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PDF Anzeigen Uwe Danker Diedrei Leben desHinrieh Lohse 105 Uwe Danker: Die dreiLeben des HinrichLohse 1Es handelt sich um einen Vortragstext, der im Stil erhaltenblieb und auf Fußnoten verzichtet. DerAutor arbeitet aneiner wis- senschaftlichen Biographie des Hinrieh Loh- se. Man betrachte diesenMann,eine offizielle Aufnahme aus dem Jahr1933: Esist der schleswig-holsteinische NSDAP-Gauleiter und soeben zum Oberpräsidenten ernann- te, 36-jährigeHinrieh Lohse, die Personifi- zierung desNationalsozialismus in der Pro- vinz. Am2.September 1896als Sohn eines Kleinbauern inMühlenbarbek ge- boren, besuchte Hinrieh Lohse,waseinen sozialen Aufstieg signalisier- te, dieeinjährige Handelsschule. 1913 wurde erAngestellter bei einer Werft inHamburg, 'diente' währenddes I.Weltkrieges bis zurEntlas- sung als Kriegsversehrter 1916 imHeer. 1920 agierteer für kurzeZeit als 'Generalsekretär' der Schleswig-HolsteinischenLandespartei,die als rückwärtsgewandte, daseinfache ländliche Lebenund eine schles- wig-holsteinische Eigenart propagierendePartei versuchte,gegendie 'rote Flut' der Revolution,gegenVerstädterung und Industrialisierung, gegendie Moderne also,anzutreten. Balddaraufschloß Lohse sich der noch kleinenNSDAP an. 1921 bis 1 924 arbeitete er als Angestellter ver- schiedener Banken.Anschließend begriffer sich als 'Politiker' war zunächst Stadtverordneter in Altona,ab 1928 AbgeordneterimPreußi- schen Landtag, schließlich auch im Reichstag.1925 ernannteHitler ihn zum Gauleiter,also zum obersten regionalenParteiführer. UndLohse blieb vorallemein AnhängerdesFührers. Sein eigenes Weltbild gab sicheinfach strukturiert: antisemitisch,antidemokratisch,nationali- stisch undden traditionell-monarchischenKonservativismus ablehnend. Erkannte LandundLeute,sprachplattund versuchte,eineregionale Ausprägungder 'Bewegung'zu fördern. 106 Uwe Danker DiedreiLeben des HinriehLohse -* MitErfolg. Die NSDAP in Schleswig-Holsteingalt innerhalb der Reichsparteials 'Mustergau.Hiererzielte dieNSDAPbereits 1932 mehr als 50% der Stimmen unddamit reichsweit beste Ergebnisse. Gauleiter verfügten, was imHerrschaftgefüge desNS-Staates von zentraler Bedeutung sein sollte,über denZugangzu Hitlerundhatten als regionale„HoheitsträgerderNSDAP"man achte aufdiese sprachli- che Entlehnungaus der Sphäre staatlicher Souveränität,und besaßen in der aufGefolgschaftstreue aufgebautenParteihierarchie „inihren Gau- en einen fastuneingeschränktenSpielraum" EinigeGauleiter wurdenschon imMärz 1 933 zupreußischen Ober- präsidentenberufen. HinriehLohse gehörtezuihnenundgelangte da- mitin dashöchstestaatliche Amtin der Provinz.Der Oberpräsidentver- fügte zwarüber kein Weisungsrecht gegenüber denRegierungspräsi- denten.Dasblieb auch so,ein typischesBeispielalso für eingebauteRi- valitäten innerhalb desNS-Herrschaftsgefüges, der „Polykratie"Im Kern aber stieg die Machtfülle Lohseskontinuierlich an.Der Regie- rungspräsident hatte nicht nurmit dem Oberpräsidenten,sondernauch mit dem Gauleiter direkt zukooperieren.Diese Personalunionmachte Lohse hier für 12 Jahre zum mächtigstenMann.Für seinenpersönlichen Erfolg spricht, daß er 20 JahreGauleiter blieb undzu jenendreiOber- präsidentenzählte,die sichbis 1945 