal energy has been carried out since 1962 by Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MRE) and the existence of more than 170 geothermal fields with temperatures over 3540 oC has been detected. The probable geothermal heat potential of Turkey is estimated about 31.500 MWt. By the end of year 2000, upon with the 304 thermal drilling performed by MRE, 2.046 MWt of the total probable potential was confirmed as proven potential. When the 600 MWt potential of the natural hot springs are added to this value the total proven geothermal potential increases up to 2.646 MWt.
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Depending on its temperature, the geothermal energy is primarily used in electricity generation and in domestic heating, greenhouse heating, thermal tourismtreatment, industry and also in other various areas. Although our country has high level of geothermal potential, sufficient importance has not been given to the geothermal energy and it is not sufficiently used. Only 3% of our probable potential can be beneficiated.
Figure I.2. Assessment and Comparison of Geothermal Energy in Turkey and in the World Source: Adil Özdemir, Geothermal Energy and Power Generation, Geophysics Journal
Figure I.3. Current Situation of Geothermal Energy in Turkey and its Future Source: Adil Özdemir(b.t), Geothermal Energy and Power Generation, Geophysics Journal
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Conclusively, as it is mentioned in Ninth Development Plan, when the increase in the average annual basic energy demand (6,2%) is considered, developing renewable sources like geothermal is very important both for the world and for Turkey.
In this respect, Burç Jeotermal Yatırım Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. plans to establish and operate Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project with 162,5 MWe power (1 x 72,5 MWe triple flash vapour powerhouse + 4 x 22,5 MWe binary cycle powerhouse) in the license site that is in the boundaries of Aydın Province, Germencik District and İncirliova District. The operation license of the Project area is given in the appendices (Rfr. App1.3).
The coordinates of the mentioned 5 powerhouses and reinjection wells are given in the introduction section of the report.
In terms of the usage of the locations, which correspond to the Project areas, leasing or purchasing will be carried out or expropriation will be conducted in compliance with the Item 15 clauses c and d of Electricity Market Law No. 4628 (amended with the law No. 5496). Any work (land preparation and construction) will not be commenced on these areas before leasing and expropriation work are finalised.
In accordance with “The Law Related to the Usage of Renewable Energy Sources for Electrical Energy Generation Purpose” dated 10.05.2005 and No. 5346, widening these sources for electrical energy generation purpose, gaining such sources in a economical and qualified manner, diversifying the sources, decreasing the greenhouse gas emission, beneficiating the waste, protecting the environment and developing the manufacturing sector necessary to realise these aims are targeted.
Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project, is in a feature to meet these targets and is planned to enable to beneficiate the geothermal potential of our country.
In order to connect the electrical energy that will be generated in the Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project to national interconnecting system, the connection to the system at the most proper location will be performed after the necessary negotiations are made with Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TETC) or Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDC) and required approvals are taken.
The maximum geothermal fluid amount that is planned during the process of the Power Plant is 8.000 – 10.000 tons/hr. and there will be one triple flash vapour powerhouse with 72,5 MW installed power and four binary cycle powerhouses with 22,5 MW installed power in the in the Power Plant, which are operated according to the thermodynamic principles.
Triple flash vapour powerhouse system; firstly the fluid arrived from the geothermal source (from the production wells) will be decomposed to high pressure vapour and liquid phases under the high pressure decomposer. The liquid extracted from the high pressure decomposer will be decomposed in the medium pressure decomposer to medium pressure vapour and liquid phases. And the liquid extracted from the medium pressure decomposer will be decomposed to low pressure vapour and liquid in the low pressure decomposer. Then the liquid that is extracted from the low pressure decomposer will be pumped back to the reservoir by injection pump via the reinjection well.
On the other hand the vapour that is extracted as high, medium and low pressure will be sent to the multi fluid turbine and the energy will be generated by means of the revolution of the impellers of the turbine and generator connected to the turbine.
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The exhaust vapour arrived from the turbine will enter to the vapour condenser and there it will be condensed by interchanging the heat with the cooling water, which comes from the cooling tower. Whereas the gases in the vapour that cannot be condensed would not condensed with temperatures of the condenser. Such gases if cannot be removed from the condenser, increase the pressure in the condenser and results in the decreased recovery of the turbine. For this reason, such gases are primarily drawn from the turbine by means of jet vapour absorbers and the remaining vapour will be condensed in the first stage intercondenser. The gases that are not condensed in the intercondenser will be also sucked by the jet vapour absorbers and removed by the vacuum pumps and sent to the last condenser and water separator. The noncondensed gases left in the last condenser will be sent to the cooling tower and released to atmosphere.
The hot water, which is condensed in the main condenser, will be sent to the cooling tower by means of hotwell pump, will be cooled there and sent to main condenser, other condensers and equipment coolers. The excess condensed liquid where there is more than the demand of the cooling tower will be sent to the reinjection well by means of condensed reinjection pump.
Binary cycle system; the fluid arrived from geothermal source (production wells) is firstly separated into vapour and liquid phases. Then this geothermal fluid, which is separated into vapour and liquid phases, is sent to the vaporisers (exchangers) and the vaporisers transforms this secondary working fluid, whose temperature was risen previously, to vapour without being physically mixed. The secondary working fluid, which was transformed to vapour, is sent to the turbine, where the power is generated by means of a generator. The secondary fluid in the form of exhaust vapour exiting the turbine is absorbed, cooled and condenses in the air cooled condenser and sent to the preheater by circulating pump.
In the pre heater the primary fluid, which lost its temperature in the vaporiser a little, and secondary fluid, which performed heat exchanging process, are heated up to a degree close to boiling point and sent to the vaporizer.
The geothermal fluid, which is sent to the pre heater, after bringing the temperature of the secondary working fluid to a degree close to boiling point, will be sent to reinjection wells with a relatively low temperature.
The most important parameter, which determines the efficiency and life of geothermal resource accordingly powerhouse, is that the flow of the geothermal fluid used in the powerhouse will be maintained at a certain level and quantity. For this reason, in order to prevent the decrease in the reservoir in geothermal wells, the “reinjection” process will be carried out. The powerhouse will not be started up until the reinjection process is commissioned. Both during the production stage and during the reinjection studies, care will be taken to prevent the fresh water aquifers against any damage.
The reinjection of the thermal water has been used in geothermal industry in the world since 1969. Beside providing the stability of the geothermal well pressures, is has numerous benefits in reservoir and geothermal area.
In the geothermal powerhouses, reinjection is a part of production. Even though it is believed that it brings an additional cost, in fact the reinjection process is a very significant application for operating the geothermal powerhouse with high efficiency. In the geothermal reservoirs of the powerhouse without any reinjection process, due to the pressure drop, resulted from the decreasing reservoir and heat loss only a small portion of the geothermal energy can be beneficiated.
7 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
The geothermal fluid, which is separated from its vapour and loses its temperature and pressure prior to the vapour turbine, will be pumped to underground by preserving its physicochemical characteristics. The flow sheets of the process planned to be operated in Efe Geothermal Power Plant are presented in Figure I.4, Figure I.5 and Figure I.6.
In case the powerhouse becomes out of operation as a result of any problem related to reinjection or powerhouse systems, a 15.000 m3 capacity storing pond will be kept in the area of powerhouse as a precaution (Rfr. App15). This pond will be used to store the geothermal fluid until the problems related to the reinjection system is remediated. After the problem is over, the fluid collected in the pond will be given directly to the reinjection system without discharging to any other receiving environment.
In the scope of the Project the reinjection system was selected by considering the following targets;
To maintain the pressure increases at certain amounts and decelerating the loss in the water level. The investment cost of reinjection wells and plant is economical, To protect the environment; protect the groundwater, surface waters and soil quality.
8 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
72.5 MW Triple Flash System Process Flow Sheet
Figure I.4. Process Flow Sheet
9 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Legend 22.5 MW Binary Cycle System Process Flow Sheet Air Cooled Condenser
Geothermal Fluid in Liquid Form
Geothermal Fluid in Gaseous Form
System Fluid in Liquid Form Air Cooled Condenser System Fluid in Gaseous Form
Recirculation Recirculation
Pump Pump
Turbine Generator Turbine
Geothermal Fluid Coming from Production Well
Separator
Evaporator Evaporator
Condensed Fluid Sent to Reinjection
Preheater Preheater
Geothermal Fluid Sent to Reinjection
Figure I.5. Process Flow Sheet
10 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure I.6. Representative Flow Sheet
On the other hand, geothermal waters, which generally has high mineral concentrations, might cause boron contamination and Na (Sodium) accumulation in the ground, which results in less efficient soil in agricultural terms. Therefore, in order to prevent such problems, pumping these types of wastewaters back to the geothermal reservoir (reinjection) is necessary. While reinjection helps solving the problem concerning the waste water, it also enables to feed the site artificially, generate more energy and use the site for longer terms. However both during the production stage and during the reinjection works, care will be taken for not damaging the fresh water aquifers.
Another factor determining the life of the geothermal power plant is the scaling of the calcite in the powerhouse and in the pipes, in which the geothermal fluid is carried. The high flow rate supplied from the geothermal source causes a drop in the source, which results in higher evaporation of the vapour and noncondenced gases (like CO2) and the formation of calcite scale on the surfaces in the powerhouse. As the calcification in the wells and on the walls of the pipes causes decrease in pipe diameters and limitation in the flow of geothermal fluid, this calcification should be removed. This problem can be solved by giving a suitable inhibitor into the pipe or by cleaning the pipes mechanically. The cleaning method will be selected after finalising the well tests, during the detailed design. If an inhibitor will be selected beside its feature to remove the calcification, its conformity with the type of materials that will be used in reinjection system and concordance with the environmental legislation will be taken into consideration. On the other hand mechanical methods to remove the calcification might be selected as well.
It is estimated that 350 people will be employed during the land preparation and construction stage and this number will be 100 during the operation of the project. In the scope of the project during the construction stage, the unqualified personnel will be primarily employed from the local community and during the operation stage by employing the local people as the greatest extend, some contribution to the local economy is targeted. The personnel who will work during the construction stage of the project will be accommodated at the site.
11 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
For the personnel who will work during the operation stage at the powerhouse social facilities will be available (watchman’s hut, administration office etc.)
By transferring the energy that will be generated at the Geothermal Power Plant to the national energy web, some of the energy requirement of our country, which has been continuously increasing, will be met and the local community will be positively effected with the increase in income, population movements, education, health and other social and technical infrastructure. Since a renewable and clean energy source will be used in the mentioned power plant it is envisaged that the project will bring great returns.
During the construction and operation of Power Plant units, geothermal wells, energy transferring lines and geothermal fluid, in order to pass the SHW facilities (irrigation, drainage channels, river beds, service roads) permits will be taken from SHW.
Any activity that will endanger the integrity of Irrigation Project and water quality will not be performed.
At every stage of this activity The Circular of Ministry about River Beds and Floods No. 2006/27 will be followed.
For this mentioned project the provisions in the letter of General Directorate of SHW dated 25.05.2012 and No. 225556 and the opinions of SHW 21. Regional Directorate will be complied.
12 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
SECTION II
LOCATION OF THE SELECTED AREA FOR THE PROJECT
BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
SECTION II: LOCATION OF THE SELECTED AREA FOR THE PROJECT
II.1. Location of the project (Demonstration of the Environmental Plan and the Construction Plan including the legends and plan notes; if these plans do not exist the demonstration on the existing land use map of the location of the project whose correctness was assented by the relevant Governorship or Municipality
The area of Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project is located inside the boundaries of AydınMuğlaDenizli Planning Region, Environmental Plan that was assented by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (scaled: 1/100.000) dated 05.07.2011 (Rfr. App2). The area of the project is shown as agricultural land in the Environmental Plan.
The mentioned project is located in the boundaries of Aegean Region, Aydın Province, Germencik and Incirliova Districts.
Land characteristics of the area where the powerhouse will be established are presented in the appendices (Rfr. App1.4)
The locality map demonstrating the project area is given in App2 and the 1/25.000 scaled topographic map is given in App4.
According to the Land Assets Map that was prepared for Efe Geothermal Power Plant and is given in the appendices (Rfr. App5), Unit1+Unit2 Binary and Unit4 Binary Powerhouses will be on the irrigated agriculture land and with respect to the Large Soil Groups Classification will be on ClassA (Alluvial soil), Unit3 Binary Powerhouse will be on olive grove and with respect to the Large Soil Groups Classification will be on ClassK (Culluvial Soil) and Unit5 Binary Powerhouse will be on garden and with respect to the Large Soil Groups Classification will be on ClassA (Alluvial soil).
The settlements surrounding the project area and the distances of the settlements to the project units are presented in Table II.1.1
Table II.1.1 The Settlements Surrounding the Project Area and the Distances of the Settlements to the Project Units
Power Powerhouse Area Settlement Direction Distance (m)
Unit-1+ Unit -2 Binary İzmirAydın Highway North 200 Unit -1+ Unit -2 Binary Railway North 210 Unit -1+ Unit -2 Binary Germencik Northwest 1.900 Unit -1+ Unit -2 Binary Sınırteke Southeast 1.900 Unit -1+ Unit -2 Binary Erbeyli East 1.000 Unit -1+ Unit -2 Binary Ömerbeyli Northeast 2.000 Unit -3 Binary Dağkaraağaç Village North 1.000 Unit -3 Binary Hıdırbeyli Town West 960 Unit -3 Binary İzmirAydın Highway South 400 Unit -3 Binary TCDD South 410 Unit -3 Binary Germencik South 600 Unit -3 Binary Alangüllü Village Northeast 1.500 Unit -4 Binary Germencik Northwest 650 Unit -4 Binary Transformer Centre West 800 Unit -4 Binary Reisköy Southwest 1.900 Unit -5 Binary Sınırteke Southwest 250 Unit -5 Binary Erbeyli Northwest 900
Source: 1/25.000 Scaled Topographical Map
13 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
II.2. The locations of the units of the project (The demonstration of the positions of the whole administrative and social facilities, transmission line routes, which will provide the energy transmission between the units, technical infrastructural units and if available other units in the project area and if available, the demonstration of the project together with other projects if any on 1/25.000 scaled map, the demonstration of the closed and open areas as well as the temporary and permanent storage yards on 1/2000, 1/5000 and/or 1/1000 scaled maps), Powerhouse layout plan, excavation dumping sites, (the distances between each other will be mentioned as well) etc.
The main units in the scope of the Project:
1) Steam turbine, Generator 2) Binary Powerhouse 3) Condenser System 4) Non-condensed Gas Exit System 5) Circulating Water System 6) Cooling Water System 7) Auxiliary System 8) Affluent Treatment System 9) Powerhouse’s Instrumentation and Control Systems 10) Cooling Tower 11) Wellhead Systems 12) Production and Injection System
The coordinates of these units, were presented in the cover page of this EIA. The 1/25.000 scaled topographic map in which the project area is located, is given in App4. Furthermore the layout plan, in which the units were demonstrated, is given in App15.
In the scope of the power plant, it is planned to open 55 wells in the area of operation license. The approximate locations of these mentioned wells and the reinjection wells can be found in the 1/25.000 scaled map. The approximate open and closed areas projected for each unit are given in the following tables.
Table II.2.1 Units of 72.5 MWe and 22,5 MWe Powerhouses
72,5 MW Triple Flash System 22.5 MW Binary System (For 1 unit) Areas m2 Areas m2 Administrative Building 3.000 Administrative Building 475 Workshop 2.800 Workshop 557 Warehouse 4.000 Warehouse 1241 Main Gate 150 Main Gate 50 Cooling Tower 4.400 Cooling Tower 5000 Electrical Control Room Electrical Control Room Main Switch 4000 Main Switch Site/Transformer Site/Transformer Turbine House 2.300 Pre Heater NCG System 3.200 Vaporiser Pool 10000 Turbine Erecting Yard 32004.550 Generator 2500 Open Warehouse 30004.860 Open Warehouse 3250 Vent Area 26004.300 Cesspit 100 Roads, Parking areas, Roads and Parking Areas 6000 pedestrian walks, concrete 440.0030.000 areas, secondary drainage channels
Social Facility 1500 Total Wellhead Equipment 3700 Drainage Channel 3500 Total
14 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
In the above Table approximately 10.000 m2 of the areas shown as 72,5 MWe capacity Powerhouse is planned for closed facilities, while 10.000 m2 is planned for half closed facilities and the remaining area is dedicated for the open area. Again in the same table the detailed information of the 22,5 MWe Powerhouse was given which is valid for all the 4 binary systems. Approximately 1.825 m2 of the areas shown in the table will be closed and 5.290m2 will be half closed. The remaining areas will be open.
Related to the usage of the locations corresponding the project areas, leasing or procurement processes will be performed or expropriation process will be followed in compliance with the clauses c and d of Item 15 of Electricity Market Law No. 4628 (amended with law No. 5496). There won’t be any works started in this area unless the leasing or expropriation is performed.
Efe Geothermal Power Plant together with the 28,3 km2 geothermal site license area was handed over to Burç Geothermal Enterprise Electrical Generation Co. for 30 years on the date of 28.11.2011.
The detailed technical information about the project units is presented in the V.2.1 section of this report. The photographs of the lands that will be used for the project units can be found in Figure II.2.1, Figure II.2.2., Figure II.2.3., Figure II.2.4., and Figure II.2.5. and Figure II.2.6.
The transportation to the Project area will be provided from the currently existing roads which are the branches of İzmirAydın D550 Highway. Besides, the existing village roads will be beneficiated for the transportation to the powerhouse. In case any damage will be occurred on the roads due to the project related works, the repairs of such roads will be undertaken by the investor.
15 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure II.2.1. In the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit1 and Unit2 Binary Systems (1)
Figure II.2.2. In the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit1 and Unit 2 Binary Systems (2)
16 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure II.2.3. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit3 Binary System
Figure II.2.4. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit4 Binary System
17 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure II.2.5. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit5 Binary System (1)
Figure II.2.6. In to the Environmental Survey Studies Performed in the Scope of the Project; a View of Unit1 and Unit2 Binary System (2)
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BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
II.3. Assessment of the Locations of the Units Within the Scope of the Project with Regard to SHW Irrigation Project
A letter was taken from 21. Regional Directorate of SHW for the soil protection commission decision, indicating that the integrity of the irrigation channels is not damaged, whereas in order to protect the irrigation channels and ensure that they are not effected, following issues will be taken into consideration (By using the maps of Aydın Plain and Hıdırbeyli irrigation areas).
Units of the plant that is planned to be established have interferences with the irrigation channel as given below; Unit5 binary section and Unit3 Binary section will be in Aydın Plain irrigation area. In Unit 1 flash + Unit 2 binary section, which will be in the position to lean the border of the upper channel from the south, Mursallı Pumping irrigation main channel in Unit 3 binary section the İl Creek where SHW Hıdırbeyli pond water discharge is connected, in the north Y12 canalette, in the west Y1 canalette and in the south Y13 canalette in the middle of Unit 1 flash + Unit 2 binary A1D14 drainage channel will cross.
The major section will be in SHW Aydın Lowland Irrigation Project area and Oyuk Dam irrigation area that will be revised and in this area 55 geothermal boreholes will be opened.
Related to this, reconnaissance surveys for the flood protection plant that will be constructed on the İl Creek has been carried out and considering that Unit3 Binary Powerhouse is located near the İl Creek but the rehabilitation works do not cover this area, any intervention to the İl Creek (Çamurlu Ilıca) located near the Unit3 Binary Powerhouse should not be performed and a continuous 5 m lane near the creek, which might be used in the future repair and maintenance activities, should be reserved.
Any activity that will destroy the integrity of the irrigation project and spoil the water quality will not be conducted.
At every stage of the facility the Prime Ministerial Circulars, namely River Beds and Floods, numbered 2006/27, will be observed.
During the construction and operation stages, in order to cross the powerhouse units, geothermal wells, energy transmission lines and geothermal fluid lines through the SHW facilities (irrigation and drainage channels, stream beds), permits will be taken from SHW separately
Water will not be taken from the channels, which are under the responsibility of SHW, without any permit taken from the 21. Regional Directorate of SHW. The process waters, effluents of the operation and the fluid that will be used at the powerhouse during the operation will not be discharged to the facilities (irrigation and drainage channels, stream beds) by no means.
There won’t be any intervention to the drainage channels opened by the SHW, the expropriation borders of the drainage channels will be followed, Mursallı Pumping Irrigation Main Channel will not be approached any further than 10 meters and there will be a protection distance reserved.
Necessary measures will be taken so that the cold groundwater aquifer will not be damaged.
19 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
There will not be any reinjection to the SHW channels and in case of any failure the wastewater to be given to the outer environment will be treated in compliance with the irrigation water criteria mentioned in “Regulation on Water Pollution Control” and the opinion of SHW will be taken during taking the discharging permit.
The considerations given in the letter of General Directorate of SHW numbered 225556 and dated 25.05.2012 and the opinions of 21. Regional Directorate of SHW numbered 258102 and dated 12.06.2012 will be complied.
By this time the Decision of Soil Protection Commission was taken and it can be found in the appendices of the report (Rfr. App1.2)
Furthermore, a letter of Public Interest Conformity was taken from Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) (Rfr. App19).
II.4 The Interaction of the Project with the Other Plants in the Region
28,29 km2 license site for Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project was given to Burç Geothermal Enterprise Electrical Generation Co. by Aydın Province Special Administration. The mentioned license area is shown in the 1/25.000 scaled topographic map presented in App4. There is a powerhouse with 47,4 MW installed capacity established in the neighbouring license site.
The production and reinjection wells that will be opened in the scope of the mentioned project will be located in their own license site and Aydın Province Special Administration stated that there wasn’t any objection about carrying out the license works of 162,5 MW capacity geothermal electrical powerhouse with a letter written to EMRA (Rfr. App1.7). Besides, in compliance with the Application Regulation of the Law on Geothermal Resources and Natural Mineral Waters dated 03.06.2007 and numbered 5686 the necessary permits will also be taken.
Although the hinterland feeding the AydınGermencik geothermal site is wide, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental isotopic studies concerning the source of the hot water and its connected geothermal system were assessed together with the regional geological structure, in terms of revealing the conceptual model of the geothermal system in the field. The performed geothermometer calculations indicates that the system has a potential of high temperature. It was determined that, in the system located in the fault zones, the heat source is based on the geothermal gradient connected to a deep circulation and controlled by the fault systems
Furthermore, the existence of the young vulcanite in the region results in the high level of geothermal gradient in this region. The irrigated isotope contents indicates that the geothermal reservoir is fed by the local precipitations, accordingly the feeding area is located in the close vicinity. Therefore, any negative effect of the project to the neighbouring geothermal plants is not expected. Prior to taking the Power Plant that is planned to be established in the scope of the Law and Regulation on Geothermal Resources and Natural Mineral Waters No. 5686 into operation, a Study Report of Resource Protection Area will be prepared and submitted to Province Special Administration and Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MRE) for their review and approval.
20 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
SECTION III
ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT
BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
SECTION III: ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT
III.1. The investment program, financial sources and the supplies of these sources related to the realisation of the project
The whole investment cost of Efe Geothermal Power Plant (162,5 MWe) that is planned to be established and operated by Burç Geothermal Enterprise Electrical Generation Co. including the land expropriation and production and reinjection wells is determined as 220.000.000 TL. The 25% section of the required finance will be supplied from the equity capitals and 75% will be supplied from the finance corporations on credit.
III.2. The flow chart and scheduling table related to conducting the project
It is envisaged that the preconstruction studies and project works of “Efe Geothermal Power Plant (162,5 MWe)” will last 22 months and the construction works will last 46 months. This way it is planned to get the project ready for operation in 60 months. The scheduling table of the project is presented in Figure III.2.1.
