Editor: Adam J. Youssi

Vol ume 44 Spring 2014 Number 3

United by Service

The African American Fraternal Organizations of Winters Lane

By: Teri Rising

Odd Fellows Hall in the Winters Lane community. (Photograph republished with permission courtesy Louis S. Diggs’ book, It All Started on Winters Lane.)

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group they could also attain the solidarity necessary n the 19th century almost every community in the I to have a real voice in politics and to promote United States had a fraternal lodge. Many of these societal change. It was the lodge as well as the groups, including the Freemasons, Elks and Odd th church that provided African Americans the Fellows, gained popularity in 19 Century America opportunity, safety and security to unite their and were often joined by middle class men who political efforts.2 "These voluntary associations sought a symbolic brotherhood. Outside of the served as the lynchpin of the black community, meetings, the members enjoyed a social network generating the church, fraternal orders, insurance that included both the wealthy and working class. A companies, and the national convention movement" system of life insurance and funeral benefits were which would become essential components of often established and enjoyed by the members and 3 th African American institutional life. their families. When a man in the 19 Century After the Civil War, in spite of the other wanted friendship and status in a local community, benevolent organizations that were created to assist he frequently joined a fraternal lodge. When newly freed slaves, fraternal membership among African American men sought similar opportunities African Americans expanded. Many of the for brotherhood and were turned away, they organizations created by the United States founded groups for themselves that were similar in government were temporary and could not provide many aspects but were also sensitive to the needs of the mutual aid and protection that was difficult to their membership and community. In the historic attain in post-Civil War America. Newly created African American community of Winters Lane, holidays also made fraternal organizations popular. several examples of these fraternal organizations They organized elaborate excursions and can be found. While each of these groups were celebrations, which often included parades, for unique in their history, rituals and symbols, they emancipation related events as well as presidential were united by their civic pride and sense of birthdays and the Fourth of July. The period of time purpose. The results of their dedication and between 1870 and 1910 has often been called “The devotion to improving the wellbeing of the Winters Golden Age of Fraternalism,” and these Lane community can still be seen today. organizations, both white and African American, African Americans in the United States enjoyed great success. attempted to become members of established Complementary female houses were also fraternal organizations as far back as the late 18th created, and the Odd Fellows organization was the century. In spite of the fact that these types of first national fraternity to include women within its organizations were founded and organized by white membership through the “Degree of Rebekahs” in men, many African Americans realized that 1851. The Eastern Stars (Freemasons), was associating with these types of organizations would established in 1874.4 The Daughters of the benefit them greatly. Not only would the societies Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks provide members with benefits that were difficult to of the World was founded in 1902.5 attain in the United States because of their race, Until the Great Depression, fraternal lodges they recognized that the groups could be used to among African Americans were the most popular promote education and citizenship among African community institution, "no other organization, Americans. After experiencing rejection by these except the church, could boast of reaching into the white groups, the men seeking to form parallel masses of the Negro population and at the same organizations to white fraternal orders like time into the middle class."6 White orders made Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Elks, did it not for several attempts to legally challenge the legitimacy the purpose of imitation, but rather to demonstrate of certain African American organizations, but the equality or even superiority. The parallel groups legal fight mounted by the targeted membership would show that African Americans could embody, was not only for their right to organize but also as a and ultimately supersede, the same fraternal matter of racial pride.7 principals of brotherhood and equality.1 As a larger

