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Meteorites and the Smithsonian Institution Russian) M.A. IVANOV A & M.A. NAZAROV 236 V M 1811. A report on air stones Of ai~o- 55 Principles of Meteoritics. SEVERGIN, .' . the Museum of the lmpenal KRINov, E.L. 19 . ( d) State publishers ?f lithes preserved l~ 'Technological journal, Fesenkov, V.G. e... Moscow (lll Academy of s clences., Technical/Theoretical LIterature, VIII 129-132 (in Russian). N rth Meteorites and the Smithsonian Institution Russian). R ' Moscow Nauka, ' 1809 On a New Map of the 0 em KRINOV , E.L. 1981. Iro.n am. STEHLIN; jA. d ecimen of native iron. Philoso- 2 Archipelago, an .sp .J' the Royal Society of ROY S. CLARKE, JR!, HOWARD PLOTKIN & TIMOTHY J. McCOY! Moscow, 192 (in Ru~:a~'F Chladny _ a founder phical TransactIOns OJ MASSALSKAYA, K.P. 19 . ' 'M' 'tika 11 33-46 1 Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, of scientific meteontlcS. eteon , , London LXIY, l774, 46l. Th 'r • A 1807 On Aerial Stones and el STOlKQVICH,.. .' f Kharkov Kharkov, 271 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0119, USA (in Russian). M' I us Showers 01" Stones Origin. Umverslty 0 , 1M 1819 On tracu 0 'J 2Department of Philosophy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 3K7 MUKHI~,.. h~ Air (Aeroli!hes). Imperial Foun~- (in Russian). h in ~alling F~°alm 'Publisher St Petersburg, 207 (m o 1915. AstronomIc P enomena (e-mail: [email protected]) hng-HospJt ' SVI~TSK.Y, ~;st~rical Chronicles Considered from a Russian). A 2000 The meteorite collection of the usswn . "V' Bulletin of the Department NAZAROV, M.. f Sciences In: ALEKSEEVA, Scientific. Pomt oJ lew. and Linguistics of the of RUSSian Language . 20 book 1 and 2. Abstract: Meteoritics at the Smithsonian Institution is intimately linked to the broader Russian Academy 0 ,I" the Ru~sian Academy of T I (ed) Museums OJ 62 Imperial Academy of S,c lences , growth of the science, and traces its roots through influential individuals and meteorites . W ld Moscow, 47 - . P tro ad 214 (in RUSSian). from the late 18th century to the dawn of the 21st century. The Institution was founded Sciencpes ' Sf~~n6t1fi;rav~;s in Various provinces .of e gr , 0 1928 Similar features of meteonte S SVIATSKY, D.. k'n 1908 and Great with an endowment from English mineralogist James Smithson, who collected meteorites. PALLAS, ..' 2 2 385-482. Impenal Early work included study of Smithson's meteorites by American mineralogist J. Lawrence the Russian State, Volume '(,' Russian the book phenomena at Tungus ~ I d . 17 117 - 119 Academy of Sciences Press m d F 'h) Ustyug III. XIII century . Mlrove ente, , Smith and acquisition of the iconic Tucson Ring meteorite. The collection was shaped by . h d' Gennan an rene . (in Russian), bI s geochemist F.W. Clarke and G.P. Merrill, its first meteorite curator, who figured in was al~0.1Ulb~~SO eT~; Origin of Meteorites. Halley V I 1941. Some thoughts on pro . em debate over Meteor Crater and was a US pioneer in meteorite petrology. Upon MeDill's PANETH, .' . P ess Oxford, 26. VERNADSKY , .. "k 1 3 22 (in RUSSian) . death in 1929, E.P. Henderson would lead the Smithsonian's efforts in meteoritics Lecture. The Clarendon .r th'e history of meteori- of meteoritics. Meleon!1 a, , - D W 1975 Sketches to . 0 through a tumultuous period of more than 30 years. Collections growth was spurred by SEA~S, . .rth I the science. Meteorltlcs, 1 , tics 1: the bl 0 scientific collaborations with S.H. Perry and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 2l5- 226. and a sometimes contentious relationship with H.H. Ninioger. Henderson played a key role in increasing meteorite research capabilities after the Second World War, placing the Smithsonian at the forefront of meteoritics. After 1969 involvement in the fall of the Allende and Murchison meteorites, lunar sample analyses, the recovery of the Old Woman meteorite and recovery of thousands of meteorites from Antarctica produced expo­ nential growth of the collection. The collection today serves as the touchstone by which samples returned by spacecraft are interpreted. The Smithsonian Institution's meteorite collec­ matter through Chancery Court. In 1838 a tion traces its roots to England in the last fortune of more than $500 000 in gold, Smithson's decades of the ] 8th century, and to the Insti­ mineral collection (containing a suite of meteor­ tution's founder and first meteorite collector ites), some of his personal effecto;, his books, and James Smithson (c. 1765- 1829).1 The United over 200 manuscripts, letters and notes arrived States first learned of Smithson when the safely in Washington. Ne w-York American of 26 January 1830 rep­ Congress debated at length the nature of the rinted a story from The Times of London of 'Institution' to be fonned, and it was not until 10 December 1829. It reproduced Smithson's 1846 