21 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Table III.2.1. Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project Scheduling Table
Taking “the EIA is positive” decision
22 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
III.3. The benefit – cost analysis of the project (Considering its potential effect by comparing with agricultural activities and irrigation projects)
In the calculations to evaluate the investment in economical terms the following data and acceptations were taken as basis and they are presented in Table III.3.1 together with the analysis results.
Table III.3.1. The Economical Analysis Results of the Investment of Efe Geothermal Power Plant
Installed Power 162.5 MWe Annual Working Hour 8585 Hours Economical Life of the Investment 30 years Total Cost of Investment 114.285.714 USD (1 USD = 1.75TL) Unit Selling Price of Electrical Energy 7 USD cent/kWh Quantity of Annual Electrical Energy Generation 1.395.062.500 (8585 hours working) Inner Consumption 205.062.500 KWh/yr Annual Quantity of Electrical Energy 1.190.000.000 KWh/yr Annual Total Revenue 83.300.000 USD/yr Average Operation Costs 57.350.000 USD/yr The Annual Net Profit of the Project 25.950.000 USD Internal Rate of Return (IRR) %16 Return of Investment Period ~8 yr
During the 30 years of operation period of the project the average annual operation and management costs are projected as 69.350.000 USD. In a similar figure, the “Capital Profitability”, which is the ratio of net profit to equity capital on yearly basis, is quite high. In addition to these “Return on Investment” ratio, which is the ratio of net profit to the total investment, also gives high values.
As the result of these assessments, it is believed that the proposed Efe Geothermal Power Plant is a beneficial investment for the national economy.
The Benefit-Cost Analyses of the Investment
The selling price of 1 kWh energy to be generated at the projected Power Plant is calculated as 7 cent; as seen in Table III.3.1. And, according to these calculations the Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project will amortises its investment, in 5 years after the investment. The return of investment (payback period) is the time interval starting from 1. Year of the operation, when the sum of the annual cash flows equalizes with the total amount of investment of the project. In other words, it shows how long will it take for the sums of the cash flows to compensate the total investment and gives a general idea about the feasibility of the project. This period was calculated as 8 years for Efe Geothermal Power Plant.
23 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
The Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Investment for Nation and Region
The energy that will be generated in Efe Geothermal Power Plant, will be connected to the existing Germencik TM via the 154 kV energy transmission line in accordance with the connection agreement that will be signed by Turkish Electricity Transmission Inc. and will be given to the national interconnecting web. The generated energy will be sold and beneficiated within the frame of Electrical Market Law and the relevant regulations which were enacted by Official Gazette No. 4628 and published on 20.02.2001. The electrical energy that will be generated at the powerhouse will partially supply the emerged supply deficit and will serve an important function in compensating the increasing electricity demand of Turkey. The continuous, reliable and high quality electricity will welcome the foreign investments to Turkey and contribute to the industrial development of the country. It will also create new job opportunities in private sector and the income per capita will be increased. Moreover, as significant recruitment and development in the region where the project will be established will be provided, there will be source of input to the local government.
The necessary technical personnel like engineers, technicians and machinery operators as well as unskilled labourers will be supplied from the region of the project as much as possible; this way an opportunity of employment will be created in the region. Besides, the construction materials, equipment etc. that will be used in the scope of the project will be supplied from the region as mush as possible. Therefore it is expected that the vendors supplying the construction materials, companies selling and leasing the machinery and equipment, companies performing repair and maintenance to these equipment, food industry etc. will be effected from the project in a positive manner and a boom in the regional economy will occur throughout the life of the project.
At every stage of the operation Prime Ministerial Circulars, namely River Beds and Floods, numbered 2006/27, dated will be observed.
Any activity that will destroy the integrity of the Irrigation project and spoil the water quality will not be conducted.
As the areas where the Power Plant buildings will be constructed in the boundaries of the license site of Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project will be on the 1. Class agricultural land, a permit for nonagricultural usage of the land was taken. The Soil Protection Project that will be taken for this project will also be observed.
III.4. Other economical, social and infrastructure projects that are not in the scope of the project but depending on the the realisation of the project, are planned to be carried out by the project owner or other investors
After the construction works of the project is initiated and the operation is started, new job opportunities for the local community will be created. In the project it is planned that during the land preparation and construction stage 350 people and during the operation stage 100 people will be recruited and the labour requirement will be primarily supplied from the residential areas in the vicinity of the project. In addition, as the daily commercial needs of working staff will be provided from the residential areas in the vicinity of the project, the process will be a source of additional income for the local community.
24 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
III.5. Other economical, social and infrastructure projects that are not in the scope of the project but are indispensable for the realisation of the project and are planned to be carried out by the project owner or other investors
In order to connect the electrical energy that will be generated in Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project to the national interconnecting system, necessary negotiations will be made with Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TETC) and the generated energy will be transferred to main power site that is located in the Unit1 + Unit2 Binary Power powerhouse area via 31,5 kV power line. From there the electrical energy will be transferred to Germencik main transformer station via a single 154 kV power line.
Apart from this, any other economical, social and infrastructure projects that are not in the scope of the project but are indispensable for the realisation of the project and are planned to be carried out by the project owner or other investors do not exist.
III.6. Expropriation, how to perform the relocation, information related to the public disclosure within the scope of the expropriation ,
The lands, where the mentioned Powerhouse will be established, are privately owned, therefore in terms of the usage of the locations, which correspond to the project areas, leasing or purchasing will be carried out or expropriation will be conducted in compliance with the clauses c and d on Item 15 in Electricity Market Law No. 4628 (amended with the law No. 5496). Any work (land preparation and construction) will not be commenced on these areas before leasing and expropriation work are finalised.
III.7. Other issues
There is not any other issue to be reviewed in this section.
25 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
SECTION IV
DETERMINATION OF THE AREA THAT WILL BE EFFECTED BY THE UNITS OF THE PROJECT AND EXPLANATION OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES IN THIS AREA (*)
(*) In this section, while the environmental characteristics of the location selected for the Project is explained, its influence area should be taken into consideration. While the listed issues are explained in this section, the sources of the information taken from the relevant governmental offices or corporations, investigation institutes, universities will be added in the notes section of this report. Or the related map, documents etc. will be presented. If the project owner wishes to present his/her own investigations, for the ones taken from the public offices or organisations, letters confirming the correctness of the information will be taken from the offices and organisations and added to the report. BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
SECTION IV: DETERMINATION OF THE AREA THAT WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE UNITS OF THE PROJECT AND EXPLANATION OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES IN THIS AREA (*) IV.1. Determination of the area that will be effected by the project (how and according to what the influence area is determined will be explained and the influence area will be shown on the map, the project area and all of the projects that will be in the boundaries of the influence area will be shown in the same map).
The Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project is planned to be established and operated in Aydın Province, Germencik and Incirliova Districts. Efe Geothermal Power Plant was handed over to Burç Jeotermal Yatırım Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. on 28.11.2011 with a 28,3 km2 wide geothermal license site for 30 years.
The settlements surrounding the project area and the distances of the settlements to the project units are given in Section II, Table II.1.1.
Within the scope of the project it is planned to build units such as; “Steam Turbine”, “Binary Powerhouse”, “Exchanger System”, “Condenser System”, “Noncondensed Gas Exit System”, “Circulating Water System”, Cooling Water System”, “Auxiliary Systems”, “Wastewater Treatment System”, “Powerhouse Instrumentation and Control System”, “Cooling Tower”, “Wellhead Systems”, “Production and Injection System”, “Powerhouse Building”, “Facilities Related to Switchyard”, “Work Place Area”.
In order to determine the area to be effected by the project, the environmental, economical and social impacts need to be assessed together. Some of these impacts are direct and other are indirect impacts and “the effective area and the investigation area of the project” was selected by considering the air quality model of the activity, fauna , flora, noise, agriculture and forestlands etc. Within this scope for the project area an investigation area on the 1/25000scaled topographic map was determined. The noise modelling were taken as the powerhouse area; the modelling and evaluations were performed in this area.
Therefore, in the effective area of Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project, the models were determined as area where the project will be established and its surrounding (noise) and it is shown on the 1/25000 scaled topographic map of the project area (Rfr. App4)
IV.2. The Characteristics of the Physical and Biological Environment and Usage of the Natural Resources in the Influence Area
In this section of the report, detailed information about the characteristics of the physical and biological environment and usage of the natural resources in the effective area of the project was given and the assessments were performed.
IV.2.1. Meteorological and Climatic Characteristics
The General Climate Conditions of the Region
The province is generally under the effect of Mediterranean Type of Climate due to the Aegean Sea, the continuation of the Mediterranean Sea. Summers are arid and hot, winters are warm and rainy. In the province almost all of the precipitation is in the form of rain.
26 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
In order to evaluate the meteorological conditions of the project site and its surrounding area, the results of the continuous meteorological measurements performed by the State Meteorological Service (SMS) are analysed and presented with the support of the most suitable meteorological station results, tables and graphics. In this context, the data taken between the years of 1975 and 2010 (36 years) of Aydın Meteorological Station were beneficiated and the records were given in the appendices (Rfr. App9).
Meteorological Characteristics
In this section by evaluating the meteorological conditions of the project area and its surrounding area the results of the continuous meteorological measurements performed by the State Meteorological Service (SMS) are analysed and presented with the support of the most suitable meteorological station results, tables and graphics.
IV.2.1.1. Local Pressure Distributions
According to the meteorological observations of Aydın Meteorological Station, the annual average pressure is measured as 1007,2 hPa, maximum pressure is 1027,9 hPa and minimum pressure is 975,4 hPa. The month when the maximum pressure is observed is January with 1027,9 hPa and the month when the minimum pressure is observed is again January with 975,4 hPa.
The pressure data of the region is presented in Table IV.2.1.1 and the graphical demonstration of the data is presented in Figure IV.2.1.1.
Table IV.2.1.1. Long Term Pressure Data
MONTHS
Y
METEOROLOGICAL RY BER PARAMETER BER UST UAL AY TOBER ARCH M JULY JUNE APRIL M AUG ANN JANUAR OC FEBRUA DECEM NOVEM SEPTEMBER
Average Pressure 1011.1 1009.8 1008.2 1006.4 1005.8 1003.9 1001.4 1002.1 1006.1 1009.4 1011.0 1011.1 1007,2 (hPa) Maximum Pressure 1027.9 1026.1 1024.4 1023.0 1015.1 1011.6 1010.4 1008.8 1016.1 1018.8 1023.8 1025.7 1027,9 (hPa) Minimum Pressure 975.4 984.1 985.9 991.4 993.9 992.5 994.2 995.1 997.4 996.7 994.7 988.7 975,4 (hPa)
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station, 19752010 Data.
27 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.1. The Graphical Demonstration of the Monthly Local Pressure Values Taken from Aydın Meteorology Station
IV.2.1.2. Temperature Distribution
According to the observation records of Aydın Meteorology Station the annual average temperature is 17,7 ºC, maximum average temperature is 24,6 ºC and minimum average temperature is 11,8 ºC.
The month when the monthly average minimum temperature is felt is January with 8,2 ºC and when the monthly average maximum temperature is felt is July with 28,5 ºC.
According to the observation records of Aydın Meteorology Station the maximum temperature that has ever recorded was on 27.07.1987 with 44,6 ºC and the minimum temperature ever was 5,2 ºC on 05.02.1985.
The temperature data is presented in Table IV.2.1.2 and the graphical demonstration of the temperature data is presented in Figure IV.2.1.2.
Table IV.2.1.2. Long Term Temperature Data
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETER Y RY BER UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN Average Temperature (oC) 8,2 9,0 11,9 15,8 21,0 26,1 28,5 27,4 23,3 18,5 13,0 9,5 17,7 Average of Maximum Temperatures (oC) 13,4 14,6 18,2 22,6 28,4 33,6 36,3 35,6 32 26,5 19,6 14,5 24,6 Average of Minimum Temperatures (oC) 4,2 4,6 6,7 10,1 14,1 18,2 20,5 20,1 16,5 12,7 8,4 5,7 11,8 Source: Aydın Meteorology Station, 19752010 Data.
28 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Table IV.2.1.3. Temperature Data
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL
Y RY
PARAMETER BER
UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY Maximum Temperature JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN 30 18 27 22 26 27 27 12 1 2 2 2 27 Day Maximum Temperature 1988 1979 2001 2008 1990 2007 1987 2002 2007 1991 2004 2005 1987 Year Maximum Temperature 21,8 25,2 32,4 33,8 39,3 44,4 44,6 43,8 43,3 37,8 30,7 25,4 44,6 (ºC) Minimum Temperature 2 5 6 10 5 3 5 15 27 30 27 21 5 Day Minimum Temperature 1983 1985 1987 1997 1990 1990 1985 1979 1977 1987 2004 2002 1985 Year Minimum Temperature 4,8 5,2 5 0,8 4,6 8,4 13,6 13,7 9 2 2 3,8 5,2 (ºC)
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station, 19752010 Data.
Figure IV.2.1.2. Graphical Demonstration of Temperature Values
IV.2.1.3. Precipitation Distribution
According to the observation records of Aydın Meteorology Station the annual average total precipitation rate is 629,9 mm. The month when the highest precipitation falls is December with 116,8 mm and the month when the lowest precipitation falls is August with 2,3 mm. The daily maximum precipitation fall is 93,8 mm.
The precipitation data is presented in Table IV.2.1.4 and the graphical demonstration of the values is presented in Figure IV.2.1.3.
29 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Table IV.2.1.4. Long Term Precipitation Data
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL Y RY PARAMETER BER UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN Average of Total 100,3 86,3 70,8 56,5 35,3 13,8 3,3 2,3 10,9 44 89,6 116,8 629,9 Precipitation (mm) Maximum Precipitation (mm) 93,8 54,8 68,2 48,2 92 46 29,3 20,3 31,8 86,9 63,7 80,2 93,8
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station, 19752010 Data.
Figure IV.2.1.3. Graphical Demonstration of Precipitation Values
IV.2.1.4. Relative Humidity Distribution
According to the observation records of Aydın Meteorology Station the annual average relative humidity is %61,7. The highest monthly average relative humidity is in December with % 73,2 and minimum monthly average relative humidity was observed in June and July with % 49,4.
The humidity data is presented in Table IV.2.1.5. and the graphical demonstration of the data is presented in Figure IV.2.1.4.
Table IV.2.1.5. Humidity Data
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL
Y RY
PARAMETERS BER
UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY Average Humidity JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN 71,3 68,5 65,6 62,8 56,8 49,4 49,4 54,4 56,9 63,3 69,3 73,2 61,7 (%) Minimum Humidity 15 15 11 6 7 9 6 9 11 10 12 13 6 (%)
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station, 19752010 Data.
30 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.4. Graphical Demonstration of Minimum and Average Relative Humidity Data
IV.2.1.5. Evaporation Distribution
According to the observation records of Aydın Meteorology Station the annual average open surface evaporation is 1363,1 mm. The daily maximum open surface evaporation was detected as 14,1 mm.
The table and graphic demonstrating the evaporation values of Aydın Province are presented in Table IV.2.1.6. and Figure IV.2.1.5. respectively.
Table IV.2.1.6. The Evaporation Values Obtained from Aydın Meteorology Station
MONTHS
EVAPORATION Y
CONDITIONS BER ARY UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY JANUAR FABRU M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN Average Open Surface 13,2 14,4 35,3 100,3 162,8 224,5 260,6 233,9 164,2 99,5 38,3 16,1 1363,1 Evaporation (mm) Maximum Open Surface 9,4 6,6 7,8 7,8 10,1 13 14,1 13 10,4 7,8 9 5,8 14,1 Evaporation (mm)
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station 19752010 Data.
31 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.5. Graphical Demonstration of Evaporation Data
IV.2.1.6. Counted Days Distribution
According to the observation records of Aydın Meteorology Station the number of annual average snow covered days is 0,6, annual average snow covered days is 0,3. The maximum was observed as 4 cm in January and February. The number of annual average foggy days is 1,1.
The data of numbered days is presented in Table IV.2.1.7 and the graphical demonstration of the data is presented in Figure IV.2.1.7.
Table IV.2.1.7. Data of Counted Days
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL Y BER PARAMETER ARY UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY JANUAR FEBRU M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN Number of Snowy Days 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,6 Number of Snow Covered Days 0,2 0 0 0,1 0,3 Maximum Snow Depth (cm) 4 4 1 2 11 Average Number of Foggy Days 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1 0 0,1 0,1 0,3 1,1 Average Number of Hail Days 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0,1 1,4 Average Number of HoarFrost Days 6,9 5,4 3,3 0,2 0 2,2 4,4 22,4 Ave. Number of Total Thunderstorm 1,9 1,9 2,2 3 3,4 2 0,6 0,6 1,4 2 2,6 2,5 24,1 Days
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station, 19752010 Data.
32 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.6. Graphic of the Numbers of Snow and Snow Covered Days
Figure IV.2.1.7. Graphic of the Number of Foggy, Hail, Hoarfrost and Thunderstorm Days
IV.2.1.7 Wind Distributions
Monthly Average Wind Speed
According to the Aydın Meteorological Station observation records the annual average wind speed is 1,7 m/s.
The monthly average wind speed data is presented in Table IV.2.1.8. and the graphical demonstration of the data is presented in Figure IV.2.1.8.
33 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Table IV.2.1.8. Wind Distribution Values of Aydın Meteorology Station
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL Y RY BER PARAMETER UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN Average Wind Speed (m/s) 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station 19752010 Data
Figure IV.2.1.8. Graphic of Monthly Average Wind Speed and Maximum Wind Speed
Direction and Speed of the Highest Blowing Wind
According to the Aydın Meteorological Station observation records the direction of the maximum wind is NNE (northnortheast) with 21,4 m/s.
The data of the direction and speed of the highest blowing wind is presented in Table IV.2.1.9. and the graphical demonstration of the maximum wind speed is presented in Figure IV.2.1.9.
Table IV.2.1.9. Data of the Direction and Speed of the Highest Blowing Wind
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL Y RY PARAMETER BER UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM ANN Maximum Wind 20,7 21,1 16,2 15,5 17,8 21,4 18,8 20,6 15,4 16,5 15,2 17,6 21,4 Speed (m/s) Direction of Maximum W W ENE WSW W NNE E E SSW W ESE ESE NNE Wind
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station 19752010 Data.
34 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.9. Graphical Demonstration of the Maximum Wind Speed
Number of the Days with Strom and Strong Wind
According to the Aydın Meteorological Station observation records the annual average storm days is 0,5. And the number of annual average strong wind days is 26,5.
Data of the storm and strong wind days is presented in Table IV.2.1.10. and the graphical demonstration of the data is presented in Figure IV.2.1.10.
Table IV.2.1.10. Data of the Number of Storm and Strong Wind Days
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL
Y RY
PARAMETER BER
UST UAL TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY Average Storm Days 0,2JANUAR 0,1FEBRUA M APRIL 0 M 0,1JUNE 0,1JULY 0 AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO 0 DECEM 0,5ANN
Average Strong Wind 2,5 3 2,6 1,6 1,6 2,1 3,5 2,9 1,8 0,9 1,8 2,2 26,5 Days
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station 19752010 Data.
35 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.10. Graphic of Storm and Strong Wind Days
Annual, Seasonal and Monthly Wind Direction Distribution
According to the Aydın Meteorological Station observation records the average speed and number of blowing of the winds according to the directions are presented in Table IV.2.1.11 and the annual wind diagram according to the blowing numbers of the winds are presented in Figure IV.2.1.11.
Table IV.2.1.11. Average Speeds and Blowing Number Sums of the Winds according to the Directions
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL Y RY ANNUAL PARAMETER BER UST TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY DIRECTION JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM
N Sum of Blowing Numbers 476 594 585 477 512 738 663 483 353 403 488 590 6362 N Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 0,8 1 1 1,1 1,3 1,6 1,9 1,7 1,2 1 0,8 0,8 2,1 NNE Sum of Blowing Numbers 867 831 680 575 558 630 815 532 477 636 798 895 8294 NNE Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 0,8 1 0,9 1 1 1,4 1,8 1,5 1,3 0,8 0,8 0,8 2,0 NE Sum of Blowing Numbers 795 600 507 416 384 470 380 342 409 558 829 916 6606 NE Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 1,2 1,4 1,1 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,6 ENE Sum of Blowing Numbers 3626 2838 2331 1930 1630 1585 1375 1284 1786 2757 3334 4126 28602 ENE Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,2 1,3 1,2 1 1 1,1 1 0,9 1 1 1,1 1,3 2,5 E Sum of Blowing Numbers 8033 6198 5807 4818 4483 3846 3427 4089 4803 5955 7812 8735 68006 E Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,7 1,7 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,6 1,7 3,2 ESE Sum of Blowing Numbers 5752 4736 4535 3665 3209 2563 3036 3074 3288 4230 4637 5369 48094 ESE Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,7 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7 3,4 SE Sum of Blowing Numbers 1024 914 866 820 795 818 816 753 608 595 785 894 9688 SE Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,4 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1 1 0,9 0,9 1 1,2 1,4 2,7 SSE Sum of Blowing Numbers 414 441 441 501 415 415 574 456 358 372 323 353 5063 SSE Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,9 1 2,3 S Sum of Blowing Numbers 244 240 295 374 282 307 392 341 270 217 211 216 3389 S Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,1 1 1 0,9 0,9 0,9 1 0,9 1,8 SSW Sum of Blowing Numbers 297 387 489 506 486 474 720 623 515 356 293 261 5407
36 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
MONTHS
METEOROLOGICAL Y RY ANNUAL PARAMETER BER UST TOBER VEMBER ARCH AY DIRECTION JANUAR FEBRUA M APRIL M JUNE JULY AUG SEPTEMBER OC NO DECEM
SSW Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 0,8 1 1,1 1,2 1,2 1 1,1 1,2 1 0,9 0,9 0,9 1,8 SW Sum of Blowing Numbers 315 400 574 678 744 823 942 1149 863 534 346 281 7649 SW Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 0,9 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,4 1,4 1,3 0,9 0,9 0,8 1,7 WSW Sum of Blowing Numbers 1011 1251 1831 1902 1793 2104 3176 3356 2821 1987 1143 762 23137 WSW Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,1 1,2 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 1,7 1,3 1 0,9 1,1 W Sum of Blowing Numbers 1264 1558 2668 3076 4059 4097 4185 4715 3928 2970 1513 936 34969 W Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,2 1,3 1,7 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,1 1,6 1,1 1,1 1,7 WNW Sum of Blowing Numbers 1250 1833 3184 3874 4699 4366 4365 3903 3830 3325 1701 1166 37496 WNW Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1,1 1,3 1,6 1,8 1,9 2 1,9 1,9 1,8 1,4 1,1 1 2,1 NW Sum of Blowing Numbers 529 631 949 1150 1328 1358 815 759 728 863 662 472 10244 NW Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 1 1,1 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,8 1,8 1,4 1,4 1,1 1 0,9 2,1 NNW Sum of Blowing Numbers 698 854 933 1054 1065 1172 868 578 617 692 796 655 9982 NNW Average Speed of Wind (m/s) 0,8 1 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,4 1,3 0,9 0,9 0,8 2,2
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station 19752010 Data.
Figure IV.2.1.11. Annual Wind Diagram according to the Numbers of Blowing Wind,
According to the Aydın Meteorological Station observation records the primary prevailing wind direction is E (east) and the secondary prevailing wind direction is ESE (eastsoutheast) and tertiary prevailing wind direction is WNW (westnorthwest).
Annual wind diagram according to the average wind speeds is presented in Figure IV.2.1.12.