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Located in the community of Catonsville, the in the community of Winters Lane. The Western Winters Lane National Register Historic District is Star Lodge No. 1442 Grand United Order of Odd an excellent example of a cohesive African Fellows (G.U.O.O.F.) at 58 Winters Lane shared American neighborhood that began in the mid-19th space with other organizations until they could century in rural Baltimore County, Maryland. It acquire their own space. Crescent Lodge of Elks # became home to several fraternal organizations 355 held their meetings at the Western Star Lodge including the Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Elks. as did the members of Landmark Lodge No. 40.12 While the community is comprised primarily of Winters Lane became a prime suburb for African single family dwellings, a few commercial, social Americans. According to the Baltimore Afro- and religious resources exist. The historic American newspaper, “Catonsville is without a properties, which developed between 1867 and the doubt the leading suburb of Baltimore, at least as far early to mid-1940s, are vernacular in design and as the Afro-Americans are concerned. We have only workmanship, reflecting the working class status of one church here (the A.M.E) but that is well the residents. The establishment of the African attended and the pastor is liked, not only by his American community commenced with the members but by the people of this thriving little settlement of former slaves along the northern end town.”13 of Winters Lane and the establishment of a “colored” school on the property purchased by the Western Star Lodge # 1442, Grand United Order Freedman Bureau at the southern end, after the of Odd Fellows in England, 58 Winters Lane Civil War. The name of Winters Lane, or Winters Avenue as it is sometimes called, came from he first fraternal organization to be established in Benjamin Winters who settled in Catonsville after T the war of 1812. According to local historian Jean Winters Lane was the Western Star Lodge # 1442 at Walsh, the road was once called the "Road to the 58 Winters Lane. It was associated with the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in England Factory", possibly the Union Manufacturing th Company.8 The formal petition to open Winters (G.U.O.O.F.) which can trace its origins to 18 Lane was filed in 1862 so that Mr. Winters could Century England. While there is no consensus as to connect his lands to the Frederick Turnpike.9 the origin of the term “Odd Fellows,” it is thought Growth was also aided by the advances made in that the name was derived from a description of the public transportation through the establishment of common laboring men who associated themselves the horse drawn railway in 1862. By 1877, Winters together to form a fraternity for social unity, Lane was the most subdivided north-south road in fellowship and for mutual help which was unusual Catonsville, although a number of the lots were not for this class of people during this time. Another yet developed. The area of Winters Lane changed explanation is that the original Odd Fellows were dramatically between 1877 and 1898 as many of the men who were engaged in various or odd trades, as there were organizations for some of the larger larger estates were subdivided into lots. In 1880 14 there were 498 African Americans in Catonsville, trades. Odd Fellows are also known as “The Three by 1910, over 75% of the African Americans living Link Fraternity” which stands for friendship, love in Catonsville had settled along Winters Lane and and truth. The Grand United Order of Odd Fellows its nearby streets.10 (G.U.O.O.F.) was founded in the United States for As the neighborhood grew so did the need for African American men in 1843 by a ship steward civic institutions. The lodge building itself was very named Peter Ogden. Ogden had been initiated into important and became the central location for the the Odd Fellows in England but was refused secret rituals, recitations and social activities that recognition by the Independent Order of Odd went along with the organization.11 Due to the Fellows (I.O.O.F.) in the United States. As a result, popularity of fraternal organizations in that era, the he went to England to secure a charter from the need for lodge space was great. It was no different Mother Branch. When Ogden died in 1852 there were 32 lodges, by 1863 there were 50 and by 1900

PAGE 4 History Trails there were 2,253 lodges with 70,000 members.15 The organization developed out of medieval The G.U.O.O.F. continues to this day and are builders’ guilds and view God as the Great headquartered in Philadelphia. This order still Architect, and builders as doing God’s work.23 They remains attached to the Mother Branch in England celebrate the universal fellowship of all men, and rather than to the I.O.O.F. the duty of all, regardless of class or station, to Olive Lodge # 967 was granted the dispensation serve one another in the spirit of Christian love, for Western Star Lodge # 1442 on November 8, charity and benevolence.24 1869.16 In 1875, Western Star purchased land on Old Frederick Road for $1500.00 to establish a cemetery for their members.17 It was dedicated on September 13, 1876 and still exists today.18 The land on which the lodge sits was leased to the Western Star Lodge of the G.U.O.O.F. by Elias Livezey, Catonsville resident and real estate broker, in 1894 for $25 a year.19 He later deeded the property to the organization in 1904 for $410.00.20 The lodge building first appears on the 1898 Atlas of Baltimore County and is also depicted on the 1915 Atlas of Baltimore County. A Sanborn Fire Insurance map from 1910 shows the lodge looking almost exactly as it does today.21 The lodge building became the main meeting point for their The Landmark Lodge No. 40. (Photograph republished organization and a location for many events in with permission courtesy Louis S. Diggs’ book, It All Winters Lane, including dances and charity socials Started on Winters Lane.) to benefit local churches and societies. The Western Star Lodge Association’s surviving trustee sold the Most African American Freemasons are property in 1967 which coincides with the decline associated with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge, which of many fraternal organizations.22 is considered to be the oldest continuous African American institution in the United States.25 Prince Landmark Lodge No. 40 of Free and Accepted Hall, a free African American leather craftsman of Masons, 48 ½ Winters Lane Boston, founded the first lodge of African American Freemasonry in Massachusetts. Most Masonic historians believe that Hall was born about 1735, he Landmark Lodge No. 40 of Free and Accepted T although other accounts give his year of birth as Masons, is located at 48 ½ Winters Lane. 1748. Several published biographies contain Established in the Winters Lane community on June conflicting facts about Hall's life. The years prior to 7th, 1904, they were granted an official charter on th his involvement with the Revolutionary War and June 7 , 1905. Affiliated with the historically Freemasonry are still a mystery. Prince Hall and 14 significant “Prince Hall” Masonic organization, other men were initiated into Army Lodge # 441 on Landmark Lodge No. 40 serves as a constituent March 6, 1775 by an outfit of Irish Freemasons who lodge of the Most Worshipful (M.W.) Prince Hall were attached to a British Regiment. They are Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of generally referred to as the "original fifteen" by Maryland. Landmark Lodge No. 40 is an Prince Hall Freemasons today.26 Shortly after their organization of Freemasons, a ritual-based fraternal th initiation, Hall and his fellow fraters organized a brotherhood dating back to the 16 century. lodge for themselves, called Provisional African Freemasonry in the United States dates to the early th Lodge No. 1, which later became African Lodge 18 century when colonists organized lodges with No. 459. Hall was named the first Grand Master.27 charters obtained from Grand Lodges in Europe.