im Amthielten. Erfolgreich arbeitete ermit vorwiegenddeutsch-national,konserva- tiv alsogesinntenVerwaltungsspitzender Provinz zusammen,die aller- dings voll im Sinne der neuen Machthaber funktionierten unddie gene- relle Erkenntnis bestätigten,daß die alten Funktionseliten sichdurch 'vorauseilende Unterwerfung'auszeichnetenund sichschrittweise in die verbrecherische Politik verstrickten.Es sei inErinnerung gerufen, daß inunserer Provinz das Verbrechen derEuthanasie,daß die Erfas- sung vonMinderheiten als Voraussetzungihrer Verfolgung,dieArisie- rung jüdischen Besitzes bishin zuDeportationenohne dieprofessionel- leArbeit des Öffentlichen Dienstes nicht möglichgewesen wären. Imübrigen: Genauso wenig,wie Lohsespäterüber 'seine'Mitarbei- terklagen würde, behauptetendiese späterNegatives vonihremehema- ligen Chef.ImGegenteil.Die gemeinsame Legende desGauleiters und seiner Beamten war die der effizienten undanständigenProvinzialver- waltung! War Lohse also einkorrekter,eher untypischerNS-Verwaltungs- chef?Nein.Als regionalerGaufürst dachte erinHerrschaftskategorien personalerBezüge, aber erkonnte durchaus anprofessionelle Bürokra- tiendelegieren. ImSymbolischen jedoch,da wurde er selbst aktiv: Landgewinnander Westküste alsureigenschleswig-holsteinischenBei- trag zur Schollenfindungerkennend,veranlaßte er seinen 1934begin- nenden undvielfachgefeierten10-Jahresplan.Persönlichbefaßte sich Lohseauch mit willkürlichen Verhaftungen:Inmehreren Dutzend Fäl- len wurdeneinzelne 'Volksgenossen' der Provinz in sogenannte 'Schutzhaft' genommen.Das waren keine Verfolgungsmaßnahmen ge- genpolitische Gegner.Dagabes Angehörigeder tradiertenOberschicht inAngeln, die sich despektierlichüber Lohse geäußert hatten,denmot- zigen,bereits aus der NSDAPausgeschlossenenBauernaus Dithmar- schen,den deutsch-nationalen Bankdirektor ausRendsburg. Derartige Uwe Danker DiedreiLeben des HinrithLohse 107 willkürliche Haftvorgänge tragenbis zumEnde derNS-ZeitAbzeich- nungenundVortragsvermerke Lohses. -Vonbesonderem Selbstbe- wußtsein derneuen Machthaber zeugtensie nicht. Dann, wennes vorOrt rumorte,rückte der Gauleiter persönlichan. Oftübrigens. 1936erreichte er die Absetzungdes FlensburgerBürger- meisters.Und einen reichsweit beachteten Kampf um seine Amtsauto- rität in der ProvinzgewannLohse, alser gegenden Reichswirtschafts- minister die Entlassungdes Chefs der Landesbank exekutierte. Wiepaßt dieses selbstherrlich-gewaltfreudigeVerhalten zusammen mit demangeblich vorbildlichen Verwaltungshandeln?Es sind die zwei Medaillen einund derselbenErfolgskarriere imNationalsozialismus: Es ist die Fortsetzungder Kampfesformen, die1933 zumErfolg geführt - hatten,und es ist zum zweitendas Verhalten eines trotz allen Getöses -unsicheren sozialen Aufsteigers,der großen Wert darauflegt, von al- tenEliten,vomprofessionellenBeamtentum anerkannt -und eben nicht Manbetrachte dieses Bild. Da sehen wir - nur gefürchtet zu werden. den seitSommer 1941 amtierenden Am 8. Mai 1945, als er durch„höhereGewalt, wieer notiert, das Reichskommissar Ostland Lohse ineinem Amt desOberpräsidenten verliert,ist die Bilanz auch seinerpolitischen Gefechtsstand,aufgenommen im Frühjahr Arbeiteindeutig: eine invielerlei Hinsicht zerstörteHeimat.Lohses 1942.Er