37 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.12. Annual Wind Diagram according to the Average Wind Speed,
According to the Aydın Meteorological Station observation records the sums of the seasonal blowing numbers of the wind are presented in Table IV.2.1.12, seasonal wind diagrams according to blowing numbers are presented in IV.2.1.13. and the monthly wind diagrams according to the numbers of blows are presented in Figure IV.2.1.15.
Table IV.2.1.12. Seasonal Blowing Sums of Wind according to Directions
METEOROLOGICAL WINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN PARAMETER N Sum of Blowing Numbers 1660 1574 1884 1244 NNE Sum of Blowing Numbers 2593 1813 1977 1911 NE Sum of Blowing Numbers 2311 1307 1192 1796 ENE Sum of Blowing Numbers 10590 5891 4244 7877 E Sum of Blowing Numbers 22966 15108 11362 18570 ESE Sum of Blowing Numbers 15857 11409 8673 12155 SE Sum of Blowing Numbers 2832 2481 2387 1988 SSE Sum of Blowing Numbers 1208 1357 1445 1053 S Sum of Blowing Numbers 700 951 1040 698 SSW Sum of Blowing Numbers 945 1481 1817 1164 SW Sum of Blowing Numbers 996 1996 2914 1743 WSW Sum of Blowing Numbers 3024 5799 9353 3130 W Sum of Blowing Numbers 3758 9803 12997 8411 WNW Sum of Blowing Numbers 4249 11757 12634 8856 NW Sum of Blowing Numbers 1632 3427 2932 2253 NNW Sum of Blowing Numbers 2207 3052 2618 2105
Source: Aydın Meteorology Station 19752010 Data.
38 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.13. Seasonal Wind Diagram According to Blowing Numbers
Figure IV.2.1.14. Seasonal Wind Diagram According to Average Wind Speeds
39 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.1.15. Monthly Wind Diagram According to Blowing Numbers
Figure IV.2.1.16. Monthly Wind Diagram According to Average Wind Speed
40 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
The closest Meteorology Station to Germencik and Incirliova Districts is the Aydın Meteorology Station and the largest rainfall values observed in the standard periods and the rainintensitydurationrepetitioncurves were taking the approval of Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs, General Directorate of State Meteorology and presented in the appendices (Rfr. App9).
IV.2.2. Geological properties
IV.2.2.1. Regional geology, general geology map of the region with scale 1/25.000, stratigraphic column cross-sections,
The oldest formation is Palaeozoic aged gneiss belonging to Menderes Massive outcropping in the project and surrounding area. Palaeozoic metamorphic, those rocks consist of augengneiss, gneiss schist, quartzite, micaschist and marble formations from bottom to top, constitute the base of these rocks. Plioquaternary aged continental, lagoon sediments come over this metamorphic unit with angular conformity. Pliocene sediments, these continental and lacustrine sediments, which cover the base, consist of conglomerate, sandstone, claystone, limestone marn and siltstone intercalations. Quaternary slope washes and alluvial deposits constitute the youngest formation of the study field and they take place over the older units disconcordantly.
The tension created by Menderes Massive uprising after Pliocene era lead to formation of graben in eastwest direction in the region. Magma intrusions penetrating into massive and graben cause formation of the geothermal energy system in fault and fracture zones confining graben. Main structures are Babadağ horst, Büyük Menderes graben, Buldan horst, Gediz graben and Yenice horst aligned from south to east. (Şimşek, Ş., 2008, Study Report of Reserve Preservation Area of Aydın Germencik Geothermal Zone).
Geological units in project and surrounding area and their lithological properties are presented in Section IV.2.2.2. from oldest to youngest. Generalized stratigraphic column crosssection belonging to project and surrounding area is presented in Figure IV.2.2.1.1. and also 1/25.000 scale geological map is available in Appendices (Rfr. App7).
41 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Figure IV.2.2.1.1. The Generalized Stratigraphical ColumnCrosssection of the Project Area and Surrounding Source: Şimşek, Ş., 2008
IV.2.2.2. Geology of project area, large scale of the investigation area (1/25.000 or 1/5.000 if available) geological map of study area and cross- sections of the units in the scope of the project, map scales and legends should be suitable with the ones in text, positive or negative exaggerrations done should be shown in linear scale, preparation of geological maps and cross-sections suitable to mapping techniques, detailing geological information suitable to format)
All powerhouse areas in the scope of the project are located within Büyük Menderes graben in the region on alluvial deposits covering large areas. Alluvial deposits are the youngest formation in the field of study. While alluvial deposits consist of loosely compacted blocks, gravel, sand and clay; slope washes, that are randomly stacked and containing clasts belonging to lithological units in feeding ground, withhold blocks rolling over the fault plane and having tons of weight.
42 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT
Graben at the north of powerhouse areas in the region are constituted of Gneiss constituting the base of Paleozoic aged Menderes massive and loosely compacted conglomerate, sandstone, loam strata developed compatibly with rapid development of Plioquaternary aged Büyük Menderes graben.
AG2011/2 hot water drilling has been carried our by MRE at 4 km east of Germencik in order to research southern continuity of present geothermal system around Germencik district of Aydın province and contribute to national economy in the scope of Geothermal Energy Research Project in Aydın and Surroundings in 2011. Holocene aged alluvial sediments are cut between 0152 m, Pleistocene aged conglomerateclaystone between 152377 m, Pliocene aged conglomeratesandstoneclaystonesiltstone intercalation between 3771236 m, Miocene aged clayey sandstonesandstoneclaystone low conglomerate between 12361744, and Paleozoic aged calcschist graphite schist chlorite schist between 17442200 m in the borehole with total depth 2200 m. The log belonging to socalled MRE AG2011/2 drilling is given in Figure IV.2.2.1.2.
Geological units and lithological properties of the project and surrounding area are presented below. Generalized stratigraphic column crosssection belonging to project and surrounding area is presented in Figure IV.2.2.2.1.1., and 1/25.000 geological map in appendices (Rfr. App7).
Stratigraphy
Palaeozoic
The oldest formations observed in Germencik Region are Paleozoic aged metamorphites belonging to Menderes Massive. These metamorphites that are composed of several gneiss, quartzite, calcschist, chlorite, biotite, muscovite schist, and marbles are subjected to metamorphism in almandineamphibolite and green schist facies.
Metamorphites in project area are composed of different rocks according to chemistry, type, environment and facies of source rock and degree of metamorphism that they are subjected to. They are transitional with each other in lateral and vertical directions. General sequence seen in the area is in the form of several gneiss, several schist, quartzite, marble and schist intercalations starting from bottom.
Gneiss (Pgny): Gneiss constituting the base of Menderes massive is seen Koçarlı Horst in south of the region and also in Kızılcagedik Horst and Bozköy Horst in north.
This formation, which is composed of mostly paragneiss, shows varieties according to composition of source rock and degree of metamorphism. Accordingly, they are named as gneiss, spotted gneiss, albite gneiss.
Some gneiss types are easily defined by coarse feldspar porphyroblasts; and they are named as augengneiss. They are hard, sharp fractured, and jointed. In stratigraphic sequence, it is detected that gneiss coming out due to drift developed before Miocene except from gneiss constituting the base in the region shows same metamorphic properties with gneiss body in the base. This gneiss coming out with this drift on schist and marble are called as “allochthonous” gneiss. The crosssection seen in Bozköy is typical. This crosssection is also seen in north section of Arzular and B. Menderes Graben. It has been the first formation cut under Neogene cover in drillings performed in Ömerbeyli (Şimşek, Ş., 2008, Study Report of Reserve Preservation Area of Aydın Germencik Geothermal Zone).
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Marble (Pmr): Marbles, determined as the most important lithological unit constituting II. reservoir in Germencik geothermal area, give outcrop in Bozköy Horst, Gümüşdağı and Samsundağı. The thicknesses of marbles in the region especially around Söke are between 50500.
Marbles within schist could be seen as a single thick layer, they are generally seen in intercalations with schist, as calcschist and in a few layers as well. Marble and marble intercalated schist and calcschist layer are intersected between 1001000 m in the opened wells. Thick marble layers are generally white, grey, and coarse and fine crystallized, mica lamellar, and abundantly jointed. Intercalated layers in schist are white, grey, and coarse and fine crystallized, mica lamellar, brittle, abundantly jointed, and mediumthin definitively layered (Şimşek, Ş., 2008, Study Report of Reserve Preservation Area of Aydın Germencik Geothermal Zone).
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Figure IV.2.2.1.2. AydınGermencik MRE AG2011/2 Geothermal Borehole Log
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Schist (Pmş): Several schists come over gneiss constituting the base after gneiss, quartzite, and micaschist transition. Lateral and vertical transitions are observed in this formation composed of several schists. They commonly give outcrops in Koçarlı Horst and Bozköy horst. The layers defined as micaschist mainly consist of garnet, albite, biotite, chlorite, calcschist and phillites according to carried out petrographic analysis. Phillite and calcschist are common in top layers. It covers marble zones in various layers and thicknesses.
Thicknesses of schist are more than 2000 m. The formation constituted of dark brown, black quartzite, graphiteschist and marble intercalation seen in top layers of marble is typical. Top zones of second reservoir in the site have been developed within this formation. As the result of the conducted tests it is seen that sufficient efficiency could not be taken from the opened wells.
Green schists formed by metamorphism of rocks with basic and ultrabasic origin are present between micaschists in NW of Söke. They are dark green, blackish, light green in some places, fractured and jointed (Şimşek, Ş., 2008, Study Report of Reserve Preservation Area of Aydın Germencik Geothermal Zone).
Cenozoic
Plio-Quaternary
PlioQuaternary and Quaternary aged sediments are common in the project area as Neogene aged sedimentary rocks.
Hüseyinciler Formation (Tph)
Clay and loam layers and lenses are seen from place to place in the formation that is developed compatibly with rapid development of Büyük Menderes graben and that is composed of yellowish, poorly sorted, coarsely blocked and graveled, loosely compacted conglomerate, sandstone intercalation. Lithology is the product of typical gully; and they are transitional in lateral and vertical directions. They are common in grabens. The thicknesses are variable and are greater than 500 m in the middle of the graben. The cement in top sections is disintegrable; and gravel and sand bars cover large areas (Şimşek, Ş., 2008, Study Report of Reserve Preservation Area of Aydın Germencik Geothermal Zone).
Quaternary
Alluvial Deposits (Qal) – Slope Washes (Qym)
Alluvial deposits and slope washes are the youngest formations in the area of research. Alluvial deposits are formed in large areas within Büyük Menderes graben. These alluvial deposits are composed of loosely compacted blocks, gravels, sands and clays; and have thicknesses up to 250400 m.
Slope washes are observed along the fault zone constituting northwest edge of Büyük Menderes Graben. There are also blocks having tons of weight and rolling over the fault plane within these deposits that are randomly stacked and containing clasts belonging to lithological units in feeding ground. They are general horizontal and sometimes inclined in line with topography (Şimşek, Ş., 2008, Study Report of Reserve Preservation Area of Aydın Germencik Geothermal Zone).
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IV.2.2.3. Mass movements (landslide/debris flow), sensitivity analysis, landslide risk map, lanslide-precipitation relationship
In the scope of the project all of the powerhouse areas and surroundings are located on alluvial deposits covering large and plain areas where topographical slopes are very low (05%) in the region within Büyük Menders graben. Furthermore; as it is indicated in soil investigation report prepared for Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plant planned in Germencik District previously, there are no decisions of the area subjected to disasters taken by the Ministry Cabinet according to the Law No: 7269 in the region covering project areas. Topographical elevations where potential mass movements could be observed are approximately in 23.5 km distance to northwest of the region where project areas are located. Therefore, natural disasters like landslides, rock falls except from earthquakes are not expected in project area.
IV.2.2.4 Slope stability for the areas within the project area, map showing slide movements in slopes, slide analysis (it should be applied even in case of presence of excavation waste),
As it is explained above in Section IV.2.2.3. and it is illustrated in Figure IV.2.2.3.1 in the scope of the project all powerhouse areas and surroundings are located on alluvial deposits covering quite large and plain areas where topographical slopes are very low in the region within Büyük Menderes graben. Topographical elevations where potential mass movements could be observed in the region are in approximately 23.5 km distance in northwest of the region where project areas are located. Therefore, any cuts or slopes will not be formed in construction stage for powerhouse areas planned on a quite flat area; and there are no conveniences for socalled areas in terms of slope stability.
IV.2.2.5. Seismicity and potential of natural disaster, preparation of active/present fault map in detail in a manner showing especially project area and adjacent area in suitable scale (1/25.00 or if available 1/100.000) and chronological information concerning sesimicity,
Natural Disaster Status
In the scope of the project all powerhouse areas and surroundings are located on alluvial deposits covering quite large and plain areas where topographical slopes are very low (05 %) in the region within Büyük Menders graben. Furthermore; as it is indicated in soil investigation report prepared for Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plant planned in Germencik District previously, there are no decisions of the area subjected to disasters previously taken by the Ministry Cabinet according to the Law No: 7269 in the region covering project areas. Topographical elevations where potential mass movements could be observed in the region are in approximately 23.5 km distance in northwest of the region where project areas are located.
While there are no surface waters with continuous flow passing through the planned powerhouse areas, surface waters in the region are located in 0.51.4 km distance with powerhouse areas. There are 56 m elevation difference between Çamurluılıca stream passing right north of Efe3 power plant and the powerhouse. Surface and ground waters in the region are taken under control by drainage and irrigation channels; and all are emptied into Büyük Menderes passing approximately 7 km southwards. Therefore, natural disasters like landslides, rock falls, avalanches, and floods except from earthquakes are not expected in the project area.
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Seismicity
Project area is located within 1. Degree Seismic Zone according to “Map of Seismic Zones of Turkey” of Abrogated Ministry of Public Works and Settlement. Seismicity map of Aydın Province is presented in Figure IV.2.2.5.1. Our country, that is one of the most complicated regions in the Earth and drawing attention due to high seismic activities, is located between African and Arabian Plates at South moving towards north and northwest and Eurasian Plate at North. When the movement of Anatolian Plate that is compelled towards west by compression of these plates is tried to be constrained by Aegean Plate; expansions in northsouth directions and Aegean graben systems have been developed.
Aydın Province is located in Menderes Graben. Therefore the area of investigation is under the effect of Büyük Menderes Fault that has formed Menderes Graben and is currently active. It is inferred that Alpine movements are still continuing and creating earthquakes in the project area where there are numerous active faults easily observed along Büyük Menderes Graben, where there are several hot water resources and natural steam outburst and young alterations are observed. Seismic zones are completely in east west directions in accordance with young tectonic structure.
It is known that there have occurred several earthquakes in Germencik region since from historical ages. 136 large scale earthquakes (M>5) were recorded between 1913 1970. It is reported that there is 2,4 cm/year movement rate in average (Sipahioğlu, 1979). It is seen that just a few of 136 earthquakes varies between 60100 km in depth. This result shows that the resource is present within the crust in most of the earthquakes.
Büyük Menderes Graben preserves its character of being a potential seismic activity zone again in future, since north section of Büyük Menderes Graben is a zone where vertical tectonic movements continue. These data also show that geothermal potential in the region is significant.
It is known that the region had been subjected to earthquakes and several settlement areas had been ruined in historical ages. There had been a large scale earthquake in Aydın in 1653, and a subsidence in plain sections of the city was observed in the earthquake, and inflections occurred in rails due to the faults crossing railways. The earthquake occurred in 1653 had brought forth large damages in Nazilli, Kuyucak, Sultanhisar and Köşk districts out of Aydın centrum; and there were ground cracks and water flushes occurred. There was an epicentric earthquake in Nazilli in 1899 and had been several life and property losses, there were faults with total lengths up to 50 km in parallel to axis of Büyük Menderes depression.
In instrumental period; there have been earthquakes of magnitude 5 in İncirliova, Kuyucak, Buharkent, Pamukören, Nazilli, İsabeyli and Yenipazar, and of magnitude 6 in Bozdoğan, Çine, Koçarlı, Sarıkemer, Didim, Güllübahçe, Bağarası and Sultanhisar in districts and towns out of city centrum.
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Project 1.degree
Area 2.degree
3.degree
4.degree
5.degree
Seismicity Research Department Ankara
Figure IV.2.2.5.1. Seismicity Map of Aydın Province
Source: www.deprem.gov.tr
All construction operations in the scope of the project will be performed in accordance with “Regulation on Buildings to be Constructed in Earthquake Zones” enacted by the Official Gazette No: 26454 and published on 06.03.2007 and the terms of the regulation concerning amendments in this Regulation enacted by the Official Gazette No: 26511 and published on 03.05.2007.
The earthquakes records from 1900 to today occurred around the project area with magnitude of 5 and greater (M≥5) are presented in Table IV.2.2.5.1. The earthquakes recorded in Aydın and surroundings with magnitudes 4 and greater (M≥4) are also shown in Figure IV.2.2.5.2.
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Project Area
Figure IV.2.2.5.2. The Earthquakes Recorded in the Project Area and Whose Magnitudes Are Higher Than 5
Source: www.sayisalgrafik.com.tr
Table IV.2.2.5.1. Large Earthquakes Recorded in Aydın Province and Surrounding (M≥5)
Time Depths Date Latitude Longitude Magnitude (GMT) (km) 11.10.1986 09:00 37.94 28.56 5 5.4 23.03.1969 21:11 37.90 27.60 0 5.0 07.05.1966 13:08 37.75 27.79 9 5.4 04.05.1966 21:49 37.74 27.71 37 5.2 16.07.1955 07:07 37.65 27.26 40 6.8 01.05.1954 15:24 37.88 27.39 30 5.1 28.09.1920 15:17 37.89 28.35 10 5.7 13.11.1918 10:13 37.80 27.30 35 5.2 07.08.1910 21:45 37.80 28.70 30 5.3 08.03.1908 02:00 37.80 27.80 15 5.0
Source: Kandilli Records
Western Turkey comprises one of the structural elements of AlpineMediterranean Belt. There are two large Paleotectonic units called as MenderesTaurus Block in south and Sakarya Plate at north, in west of Western Turkey. These units are separated from the other by İzmirAnkara branch of NeoTethys suture zone. It is believed that settlement of ophiolites determining Suture zone had been occurred during PalaeoceneSub Eocene age before final collision of MenderesTaurus Block with Sakarya Plate.
Western Turkey is a stress zone since approximately Late EocenePliocene ages. Several geological features like mainly graben systems in eastwest directions, young volcanism, and high seismicity are the result of this stress.
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Graben systems continue through Aegean Sea at the west and constrained by the North Anatolian Fault at the north and the Hellenic Trench at the south. Büyük Menderes Graben where Büyük Menderes River flows on a subsidence zone having 180 km length in eastwest direction, 12 km width in Germencik, constrained by normal faults. Normal fault segment with 40 km extension in eastwest directions and others at 3 km north of Germencik are active in terms of seismicity.
Young volcanic rocks formed after Up Pliocene had served as heating of waters; hot waters uprising along deep faults, and are partially reserved directly or partially reserved in marbles and recrystalline limestone or aroused as springs in fault zones.
Büyük Menderes Massive has been formed by subsidence of edges of earlier massive by regional faults. PlioQuaternary aged formation takes place on Paleozoic aged gneiss in the base after a large stratigraphic void with an angular disconformity. There are numerous faults present in the region. These faults extend along EastWest direction and developed in parallel to each other. Faults are mostly dipslip normal faults.
Compression tectonics had been effective in massive before Neogene, as a result drifts have been developed. Gneiss has taken place on marblequartzite intercalation constituting top layers of metamorphic by Bozköy drift. Later on, this drift is covered by young Pliocene sediments.
Domed uprise started especially in Up Pliocene in Menderes Massive is resulted in horsts and grabens in eastwest direction. These are Koçarlı Horst, Büyük Menderes Graben and Bozdağ horst respectively from south. Furthermore, Kızılgedik horst in north of Germencik district, Arzular graben in north of this horst, Durmuşdağı horst at the north of Söke district and Gümüş graben are formed within Büyük Menderes graben.
There are cleavages in various directions in the region. These are determined as eastwest, northeastsouthwest and northsouth oriented. They are seen as especially eastwest oriented around Germencik district. Northsouth oriented cleavages are relatively shorter slipped and are seen throughout the region. Cleavages formed in both directions intersect around Germencik. Active fault map belonging to project and surrounding area is presented in Figure IV.2.2.5.3.
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Project Area
Figure IV.2.2.5.3. Active Faults Map of the Project Area and Surrounding
Source: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration ,1992
IV.2.2.6. Geotechnical study report, if available (detailed geotechnical studies of all units in the scope of the project),
There is no geotechnical study report from planned areas in the scope of the project. However there is one geotechnical study report prepared for Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plant of that EIA studies had been completed previously at 1.52 km north powerhouse areas on the same alluvial planes in the region. Therefore a large section of geotechnical study report conducted on same alluvial planes close to planned powerhouse areas has nearly the same geotechnical properties with the project area.
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6 soil investigation drill holes with total length of 105 m and varying thicknesses between 1520 are opened in order to determine geological and geotechnical parameters of the soil in the region in the scope of socalled geotechnical study report. Light brown colored, poorly graded medium graveled, silted sand formation is cut in all drillings. Gravels are generally mediumcoarse grained, poorly sorted, round, medium rounded grained, and flat or semicornered in some places; and consist of gneiss, mica schist, several clay schist, quartzite and marbles of crystalline series.
Safe bearing value, qa is calculated as 2.18 kg/cm2 for alluvial ground as the result of field (SPT) and laboratory tests conducted on samples taken during drillings and from drill cores.
IV.2.3. Hydrogeological Properties (ground water levels; all types of caisson, deep, artesian etc. wells that are still present; safe drawing rates; physical, chemical and bacteriological properties of water; current and planned usage of ground water, flowrates, distances to project area)
The most important underground treasure of Aydın is geothermal energy resource. GermencikÖmerbeyli geothermal field, together with presence of various regions, is the geothermal energy field having the highest temperature with 230°C in Turkey. Furthermore, it is the richest geothermal field in terms of potential. Paleozoic aged Menderes Massive Metamorphites constitute the base of the area in close surrounding of hot water resource. There are gneiss and micaschist present at the base of Menderes Massive. Tertiary sediments take place on the base with a stratigraphic void space. Tertiary Sediments start with Up Miocene aged conglomerate and sandstone and continues with claystone, siltstone intercalation. Pliocene sediments with conglomerate, sandstone, claystone and siltstone intercalation take place on Up Miocene and there are very loosely compacted PlioQuaternary sediments at the top.
Gneiss belonging to the base takes place on marble, micaschist and phillite intercalation constituting the top section of metamorphites through Bozköy drift depending on compressive tectonics in the Massive before Miocene. All units fractured by graben formation developed at this phase gained secondary porosity and permeability by the effect of dipslip faults extending up to 100 m. At that time, precipitation of Tertiary sediments has been realized. Very fractured marbles and sandstones, gneiss and other formations near the fault zones in the region could play the reservoir role.
There is abundant ground water in wide alluvial plane where Büyük Menderes River is present that represents the south of the project area. There is also free ground water in riverbeds reaching to this plain and in alluvial fans through the plains. There are cold water plants operating in a few levels in Büyük Menderes alluvial plain. There are no ground waters encountered in drillings conducted with depths of 1520 m in geotechnical studies mentioned previously in Section IV.2.2.6. in the region. However there is ground water encountered in drilling operations with depths 3540 m in other drilling studies conducted in the region.