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White Freemasons did not consider this group Saint John's Day, and bury their dead in Masonic "legitimate" and refused to grant a warrant to make manner and form. 35 The preparation to establish the lodge permanent. Consequently, the lodge what would become Landmark Lodge No. 40 began remained provisional for almost a decade until they in 1903, "On Tuesday night, Enterprise Lodge, put were finally granted a permanent charter from the seven gentlemen through their paces on their first Grand Lodge of England in 1784.28 After receiving trip through to the land of the light, preparatory to the charter, Prince Hall granted authority to 13 other setting up a Lodge in the pleasant suburb of men who had been initiated in Ireland and England Catonsville."36 Following the initial step, they to set up a lodge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A achieved provisional status and continued to attract third lodge was organized in Providence, Rhode members. "Landmark Lodge No. 40, of Catonsville, Island.29 had a sermon preached to them on Sunday The African Lodge's rejection by white afternoon last, in Grace A.M.E. of that place. This is Freemasons highlighted the dual standard that the youngest Lodge in the State, and is composed of existed in the United States at the time. In 1795, some very substantial material. It is growing slowly Samuel Dexter, a Boston merchant and patriot, but surely, and to gain entrance means that one must noted the irony of the situation, "in Boston there is a come very well recommended."37 lodge of free and accepted Masons, the brethren of The building that would eventually house the which are negroes... they cannot be denied without lodge was constructed ca. 1896 on property also violating the spirit and design of the institution."30 owned by Elias Livezey.38 Livezey originally leased Freemasonry quickly spread among African the lot to Charles H. Schlosser and Henry H. American males in New England and into other Steinacher who were builders and owners of a urban centers on the east coast. Prince Hall would Baltimore lumber company. They conveyed the go on to distinguish himself as an important figure property to Morning Star Baptist Church in 1901 that used the structure and idealism of Freemasonry and held the mortgage and ground rent.39 Schlosser as a basis for his public voice. In 1797, Hall and Steinacher acquired multiple lots in the delivered what is considered to be the earliest Catonsville area that they may have initially used as publically recorded anti-slavery address by an a source of lumber for their business.40 Some deeds African American.31 Through his public efforts, and mortgage records from the area also indicate Hall became a leader who sought to establish a that they also supplied the building materials to the place for free and enslaved men of color in two of leasee. The lease eventually reverted back to the most significant cultural aspects of early Livezey's estate and his daughter Josephine granted American culture: Freemasonry and the military, full title to the congregation in 1924.41 The building where "the social and cultural technologies for the first appears on the 1898 Atlas of Baltimore County making of men thrived."32 By the mid-19th century, but is curiously labeled as a Methodist Episcopal Prince Hall Free and Accepted Masonic Lodges had congregation instead of a Baptist Church. Landmark been established in 23 other states and Canada with Lodge No. 40 purchased the church in 1931 for at least 7 of those states being strongly pro- $2000 after the sale was approved by a vote of two slavery.33 thirds of the membership of the church.42 It Reflecting the success of the Winters Lane continues to be their home and an important community, and the national popularity of fraternal landmark in the Winters Lane community. While organizations, Landmark Lodge No. 40 was many lodges have disappeared due to the loss of established on June 7th, 1904 and granted an official community and members, Landmark Lodge No. 40 charter on June 7th, 1905.34 In order to meet and is also the only Prince Hall affiliated lodge still perform as a recognized lodge of Freemasons, an actively meeting in Baltimore County.43 authorized Grand Lodge with jurisdiction in the area must provide a charter. This is a necessary step for any lodge that wishes to meet, celebrate