macht einen kriegerisch-ent- Rolle im Herrschaftsgefüge desNS-Staates ist nicht auffallend: Er hat schlossenen Eindruck. Aber er hateinPro- immer funktioniert,vorallem als treuer Satrap des Führers, vondessen blem.Er muß beim massenhaftenMorden Macht alles abzuleiten war, was Lohse darstellte. helfen,und das fällt ihm schwer. Es geht im folgendenum Aspekte des Holocausts im geographisch riesigen„ReichskommissariatOstland';das 1941 aus denbesetztenGe- bieten Lettland,Litauen,Estlandund Weißrußland gebildet worden war. Die statistische Bilanz des Völkermordesindieser Region:Vonminde- stens 500 000 imReichskommissariat 1941 angetroffenenJuden lebten 108 Uwe Danker Die dreiLebendesHinriehLohseJ 1945 nachder Befreiung keine 10000 mehr.Undzigtausende deutscher - 'Reichsjuden' unterihnenauch die verbliebenen schleswig-holsteini- schen- warenhierhier deportiert worden und hatten dengewaltsamen Todgefunden. Lohse leiteteeine schlichte,hierarchische Aufsichtsverwaltung.Wie sooftimNS-Staat bliebenKompetenzenbewußt unklar undumstritten, hier vorallem die Fragenach derPolizeihoheit. Dasärgerte Lohse bis zumEnde,aber es würde ihn wie andere später vorMordanklagenbe- wahren. Mit ihremGauleiter warensie indie Ferne gereist: unterden 1000 deutschen Behördenmitgliedernzahlreiche Fachkäfte undAlte Kämpfer aus Schleswig-Holstein.Lohse setzteaufseine Gefolgschaft. Allein zehn der 19landratsähnlichen Gebietskommissare stammtenaus seinem Gau,Spitzenkräfte derZentrale auch.Mit von der Partie die späteren bundesrepublikanischenLandräteAlnor,SchröderundMatthiessen. Der 'Kampfauftrag' derVerwaltung:DieRegion sollte nach Kräften für denKriegausgebeutet,für spätere 'Umvolkungsmaßnahmen' vorbe- reitet werden.Von Beginnan damit verwoben die sogenannte'Endlö- sungderJudenfrage. DerProzeß desMordens verlief uniform: Erfassung,Entrechtung, StigmatisierungdurchJudensterne,Enteignung,Aussonderungzur vor- läufigenZwangsarbeit,Einweisungin Gettosund immer wieder Mas- senerschießungen, in Weißrußland auch 'Vergasungen.Der Zivilver- waltungkam dabei immer eine koordinierende Rolle zu:Sie definierte und erfaßte Juden,sieerrichtete dieGettos,sie wies Gettoinsassen der Zwangsarbeit zu,sie konfiszierte,ordnete,erfaßte und versandte diege- raubten Vermögenswerteder jüdischen Bevölkerung,sie stellte Fuhr- parks für Mordaktionen. Ex-Gebietskommissar Gewecke aus Lauen- burgstellte 1958 vor dem Staatsanwalt den Holocaust als Verwaltungsi- dyll dar:„MeineDienststelle hatte selbstverständlich mit der ordnungs- gemäßen (!) Beschlagnahmeund Erfassungjüdischen Vermögenszu tun." Paradoxerweise brachtenAngehörigeder Zivilverwaltung späterer- folgreich vor, daß sie wie auchihr VorgesetzterLohse denJudenmord abgelehntund garnach Kräften behindert sogar Widerstand geleistet hätten. Esgeht umdas, was wirnur die 'Lohse-Legende' nennenkön- nen: Zwar istbelegbar,daß Lohseper Erlaß „dieaktive Teilnahme von Amtsträgernder Ostverwaltung bei Exekutionen jederArt" verboten hat.-Aber:Nicht Unterbinden,sondern Raushalten war die Botschaft. Zeugenaussagensprechendafür, daß die MordaktionenLohse ab- stießen, auch belasteten.ImNovember 1941 mußte er sich seinemMini- ster gegenüber dafür rechtfertigen,eine
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