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IV.2.4. Properties of geothermal resource (Potential, level of the geothermal resource; relationship with other geothermal resources/field in the region, safe drawing rate),
Table IV.2.4.1. Distance of Efe Geothermal Power Plant to Neighbouring Geothermal Resources
Units Direction Distance to Gürmat Geothermal Power Plant (m) Unit1 Flash+ Unit2 Binary 1.834 Northwest Unit3 Binary East 2.400
Unit4 Binary Northeast 2.825
Unit5 Binary Northwest 4.300
The distance of socalled power plant to neighbouring power plane is given above.
Geothermal potential report prepared by applying Monte Carlo Simulation by related academician of Middle East Technical University is given in Appendices (Rfr. App1.6).
There is an energy potential of 250,21 MWe in case of anticipating life of power plant as 30 years with 90% probability as the result of this study. When the life of power plant is anticipated as 20 years with 90% probability, the energy potential of reservoir is expected as 369,26 MWe. In the safest condition (30 years and 90% probability), electrical potential of the reservoir is accepted as 250,21 MW, however energy potential of operational area is anticipated as 180 MWe by taking 72% of this potential in order to stay in much more safer side.
A license application is done with 162,5 MWe by leaving a factor of safety through the light of these data. Energy capacity estimated by applying Monte Carlo Simulation will be confirmed by development wells to be opened in the license area in operation stage.
IV.2.5 Other geothermal resources present in the region and utilization status of them (energy, tourism, warming-heating, greenhousing etc.), production wells and temperature of geothermal water,
Most important geothermal areas in the region where the powerhouse is planned to be established are Ömerbeyli, Bozköy and Çamurlu geothermal areas. The distances to area planned to establish the project are 2 km (Ömerbeyli), 16,5 km (Bozköy) and 15 km (Çamurlu) respectively. It is known that there is fumarole (steam spring) with temperature of 99101°C in the region where ground water is hot around Ömerli village. Temperature of Bozköy thermal spring is 62°C and flow rate is 2 lt/sec; temperature of Çamurlu thermal spring is 3692°C and flow rate is 1,5 lt/sec.
While there are usages of Ömerbeyli geothermal spring in purpose of energy generation, urban heatingcooling, greenhouse heating, drying (fig, grape), thermal spa and thermal baths; BozköyÇamurlu Geothermal springs are used in purposes of thermal spa, thermal baths and greenhouse heating.
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IV.2.6 Hydrogeological properties (physical, chemical, bacteriological and ecologic properties of lake, river and other wetlands among surfacial water resources, flow rates and seasonal changes of rivers in this scope, overflows, oligotrophic, mosotrophic, eutrophic, dystrophic classification of drainage basin, sedimentation, drainage, coastal ecosystem of all water resources),
Project area is located within Büyük Menderes Basin that is one of water basins generally separated in Turkey. The most important surface waters in the region covering powerhouse areas are Alangüllü stream, Çamurluılıca stream, Büyük Menderes River and irrigation and drying channels in the region. The distances of closest surface waters to powerhouse areas can be listed as; Alangüllü stream flows into Büyük Menderes River at the south passing through 1.4 km west of Efe 12 powerhouse area and 800 m east of Efe4 powerhouse. Çamurluılıca stream reaches to Büyük Menderes by passing through 550 m west of Efe4 powerhouse while passing immediate east of Efe3 powerhouse. Efe 5 is the most distant powerhouse to surface waters mentioned above; and Yalkıdere drying channel passes through 3 km east and irrigation channel passes through 2.5 km south. Büyük Menderes River, which is the most important surface water in the region, passes through 7 km south of the area where it is planned to establish the powerhouses. The closest powerhouse to Hıdırbeyli Dam constructed for irrigation purposes in the region is Efe3 powerhouse. Hıdırbeyli Dam is located at approximately 2 km north of Efe 3 powerhouse.
Büyük Menderes River: Büyük Menderes River has a length of 584 km and is the longest in Aegean Region. It comes out from springs leaking from plateaus between Sandıklı and Dinar in Inner West Anatolia and around Çivril and Honaz (Denizli). It is fed by the waters that fill Işıklı Lake.
It flows to Aegean Sea by taking in Banaz Stream in Uşak and Çine Stream in Muğla and giving its name to a basin of 24976 km2 of area. The length in Aydın province is 283 km. The river formed an alluvial plain of 320 km2 by carrying 13 million m3 of alluvial deposits in each year. Agricultural land with an area of 200 he is covered with alluvial deposits in each year and land with area of 2000 ha is subjected to overflows in each year. Numerous tributary rivers feed the river. Monthly lowest average flow rate in Germencik is 27,8 m3/sec and the highest average flow rate is 280 m3/sec.
IV.2.7. Current and planned use of surface waters, properties of basin if available (drinking, using and irrigation water, electricity generation, dams, lakes, ponds, product types and production rates in aquacultural production), whether the project area is within inner continental surface water basin where drinking and using water is supplied, whether so-called stream is feeding any drinking water resource, whether drinking water is taken,
There are Büyük Menderes River, Çine Stream, Akçay, Köşk Stream, İkizdere, Dandalaz Stream, Kapızdere and Sarıçay present among important water resources that are usable for energy, irrigation or drinking water purposes within the boundaries of Aydın province. The closest powerhouse to Hıdırbeyli Dam constructed for irrigation purposes in the region is Efe3 powerhouse. Hıdırbeyli Dam is located at approximately 2 km north of Efe3 powerhouse. Technical properties of Hıdırbeyli Dam are given in Table IV.2.7.1.
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Irrigation in Aydın province is generally managed by state (SHW, Province Special Administration), and SHW has transferred its rights concerning irrigation to Irrigation Unities. The irrigation performed by the community is taken from groundwater water; it is relatively lower than state irrigation. Büyük Menderes River is mostly utilized for irrigational purposes in the region. Pollution in Büyük Menderes River and streams and rivers flowing to it by solid, fluid and gas domestic, urban, agricultural (fertilizers and pesticides) and industrial wastes creates a big problem.
Table IV.2.7.1. Technical Properties of Hıdırbeyli Dam
Location of Pond AydınGermencik Feeding River Çamurlu Ilıca Purpose Irrigation Year of Construction (Start-Finish) 19921998 Body Filling Type Zoned earth filling Body Volume 625 dam3 Storage Capacity 3.52 hm3 Height (from thalweg) 26.5 m Height (from base) 29.5 Irrigation Area 230 ha
Source: SHW 21. Regional Directorate Aydın
Current water usage status, planned and current irrigation facilities located in project and adjacent area are presented in Figure IV.5.1.
Project Area
Figure IV.2.7.1. The Current Water Usage Status, Planned and Current Irrigation Facilities Located in Project and Adjacent Area
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IV.2.8. Properties of soil and usage status (soil structure, land use capability, classication, bearing capacity, slope stability, greasiness, erosion, usage for soil operations, pasture, grassland etc. as natural plant cover),
Soils in the region can be classified under two groups when soil types are considered. These are zonal and azonal soils, formed by the elements like climate, plant cover, and timemass structure those play important role in soil formation; and they can be kept out of these effects. While zonal soils are seen in slope sections, azonal soils are seen flat and broad alluvial plains. Soils forming plains in Aydın province are composed of two sections. These are deep hydromorphic alluvial soils and young soils formed by alluvials.
Aydın province possesses large agricultural lands; these areas are irrigated by Büyük Menderes River. The lands close to Büyük Menderes River are generally composed of 1. Class and Alluvial soils. There are several types of soils in Aydın province; these soils can be listed as alluvial soils (A), colluvial soils (K), chestnut colored soils (C), reddish chestnut colored soils (D), red Mediterranean soils (T), red brown Mediterranean soils (E), regosol soils (L), noncalcareous brown forest soils (N), noncalcareous brown soils (U), rendzinas (R), alluvial coastal marshes (Sv) and poorly drained saltyalkali soils (Hv).
Grasslands and pasture lands in Aydın province is 24.705 he and they constitutes 3% of total lands. Total lands are 831.900 he and 38% of this total area are composed of forestlands. 47% of provincial forests that cover an area of 326.649 he are classified as small forest and 53% is classified as coppice forest.
It is seen that land use capabilities are cultural lands, grassland/pasture, forests, lake and marshes, nonagricultural lands when land distribution of Aydın province is considered. The land information concerning these areas is presented in the table below.
Table IV.2.8.1. Land Distribution of Aydın Province
LAND USE CAPABILITY TYPE AREA (he) %
Cultural Lands 395.494 48 Grassland/Pasture 24.705 3 Forests 319.177 38 Lakes and Marshes 14.271 2 NonAgricultural 78.253 9 Total 831.900 100
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 2010
Unit1 + Unit2 Binary and Unit4 Binary Powerhouse areas are composed of irrigational agricultural lands and Group A (Alluvial) soils according to large soil groups; Unit3 Binary Powerhouse area is composed of olive groves and Group K (Colluvial) soils according to large soil groups; and Unit5 Binary Powerhouse area is composed of gardens and Group A (alluvial soils) according to large soil groups, according to 1/25.000 scaled Land Assets Map (App5) presented in appendices and prepared for Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project.
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IV.2.9. Agricultural lands (whether agricultural areas are present, if present agricultural development project areas, size of irrigated and dry agricultural lands, product patterns and yearly production rates of these, place and economic worth of these products in national agriculture),
Total area of Aydın province is 831.900 he; and 48% (395.494 he) of this land is used as agricultural land. There are vegetative production done in 175.747 (44%) he of agricultural land as irrigational and 219.747 (56%) he as dry.
When general soil structure is considered, agricultural lands have structures of loamy as 59,1%, clayeyloamy as 30,4%, clayey as 9,1% and sandy as 1,4%, in classification done according to saturation percentages. When soil reaction is considered, agricultural lands have structures of acidic as 13,6%, neutral as 28,3% and alkaline as 58,1%. 93,5% of lands where processed agriculture is applied are saltless, 5,1% is mildly salted, 1% is mediumsalted and 0,4% is very salted in terms of soil salinity. There are problems at a degree that could hinder plant development in very salty and mediumsalted soils. When it is evaluated in terms of limeness; 34,5% of agricultural lands in Aydın province is low, 20,4% is medium, 22,67% is calcareous, 17,6% is very calcareous and 4,97% is excessively calcareous.
A large section of agricultural lands is poor in terms of organic matter. Organic matter is very low in 69,6% and low in 30,4% according to average of analysis results. These soils should be fertilized by nitrogenous manure. The role of climatic properties and erosion is great in development of this condition. Application of measures increasing organic matter amount are necessary for continuity and increase in efficiency. It is detected that 63,9% of agricultural lands are poor in terms of phosphorus, 19,3% is mediumrich and 16,8% is rich, in phosphorous determination (acc. to Olsen method) receivable by plants. According to this evaluation, soils showing phosphorous deficiency should be supported by phosphatic fertilizers. Geological structure and climatic conditions of Aydın province lead to excessive potassium deposition in soils. Potassium is detected as low in 0,17% of provincial lands, as medium in 2,7%, as sufficient in 3,9% and as excessive in 93,3%.
Cotton is leading in the most important products grown in both dry and irrigated agricultural conditions. Cereals, olive, fig, citrus fruits, corn, tobacco and vegetables are among the cultivated products, as well. Areas of cultivated plants and the ratio of these areas to total Cultivated Lands are presented in Table IV.2.9.1.
Table IV.2.9.1. Usage of Cultivated Lands in Aydın Province
USAGE OF CULTIVATED RATIO TO CULTIVATED AREA (he) TO TOTAL AREA (%) LANDS LANDS (%) Olive Groves and Orchard 201.888 51,0 24,3 Citrus Fruits 5.366 1,4 0,6 Vineyards 1.754 0,4 0,2 Cereals 70.477 17,8 8,5 Industrial Vegetation 47.305 12,0 5,7 Forage Plants 35.670 9,0 4,3 Vegetable Lands 10.769 2,7 1,3 Other Lands 22.265 5,6 2,7 TOTAL 395.494 100 48
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 2010
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Vegetative production in agricultural lands in Aydın province is separated into two as arable crops and garden plants. Arable crops can be listed as poaceae, forage plants, industrial vegetation and ornamental plants. Poaceae grown in Aydın province, cultivation areas and production rates are presented in the table below.
Table IV.2.7.2. Poaceae Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010
NAME OF PRODUCT CULTIVATION AREA (he) PRODUCTION (ton) Wheat 33.090 184.853 Barley 15.217 47.269 Rye 1.391 2.642 Oat 1.101 2.600
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 2010
Forage plants cultivated in Aydın province can be listed as clover, vetch, sorghum, fodder beet. Cultivation areas and production rates of these plants are presented in Table IV.2.7.3.
Table IV.2.7.3. Forage Plants Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010
NAME OF PRODUCT CULTIVATION AREA (he) PRODUCTION (ton) Clover 9.957 278.457 Vetch 5.895 108.984 Sorghum 47 1.061 Fodder Beet 1.530 72.727
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 2010
Industrial vegetation grown in Aydın province, cultivation areas and production rates are presented in the table below.
Table IV.2.7.4. Industrial Vegetation Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010
NAME OF PRODUCT CULTIVATION AREA (he) PRODUCTION (ton) Cotton 46.706 213.812 Tobacco 4.044 2.345 Corn (Granular) 23.318 297.468 Corn (Output) 207 3.235 Sunflower 23.251 6.589 Sesame 159 144 Potatoes 297 7.324 Peanut 1.579 6.121
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 2010
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There are smallscale plants doing ornamental plants cultivation in Aydın province. Besides, ornamental plant seedlings are grown within the body of Agricultural Faculty of Adnan Menderes University, Municipality and Forestry Operation Directorate and these plants grown are used in landscaping operations.
Fruit growing production, numbers of bearers, and vegetable cultivation areas and production rates in Aydın where garden plants are also grown are presented in the tables below.
Table IV.2.7.5. Fruit Production in Aydın Province in 2010
NAME OF NUMBER OF BEARERS (#) PRODUCTION (ton) PRODUCT Pear 299.492 5.358 Quince 61.259 1.652 Apple 696.163 23.878 Medlar 9.760 117 Japanese Medlar 6.673 119 Plum 276.799 10.792 Apricot 37.290 1293 Cherry 137.177 2.475 Peach 547.189 20.531 Sour Cherry 151.25 327 Wild Apricot 8.570 206 Pistachio 216.320 412 Walnut 130.290 3.984 Almond 81.871 1.346 Chestnut 611.125 18.605 Strawberry (inc. greenhouse 8.347 Da 29.841 cultivation) Fig (Wet) 5.929.372 172.114 Pomegranate 350.050 8.430 Persimmon 2.388 73 Grapes 19.061 18.488 Total Production 238.118 Olive 21.084.568 Table Olive 73.874 Olive Oil 164.244 Lemon 43.885 1.497 Orange 879.004 44.510 Mandarin 787.348 28.743 Bitter Orange 15.771 446 Grapefruit 20.450 504
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 2010
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Table IV.2.7.6. Vegetable Cultivation Areas and Production Rates of Aydın Province in 2010
2008 2009 2010 PRODUCT PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION AREA (ha) AREA (ha) AREA (ha) (ton) (ton) (ton) Cabbage (white) 169 6.381 174 6.529 195 7.516 Cabbage (red) 18 371 19 401 29 601 Celery (rib) 76 1.149 74 1.132 71 1.097 Celery (root) 10 177 13 251 12 238 Lettuce (head) 55 955 49 816 48 808 Lettuce (heart) 156 3.278 156 3.244 169 3.636 Spinach 374 4.000 362 3.809 348 3.722 Scallion 176 5.393 174 5.405 178 5.544 Artichoke 197 2.604 295 3.667 289 3.766 Parsley 21 154 20 148 20 147 Rocket 8 47 7 45 7 50 Pepper weed 8 42 8 43 6 36 Marrow (vegetable) 119 2.643 116 2.500 109 2.279 Marrow (pumpkin) 13 197 15 267 15 267 Cucumber 276 5.870 264 5.249 264 5.224 Aubergine 435 13.024 416 12.498 420 12.485 Gombo 374 2.489 386 2.631 358 2.473 Tomatoes 2400 131.069 2285 88.965 2.558 89.393 Pepper (green, 1.142 25.450 1.179 27.199 1150 26.402 banana) Pepper (bell) 57 1.125 54 1.081 50 992 Pepper (sauceboat) 39 1.190 42 1.240 37 1.145 Watermelon 1.692 69.050 1688 68.690 1.521 55.367 Yellow melon 727 15.899 763 17.170 720 16.104 Bean (green) 265 2.515 254 2.257 257 2.482 Kidney Bean 248 1.435 164 1.281 157 1.227 Peas 219 1.712 220 1.766 198 1.905 Horse bean 184 1.998 183 2.019 164 1836 Cranberry Beans 82 635 91 745 91 764 Garlic 15 190 15 191 16 192 Onion 193 3.801 197 3.972 189 3.813 Cauliflower 289 6.197 357 7.220 385 7.816
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 201
Usage of agricultural pesticides used in agricultural lands in Aydın province according to product groups is presented in the table below.
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Table IV.2.7.7. Pesticide Usage According to Product Groups in 2010
GROUP INSECTICIDE (kg-lt) FUNGICIDE (kg-lt) HERBICIDE (kg-lt) ACARICIDE (kg-lt) Cereals 11.000 2.000 0 0 Forage Plants 15.500 0 0 0 Industrial Vegetation 87.500 1.500 11.000 22.500 Fruits 218.000 22.500 0 3.500 Cıtrus Fruits 57.000 10.500 100 0 Olive 22.500 39.500 0 0 Pistachio 100 0 0 0 Vineyard 29.000 5.500 0 0 Vegetables 53.500 48.400 0 12.000 General Pests 700 0 0 0 Ornamental Plants 750 0 0 0 Weeds 0 0 92.850 0 Hatch Pests 0 100 50 0 Fumigants 450 0 0 0 Total 496.000 13.000 10.4000 38.000 GENERAL TOTAL 768.000
Source: Aydın Governorship, Abrogated Directorate of Province Environment and Forests, Aydın Province Environment Report, 2010
Project area is composed of agricultural lands in 1/100.000 Environmental Plan of AydınMuğlaDenizli Planning Region and Unit1 + Unit2 Binary and Unit4 Binary Powerhouse areas are composed of irrigational agricultural lands and Group A (Alluvial) soils according to large soil groups; Unit3 Binary Powerhouse area is composed of olive groves and Group K (Colluvial) soils according to large soil groups; and Unit5 Binary Powerhouse area is composed of gardens and Group A (alluvial soils) according to large soil groups, according to 1/25.000 Land Assets Map (App5) presented in appendices and prepared for Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project.
Additionally, ownership status and land assets of socalled project area are given in appendices (See App1.4)
There is information collected concerning population of the region living around the project area does what type of agricultural activity in the scope of social researches conducted adjacent area of the project. Houses growing agricultural products cultivate olive, fig, corn, cotton, clover, wheat, bean, pepper, strawberry, aubergine, tomatoes, apple, plum, apricot and barley. Olive (27,2%) and fig (25%) draw attention as being most grown among agricultural products. (See Figure.IV.2.9.1.)
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Figure.IV.2.9.1. Products Obtained from Agricultural Production
IV.2.10 Forest lands (tree types and quantities, sizes of areas covered and shading property, current and planned protection and/or usage purposes, 1/25.000 scale stand map)
Efe Geothermal Power Plant belonging to Burç Real Estate Enterprise and Construction Co. is located within the boundaries of Germencik and İncirliova Districts. Project area has the property of being agricultural land; there are sewn agricultural terrains (olive, fig etc.) from place to place around.
The closest forest area to project area is at a distance of 2 km according to satellite images. Fire precautions will be given importance generally in the scope of the project and necessary kits, tools and equipment will be kept ready at the site for the emergency response. Additionally, in case of a fire in surrounding the equipment and tools supplied at the project sites will be used in fire extinguishing efforts.
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Figure.IV.2.10.1. The Distances of the Powerhouse Areas to Fertile Forest Lands
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BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT IV.2.11. Protection areas (National Parks, Natural Parks, Wetlands, Natural Monuments, Nature Reserve Areas, Wildlife Protection Areas, Biogenetic Rezerve Areas, Biosphere Rezerves, Natural Sites and Monuments, Historical, Cultural Sites, Specially Protected Environment Regions, Specially Protected Environment Areas, Tourism Area and Centers, the area in scope of Pasture Law, illustration of distances to protected areas in an comprehensive manner and colored in 1/100.000 scaled map)
The project is located within the boundaries of Germencik and İncirliova districts in Aydın province. The areas in the scope of “National Parks”, “Natural Parks”, “Natural Monuments” and “Nature Protection Areas” defined in 2. Article and determined according to 3. Article of National Parks Law No: 2873 are presented below.
National Parks:
There is Dilek Peninsula – Büyük Menderes Delta National Park within the boundaries of the province. National Park stays in boundaries of Kuşadası and Söke districts at the west of the province, is located at 50 km to the project area.
Activity Area
Figure IV.2.11.1. Sensitive Areas Located in Aydın Province and Surrounding
Source: http://geodata.dmi.gov.tr/GeoDatav4p/index.aspx
Dilek Peninsula Section is the last point where Samson Mounts extend to Aegean Sea; and has 20 km length and 6 km width. There are several hills, valleys, canyons and bays within the morphological structure. The highest point of the peninsula having an average elevation of 650 m is Dilek Hill (Mykale) with 1237 m elevation. National Park takes its name from this hill. Büyük Menderes Delta Section is a wetland with overflow property covering a few lagoons and salty marshes and mud flats. The area is protected by international Bern, Ramsar and Rio Conventions and Barcelona Convention.
65 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT Natural Parks
There is Bafa Lake Natural Park in Aydın province. SökeMilas highway passes through lake edge. Distance to project area is approximately 75 km.
Wetlands
There are Büyük Menderes Delta and Bafa Lake in the property of being Class A wetlands. Average size of the delta is about 16.675 he. Bafa Lake has an area of 12.281 he. Delta is taken under protection as National Park and Bafa Lake is taken under protected as Natural Park. Azap Lake located near Sarıkemer in Söke district is a natural lake and has an elevation of 6 m and area of 218 he. Protection status is not defined for lake.
Project area is 4,5 km distant from Büyük Menderes Delta and 38,5 km from Bafa Lake.
Natural Monuments
300 years old Cedar wood near Sinan Dede Sepulcher in Nazilli district, Aydın province, 800 years old Plane tree (Platanus orientalis) located near Selatin Village in Ortaklar town, Germencik district are the most remarkable examples accepted as “Monumental Tree” by II. Committee of Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets and other monumental trees are presented as a list below.
Plane Tree Germencik/Ortaklar Selatin Village (Distance to project area is 11,6 km)
Plane Tree İncirliova Front of Erbeyli Municipality Building (Distance to project area is 3,5 km)
2 Plane Trees Incirliova Cumhuriyet Square (Distance to project area is 3 km)
3 Plane Trees İncirliova Near Station Building (Distance to project area is 3 km)
Plane Tree İncirliova Namık Kemal Str. (Distance to project area is 3,4 km)
66 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT Monumental Trees
No Name District Address 1 Palm tree Centrum Hasan Efendi Qtr. 2 Plane tree Köşk / Soğukkuyu Başçayır Str. 3 Oak tree Kuşadası Güzelçamlı Town 4 Plane tree Kuşadası Hacıfeyzullah Qtr. Karaova Locality 5 Oak tree Kuşadası Türkmen Qtr. Birlik Housing Estate 6 Plane tree Kuşadası/Davutlar Saraydamları Locality 7 Lebanon cedar, 2 stone pines Centrum Hasan Efendi Qtr. 8 Plane tree Centrum Kemer Mosque 9 Plane tree Centrum In Front of Erbeyli Municipality Building 10 2 Plane trees Incirliova Cumhuriyet Square 11 Plane tree Germencik/Ortaklar Selatin Village 12 2 Plane trees Centrum Kemer Qtr. Dedekuyusu Locality 13 Plane tree Umurlu 14 3 Plane trees İncirliova Next to Station Building 15 Plane tree İncirliova Namık Kemal Str. 16 Plane tree Umurlu Emirdoğan Village 17 Locust tree Didim Gevrek Locality 18 Dokuzkavaklar (9 plane trees) Karacasu Kahvederesi Locality 19 Nacipınar Planes (2 plane tree) Karacasu Nacipınar Locality 20 Plane tree Kuyucak Aydınoğlu Qtr. Çarşı Mosque 21 Lebanon cedar Nazilli Pınarbaşı Qtr. Hürriyet Str. 22 Iron tree Söke Railway Main Station
Natural Protection Areas
There are no Natural Protection Areas in Aydın province.