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Crescent Lodge No. 355, Improved Benevolent and Americans as well as their support of unemployed Protective Order of Elks of the World, 169 Winters workers and small business owners.48 Lane Like Landmark Lodge No. 40, Crescent Lodge initially shared space with the Western Star Lodge and held their activities there. Fortunately they were Crescent Lodge No. 355 was established in the 44 able to purchase the building located at 169 Winters Winters Lane community on April 5, 1923. The Lane on October 7, 1930 to use as a dedicated lodge was affiliated with the Improved Benevolent building.49 Prior to being used as a lodge, map and and Protective Order of Elks of the World deed records seem to indicate that it was originally (I.B.P.O.E. of W.) which was founded in 1898 by built as a single family home. The Elks played an attorney, Benjamin Franklin Howard in Cincinnati, active role in Winters Lane and were involved in Ohio. He became the first Grand Exalted Ruler of many civic initiatives that were very important to the first Elks lodge of this order. This lodge was the community. The Elks continued to use the named Cincinnati Lodge No. 1. Since that time property as their lodge until 2001 when it was sold there have been many other lodges formed to Morning Star Baptist Church.50 throughout the country and in foreign nations, and Although the buildings no longer occupy a each has been assigned a number. Shortly after the central role in the civic and social life of the founding of Cincinnati Lodge No.1, the ritual of the Winters Lane neighborhood, the memory of their I.B.P.0.E. of W., was copyrighted by brother Arthur 45 contributions will not be forgotten. The different J. Riggs on September 28, 1898. Although the fraternal lodges represent an important cultural organization functioned under the same principals aspect of life for the residents and friends of the of "Charity, Justice, Brotherly Love and Fidelity" as community, both past and present. Not only do they the white Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, contribute to the understanding of the different which had been founded in 1867, the African elements that helped define the community, they American organization determined that their group provide an important physical reminder and historic had goals that went beyond the social and link to African American fraternal organizations in entertainment focus of the white Elks. They the United States. believed in fraternalism through activism and welcomed all men regardless of religious beliefs, opinions or creeds. Local and national programs were created to assist members with finding employment, housing and education along with the promotion of self-respect, independence and social justice within the African American community.46 While many of these values were shared among other fraternal organizations, the Elks were more democratic in their membership requirements and open to the participation of women. The group was also popular because it was a "non-sectarian, non- pious order that permitted alcohol consumption and dancing in their Lodges."47 While the age of membership of Masonic Lodges tended to be older, the Elks often appealed to younger men which Crescent Lodge No. 355. (Photograph republished likely led to their survival in the wake of the Great with permission courtesy Louis S. Diggs’ book, It All Depression when many other fraternal lodges failed. Started on Winters Lane.) Their continued success also led to their active involvement in labor issues affecting African