that the Smithsonian Institution was which was in probate court, and noted that will, created by an act of Congress. The distinguished under 'certain circumstances' his estate would physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878) was come to the US. The 'certain circumstances' _ appointed its founding Secretary and assumed the death of Smithson's nephew without responsibility for creating a new type of organiz­ progeny - came to pass, and in 1835 the ation. The Smithsonian Institution Building (now British Government officially informed the US generally known to the public as the Castle) was of Smithson's death and of the strange, last­ constructed on a site that is now on the National resort provision of his will that had come into Mall, and was occupied by the mid 1850s. These lorce: 'I bequeath the whole of my property to early years were troubled for the Smithsonian the United States of America, to found in Institution due to competing interests, lack of WaShington, under the name of the Smithsonian established precedents and the advent of a InstitUtion, an establishment for the increase and brutal Civil War. As the war was winding diffusion of knowledge among men'. The US down in early 1865, the Smithsonian Building Congress accepted the bequest from this was severely damaged by fire. Smithson's unknown benefactor, and envoy Richard Rush mineral collection, his manuscripts and his per­ (1780 - 1859) was sent to London to see the sonal effects were lost. A rich and untapped From: MCCALL, G.l.H., BOWDEN, A.l. & HOWARTH, R.J. (eds) 2006. The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite COllections: Fireballs. Falls and Find.~. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 256, 237-265. 0305-8719/06/$15.00 © The Geological Society of London 2006. R.S. CLARKE ET AL. METEORITICS AT THE SMITHSONIAN 239 238 information on Smithson and published it along . On 15 June 1~94, Vesuvius experienced one of discussion of falling stones had already bee resource of the Institution's founder, a man with extant published reports (Rhees 1879, Its l~gest eruptIons ever. Sir William Hamilton outdated in Italy, e.ven before it was taken u~~~ unknown in the US, was gone. 1880). Smithson's 27 scientific papers are publtshed an early report, and included in it a France, ~or. such IS the limited nature of our included as is an informative report by W.R. report of happenings 18 h later near Siena, a commulllcatIons. James Smithson the scientist Johnson' (1844), 'A memoir on the scientific small. town sItuated a little south of Florence S~thson was an ~ctive and respected partici­ character and researches of James Smithson, (Hanulton 1795, pp. 103- \05): James Smithson (Fig. I) was illegitimately born pant 10 the commuruty of scientists that laid the of a union of two illustrious English families, Esq., F.R.S.'. Johnson had full access to groundwork for modern meteoritics. He was per­ I must ?ere mention a very extraordinary circum­ and he was known as James Lewis Made until Smithson's Washington material before the fire, sonally acquainted with most of the scientists and his paper makes clear the historical richness stance Indeed, that happened near Sienna [sic] 1801.2 As a well-educated young man - MA portrayed by Urs~la Marvin in her study of of the Smithson deposit as it arrived from Great about 18.hours after the commencement of th~ 1786, Pembroke College, Oxford - he began his late eruptlO~ of Vesuvius .. although that phae­ Er:nst F.F. Chladni and the origin of meteoritic lifelong pursuit of mineralogical and geologl~al Britain. ~01~enon, [SIC] ma~ have no relation to the erup­ sCIence (Marvin 1996, 2006). To be sure he knowledge and specimens. A talented blowpIpe Smithson's first recorded scientific adventure tIon. In the ffildst of a most violent thunder­ ~as not a great innovator who passed o~ an was as a participant at age 19 .in the analyst, he appeared on the scientific scene w~ll­ stann, . abou~ a dozen stones of various weights l~portant scientific legacy to following gener­ with interests, skills, dedication, personal con­ known and, in part, rigorous Faups de Samt­ and dImensIOns fell to the feet of different allons, but he was a respected and well-kno nections and financial resources that enabled Fond trip to Scotland and the Isle of Staffa in people; the s.tones are a quality not found in any member of his scie~tific community. His ass:i~ 1784 (Geikie 1907). This was arranged by an part of the Slennese territory; .. '. him to become a respected contributor to the ates wer~. the leadmg figures in science in the science of his era. His 10000 specimen mineral Oxford mentor, William Thomson (\760- conunumtIes where he resided: London Par· collection that arrived in Washington undoubt­ 1806)3 After leaving Oxford, Smithson spent a We.
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