Wildlife Protection Areas
There are no Wildlife Protection Areas in Aydın province.
Biogenetic Reserve Areas
There are no Biogenetic Reserve Areas in Aydın province.
Biosphere Reserves
There are no Biosphere Reserve Areas in Aydın province.
Natural Protected Areas and Monuments
In Aydın Province there are monumental trees, religious architectural samples, military building samples and civil architectural samples that are officially registered as single structures. The Cave of Zeus, which was found in the National Park of Güzelçamlı Town and remains within the area of responsibility of Aydın Museum, was registered as a Protected Area.
67 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT Barrows
Series No Name of the Barrows District Registered Unregistered
1 Deştepe Barrow Aydın (Centrum) x 2 Küçüktepe Barrow Centrum x 3 Kızıltaş Hill Çine x 4 Ayaklı Barrow Çine x 5 Tepecik Barrow Çine x 6 Bağçetepe and Çukurtepe Barrow Salavatlı x 7 Kavaklıkahve Barrow Bozdoğan x 8 Üsgebi Barrow Bozdoğan x 9 Alamut Barrow Alamut x 10 Old Çine Fortress and Barrow Çine x 11 Küçüktepe Koçarlı x 12 Tolostepe Koçarlı x
Historical, Cultural Protected Areas
Archaeological Protected Areas
Series No Ancient Settlement- Ruins District Registered Unregistered 1 Nyssa Ancient City Sultanhisar x 2 Mastaura Ancient Village Nazilli x 3 Antiocheia Ancient City Kuyucak x 4 Harpasa Ancient City Nazilli x 5 Neopolis Bozdoğan x 6 Piginda Bozdoğan x 7 Körteke Ruins Körteke Köyü x 8 Astaria Yenipazar x 9 Tralles Aydın (Centrum) x 10 Magnesia Germencik x 11 Phyglea Kuşadası x 12 Neopolis Kuşadası x 13 Rural Protected Area Kuşadası x 14 Ilıcatepe Kuşadası x 15 Kadıkalesi Anaia Kuşadası x 16 Panionion Kuşadası x 17 Amyzon Koçarlı x 18 Alinda Karpuzlu x 19 Alabanda Çine x 20 Gerga Çine x 21 Thebai Söke (In the National Park) x
Tumuluses Connected to Aydın Museum ( Mausoleums )
Series No. Name of Tumulus District Registered Unregistered 1 Güdüslü Koçarlı x 2 Maltepe Yenipazar x 3 Kavaklı Bozdoğan x 4 Kavaklı Bozdoğan x 5 Toygarlar Village Cemetery Nazilli x 6 Toygar Nazilli x 7 Aslanlı Nazilli x 8 Güzelköy Nazilli x 9 Salavatlı South of Salavatlı x 10 Asma Village Bozdoğan x
68 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT Special Environment Protection Regions
There is not any Special Environment Protection Region existing in Aydın Province.
Special Environment Protection Areas
There is not any Special Environment Protection Area existing in Aydın Province.
Touristic Spots and Centres
Aydın Province is one of the richest regions in terms of archaeological heritage in Turkey. Ever since the dates of B.C. 4000 until our days, the province witnessed the Hittites, Lydia, Ion, Roman, Byzantium, Ottoman and Turkish civilisations. As the result of this cultural heritage the ancient settlements and museums that can be found in the city have a great importance with regard to the domestic and international tourism. These ancient settlements that hide diverse sorts of archaeological values in themselves can be listed as below;
Ruins District Aphrodisias Karacasu Nyssa Sultanhisar Alinda Çine Milet Söke Miletos Söke Priene Söke Didyma Yenihisar
-Aphrodisias:
It is settled 12 km to the east of Karacasu District, in the vicinity of Geyre Village and to the northeast of Karya Region. In Hellenistic Era, the history of the city, whose name is derived from the Greek Goddess Aphrodite, goes back to the Late Kalcolotic Era. However the city actually thrived in Roman Period and during the reign of Hadrianus (A.D. 117138) the city became most prosperous and was a cultural and art center. It preserved its importance during the Byzantium Period by becoming the center of episcopacy.
-Nyssa:
It is 3 km to the north of Sultanhisar District. The city was founded in about 3000 B.C., thrived in Hellenistic Era and gained its real importance during the Roman Empire. The city was founded on the two shores of the a creek and the creek was closed with large tunnels and the two sides of the city were joined especially around the location where the theatre was constructed. The remarkable buildings are the theatre, stadium, agora, library, comitia curiata, and gymnasium.
-Alinda: It was settled to the west of Çine District and in the vicinity of Karpuzlu District. It is estimated that Alinda, which is a Carian city, was founded in 5. Century B.C. The city was founded on a hill and the city walls and the agora, which were constructed during the Hellenistic Era have been well preserved until today.
-Milet: It is in the boundaries of Söke District, Balat Village. The city was an important coastal port in the past, whereas the fillings of the alluviums of Menderes River ruptured the connection of the city with the sea.
69 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT -Miletus:
The city was an important Mycenaean Colony in the mid 2000 B.C. The city prolonged its existence in 7. Century B.C. and entered under the domination of Persian Empire in 494 B.C. The city gained its own sovereignty again with Alexander the Great, lived its most prosperous years and also preserved its importance during the Roman Period. Its remarkable buildings are theatre, comitia curiata, south agora, stadium, Delphinion, gymnasium, feustra baths, İlyas Bey Mosque, caravanserai, City Walls, odeon, Aphrodite Shrine, Hodria Baths and agora.
- Priene:
The city is 15 km away from Söke District and close to Güllübahçe Town. It is one of the oldest Ionic Cities. Although the date of its foundation is not known, it was probably founded before 5000 B.C. Priene was settled on its today’s location in 350 B.C. It is the first sample in the world for which urban planning was applied. The city was an important center during the Hellenistic Era, then entered under the domination of Roman Empire. During the Byzantium Period it became an important episcopacy. Its remarkable buildings are, Athena Shrine and Agora.
- Didyma:
The city was settled in the boundaries of the Didim District. It was a religious center which hadn’t lost its importance from 6 Century B.C. until the End of Roman Period. The sacred road beginning from Miletus, continues along the coast and reaches to Panermos Port in Didyma, from there it elongates in southeast direction and reaches to Didyma Apollon Temple with a road that’s ornamented with statues of priests on both sides. This is a massive monumental structure.
Aydın Province also has two important touristic spot in its boundaries (Kuşadası and Didim). In the summer months many domestic and foreign tourists flock to these districts, therefore the population numbers show great differences between winter and summer seasons. The majority of the population in summer is composed of foreign people. Beside the foreign tourists, domestic tourists prefer to accommodate in their second houses (summer houses), which are in Kuşadası and Didim Districts between the months of June August, which also causes an increase in the population in these districts.
Akbük, Didim Altınkum, Davutlar, Women’s Beach in Kuşadası District, Public Beach of Municipality, Güvercinada Beach, Yılancıburnu Beach, Yavansu Beach, İçmeler (Spa) Bay in Dilek Peninsula, Aydınlık Bay, Kavaklıburun Bay and Karasu Bay Beaches are touristicaly important spots.,
The Areas In The Scope of Pasture Law
In Aydın Province the total area of meadow and pasture lands is 24.705 he, which share 3% of the total province area. It can be easily seen that the ratio of meadow and pasture lands of the province where animal husbandry, another branch of agricultural activities, is also actively practiced, is quite insufficient. Therefore livestock in farms are raised more widely. The total area of the study basin is 120.041 he and 65.305 he of this area are used for farming. The 2.743 he area was projected previously. And at the site other types of the lands are reef (464 he), residential areas (460 he), deposit collected land (1082 he), swamp (2992 he), degraded coppice (20.485 he), coniferous coppice (9.030 he), oak coppice (7.3791 he), individual wood land (1.933 he), pasture (10.265 he), afforested land (1.198 he), clearing area (6.231 he).
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On the other hand, during the works to be performed if any cultural asset is encountered in the mentioned project area, within the scope of the Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets No. 2863, the works will be stopped and the closest Civilian Authority or Directorate of a Museum will be notified.
IV.2.12. Flora and Fauna (species, endemic especially local endemic plant species, the species that are taken under protection with the national and international legislation, rare and endangered species and their existing locations in the area, their distributions in the region, endemism status, their abundance status, names and population of the game animals and the Central Hunting Commission Decisions taken for them. By whom, when and with which method(literature, observation etc.) were the species detected, Collins Bird Guide, The Book of Important Bird Areas in Turkey, The Book of Important Nature Areas in Turkey, Decisions of the Central Hunting Commission, The situation of the species with respect to international agreements like IUCN, Bern Convention, CITES, how much will the species be effected from the project, the demonstration of the vegetation types in the project area on a map. The protection measures that need to be taken for the livings, which might be effected by the project and works. Performing the site flora surveys during the vegetation period and defining this period, for the flora checks by using the Turkish Plants Data Service, (for determining the fauna and flora species two senior biologist should join the field surveys and the surveys should be verified with literature works).
The fauna and flora studies of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report of The “Efe Geothermal Power Plant Project” of Burç Real Estate Investment and Construction Inc. that is planned in Aydın Province, Germencik and Incirliova Districts was prepared by Biologist Dr. Elif Manav Tüfekçi.
Flora
During the preparation of flora list of EIA report of the Project, land surveys performed in the region and the corresponding literature has been used. The list of the flora of the area has been collected by using the literature called ‘Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands’. In addition, floristic list has been modified by taking advantage of the floristic studies performed on closely related areas, which display similar ecological properties. Prospective flowered (angiospermae) species in the project area are given in Table IV.2.12.1. In this table; the first column lists the primarily family, genus and species of plants; the second column lists the Turkish name of the plant (Turkish names of plants were taken from the book named ‘Türkçe Bitki Adları’ by Turhan Baytop), the third column lists the habitat where the plant was identified, the fourth column indicates its endemism and scarcity, the fifth column presents the phytogeographic region if known and lastly the sixth column states threat categories of plant species (Threat categories prepared by Ekim and coworkers based on the criteria determined by IUCN and ‘Red Data Book of Turkish Plants ’ published by Turkish Association for the Conservation of Nature (TACN) were used).
Moreover, TPDS (Turkey’s Plants Data Service) screening and evaluation has been performed for each flora type. The project area is located on the C1 Square according to grid square system (Figure IV.2.12.1).
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Figure IV.2.12.1. Location Of The Project Area according To Grid Square System
Our country is under the effect of various climates because of its geographic location. The north hillsides of Northern Anatolia and Istranca Mountains Zone, especially on the hillsides facing Blacksea, oceanic climate dominates; in the Aegean and Mediterranean Region, Mediterranean climate dominates; in central, eastern, and southeastern Anatolia, continental climate dominates. Thus, north of Anatolia and Thrace have a humidmild climate located on the east of oceans and on the West of continents. Aegean and Mediterranean have subtropical climate; central and eastern regions of Anatolia have continental climates, which are dominating interior parts of continents. Cold climate conditions that are influential in further northern latitudes are observed in high mountainous areas. For this reason, the presence of different areas and phytogeographic regions (Figure IV.2.12.2) with respect to vegetation is a result of natural conditions.
AV.-SİB. AKD. AV.-SİB.
İR.-TUR. İR.-TUR.
AKD.
AKD.
Figure IV.2.12.2. Phytogeographic Regions of Turkey And Anatolian Diagonal (EUR.SİB.: EuroSiberian Phytogeographic Region, Mes.: Mediterranean Phytogeographic Region, IR.TUR.: IranoTuranian Phytogeographic Region)
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With a general view, the north of Turkey is included as a whole within the Euro Siberian Phytogeographic Region. In the North, east Blacksea region is placed in the Colchic Phytogeographic Subregion starting from the east of Ordu Province whereas the west parts are placed within Auxin Phytogeographic Subregion. North coasts of the Marmara Sea together with Aegean and Mediterranean regions form East Mediterranean Phytogeographic Region. Central and Eastern Anatolia regions as well as steppe fields of South Eastern Anatolia are all included in TuranianAsia minor or so called IranoTuranian Phytogeographic Region. Briefly, Turkey is a region where EuropeanSiberia, Mediterranean and IranoTuranian phytogeographic regions are found together.
Nevertheless, altitude and aspect conditions in Turkey make it difficult clearcut separation of these floristic regions. Yet there are dry forests in the South facing slopes and xerophytic shrubs in valleys and depressions within the Auxin floristic part. Similarly, as is the case in Nur (Amanos) Mountains in Mediterranean region, plant communities consisting of Auxin elements and formations made up of herb, shrub tree communities in pyhsionomic appearance. Thus, there are different flora particles sheltering at local areas and sustaining their life in appropriate conditions.
The project area is located in Mediterranean Phytogeographic Region. A vegetation cover composed of xereophytic, evergreen, leafy trees and scrubs that create Mediterranean vegetation. Borders of Mediterranean Phytogeographic Region can not be drawn as clearly and precisely as EuroSiberian (Blacksea) Phytogeographic Region. The most important reason of this is that flora regions may enter each other’s borders.
Mediterranean Phytogeographic Region starts from Gelibolu Peninsula in the southern Thrace. The main and widespread range is in the western and southern coastal areas, covering Amanos Mountains in the east. Apart from this general range, its elements are observed from place to place throughout the Blacksea region in the form of small pieces. Since this discontinuous distribution of Mediterranean flora along the Black Sea is different from maquis, which is the real Mediterranean vegetation in terms of many traits, it is called as Black Sea maquis.
Vegetation
Mediterranean region is classified into three groups; Mediterranean Subregion where Mediterranean climate dominates in the vertical direction due to its high topography, Mediterranean Mountain Subregion where mountain forests are found, High Mountain Grasslands where herbaceous plants are grown.
Depending on the hot and dry summers, Mediterranean vegetation has a xerophytic character. For this reason thick and shinyleaved, evergreen shrub communities with a high need of light and temperature and coniferous forests are common in Mediterranean sub region.
a Mediterranean subregion: It covers the Taurus mountain slopes with an average height of 1000 m where the Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia) are located, which is the climax forest of Mediterranean climate region. Vegetation period is above 260 days on coastal zone. In some years, vegetation period continues uninterruptedly.
Depending on ecologic conditions, typical Mediterranean plant communities, of which temperature and light request is high and resistant to dryness, are found in Mediterranean subdivision. Yet depending on destruction and rainfall conditions, changes are seen in the distribution of vegetation. Main plant communities of Mediterranean subdivision are as the following:
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Maquis Vegetation:
Maquis on the lower zone of the Mediterranean region is quite different from those of Aegean and Marmora in terms of species and communities it creates. As a result of the destruction of maquis, very little garrigue are encountered to settle in Mediterranean sub division. This condition is related with the fact that Mediterranean region is more humid, it is richer in terms of relative humidity especially during the summer period.
Garrigue (Frigana) Vegetation:
It is found in the arid, poor in terms of soil, stony areas especially in Mut basin, between Silifke and Taşucu, in the north of Tarsus, around Kozan, and Anamur from place to place. It goes up to 500600 m along the slopes of Taurus Mountains overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.
Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia) Forests:
The most productive and common Turkish pine forests are in the Mediterranean sub division. Turkish pine forests here are different from Aegean subdivision in that it reaches up to 1000 m on the south facing slopes of the Taurus Mountains. Turkish pine makes mixed forests also on the lower levels of forests of the Mediterranean mountain zone. Different species of maquis are found on the shrub floor of Turkish pine forests capable of reaching up to 1500 m along Taurus Mountains. The project area is placed ecologically within the Mediterranean Subregion
b Mediterranean Mountain Subregion:
Pure and mixed forests of black pine, cedar, and fir are common on the parts of Taurus Mountains overlooking the Mediterranean Sea between 10002000m. In addition, oak forests capable of reaching 1500 m are placed between Mediterranean lower zone and Mediterranean mountain zone.
c Mediterranean Mountain Grassland Subregion: This section is composed of mountain grasslands and steppe grass species above the limit of treeline located above 2000 m in Taurus Mountains. Here, the grass density increases depending on the presence of soils in the interior of dolines. In the areas exceeding 3000 m semialpine grasslands become widespread, while on the lower levels herbaceous species belonging to the steppes of Central Anatolia become widespread. Taxa that may be found with a high probability in the project area and its surroundings due to their habitat features are given in Table IV.2.12.1.
The map illustrating vegetation types within the project area and its around are presented in App 7.