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Sources 33 Brown, Parks, Phillips, African American Fraternities, 78. 34 1 Theda Skocpol, Ariane Liazos, and Marshall Ganz, What a Mighty Power Diggs, It All Started (Louis S. Diggs, 1995), 114. 35 We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Dunbar, "Hidden in Plain Sight," 630-633. 36 Equality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 136-137. “Chips From the Quarries,” 1903, Afro-American (1893-1988), July 11, 2 Paul Dunbar, "Hidden in Plain Sight: African American Secret Societies and http://search.proquest.com/docview/530250057?accountid=34685. 37 Black Freemasonry," Journal of African American Studies 16, no. 4 “Chips From the Quarries,” 1904, Afro-American (1893-1988), June 25, (December 2012): Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed http://search.proquest.com/docview/530268959?accountid=34685. 38 December 10, 2013), 622. Maryland Journal, Saturday, April 3, 1897. 39 3 Ibid, 628. Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, 4 Tamara L. Brown, Gregory S. Parks, Clarenda M. Phillips, African Towson, MD: NBM 252:548. 40 American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision, (University Paul Dorsey, phone conversation with author, Towson, MD, January 24, Press of Kentucky, 2005), 79. 2014. 41 5 Venus Green, "Not your average fraternal organization: the IBPOEW and Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, labor activism, 1935–1950," Labor History 53, no. 4 (November 2012): Towson, MD: WPC 596:143. 42 America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed January 31, 2014), 475. Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, 6 Dunbar, "Hidden in Plain Sight," 630. Towson, MD: LmcLM 877:92. 43 7 Skocpol, Liazos, Ganz, What a Mighty Power, 136-137. “The Maryland Prince Hall Masonic Family,” The Most Worshipful Prince 8 Note Cards for District 1, 1985, Baltimore County Department of Planning, Hall Grand Lodge of Maryland and Jurisdiction, Inc, January 28, 2014, Towson, MD. accessed January 28, 2014, 9 Baltimore County Road Records, Department of Public Works, Land http://www.mwphglmd.org/Maryland_Masonic_Family.html. 44 Acquisition Office, Towson, MD: 4:52. Diggs, It All Started, 88. 45 10Laura V. Trieschmann, National Register of Historic Places Nomination “Ibpoe-of-w History,” THE IMPROVED BENEVOLENT AND Form - BA-3067 Winters Lane Historic District, Maryland Historical Trust, PROTECTIVE ORDER OF ELKS OF THE WORLD, last modified March 2007, Section 8, 1-2. 19, 2007, accessed January 31, 2014, http://ibpoe-of-w.org/joomla/index.php. 11 Jeffrey A. Charles, Service Clubs in American Society: Rotary, Kiwanis and 46 Green, "Not your average," 474. Lions (University of Illinois Press, 1993), 10-11. 47 Ibid, 475. 12 Louis S. Diggs, It All Started on Winters Lane, A History of the Black 48 Ibid, 477. 49 Community in Catonsville, Maryland (Louis S. Diggs, 1995), 114. Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, 13 Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore Afro American Historical Archive, Towson, MD: LMcLM 867:41. Baltimore Maryland, November 30, 1895. 50 14 Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, Wayne Roberts, Don Smith, The Three Link Fraternity - Odd Fellowship in Towson, MD: SM 14934:42. California, An introduction to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Rebekahs (Linden Publications, 1993), retrieved January 31, 2008 from About the Author http://www.ioof.org/ioof_history.htm. 15 Brown, Parks, Phillips, African American Fraternities, 80-81. 16 Charles H. Brooks, The Official History and Manual of the Grand United Teri L. Rising is a Historic Preservation Planner in the Order of Odd Fellows in America (Philadelphia: Odd Fellows Journal Print, Baltimore County Office of Planning. Teri may be reached at 1902), 109. [email protected] with questions or comments 17 Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, related to the research and narrative. Inquiries related to the Towson, MD: JB 95:125. 18 Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore Sun Historical Archive, Baltimore, images, layout and editing should be directed to its editor at Maryland, September 13, 1876, 4. the Historical Society of Baltimore County. 19 Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, Towson, MD: LMB 217:63. About the Historical Society 20 Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, Towson, MD: WPC 280:394. 21 Enoch Pratt Free Library, Bell & Howell Information and Learning's Digital Incorporated in 1959, the Historical Society of Baltimore Sanborn Maps, 1867-1970, April 1910, Plate 2. County remains the only organization devoted to collecting, 22 Baltimore County Land & Will Records, Baltimore County Courthouse, researching, interpreting and disseminating the history of Towson, MD: OTG 4729:086. 23 Charles Paul Freund, “From Satan to the Sphinx: The Masonic Mysteries of Baltimore County in its entirety. Its mission is to, “...collect, D.C.’s Map,” The Washington Post, November 5, 1995, Section C, p. 3. preserve and interpret the rich history of Baltimore County for 24 Peter P. Hinks, "John Marrant and the Meaning of Early Black the education and enjoyment of present and future Freemasonry" The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 64, No. 1, generations.” It serves the community through monthly Free to Enslave: Politics and the Escalation of Britain's Translantic (Jan., 2007) , Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and programming, presentations, lectures, exhibits, tours and Culture Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4491600, 110. publications related to Baltimore County, its residents and 25 Hinks, "John Marrant," 106. their history. Its research center is home to almost 10,000 26 Dunbar, "Hidden in Plain Sight," 633. museum artifacts, more than 8,000 historic photographs, 3,500 27 Maurice Wallace, "Are We Men?: Prince Hall, Martin Delany, and the Masculine Ideal in Black Freemasonry, 1775-1865," American Literary library volumes, 8,000 genealogy surname files, 3,000 History, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Autumn, 1997), published by: Oxford University topically organized vertical files, and hundreds of maps, Press, article stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/490174, 397. periodicals and publications. 28 Wallace, "Are We Men?", 397. 29 Brown, Parks, Phillips, African American Fraternities, 75. 30 Hinks, "John Marrant," 107. 31 Brown, Parks, Phillips, African American Fraternities, 77. 32 Wallace, "Are We Men?", 398.

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