Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39, Supplement, A199–A213 (2004) Abstract available online at http://meteoritics.org Report Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science: XIII: Fred L. Whipple Ursula B. MARVIN Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA E-mail:
[email protected] (Received 13 June 2004) Abstract–Born in Red Oak, Iowa, in 1906, Fred Lawrence Whipple earned his Ph.D. in astronomy at the University of California at Berkeley in 1931. He immediately accepted a position at the Harvard College Observatory and remained at Harvard throughout his career. In 1950, he was appointed to the Phillips Professorship in the Department of Astronomy, and in 1955, he began serving concurrently as the Director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory when it moved from Washington, D.C. to Cambridge, Massachusetts. In the 1930s, Whipple established the Harvard Meteor Project in which two cameras, 26 miles apart, simultaneously photographed the same meteors, for which he invariably derived elliptical orbits indicative of their origin within the solar system. In 1950, Whipple introduced his “dirty snowball” model of comet nuclei, which soon became widely accepted and was fully confirmed in 1986 by close-up images of comet Halley taken by the European Space Agency’s Giotto spacecraft. Keenly anticipating the orbiting of satellites during the International Geophysical Year (July 1, 1957-December 31, 1958), Whipple won contracts to build a worldwide network of telescopic cameras for satellite tracking. At least one of the cameras was ready in time to photograph the Soviet Union’s Sputnik I satellite in October 1957, and all 12 stations were in operation by midsummer of 1958.