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Table IV.2.12.1. Plant Species That May Be Found With A High Probability In The Project Area And Its Surroundings Due To Their Habitat Feature And Their Turkish Names, Pyhtogeographical Regions, Endemism Status, IUCN Red Data Book Categories And Habitats
IUCN İtem Pyhtogeographic Red Data Family and Species Name Turkish Name Endemism Habitat Number Region Book Category LAMIACEAE Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. pinnatifida 1 Steppe, dry slopes EDMONDSON St. Johns Wort Road sides, chalky coastal line, steppe, eroded 2 Marrubium vulgare L. Mayasıl otu hills Valerian Limestone and volcanic slopes, dry stream 3 Nepeta italica L. Kedi otu beds Marjoram Stony hills and rocky slopes, generally 4 Origanum onites L. Mercanköşk E. Med. Ele. limestone, sometimes sahady spots Micromeria myrtifolia BOISS. ET Lamiaceae Rocky slopes and fissures, Pinus brutia forest 5 Taş nanesi E. Med. Ele. HOHEN. open spaces, maquis, frigana Annual Clary Rocky slopes, maquis, frigana, sand sunes, 6 Salvia viridis L. Adaçayı Med. Ele. croplands and arid areas Annual Clary Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra mixed forests, 7 Salvia tomentosa MILLER Adaçayı Med. Ele. maquis, limestone slopes EUPHORBİACEAE Petty spurge, Sand dune coasts, pebble beaches, sandy lake 8 Euphorbia peplis L. Sütleğen Med. Ele. Radium plant coasts Petty spurge, Rocky hill slopes, gravels, gravelly plain, salty 9 Euphorbia chamaesyce L. Sütleğen Radium plant and sandy soils PAPAVERACEAE Glaucium iculatum (L.) RUD. subsp. Glaucim 10 Boynuzlu gelincik Hill slopes corniculatum (L.) RUD. corniculatum 11 Roemeria hybrida L. Cin haşhaşı Oriental Poppy Degraded area, cropland, vineyards 12 Papaver hybridum L. Gelincik Opium poppy Crop land ASCLEPIADACEAE Vincetoxicum canescens (WILLD.) 13 DECNE. subsp. canescens (WILLD.) Limestone slopes DECNE PRIMULACEAE Limestone or volcanic rocks and mobile cliffs, 14 Androsace maxima L. gravelly sand or clayed steppe 15 Lysimachia atropurpurea L. E. Med. Ele. Maquis, open rocky areas, prairie, road sides ANACARDIACEAE 16 Pistacia leutiscus L. Menengiç Mastic Tree Med. Ele. Maquis 17 Pistacia atlantica DESF. Menengiç Mastic Tree Dry hill sides, croplans and road sides LINACEAE Pale Flax Grasslands, mixed sand dunes, ditch, rocky hill 18 Linum bienne MILLER Yabani keten Med. Ele. sides 19 Linum trigynum L. Yabani keten Pale Flax Med. Ele. Shrubs and open grasslands
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IUCN İtem Pyhtogeographic Red Data Family and Species Name Turkish Name Endemism Habitat Number Region Book Category BRASSICACEAE Lepidium sativum L. subsp. spinescens 20 Bare lands (DC.) THEL. 21 Lepidium sativum L. Bare lands, croplands 22 Iberis attica JORD. E. Med. Ele. Rocky slopes 23 Iberis acutiloba BERTOL. Rocky slopes, cropland sides Erophila verna (L.) CHEVALL. subsp. 24 Slopes verna (L.) CHEVALL. 25 Arabis turrita L. Mountain 26 Hesperis pendula DC. Gece menekşesi Not found Cropland, cliffs, limestone 27 Sisymbrium officinale (L.) SCOP. Road sides, bare area, cropland 28 Sisymbrium orientale L. Road sides, bare area RESEDACEAE Saffron Road sides, crop sides, pits, bare stony hill 29 Reseda lutea L. var. lutea L. Safran slopes ARACEAE Arisarum vulgare TARG.TOZZ. subsp. Dragon Arum Rocky hill foots, limestone and metamorphic 30 Yılan yastığı Med. Ele. vulgare TARG.TOZZ. rocks, maquis shrubland of Quercus coccifera Voodoo lily, 31 Dracunculus vulgaris SCHOTT Yılan bıçağı dragoneta or E. Med. Ele. Cropland edges, ruines, destroyed habitats dragon arum RUBIACEAE Galium incanum SM. subsp. centrale Woodruff, galium 32 Yoğurt otu E. Med. Ele. Limestone rocks,slopes EHREND. album Galium incanum SM. subsp. elatius Woodruff, galium Steppe hills, forest open spaces, talus, rocky 33 Yoğurt otu İr.Tur. Ele. (BOISS.) EHREND. album slopes APIACEAE Sow thistle, milk Shrubbery plains, firigana, fallowed croplands, 34 Eryngium creticum LAM. Boğa dikeni E. Med. Ele. thistle arid places Eryngium campestre L. var. campestre Forest open spaces, stony hillsides, destroyed 35 (L.) HUDSON steppe, fallow croplands, sand dunes Shepherd’s Limestone slopes, steppe, oak and juniperus 36 Scandix iberica BIEB. Kişkiş needle shrubberies, grassy slopes, plantations Shepherd’s Granite, serpantine or limestone slopes, steppe, 37 Scandix australis L. Kişkiş needle cropland and roadsides 38 Smyrnium rotundifolium MILLER Baldıran Hemlock E. Med. Ele. Dry coasts, open habitats 39 Bunium ferulaceum SM. İncirop Pinus nigra forest, croplands, steppe 40 Pimpinella peregrina L. Ezeltere Fields, woodlands, rocky places 41 Bupleurum intermedium POIRET Sparse dry areas 42 Bupleurum flavum FORSSK. E. Med. Ele. Firigana, step and dry, open natural areas 43 Ferulago asparagifolia BOISS. Kuzu kişnişi Fresh coriander E. Med. Ele. Rocky slopes Rocky hill sides, sparesly distrubuted 44 Tordylium apulum L. Med. Ele. croplands, road sides
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IUCN İtem Pyhtogeographic Red Data Family and Species Name Turkish Name Endemism Habitat Number Region Book Category GUTTIFERAE/HYPERICACEAE 45 Hypericum lydium BOISS. Binbirdelik otu Clammath weed Rocky slopes, Pinus forests ROSACEAE Cerasus prostrata (LAB.) SER. var. 46 Rocky places prostrata (LAB.) SER. Dewberry Sparsely distributed shrubs, rocky places, river 47 Rubus sanctus SCHREBER Böğürtlen sides,stable sand dunes, coastal plains, arid coasts Silverweed Grasslands, highland pastures, wet and shady 48 Potentilla recta L. Beşparmak otu places Sanguisorba minor SCOP. subsp. salad burnet, 49 Çayır düğmesi Arid areas, croplands, slopes magnolii (SPACH) BRIQ. small burnet Wild rose, brier 50 Rosa foetida J. HERRM. Yabani gül İr.Tur. Ele. Cultivated areas, road sides, slopes and fields rose VALERIANACEAE 51 Valerianella echinata (L.) DC. Med. Ele. Rocky places Rocky slopes, forest open spaces, croplands, 52 Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. road sides DIPSACACEAE 53 Scabiosa sicula L. Uyuz otu Scabiosa Med. Ele. Hills, woodland open spaces ASTERACEAE 54 Inula salicina L. Water front, wet area, between bushes 55 Inula heterolepis BOISS. E. Med. Ele. Limestone rocks,cliffs, gravel banks 56 Pulicaria odora (L.) REICHB. Med. Ele. Between bushes and Pinus brutia Solidago Pinus nigra forest open spaces, pits having wet 57 Helichrysum graveolens (BIEB.) SWEET Altınbaşak soils in highlands Forest open spaces, fallowes croplands, road 58 Filago eriocephala GUSS. E. Med. Ele. sides Senecio, Sand dunes and bare areas, croplands, rocky 59 Senecio vernalis WALDST. ET KIT. Kanarya otu groundsell slopes Anthemis aciphylla BOISS. var. aciphylla Daisy Between Quercus, Pinus, Juniperus species, 60 Papatya E. Med. Ele. BOISS. subalpine bushes Anthemis coelopoda BOISS. var. Daisy 61 Papatya Steppe, croplands, road sides bourgaei BOISS. Milfoil Steppe, volcanic slopes, sandy soils, wheat 62 Achillea coarctata POIR. Civanperçemi cropland 63 Centaurea calolepis BOISS. Peygamber çiçeği White knapweed E. Med. Ele. Endemik LR (Ic) Curved hills, croplands, road sides Southern Rocky slopes in steppes, garic, riverbeds, 64 Echinops ritro L. Topuz globethistle fallowed croplands 65 Picris pauciflora WILLD. Sandy slopes, magmatic rocky slopes Scorzonera laciniata L. subsp. laciniata Willow herb 66 Yemlik Sandy steppes, croplands L. 67 Tragopogon longirostis BISCH. EX Tekesakalı Aruncus, Salsify Rocky slopes, bushland, road sides, croplands
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IUCN İtem Pyhtogeographic Red Data Family and Species Name Turkish Name Endemism Habitat Number Region Book Category SCHULTZ BIP. var. longirostis BISCH. EX SCHULTES POACEAE Woodlands in mountains, shaly abondoned 68 Elymus panormitanus (PARL.) TZVELEV Med. Ele. areas in mountains Steppes, open grasslands on basalt, 69 Aegilops triuncialis L. subsp. triuncialis L. uncultivated areas, calcarous slopes Aegilops umbellulata ZHUKOVSKY Generally in calcareus soils, steppes and open 70 E. Med. Ele. subsp. umbellulata ZHUKOVSKY spaces in quercus bushes Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. 71 Croplands and roadsides hordeaceus L. Lolium persicum BOISS. ET HOHEN. EX Ryegrass Open grasslands on basalt, firigana, maize and 72 Delice İr. Tur. Ele. BOISS. barley croplands, road sides Vulpia fasciculata (FORSSKAL) 73 Med. Ele. Sand dunes on sea coast FRITSCH 74 Vulpia muralis (KUNTH) NEES Med. Ele. Croplands, road sides, rugged terrain Poa diversifolia (BOISS. ET BAL.) Woodlands, on limestones, grasslands, grassy 75 E. Med. Ele. HACKEL EX. BOISS. lands Steppes, dry grasslands, rocky slopes, maquis, 76 Poa bulbosa L. firigana, steep slopes 77 Poa nemoralis L. Woodlands, grasslands and rocky places Pinus and querqus woodlands, rocky slopes, 78 Briza humilis BIEB. fallowed croplands, on limestones Pinus brutia forest open spaces, firigana, 79 Briza maxima L. limestone rocky slopes, sand dunes, woodlands Stipa bromoid Bushland open spaces, stony areas, on 80 Stipa bromoides (L.) DÖRFLER Palak Med. Ele. limestones 81 Stipa holosericea TRIN. Palak Stipa bromoid Steppe, dry places and rocky mountain slopes BORAGINACEAE Boraginaceae Clayed, sandy and gravelly soils, Artemisia 82 Onosma armenum DC. Emzik otu Endemik LR (Ic) steppes, stony woodlands 83 Onosma heterophyllum GRISEB. Emzik otu Boraginaceae Pastures, stony woodlands CRASSULACEAE 84 Sedum caespitosum (CAV.) DC. Damkoruğu Stonecrop, orpine Open areas 85 Sedum hispanicum L. var. hispanicum L. Damkoruğu Mobile rocks, limestone rocks RANUNCULACEAE Nigella arvensis L. var. involucrata Black cumin, 86 Çörek otu Croplands, slopes, firigana BOISS. nigella Delphinium, 87 Consolida orientalis (GAY) SCHROD. Hezaren Cultivated lands, fallowed graslands lakspur 88 Adonis flammea JACQ. Kanavcı otu Adonis Croplands, stepe, rocks Butterflower, 89 Ranunculus paludosus POIRET Düğün çiçeği Arid area Goldcup
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IUCN İtem Pyhtogeographic Red Data Family and Species Name Turkish Name Endemism Habitat Number Region Book Category Butterflower, 90 Ranunculus sprunerianus BOISS. Düğün çiçeği E. Med. Ele. Coast, talus, forest, on walls Goldcup Ranunculus marginatus D´URV. var. Butterflower, Humid areas, fallowed croplands, grasslands, 91 Düğün çiçeği trachycarpus (FISCH. ET MEY.) AZN. Goldcup depression Butterflower, 92 Ranunculus rumelicus GRISEB. Düğün çiçeği E. Med. Ele. Slopes, road sides Goldcup Butterflower, Humid fallowed croplands, grassland slopes, 93 Ranunculus chius DC. Düğün çiçeği Goldcup woodlands, bushland CISTACEAE Fumana thymifolia (L.) VERLOT var. Calcareus hills, maquis, garic, sandy pine 94 Med. Ele. viridis (TEN.) BOISS. forests CARYOPHYLLACEAE Minuartia juniperina (L.) MARIE ET 95 Rocky areas PETITM. Minuartia hybrida (VILL.) SCHISCHK. 96 Croplands and stony slopes subsp. hybrida (VILL.) SCHISCHK. Cerastium dichotomum L. subsp. 97 Slopes, vineyards, cultivated areas dichotomum L. 98 Cerastium glomeratum THUILL. Croplands, slopes, orchards Carnation Rocky places, stony grasslands, maize 99 Dianthus anatolicus BOISS. Karanfil croplands, bushlands, maquis 100 Velezia rigida L. Stony places, open areas 101 Silene chlorifolia SM. Yapışkan otu Woodruff İr.Tur. Ele. Slopes, hillsides, gravels 102 Silene subconica FRIV. Yapışkan otu Woodruff Steppe, road side 103 Silene colorata POIRET Yapışkan otu Woodruff Coasts, croplands, rocky slopes, sand dunes 104 Silene tenuiflora GUSS. Yapışkan otu Woodruff E. Med. Ele. Steppe, road side PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago coronopus L. subsp. coronopus Plantain Sea and lake sides, sandy places, grasslands, 105 Sinirotu Avr.Sib. Ele. L. rocky limestone slopes, croplands, maquis Plantago coronopus L. subsp. Plantain Sea sides, sandy beaches, grasslands, stony 106 Sinirotu E. Med. Ele. commutata (GUSS.) PILGER slopes, arid areas, summer shores, maquis URTICACEAE 107 Urtica dioica L. Isırganotu Nettle Avr.Sib. Ele. Forests, shady valleys and rocks, waterfront LILIACEAE Wild asparagus Pine woodlands, maquis, degraded areas, 108 Asparagus acutifolius L. Tilkişen Med. Ele. coasts, roadsides White garlic Maquis, frigana, rocky shades, woodlands, 109 Allium neapolitanum CYR. Köpek soğanı Med. Ele. ruins Rosy Garlic Maquis, calcareus gravel, stony places, Pinus 110 Allium roseum L. Köpek soğanı Med. Ele. and Abies forests, grasslands, marshes 111 Scilla hyacinthoides L. Dağ soğanı Hyacinth Squill Med. Ele. Wet woodlands, grassy slopes, calcareus hills Volcanic and calcareus slopes, hill 112 Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum KERNER Akyıldız sides,frigana, pastures
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IUCN İtem Pyhtogeographic Red Data Family and Species Name Turkish Name Endemism Habitat Number Region Book Category 113 Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Akyıldız Pastures, wet grasslands, woodlands SCROPHULARIACEAE Mullein, flannel Pinus forests, Quercus bushes, fallowed 114 Verbascum parviflorum LAM. Sığırkuyruğu E. Med. Ele. leaf croplands Sparse maquis, rocky and stony areas, fallowed 115 Linaria simplex (WILLD.) DC. croplands Figworth, Limestone and sepentine cliffs, rocky slopes, 116 Scrophularia lucida L. Sıraca otu Cocklebur gravel and dried river beds VIOLACEAE 117 Viola parvula TINEO Menekşe Violet Talus 118 Viola kitaibeliana ROEM. ET SCHULT. Menekşe Violet Stony slopes, talus, maquis, coasts POLYGONACEAE 119 Polygonum arenastrum BOR. Çoban değneği Shepherd’s crook Road sides, arid areas, slopes 120 Polygonum pulchellum LOIS. Çoban değneği Shepherd’s crook Cultivated ares, open and wet areas S. lanata, 121 Rumex patientia L. Kuzu kulağı Slopes, croplands, road sides Shepherd’s crook RHAMNACEAE 122 Rhamnus alaternus L. Med. Ele. Hill sides OLEACEAE Jasmine Dry rocky places in maquis, Pinus brutia 123 Jasminum fruticans L. Yasemin Med. Ele. forests, oak bushes, pasture sides 124 Olea europaea L. var. europaea L. Zeytin Olive Cultivated Prie, Deciduous forests, mixed forests, sparse 125 Ligustrum vulgare L. Kurtbağrı bushes, wet places PINACEAE Calabrian pine, 126 Pinus brutia TEN Kızılçam E. Med. Ele. Forest Turkish pine FAGACEAE 127 Quercus aucheri JAUB. ET SPACH Boz Pırnal E. Med. Ele. Limestone slopes in maquis 128 Quercus coccifera L. Kermes Meşesi Cermes oak Med. Ele. Frigana and maquis, Pinus brutia forest MORACEAE Ficus carica L. subsp. carica (ALL.) Fig Open areas, mixed forests, stony slopes, 129 İncir SCHINZ ET THELL. valleys, rock pits APOCYNACEAE Oleander, 130 Nerium oleander L. Zakkum Med. Ele. Stream side and seasonally dried water beds rosebay FABACEAE 131 Genista anatolica BOISS. Katırtırnağı Besom, spartium E. Med. Ele. Pine woodlands and uncultivated areas 132 Spartium junceum L. Katırtırnağı Besom, spartium Med. Ele. Maquis 133 Ononis reclinata L. Kayışkıran Restharrow Med. Ele. Stony slopes, limestıne rocks, sea sand Ononis spinosa L. subsp. leiosperma Restharrow 134 Kayışkıran Stony slopes, vineyards, cultivated areas (BOISS.) SIRJ. 135 Trigonella velutina BOISS. Boy otu İr.Tur. Ele. Limestone rocks, rocky slopes, stepe, vineyards
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IUCN İtem Pyhtogeographic Red Data Family and Species Name Turkish Name Endemism Habitat Number Region Book Category Trigonella spruneriana BOISS. var. Rocky slopes, maquis, pine forests, stepe, 136 Boy otu İr.Tur. Ele. spruneriana BOISS. fallowed croplands Lucerne, alfalfa, Steppe, rocks and grassy slopes, dense oak 137 Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa L. Çevrince common purple bushes lucerne Lucerne, alfalfa, Rocky limestone slopes, stony plains, Pinus 138 Medicago coronata (L.) BART. Çevrince common purple Med. Ele. brutia forests, maquis, arid lands lucerne Calcareus slopes and cliffs, dry hills, maquis, 139 Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) SER. Med. Ele. Pinus brutia forests 140 Coronilla scorpioides (L.) KOCH Körigen Annual scorpion Cultivated and degraded areas Annual scorpion Stony areas and deciduous woodlands and 141 Coronilla varia L. subsp. varia L. Körigen bushes, cultivated lands ORCHİDACEAE Orchis Grassy hills,frigana, maquis,Quercus bushes 142 Ophrys mammosa DESF. Salep otu E. Med. Ele. and forests, Pinus forests Ophrys reinholdii SPRUNER EX Orchis Calcareus slopes, frigana, maquis, Quercus 143 FLEISCHM. subsp. reinholdii SPRUNER Salep otu E. Med. Ele. bushes, Pinus forests EX FLEISCHM. Ophrys holoserica (BURM. FIL.) Orchis Calcareus rocky slopes, frigana, maquis, 144 GREUTER subsp. holoserica (BURNM. Salep otu Med. Ele. Quercus forests, Pinus forests FIL.) GREUTER 145 Orchis sancta L. Salep otu Orchis E. Med. Ele. Grassy places, calcareus soils 146 Orchis tridentata SCOP. Salep otu Orchis Med. Ele. Grassy places, maquis, bushland 147 Orchis italica POIRET Salep otu Orchis Med. Ele. Grassy places, maquis, 148 Orchis anatolica BOISS. Salep otu Orchis E. Med. Ele. Maquis, bushland and Pinus forests 149 Orchis provincialis BALBIS EX DC. Salep otu Orchis Med. Ele. Pinus forests, grassy places, bushlands Dactylorhiza romana (SEB.) SOO subsp. Orchis Calcareus slopes, maquis and Quercus bushes, 150 Salep otu Med. Ele. romana (SEB.) SOO mixed and conifer forests
(*) Plant names are taken from according to “Turkish Plant Names Dictionary” (Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü; Baytop T., 1994, TDK, Ankara). However, some species do nor have any Turkish name or local name. For that reason, scientific name of these plant species were used.
: Observation : Literature
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Various abbreviations have been used in the specification of phytogeographic regions belonging to taxa that may be found with a high probability in the project area and its surroundings due to their habitat features According to this, D. Med. Ele means East Mediterranean element, Med. Ele means Mediterranean element, Ir.Tur. Ele means IranoTuranian element and Avr.Sib. Ele means EuropeanSiberia element. Those with wide distribution or those of which phytogeographic region is not known fully are indicated by () symbol.
Phytogeographic distribution of 23 plant taxa given on the species and subspecies level in the flora list is as the following: Mediterranean element 5, IranoTuranian element 1 and East Mediterranean is 3. The remaining 14 species are placed within cosmopolite or ambiguous category in terms of phytogeographical region. Spectrum of the determined plants on family level and the spectrum belonging to plant families are presented in Figure IV.2.12.3 and Figure IV.2.12.4, respectively.
Mediterranean Element, 22,00, 22%
Phytogeographic Akdeniz Region Elementi Ambiguous, 54,00, 54% Doğu Akdeniz Elementi
İran-Turan East Elementi Mediterranean Element; Avrupa- 18,67; 19% Sibirya Elementi Fitocoğrafik Iran-Turan Bölgesi Europe-Sibarian Element, 4,00, 4% Belirsizler Element, 1,33, 1%
Figure IV.2.12.3. Phytogeographical Region Spectrum of The Plants Existing in The Flora List and Being in Species and SubSpecies Categories
Figure IV.2.12.4. The Spectrum of The Families in the Flora List
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Since turkey is a country located on the intercontinental transition zone, it is rich regarding endemic plants. Endemic plants consist of approximately 30% of total plant species discovered in our country.
IUCN Red Data Book categories used in the publication of Red Data Book of Turkish Plants prepared by Ekim and coworkers for the endemic plant species are explained below.
EX : Extinct EW : Extinct in the Wild CR : Critically Endangered EN : Endangered VU : Vulnerable DD : Data deficient NE : Not Evaluated LR : Lower Risk; it has 3 sub category that can be arranged according to the their circumstances in future.
1) CD Conservation Dependent: Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxonspecific or habitatspecific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years. 2) NT Near Threatened: Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable. 3) LC Least Concern: Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near Threatened.
There isn’t any plant species that has to be protected according to the Appendix 1 of The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats among the taxa found in the project area and its surroundings having a high probability due to habitat features.
The endemic species Centaurea calolepis BOISS. and Onosma armenum DC. are placed within LR category i.e. within the plant species that do not require any protection and not endangered. Distribution of these species in Turkey is presented below.
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Centaurea calolepis BOISS. Turkish Distribution
Onosma armenum DC. Turkish Distribution
Fauna
Amphibian, reptile, bird and mammalian species of fauna, which may be found in project area and its surroundings due to habitat features, are given below. Family, Turkish name, habitat, IUCN category and Red Data Book category of each species as well as in which list of Bern Convention including Appendix 2 (fauna species taken under protection conclusively) and Appendix 3 (protected fauna species) they are placed were reported. For the species not included in Bern Convention Appendix 2 and Appendix 3 and in IUCN, () symbol was designated.
In addition, AppendixI (wild animals in Appendix List I were taken under protection by the ministry), Appendix–II (animals which were stated as game animals by Ministry where birds and mammalians in the Appendix List II were taken under protection by Central Hunting Committee, CHC) and AppendixIII (animals which were stated as game animals by Ministry where hunting is permitted only in the hunting season of 20122013 determined by CHC) which came into force upon publication in Official Gazette by Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs dated June 7, 2012 and numbered 28316, were indicated in the relevant tables.
Hunting, keeping dead or alive and transporting of the game animals under protection is prohibited.
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Red Data Book Categories According to Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy (1996)
As far as it is known or observed in Turkey, status of each species or subspecies in terms of environmental evaluation were given as recommended by Wells et al. (1983) and in a manner more or less to match the category symbols used in IUCN Red Data Book. Yet fulfilment of this evaluation according to the regions will be more realistic since there are considerable differences between the regions in terms of environmental pollution and deterioration. When evaluating in this context, the abbreviations given in Table IV.2.12.2 are used. These symbols are not used in the same manner in every country.
Table IV.2.12.2. Red Data Book categories determined by Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy (1996)
Abbreviations Meaning E Endangered Ex Extinct I Indeterminate K Insufficient known nt Not threatened O Out of danger R Rare V Vulnerable
Bern Convention
Signed in Bern on September 19, 1979, Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats was published in Official Newspaper of Republic of Turkey with the date of 20.02.1984 and issue no 18318 with the consent of the decision of the council of ministers with the date of 09.01.1984 and issue no 847601.
The aims of this Convention are to conserve wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats, especially those species and habitats whose conservation requires the cooperation of several States, and to promote such cooperation
This convention was signed for;
Recognising that wild flora and fauna constitute a natural heritage of aesthetic, scientific, cultural, recreational, economic and intrinsic value that needs to be preserved and handed on to future generations,
Recognising the essential role played by wild flora and fauna in maintaining biological balances,
Noting that numerous species of wild flora and fauna are being seriously depleted and that some of them are threatened with extinction,
Recognising that the conservation of wild flora and fauna should be taken into consideration by the governments in their national goals and programmes, and that international cooperation should be established to protect migratory species in particular.
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IUCN Red List Categories
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. IUCN Red List is managed by International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
The IUCN Red List is set by using precise criteria by evaluating the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the World. The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as to help the international community to reduce species extinction. IUCN, created by a strong scientific background, is regarded as the most authoritative guide on the status of biodiversity.
The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are designed to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. The aim of this system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk. However, while the Red List may focus attention on those species at the highest risk, it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection.
Extensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggests that it is robust across most organisms. However, it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency, the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species. Hence, in certain individual cases, the risk of extinction may be under or overestimated.
Before 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists had been in place, with some modification, for almost 30 years. Although the need to revise the categories had long been recognised, the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Steering Committee to develop a more objective approach. The IUCN Council adopted the new Red List system in 1994.
Aim of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria:
to provide a system that can be applied consistently by different people;
to improve objectivity by providing users with clear guidance on how to evaluate different factors which affect the risk of extinction;
to provide a system which will facilitate comparisons across widely different species;
to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified.
Categories were classified in 10 groups. In this classification, depletion rate, population size, geographic distribution fields, the extent of population and distribution criteria were considered.
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Table IV.2.12.3. IUCN Categories and Meanings
Evaluated Not Evaluated (NE) Adequate data Data Deficient (DD) Extinct (EX) Species is completely extinct Extinct in the Wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Will be extinct if no conservation means are taken Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC)
Figure IV.2.12.5. Relationship between IUCN Categories
Amphibians
Amphibian species found and likely to be found within the Project area and its surroundings are given in Table IV.2.12.4.
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Table IV.2.12.4. Amphibian Species That May Be Found With A High Probability In The Project Area And Its Surroundings Due To Their Habitat Feature And Their Conservation Status
Family and Species English Name Red Data IUCN Red Turkish Name Bern Habitat Name Book List PELOBATİDAE Eastern Under the stones and inside the ᴥ Pelobates syriacus Toprak Kurbağası II nt LC spadefoot soil HYLİDAE European tree ᴕ Hyla arborea Yaprak kurbağası II nt LC Over the trees and bushes frog BUFONİDAE Bactachian, Under the stones and inside the ᴥ Bufo bufo Kara Kurbağası III nt LC salientian soil Bufo viridis Under the stones and inside the ᴕ Bufo viridis Gece Kurbağası II nt LC soil
Literature: Demirsoy, A., 1996, Vertebra of Turkey: Amphibians (Türkiye Omurgalıları “Amfibiler”) Ministry of Environment, General Directorate of Environment Protection, Project No: 90K100090. Ankara.
Literature: Baran, İ., 2008, Amphibians and Reptilians (Türkiye Amfibi ve Sürüngenleri), TÜBİTAK Popüler Bilim Kitapları, Ankara
ᴥ: Observation ᴕ: Literature
Out of 4 amphibian species found and likely to be found within the Project area and its surroundings due to habitat features, 3 species are placed in Bern Appendix 2 List and 1 species are placed in Bern Appendix 3 List.
All amphibian species are placed in LC (Least Concern) category of IUCN Red List, and they are abundant and common in Turkey, being not under threat according to the studies carried out by Demirsoy (1996).
Reptiles
Reptile species found and likely to be found within the Project area and its surroundings are given in Table IV.2.12.5
Table IV.2.12.5. Reptile Species That May Be Found With A High Probability In The Project Area And Its Surroundings Due To Their Habitat Feature And Their Conservation Status
English Red IUCN Family and Species Name Turkish Name Name Bern Data Red AKK (*) Habitat Book List TESTUDINIDAE Tortoise Sandy, gravelly and ᴕ Testudo graeca Tosbağa II nt VU AppI dry areas GEKKONİDAE Mediterranean Houses and ruins, Genişparmaklı ᴕ Hemidactylus turcicus House Gecko III nt LC AppI rock fractures, under Keler stones AGAMIDAE Rough tail Stony and rocky ᴕ Agama stellio Dikenli keler II nt AppI rock ogama places SCINCIDAE European Under trees and ᴕ Ablepharus kitaibelii İnce Kertenkele II nt LC AppI copper skink stones mabuya Stony areas having ᴕ Mabuya (Trachylepis) aurata Tınaz Kertenkele III nt LC AppI poor plant cover ANGUINIDAE Oluklu European Stony areas having ᴥ Ophisaurus apodus II nt AppI Kertenkele legless lizard poor plant cover BOIDAE
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English Red IUCN Family and Species Name Turkish Name Name Bern Data Red AKK (*) Habitat Book List Eryx jakulus Sandy and stony ᴕ Eryx jaculus Mahmuzlu Yılan III nt AppI places in dry areas COLUBRIDAE Eirenis Stony areas having ᴕ Eirenis modestus Uysal Yılan III nt LC AppI modestus poor plant cover Great yellow Woodland, bushland gentian and stony areas, ᴕ Elaphe quatuorlineata Sarı yılan II nt NT AppI croplands and orchards Coluber Croplands, marshes ᴕ Coluber caspius Hazer Yılanı caspius III nt LC AppI and stony (Dolichophis schmidti) streamsides TYPHLOPIDAE Vebitine Underground and ᴥ Typhlops vermicularis Kör Yılan viper, III nt AppI under stones typhlops
Source: Demirsoy, A., 1997, Vertebra “Reptiles, Birds and Mammals (Sürüngenler, Kuşlar ve Memeliler)” Meteksan A.Ş., Ankara.
Source: Demirsoy, A., 1996, Vertebra of Turkey “Reptiles” (Türkiye Omurgalıları “Sürüngenler”), Ministry of Environment, General Directorate of Environment Protection, Project No: 90K100090. Ankara.
Source: Baran, İ., 2008, Amphibians and Reptilians (Türkiye Amfibi ve Sürüngenleri), TÜBİTAK Popüler Bilim Kitapları, Ankara
(*)=T.R. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Nature Preservation and National Parks “Central Hunting Committee Decisions for 20122013 Hunting Season (20122013 Av Dönemi Merkez Av Komisyonu Kararları)”
ᴥ: Observation ᴕ: Literature
Out of 1 reptile species found within activity field and its surroundings and likely to be found due to habitat features, 5 species are placed in Bern Appendix 2 List and 6 species are placed in Bern Appendix 3 List
While 7 reptile species are placed in The IUCN Red List Categories, they are abundant and common in Turkey, being not under threatened according to the studies carried out by Demirsoy (1996). All of the reptile species are found AppendixI according to the latest lists of central hunting committee decisions of 20122013 hunting period which came into force upon publication by Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs in Official Gazette dated June 7, 2012 and numbered 28316.
Birds
The bird species found within the activity field and its surroundings and likely to be found due to habitat features are given in Table IV.2.12.6.
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Table IV.2.12.6. Bird species that may be found with a high probability in the project area and its surroundings due to their habitat feature and their conservation status
Species Red Data AKK Family and Species Name Turkish Name English Name Habitat Bern Status IUCN No Book (*) SYLVIDAE 1 ᴕ Sylvia hortensis Ötleğen Sylvia Woodland and heathland, orchards, plains II Y AppI LC ALAUDIDAE Sky lark Croplands, open areas, woodlands and 2 ᴕ Alauda arvensis Tarlakuşu III Y AppII LC mountains 3 ᴕ Melanocorypha leucoptera Akkanat Tarlakuşu White winged lark Settlements and croplands II G AppI LC HIRUNDINIDAE 4 ᴥ Hirundo rustica Kırlangıç Swallow, Martin Settlements II G AppI LC 5 ᴥ Delichon urbica (urbicum) Pencere kırlangıcı House martin Settlements and cliffs A.4 II G AppI LC PHASIANIDAE 6 ᴕ Alectoris graeca Taşkekliği Stony and rocky places A.2 III Y LC 7 ᴕ Coturnix coturnix Bıldırcın Quail Cultivated lands, grasslands and steppes A.4 III Y,G AppIII LC TURDIDAE 8 ᴕ Erithacus rubecula Kızılgerdan Robin redbreast Woodlands, parks and orchards II Y AppI LC 9 ᴕ Luscinia megarhynchos Bülbül Nightingale Woodlands, parks and gravelands A.3 II G AppI LC 10 ᴥ Turdus pilaris Ardıç Juniper Woodlands and grasslands III KZ AppII LC 11 ᴕ Turdus merula Karatavuk Blackbird Woodlands and orchards III Y AppIII LC COLUMBIDAE 12 ᴥ Columba palumbus Kaya Güvercini Rock dove, rock pigeon Settlements and woodlands Y LC 13 ᴕ Streptopelia turtur Üveyik Turktle dove Settlements and croplands III Y AppIII LC SCOLOPACIDAE 14 ᴕ Scolopax rusticola Çulluk Woodcock Woodlands A. 3 III Y,KZ,T AppIII LC FALCONIDAE 15 ᴕ Falco tinnunculus Kerkenez Vultre, keskrel Settlements and forests A. 4 II Y AppI LC 16 ᴕ Falco peregrinus Gezgincidoğan Duck hawk, pelerine Forests and open lands A. 2 II Y,KZ AppI LC ACCIPITRIDAE Eurasian sparrowhawk, 17 ᴕ Accipiter nisus Doğuatmacası Forests, parks and orchards A. 4 II Y,KZ AppI LC accipiter 18 ᴥ Buteo buteo Şahin Hawk, buzzard Forests, croplands and grasslands A. 3 II Y,KZ,T AppI LC Long legged buzzard Plains without forests, mountains and 19 ᴥ Buteo rufinus Kızılşahin A. 2 II Y,KZ AppI LC steppes 20 ᴥ Aquila chrysaetos Kayakartalı Golden eagle High mountains and rocks A. 3 II Y,KZ AppI LC STRIGIDAE 21 ᴕ Asio otus Kulaklı Ormanbaykuşu Longeared owl Woodlands A. 2 II Y AppI LC 22 ᴕ Strix aluco Alaca Baykuş Tawny owl Luminous forests, parks and orchards A.1.2. II Y AppI LC LANIIDAE 23 ᴕ Lanius collurio Kızılsırtlı çekirgekuşu Starling, lanius Woodlands, parks and orchards II G AppI LC 24 ᴕ Lanius minor Karaalın çekirgekuşu Starling, lanius Smooth and hilly places and orchards II G AppI LC 25 ᴕ Lanius senator Kızılbaşlı çekirgekuşu Starling, lanius Orchards, woodlands, forest edges II G AppI LC CORVIDAE 26 ᴥ Corvus monedula Cüce Karga Jackdaw Woodlands, rocks and ruins Y AppIII LC 27 ᴥ Corvus frugilegus Ekin Kargası Rook Plains, woodlands, parks and orchards Y, KZ AppIII LC 28 ᴥ Corvus corone Leş Kargası Hooded crow Open areas and croplands Y AppIII LC
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Species Red Data AKK Family and Species Name Turkish Name English Name Habitat Bern Status IUCN No Book (*) 29 ᴥ Pica pica Saksağan Magpie, pica pica Sparse woodlands, parks and orchards Y AppIII LC EMBERIZIDAE 30 ᴕ Emberiza melanocephala Karabaş kirazkuşu Blackhead bunting Woodlands, plains, orchards A. 3 II G AppI LC 31 ᴕ Emberiza hortulana Kirazkuşu Bunting Woodlands and croplands A 3 III G AppII LC FRINGILLIDAE 32 ᴕ Fringilla coelebs İspinoz Fringilla, chaffinch Woodlands, parks and orchards III Y AppII LC Greenfinch Woodlands, parks and orchards, 33 ᴕ Carduelis chloris Florya A. 4 II Y AppI LC graveyards 34 ᴥ Carduelis carduelis Saka Goldfinch Woodlands and orchards A. 4 II Y AppI LC STURNIDAE 35 ᴥ Sturnus vulgaris Sığırcık Starling, grackle Settlements and croplands Y AppII LC PASSERIDAE 36 ᴥ Passer domesticus Ev Serçesi House sparrow Settlements and croplands Y AppIII LC PARIDAE 37 ᴕ Parus major Büyük baştankara Great tit Woodlands, parks and orchards II Y AppI LC
Source: Demirsoy, A., 1997, Vertebra “Reptiles, Birds and Mammals (Sürüngenler, Kuşlar ve Memeliler)” Meteksan A.Ş., Ankara. Source: Kiziroğlu, İ, 1993, The Birds of Turkey (Species List in Red Data Book), TTKD, Ankara. (*)=T.R. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Nature Preservation and National Parks “Central Hunting Committee Decisions for 20122013 Hunting Season (2012 2013 Av Dönemi Merkez Av Komisyonu Kararları)” ᴥ: Observation ᴕ: Literature
The symbols related to the conservation status of the bird species in the table are explained below:
A1 : Species that are extinct or under extinction risks A1.1 : Extinct species A1.2 : Species having population size as 125 pairs all around Turkey A2 : Species having population size under 2650 pairs and having high risk in the areas they exist A3 : Species having population size as 51 200 (500) pairs, but they have been decreased in number in some regions A4 : Species having a high number of individuals but they have been decreased in number in some regions B : Species being temporary resident of Turkey and will be at risk if their biotopes are destroyed B1 : Species being winter resident of Anatolia but not nesting B2B3 : Species that transit or winter resident of Anatolia and have low risk Y : Permanent resident that nests in out country G : Species that migrates after nesting in our country T : Species that do not nest in our country but being passage migrant KZ : Species being winter resident in out country
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Out of 37 bird species found in the project area and its surroundings and likely to be found due to their habitat features, 21 species can be found in Bern Appendix 2 list and 9 species are placed in Bern Appendix 3 List.
21 bird species are found in AppendixI; 5 bird species are found in AppendixII, 8 bird species are found in AppendixIII according to the latest lists where central hunting committee decisions of 20122013 hunting period which came into force upon publication by Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs in Official Gazette dated June 7, 2012 and numbered 28316.
All of the bird species are found in LC (Least Concern) of IUCN Red List categories. Species in LC category are common and not under any threat.
Mammalians
Mammalian species found and likely to be found in the project area and its around are given in Table IV.2.12.7.
Table IV.2.12.7. Mammalian Species That May Be Found With A High Probability In The Project Area And Its Surroundings Due To Their Habitat Feature And Their Conservation Status
English Name Red IUCN AKK Family and Species Name Turkish Name Bern Data Red Habitat (*) Book List ERİNACEİDAE Porcupine Houses and ruins, croplands and ᴥ Erinaceus concolor Kirpi nt AppI LC orchards SORICIDAE Tarla Harvest mouse ᴕ Crocidura leucodon III nt LC Open areas and shrublands sivrifaresi TALPIDAE ᴕ Talpa levantis Körköstebek Blind mole nt LC Sandy, loose and humid soils SPALACIDAE ᴕ Spalax leucodon Kösnü nt DD Galleries that it tunnels in soil MUSTELIDAE ᴕ Mustela nivalis Gelincik Veasel, molva III nt AppII LC Various sides CRICETIDAE ᴕ Cricetulus migratorius Cüce avurtlak Grey hamster nt LC Grassland, cropland and steppes LEPORIDAE Lepus, wild ᴕ Lepus europaeus Yabani tavşan III nt AppIII LC Forest, shrubland and rocks rabbit
Source: Demirsoy, A., 1997, Vertebra “Reptiles, Birds and Mammals (Sürüngenler, Kuşlar ve Memeliler)” Meteksan A.Ş., Ankara. Source: Demirsoy, A., 1996, Vertebra of Turkey “Mammalians” (Türkiye Omurgalıları “Memeliler”), Ministry of Environment, General Directorate of Environment Protection, Project No: 90K100090. Ankara. (*)=.R. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Nature Preservation and National Parks “Central Hunting Committee Decisions for 20122013 Hunting Season (20122013 Av Dönemi Merkez Av Komisyonu Kararları)” ᴥ: Observation ᴕ: Literature
Out of 7 mammalian species found in the project area and its surroundings and likely to be found due to habitat features, 3 species can be found in Bern Appendix 3 List.
Out of 7 mammalian species found in activity field and its around and likely to be found due to habitat features, according to the latest lists where central hunting committee decisions of 20122013 hunting period which came into force upon publication by Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs in Official Gazette dated June 7, 2012 and numbered 28316, 1 mammalion species are found in AppendixI List, 1 mammalian species in AppendixII List and 1 mammalian species in AppendixIII List.
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Apart from Spalax leucodon having data deficiency out of mammalian species, other species are placed in LC (Least Concern) category and are not under any threat.
Among the fauna species, there are species which are strictly under protection and under protection according to Bern Convention Appendix 1 and Appendix 3. With respect to these species, Bern Convention protection measures and article 6 and article 7 of the convention will be obeyed.
These are;
1 In relation to strictly protected fauna species (article 6) these are prohibited: all forms of deliberate capture and keeping and deliberate killing; the deliberate damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites; the deliberate disturbance of wild fauna, particularly during the period of breeding, rearing and hibernation, insofar as disturbance would be significant in relation to the objectives of this Convention; the deliberate destruction or taking of eggs from the wild or keeping these eggs even if empty; the possession of and internal trade in these animals, alive or dead.
2 In relation to protected species (article 7); measures to be taken will include: closed seasons and/or other procedures regulating the exploitation; the temporary or local prohibition of exploitation, as appropriate, in order to restore satisfactory population levels; the regulation as appropriate of sale, keeping for sale, transport for sale or offering for sale of live and dead wild animals.
In addition, CITES Convention decisions will be obeyed.
Land Hunting Law and legislation with issue no 4915 and its relevant regulations, Environmental Law and legislation with issue no 2872 and its relevant regulations, National Parks Law and legislation with issue no 2873 and its regulations will be obeyed in every stage of the activity.
IV.2.13.Mines and Fossil Fuel Resources (reserves, existing and planned operation conditions, annual productions and their significance and economical values for country or local benefits.)
In Aydın Province, where important farming and tourism is dominant, mining is also conducted intensively.
With regard to metal mines, gold, copper, lead, zinc, mercury and iron formations can be explored. In KoçarlıSatılar Gold Deposit, 5.630 tons of proven + probable reserve with 1 gr/ton grade exists. Copper, lead and zinc mineralisation can be found in the province center, in Söke, Çine and Koçarlı Districts but as they are developments with low grade and small particle size, they are not economical. There is a 52.500 tons of deposit of cinnabar with 2% grade and it is not operated. Besides, small mercury developments were found in Nazilli and Germencik Districts. In the SökeKoçarlıSalhane Site, 44,51% Fe grade was detected. Furthermore, iron ore grades up to 54.46% were also detected in the deposit. The average silica content is 28%. According to this information, in the deposit 119.000 tons of high grade ore and 360.000 tons of low grade ore with high silica content were explored. In the iron deposit in SökeÇavdar Districts, there is a 13.500.000 tons reserve with 42,62% Fe and 22,05% Si grades. This deposit is not operated due to the high silica content and low iron grade, as well as the partial sulphur content.
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Beside the metallic mine deposits, there are also rich industrial raw material deposits in the province. Along with the industrial raw materials such as barite, diatomite, graphite and quartz, the ore extracted from the feldspar deposits, the vital raw material in ceramic industry, is exported to the world market.
A low grade of barite development exists in ÇineYeniköyOzanbelenin Districts. In Karacasu Dedeler Village in the dolomite deposit with high quality 90% SiO2 ve 2% Al2O3 grades operation is conducted at times. Bozdoğan–Beyler Quarters there is a low grade graphite formation with 6.000 tons of proven reserve. Quartz that is another raw material for ceramic industry can be found in Bozdoğan–Söke–Çine Districts and there is 9.663.100 tons of quartz with 96,21% SiO2 and 1,2% Fe2O3 grades in the deposit.
At the Karasu–Dandolos Site the deposit with 51.800 tons of proven + probable reserve and 45% S grade is not operated due to the low grade sulphur content. In terms of marble Karacasu District has big potentials. In the district a total of 30 million m3 of potential marble reserve was detected at the Geyre, Tepecik, Hangediği and Nargedik Sites. These sites are operated by private sector.
With respect to mica mineral GermencikDağyeri Site has high quality deposits but the reserve could not be researched. In Bozdoğan – Gerzile Districts a talc deposit with 200.000 tons of mid quality proven reserve is located. Uranium deposits were detected at the Koçarlı–Çavdar–Küçükçavdar Site with 208.942 tons and 0,0425% U3O8 (autinite) grade proven reserve; and the uranium deposit at the ÇavdarArapsu Site has probable reserves with 10.784 tons and 0,02 – 0,03% grade and with 19.508 tons and higher than 0,03% grade.
At the Çavdar–Demirtepe Site 0,0234–0,0956% (autinite, bassetite, uranopilite) quality, 263.343 tons of U3O8 with 0,0234% grade, 1.456.687 tons of U3O8 with 0,0956% grade, totally 1.728.207 proven + probable uranium reserves exist. At the Kisir– Osmankuyu site uraninite, gummite, uranotile, torbernite, autinite, meta–autinite, meta– torbernite, phosphoranilite minerals were detected with % 0,020,03 U3O8 grade and there is a total of 45.895 tons of probable uranium reserve (11.530 tons of U3O8 with 0,02– 0,03% grades and 34.365 tons of U3O8 with higher than 0,03% grade)
In Karacasu and Söke Districts corundum, magnetite and emery deposits with 55 60% Al2O3 (Karacasu), 4455% Al2O3 (Söke) grades were determined. Their probable reserves are 172.000 tons and 55.000 tons in Karacasu and Söke respectively. There are operated emery deposits in the area.
In albite production our country ranks first in the world. Almost all of the production is performed in Çine – Milas. In this region feldspar concentration plants has been established. In Çine – Milas Region approximately 1,5 million of albite is exported annually.
In Province center, Söke District and the Çine–Karpuzlu–Akçaova Deposits 1.878.516 tons of probable potassium feldspar reserve with 8–11,44% K2O and 0,73% Fe2O3 grades was explored. The 151.819 tons probable midlow quality orthoclase (potassium feldspar) reserve, that may be used as an ingredient in ceramic production, 67.363.515 tons of high quality probable reserve with 8,35–11% Na2O3 and 0.7% Fe2O3 content and 21.987.172 tons of midlow quality albite (sodium feldspar) reserves also exist. These deposits are operated and feldspar mineral is extracted for domestic and international markets. Information about the mines and reserves of Aydın Province are presented in Table IV.2.13.1.
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Table IV.2.13.1. Mine Deposit and Developments in Aydın Province
ORE TYPE LOCATION, GRADE AND RESERVE QUANTITY
Koçarlı-Satırlar Gold Site Gold (Au) Grade: 1 gr/ton Au Reserve: 5.650 tons proven+probable reserve Çine-Kızılkaya Development Asbestos (Asb) Grade: In lodes form, Low quality asbestos talc exists in the termolite schists. Reserve: No study related to reserve determination was performed as it is just a development. Aydın Province Center, Söke, Çine, Koçarlı ve Nazilli Developments Copper- lead - zinc Grade: Low. (Cu-Pb-Zn) Reserve: No study related to reserve determination was performed as it is just a development. Bozdoğan-Yeniköy- Ozanbeleni Development Grade: % 2 Cinnabar Mercury (Hg) Reserve: Deposit has 52.500 tons of reserve, is not operated. Besides in Nazilli ve Germencik Districts smaller mercury developments exist. Söke-Koçarlı-Salhane Fe Site Grade: % 44.51 Fe Iron (Fe) Reserve: 119.000 tons high grade, 360.000 tons low grade and high silica ores were determined. Karacasu-Dedeler Köyü Sites Diatomite (Dia) Quality: Good, SiO2 content %90, Al2O3 content %2 Reserve: The deposit is operated at times; used as filtering aid and filling material. Aydın Province, Çine, Söke and Central Districts Feldspar Deposits Grade: 811.44% K2O, 0.73% Fe2O3 and 8.3511% Na2O, 0.7% Fe2O3 Reserve: In Aydın Province % 811.44 K2O % trace 0.73 Fe2O3 content, high quality 1.878.516 Feldspar (Fld) tons, midlow quality 1551.819 tons probable potassium feldspar reserve with 8.3511% Na2O, %trace0.7 Fe2O3 content, high quality 67.363.515 tons probable, midlow quality 21.987.172 tons probable sodium feldspar reserve. These deposits are beneficiated by private sector as ceramic and glass raw materials.. Bozdoğan-Beyler Quarter ve Genzile Village Developments Graphite (Grf) Grade: Low Reserve: 6.000 tons of proven reserve in the development of Beyler Quarter. Merkez-Çakırbeyli Site Quality: Mid SAND – PEBBLE Reserve: 4.000 m3 proven reserve (SP) Nazilli-Dallıca Village Quality: High Reserve: 18.000 m3 proven reserve Bozdoğan-Söke-Çine Districts Sites Quartzite (Qz) Grade: 96.21% SiO2, 1.2% FeO3 (ÇineÇamköy) Reserve: 9.663.100 tons probable reserve Karacasu- Dandalos Sulphur Sites Grade: % 45 S Sulphur (S) Reserve: 51.800 tons of proven + probable reserve, the deposit is not operated due to the low grade. Karacasu-Geyre Site Quality: High Reserve: 2.500.000 m3 possible reserve. Karacasu-Tepecik Site Quality: Mid Reserve: 9.000.000 m3 geological reserve, was operated in the past years. Karacasu-YazırHangediği Site Marble (Mr) Grade: Mid Reserve: 3.000.000 m3 probable reserve, was operated in the past years Karacasu- Nargedik-Düğünyurdu Site Grade: Mid, high Reserve: 15.000.000 m3 geological reserve, many deposits are operated Bozdoğan-Başalan Çilebabat Sites Grade: High Reserve: 562.500 m3 geological reserve exists. Germencik-Dağyeni Village Development Vermiculite (V) Quality: High quality Reserve: Not determined, there isn’t any operation. Bozdoğan-Genzile Köyü Sites Talc (Talk) Quality: Mid Reserve: 350.000 tons of proven reserve Koçar-Çavdar-Küçükçavdar Site Uranium (U) Quality: % 0.0425 U3O8 autinite
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ORE TYPE LOCATION, GRADE AND RESERVE QUANTITY
Reserve: 208.942 tons proven reserve Çavdar-Arapsu Site Quality: % 0.020.03 autinite and torbernite Reserve: 0.020.03% grade, 10.784 tons U3O8, higher than 0.03% grade, 19.508 tons U3O8 probable reserve. Çavdar-Demirtepe Site Quality: 0.02340.0956% autinite, basetite, saleeite, uranopiite Reserve: 0.0234% grade, 263.343 tons U3O8, average 0.0956% grade, 1.456.867 tons U3O8 ; total 1.729.207 tons of proven + probable reserve. Kisir-Osmankuyu Site Quality: 0.020.03% U3O8 grade uraninite, gummite, uranotil, torbernite, autinite, metaautinite, metatobernite, phosphuranylite Reserve: 0.020.03% grade, 11.530 tons U3O8, higher than 0.03% 34.365 tons U3O8; totally 45.895 tons probable reserve. Karacasu- Circivan ve Söke-Gümüşköy ve Kayas Çifliği Sites Quality: 55,5560% Al2O3 (Karacasu), 4455% Al2O3 (Söke) corundum, magnetite and emery Emery (Em) Reserve: In Karacasu 172.000 tons of proven+probable, in Söke 55.000 tons of probable reserve, in Karacasu the Göztepe ve Bölükardıç deposits are currently operated. Source: www.mta.gov.tr
Beside the mine deposits and developments presented in Table IV.2.13.1, there are quartz deposits in Çine, Bozdoğan and Koçarlı Districts. Some of them are operated. In Table IV.2.13.2. the reserve and qualities of the major quartz deposits are presented.
Table IV.2.13.2 Reserve and Qualities of the Quartz Deposits LOCALITY GRADE/QUALITY RESERVE (ton) OPERATION CONDITION Çine-Boğagediği High quality Prob. 29.446 No Operation 97,53% SiO , Çine-Karpuzlu-Karaağaç 2 Prob. 2.000 No Operation 2,1% Fe2O3 Çine-Karpuzlu-Mutaflar Mid quality Prob. 4.387 No Operation 98,1599,31% SiO , Çine-Karaağaç 2 Prob. 4.239.401 Operation Continues 0,281,74% Fe2O3 Çine-Karpuzlu-Kuşcamii Used in ceramic industry Prob. 144.357 No Operation 98,599% SiO , Operation performed in the Çine-Alabayır 2 Prob. 120.000 0,10,4% Fe2O3 past years 99,2399,37% SiO , Çine-Kuruköy 2 Prob. 2.025.000 Never operated 0,03% Fe2O3 99,52% SiO , Çine-Eskiçine 2 Prob. 1064 No Operation 0,02% Fe2O3 99,3799,50% SiO , Çine-Mutaflar 2 Prob. 38.000 Operation Continues 0,020,07% Fe2O3 96,1097,30% SiO , Operation performed in the Çine-Kavşıt-Türbetepe 2 14.500 0,51% Fe2O3 past years 96,10% SiO , Çine-Karacaören 2 4.442 No Operation 0,1% Fe2O3 97,9% SiO , Çine-Kavşıt 2 28.302 No Operation 0,5% Fe2O3 9798% SiO , Operation performed in the Çine-Kavşıt-Madranbaba 2 896.000 1,382% Fe2O3 past years Operation performed in the Çine-Yeniköy-Kovanlıktepe Mid quality 73.000 past years 98,17 %SiO , No Operation Çine-Karpuzlu-Çukurköy 2 115.151 1,4% Fe2O3 Çine-Topçam Mid quality 13.246 No Operation Çine-Karpuzlu-Çamköy 3.974 No Operation < 95% SiO , No Operation Çine-Ovacık 2 66.800 >0,5% Fe2O3 99,13% SiO , No Operation Bozdoğan-Altıntaş 2 317 0,01% Fe2O3 9697% SiO , Operation performed in the Kaçarlı-Gözkayası 2 28.000 0,40,7% Fe2O3 past years Source: www.mta.gov.tr
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As the result of the exploration works performed by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration in Aydın Province to search coal and geothermal deposits the lignite and geothermal source containing areas were revealed. Some of the sites where lignite formation is observed are Şahinali, Söke, Küçükçavdar and Dalama Lignite Sites and coal extraction has performed at times.
The sites where the lignite formation is observed are presented in Table IV.2.13.3.
Table IV.2.13.3. Lignite Sites and Their Reserves,
DALAMA SITE NAME ŞAHNALI SÖKE KÜÇÜKÇAVDAR TOTAL KULAOĞULLARI Proven 14.192 1.455 - - 15.467 Probable - 1.000 - - 1.000 Possible - - 2.440 10.000 12.440 Reserve Total 14.192 2.455 2.440 19.087 (1000 ton) Source - - - - Potential - - - - General Total 14.192 2.455 2.440 10.000 29.887 Operable 8.510 - - 8.510 Su % 20,46 16,00 20,00 Analysis Ash % 27,24 22,00 28,00 Results S % 0,98 3,16 0,00 AID kCal/kg 3120 3800 3000 Equivalent Petroleum 4.428 933 732 6.093 (1000 ton) Anthracite 6.326 1.333 1.046 8.705 Heating Heating Heating Industry Place of Use Industry Industry Type of Operation Close Close Open Source: www.mta.gov.tr
Mining Map of Aydın Province is presented in Figure IV.2.13.1.
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Figure IV.2.13.1. Aydın Province Mine Reserves Source: www.mta.gov.tr
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IV.2.14 Animal Husbandry (species, feeding areas, annual production, the position and value of these products in the national economy)
The data of animal husbandry for Aydın Province were taken from the Province Environmental Status Report of 2010. Relevant data and assessments are presented below.
Bovine Breeding
According to the 2010 data, the bovine asset in Aydın Province is 293.071 heads. 38.049 of the mentioned bovines are native, 36.710 are crossbreed and 218.312 are pedigree. The bovine assets in Aydın Province as of year 2010 are presented in Table IV.2.14.1.
Table IV.2.14.1. Numbers of Bovines in Aydın Province
Year Pedigree Crossbreed Native Total 2001 50.526 88.146 50.676 189.348 2002 54.745 83.560 52.721 191.026 2003 59.581 87.498 56.984 204.063 2004 74.801 95.965 69.727 240.493 2005 117,477 86.81 78.665 282.952 2006 123.508 76.424 70.912 270,844 2007 184.881 48.942 44.340 278.163 2008 200.839 53.574 37.250 291.663 2009 190 192 52 967 40 835 283 994 2010 218.312 36.710 38.049 293.071 Source: Aydın Province Environmental Status Report, 2010
Artificial seeding activities; it was desired that these activities are privatised primarily in Thrace and Aegean Regions and Province Directorates would only perform necessary inspection and checks. In this context the privatisation efforts initiated in year 2000 were finalised in 2002. In the frame of artificial seeding, inspection, check and support of artificial seeding works has been continued. In Aydın Province, the performed artificial seeding quantities by years are presented in Table IV.2.14.2.
Table IV.2.14.2. The Quantities of the Performed Artificial Seeding in Aydın Province by Years
Years Quantities of the Artificial Seeding 2005 55.676 2006 75.321 2007 95.016 2008 87.752 2009 90.073 2010 118.831 Source: Aydın Province Environmental Status Report, 2010
Ovine Breeding
According to the 2010 data, the ovine asset in Aydın Province is 180.720 heads. 120.628 of them are sheep and 60.092 are hair goat. The ovine assets in Aydın Province in preceding years are presented in Table IV.2.14.3.
Table IV.2.14.3. Aydın Province Ovine Assets,
Sheep Years Native- Total Sheep Total Hair Goat Merino Other 2007 116.789 2.164 118.953 58.109 2008 112.588 1.992 114.580 54.192 2009 105 401 1 847 107 248 37 339 2010 118.242 2.386 120.628 60.092 Source: Aydın Province Environmental Status Report, 2010
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Poultry Breeding
According to the 2010 data, when the poultry asset in Aydın Province is reviewed, there are a total of 2.818.740 chickens; 2.145.098 of them are broiler chicken and 673.642 of them are layer hens, Furthermore, there are 5.035 turkeys, 3.118 ducks and 2.281 geese in the province. The poultry assets in Aydın Province in preceding years are presented in Table IV.2.14.4.
Table IV.2.14.4. Aydın Province Poultry Assets ,
Years Chicken Turkey (Each) Duck (Each) Goose (Each) Chicken Egg Broiler Layer (Each) (Each) (Each) 2.007 2.692.350 809.776 5.797 4.197 5.797 141.908.200 2008 4.108.723 687.732 3.768 2.983 1.937 160.312.840 2009 1 671 870 679 383 5 152 2 957 2 306 156 343 694 2010 2.145.098 673.642 5.035 3.118 2.281 164.275.077 Source: Aydın Province Environmental Status Report, 2010
Aquacultural Resources
According to the 2010 data, when the aquaculture resources in Aydın Province are reviewed, 9.286 tons of sea fish, 509 tons of other seafood, 35 tons of fresh water products and 1.471 tons of farmed fish were produced. The production values of aquaculture resources in Aydın Province for years 2009 and 2010 are presented in Table IV.2.14.5.
Table IV.2.14.5. Aydın Province Aquacultural Resources Production in Years 2009 ve 2010,
Production Amount (ton) Produced 2009 2010 Sea Fishes 2723 9286 Other Sea Products 206 509 Fresh Water Products 19 35 Farmed Fishes 2978 1471 Total 5928 11303 Source: Aydın Province Environmental Status Report, 2010
Apiculture
According to the data taken from the Aydın Province Environmental Status Report 2010, there are 602 old style hives, 185.939 new style hives in Aydın Province. And 2.849.246 kg honey and 143.015 kg bee wax are produced. Apiculture data for Aydın Province by years are presented in Table IV.2.14.6.
Table IV.2.14.6. Aydın Province Apiculture Data by Years,
Bee Hives Products Number of Number of Number of Villages Bee wax Old Style New Style Honey (kg) Engaged with Apiculture (kg) Hives Hives 2.004 925 113.805 2.111.737 70.245 316 2.005 850 130.613 2.857.808 92.454 314 2006 990 160.480 3.547.480 89.724 293 2008 1.105 161.539 3.348.131 163.334 271 2009 869 325.342 3.527.099 142.758 257 2010 602 185.939 2.849.246 143.015 266 Source: Aydın Province Environmental Status Report, 2010
In the project land and its surrounding area, people are engaged with animal breeding for their own needs. There isn’t any pasture land to be considered in the project area.
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By means of the social investigations that were carried out in the vicinity of the project area, information about how the residential people are performing their animal breeding activities was gained. According to the interviews made with the households residing in the vicinity of the project, it was understood that majority of the bred animals are both consumed at home and sold (58%). The 33% of the people, who are engaged with animal breeding, sell their products. The ratio of the ones, who consume the products only at home, is 9%. Based on this information it is believed that the animals are important for their own needs of the houses and they also generate an income by selling some of their animals (Rfr. Figure IV.2.14.1.)
Figure IV.2.14.1. Assessment of Animal Products
IV.2.15. Places with High Landscape Values and Recreation
As the result of the site surveys performed in the area and literature works, in order to define the landscape elements that might be effected by the project, determine the effects that might occur on these elements and reach the basic data from which will be beneficiated during the landscape maintenance works, the basic findings are tried to be obtained about the landscape, flora, geological and soil characteristics as well as erosion status of the area related to the Efe Geothermal Power plant.
The landscape values that belong to the project area are investigated under three titles; “Natural Landscape”, “Visual Landscape” and “Cultural Landscape”
Characteristics of the Natural Landscape
The area, where the project is planned, is in the boundaries of Aydın Province, Germencik and Incirliova Districts. The project area is located on a plain valley between the hills. The area of the project there are agricultural lands and local fruit trees cover the field borders and the surrounding area (Rfr. Figure IV.2.15.1 and Figure IV.2.15.2.).
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Figure IV.2.15.1. A View Around the Project Area (1)
Figure IV.2.15.2. A View Around the Project Area (2)
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Characteristics of the Visual Landscape
The prevailing view of the project area is rural landscape. The visual and natural landscape value of the area is not strong. By means of the landscape works that will be performed for in the scope of the project the visual landscape of the area will be brought back to its original view.
Characteristics of Cultural Landscape
In the project area there isn’t any protection area that can be regarded as cultural landscape element (National Park, Natural Park, Natural Monument, Natural Protection Area, Wildlife Protection Area, Biogenetic Reserve Area, Biosphere Reserves, Natural Protection and Natural Protected and Remembrance, Cultural and Historical Sites, Special Environment Protection Area, Touristic Spots and Center).
IV.2.16. The lands that are under the ruling and possession of authorised bodies of the state (Military Forbidden Zone, areas allocated to state institutions and organisation for certain purposes, etc.)
In the project area, there isn’t land that is under the ruling and possession of authorised bodies of the state (Military Forbidden Zone, areas allocated to state institutions and organisation for certain purposes).
IV.2.17. Existing pollution load of the project location and its influence area
In the scope of the project, in order to establish data for EIA Study, propose solutions to the legal problems that might occur during the operation stage and determine and assess the positive and negative impacts, a series of environmental studies, measurements and analyses were conducted in the project area and its surroundings (Rfr. App8). Places of the sampling points in the scope of these studies is indicated in the topographical map which is given in Appendices (Rfr. App8).
General photographs related to the site surveys were given in Figure IV.2.17.1, Figure IV.2.17.2 and Figure IV.2.17.3.
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Figure IV.2.17.1. View from the Area Where the Passive Diffusion Tubes Were Placed (1)
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Figure IV.2.17.2. View from the Area Where the Passive Diffusion Tubes Were Placed (2)
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Figure IV.2.17.3. View from Noise Measurements (3)
In the studies performed to determine the current situation the “Procedures of Sampling Measurement / Analysis” that were prepared by Çınar Environmental Measurement and Analyses Laboratory in the scope of TS EN IEC/ISO 17025 were applied. The instruments used in the studies, the referenced Turkish and EU standards, the used standard methods and samplingmeasurement instructions are listed in Table IV.2.17.1
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Table IV.2.17.1. The Instruments, Reference Turkish and EU Standards, Standard Methods and Sampling Measurement Instructions That Were Used In Determining the Current Situation
TEST / MEASUREMENT SUBJECT OF TEST TEST NAME METHODS AND – MEASUREMENT STANDARDS Fixed Source Emissions – Manual Determination of the Concentration TS ISO 9096:2004 of Particulate Matter Determination of the Fume Density Occurred by the Burning of Distilled TS 9503: 1991 Fuels (Sootiness) (with Bacharach Method)
NO, NO2 ve NOx Determination with Electrochemical Cell Method EPACTM022:1998 FLUE GAS
CO, CO2 ve O2 Determination with Electrochemical Cell Method ISO 12039:2001
SO2 Determination with Electrochemical Cell Method TS ISO 7935: 1999
Total Volatile Organic Carbon Determination with FID (Flame Ionization EPA Method 25 A Detector) Method TS 2361:1976 Determination of the Rate of Air Suspended Particles with Gravimetric EPA 40 CFR PART 50 AMBIENT AIR Method Appendix J:2006 TS EN 12341:2002 Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise NOISE Determination and Measurement of the Ambient Noise TS 8535 EN 60651:2002 TS 9969 EN 60804:2001 TS 9315 ISO 1996 – 1 TS 9798:1992 TS ISO 8297:2006 pH Determination TS 3263 ISO 10523:1999 Dissolved Oxygen Determination TS 5677 EN 25814:1996 TS 5091 EN ISO Turbidity Determination 7027:2004 Settleable Solid Material Determination TS 7092:1989 Oil and Grease in Water and Slurry Samples Determination TS 8312: 1990
Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids Measurement, Salinity TS 9748 EN 27888:1996 Determination
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Determination TS 7094 EN 872:1999 Water Quality Escherichia Coli and Coliform Bacteria Determination and TS EN ISO 93081:2004 Counting – With HachLange Analysis Criteria TS ISO 84661:1997 BOİ, KOİ, Free Chlorium, Nitrite, Nitrite Nitrogen, Nitrate, Nitrate TA.37:Rev04:16.12.2005 Nitrogen, Sulphate, Phosphate (Ortho Phosphate, Total Phosphate) WATER- (Inside operation Fennol, Ammonium Nitrate, Chromium +6, Total Chromium, Free WASTEWATER method) Cyanide Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Determination SM 5210 B Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Determination SM 5220 B Free Chlorine Determination SM 4500 Cl G
Nitrite and Nitrite Nitrogen Determination SM 4500 NO2 B Nitrate and Nitrate Nitrogen Determination EPA METHOD 3521 2 Sulphate SM 4500 SO4 E Phosphate (Ortho Phosphate, Total Hydrolysable Phosphate, Total SM 4500 P E Phosphate, Total Organic Phosphor) Phenol Determination SM 5530 C
Ammonium and Ammonia Nitrogen Determination SM 4500 NH3 C
Kjeldahl Nitrogen and Organic Nitrogen Determination SM 4500 Norg B Chloride Determination SM 4500 Cl B
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TEST / MEASUREMENT SUBJECT OF TEST TEST NAME METHODS AND – MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
2 Sulphite Determination SM 4500 SO3 B Chlorophyll –a Determination SM 10200 H Fluoride Determination SM 4500F D Copper, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Nickel, Magnesium, Cadmium, Silver, SM 3111 B Lead, Cobalt, Potassium, Sodium, Antimony, Chromium and Lithium Aluminium, Barium and Molybdenum SM 3111 D Arsenic and Selenium ve Selenium SM 3114 B ve 3114 C Mercury TS 2537 EN 1483:1999 Acid Digestion SM 3030 D,E,F,G,H,I Boron SM 4500 B Chromium +6 SM 3500 Cr6+B Sulphur SM 4500 S2 F Colour SM 2120 B TS EN 135281:2006 Gas and Vapour Determination with Simple Sampling Tubes TS EN 135282:2004 Sampling from Wastewater TS ISO 566710:2002 SAMPLING Sampling from Sea Water TS ISO 56679:1997 Sampling from Groundwater TS ISO 566711:1997 Sampling from Streams TS ISO 56676:1997 Sampling from Soil TS 9923:1992 SAMPLE Sample Preservation and Transporting for Suspended Solid in water, PRESERVATION TS 5106 ISO 5667 Turbidity, BOD, Chloride, Coliform, Nitrite & Nitrate, Metal and Oil & AND 3:1997 Grease Analyses TRANSPORTING
IV.2.17.1. Studies Concerning the Determination of the Current Air Quality
Measurement of Gases (H2S): In order to select the sampling points for “Air Quality Measurement (polluter measurement with passive diffusion tubes)” performed in the scope of the project, a measurement schedule was prepared in compliance with The Appendix 2 (Measuring the Contribution Rates of the Plants to the Air Pollution) of “Industrial Based Air Pollution Control Regulation (IBAPCR)” enacted by the Official Gazette No. 27277 published on 03.07.2009 and the investigation area was selected. Based on the project area, the diffusion tubes were located at 8 different points. As for the H2S parameter 3 tubes were located at the observation points totally 24 diffusion tube were located.
In the scope of the studies for determining the current situation, disregarding the main wind distribution in over 8 or 16 directions in the activity area, the air quality determinations to be performed, have an indispensible significance, as they can be used as evidences in case any legal problems that may emerge or compliances that may be raised by the local community. For this reason they are applied in the whole world.
In the performed studies, by taking the worst case scenario into consideration, as the result of the preliminarymodelling based on the points where the maximum ground level concentrations of the emissions occur the locations are selected and they are determined on the 1/25.000 scaled topographic map. Then the site was visited, the determined points were reached as close as possible and the diffusion tubes were located in a legislatively concordant way.
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The diffusion tubes that were located in various points in the project area and its surroundings were collected after 20 days, which is the end of each period, and sent to Gladko Laboratories, England. In total 60 days of measurement in 3 periods were performed.
Measurement Results: The assessments of the results delivered from the Gladko Laboratory, from which diffusion tubes were supplied and where the analyses were performed, were made according to the Short Term Limit Values found in the mentioned regulation above. In order to the determine the current environmental situation of the project area and its surrounding the measurement results of the allocated points and the short term limit values taken from the relevant regulation are presented in Table IV.2.17.2. and the measurement analyses reports can be found in appendices (Rfr. App8).
Table IV.2.17.2. Air Quality Gas Measurement (SO2 and VOC) (Polluter Measurement with Passive Diffusion Tubes) Analysis results and Short Term Limit Values taken from the IBAPCR.
H2S H2S MEASUREMENT INTERVAL MEASUREMENT POINT MEASUREMENT SHORT TERM LIMIT RESULT (μg/m3) VALUES (μg/m3) HK1 < L.O.D. 40 HK2 < L.O.D. 40 HK3 < L.O.D. 40 HK4 < L.O.D. 40 04.02.2011 24.02.2011 HK5 < L.O.D. 40 HK6 < L.O.D. 40 HK7 < L.O.D. 40 HK8 < L.O.D. 40 HK1 < L.O.D. 40 HK2 < L.O.D. 40 HK3 < L.O.D. 40 HK4 < L.O.D. 40 13.04.2011 03.05.2011 HK5 < L.O.D. 40 HK6 < L.O.D. 40 HK7 < L.O.D. 40 HK8 < L.O.D. 40 HK1 < L.O.D. 40 HK2 < L.O.D. 40 HK3 < L.O.D. 40 HK4 < L.O.D. 40 03.05.2011 23.05.2011 HK5 < L.O.D. 40 HK6 < L.O.D. 40 HK7 < L.O.D. 40 HK8 < L.O.D. 40
As can be seen in Table IV.2.17.2. the performed analysis results are well below the limit values. Besides, the H2S gas test results, which has been performed for a plant, are also presented in the appendices. Studies were performed in the close vicinity of the area of currently operating plant and any unfavourable condition is not observed (Rfr. App8). 109 BURÇ JEOTERMAL YATIRIM ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. EFE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT PROJECT EIA REPORT IV.2.17.2. Studies Concerning the Determination of the Current Surface and Groundwater Status In the scope of the project Çınar Environmental Measurement and Analyses Laboratory Team took instantaneous surface water and groundwater samples and the samples were analysed in Çınar Environmental Measurement and Analyses Laboratory, Environment Industrial Analyses Laboratory and Nen Environmental Determination and Measurement Laboratory of Nen Engineering and Laboratory Services Trad. Ltd. Inc,. Water sampling was carried out in accordance with the above mentioned sampling and sample preserving guide. In order to determine the result of the performed analyses “Water Pollution Control Regulation Table 1. Inland Water Quality Criteria according to the Classes” was used. The surface analysis results are presented in Table IV.2.17.3. and Table IV.2.17.4. and the analysis results can be found in appendices (Rfr. App8). Table IV.2.17.3. Analysis Results of the Surface Water Samples Taken in the Scope of the Determination of the Current Situation SAMPLE NO 1 E: 553382 N: 4191582 PARAMETER WATER QUALITY CLASS ACCORDING ANALYSIS MEASUREMENT TO THE TABLE 1 OF RESULT UNCERTAINTY WATER QUALITY CONTROL REGULATION Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 7,21 II % +/ 0,1 Oxygen Saturation (%) 81,3 II pH 7,98 +/ 0,32 I Temperature (C0) 2,8 % +/ 6 I Total Dissolved Solid (mg/L) 676 % +/ 12,1 II Fecal Coliform (KOB/100 ml) 1.000 % +/ 17,5 III Total Coliform (KOB/100 ml) 2.600 % +/ 10,24 I KOD (mg/L) 21,8 % +/ 7,11 I BOD (mg/L) 6,0 % +/ 6,84 II Free Chloride (mg/L) < 0,02 % +/ 14,9 Nitrite Nitrogen (mg/L) 0,030 % +/ 8,09 III Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L) 1,31 % +/ 11,6 I Ammonium Nitrogen (mg/L) < 0,1 % +/ 7,24 I Copper (mg/L) < 0,01 % +/ 8,01 I Iron (mg/L) 0,059 % +/ 8,67 I Manganese (mg/L) <0,01 % +/ 8,36 I Zinc (mg/L) <0,005 % +/8,83 I Nickel (mg/L) 0,023 % +/ 8,40 II Cadmium (mg/L) < 0,003 % +/ 8,21 I Lead (mg/L) 0,0012 % +/ 3,22 I Cobalt (mg/L) 0,018 % +/ 9,85 II Sodium (mg/L) 175,6 % +/ 8,16 III Aluminium (mg/L) < 0,3 % +/ 8,26 I T. Chromium (mg/L) < 0,02 % +/ 8,48 I Selenium (mg/L) <0,002 % +/ 4,51 I Barium (mg/L) <1,0 % +/ 8,14 I T. Phosphor (mg/L) 0,214 % +/ 7,65 III Phenol (mg/L) 0,047 % +/ 7,59 III Fluoride (mg/L) 1,03 % +/ 6,80 II Oil Grease (mg/L) <5,0 % +/ 7,36 Chromium 6+ (mg/L) <0,02 % +/ 5,59 I Chloride (mg/L) 390,6 % +/ 4,47 III Sulphur (mg/L) <0,1 % +/ 6,50 110