ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4687 Date: 2015-10-21 1 Introduction
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Towards Chinese Calligraphy Zhuzhong Qian
Macalester International Volume 18 Chinese Worlds: Multiple Temporalities Article 12 and Transformations Spring 2007 Towards Chinese Calligraphy Zhuzhong Qian Desheng Fang Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl Recommended Citation Qian, Zhuzhong and Fang, Desheng (2007) "Towards Chinese Calligraphy," Macalester International: Vol. 18, Article 12. Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol18/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for Global Citizenship at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Macalester International by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Towards Chinese Calligraphy Qian Zhuzhong and Fang Desheng I. History of Chinese Calligraphy: A Brief Overview Chinese calligraphy, like script itself, began with hieroglyphs and, over time, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the national cultural heritage. Chinese scripts are generally divided into five categories: Seal script, Clerical (or Official) script, Regular script, Running script, and Cursive script. What follows is a brief introduction of the evolution of Chinese calligraphy. A. From Prehistory to Xia Dynasty (ca. 16 century B.C.) The art of calligraphy began with the creation of Chinese characters. Without modern technology in ancient times, “Sound couldn’t travel to another place and couldn’t remain, so writings came into being to act as the track of meaning and sound.”1 However, instead of characters, the first calligraphy works were picture-like symbols. These symbols first appeared on ceramic vessels and only showed ambiguous con- cepts without clear meanings. -
Language Kinship Between Mandarin, Hokkien Chinese and Japanese (Lexicostatistics Review)
LANGUAGE KINSHIP BETWEEN MANDARIN, HOKKIEN CHINESE AND JAPANESE (LEXICOSTATISTICS REVIEW) KEKERABATAN ANTARA BAHASA MANDARIN, HOKKIEN DAN JEPANG (TINJAUAN LEXICOSTATISTICS) Abdul Gapur1, Dina Shabrina Putri Siregar 2, Mhd. Pujiono3 1,2,3Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara Jalan Universitas, No. 19, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia Telephone (061) 8215956, Facsimile (061) 8215956 E-mail: [email protected] Article accepted: July 22, 2018; revised: December 18, 2018; approved: December 24, 2018 Permalink/DOI: 10.29255/aksara.v30i2.230.301-318 Abstract Mandarin and Hokkien Chinese are well known having a tight kinship in a language family. Beside, Japanese also has historical relation with China in the field of language and cultural development. Japanese uses Chinese characters named kanji with certain phonemic vocabulary adjustment, which is adapted into Japanese. This phonemic adjustment of kanji is called Kango. This research discusses about the kinship of Mandarin, Hokkien Chinese in Indonesia and Japanese Kango with lexicostatistics review. The method used is quantitative with lexicostatistics technique. Quantitative method finds similar percentage of 100-200 Swadesh vocabularies. Quantitative method with lexicostatistics results in a tree diagram of the language genetics. From the lexicostatistics calculation to the lexicon level, it is found that Mandarin Chinese (MC) and Japanese Kango (JK) are two different languages, because they are in a language group (stock) (29%); (2) JK and Indonesian Hokkien Chinese (IHC) are also two different languages, because they are in a language group (stock) (24%); and (3) MC and IHC belong to the same language family (42%). Keywords: language kinship, Mandarin, Hokkien, Japanese Abstrak Bahasa Mandarin dan Hokkien diketahui memiliki hubungan kekerabatan dalam rumpun yang sama. -
Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character
Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N4701 Date: 2015-10-23 Source: WG 2 meeting 64, Kunibiki Messe, Matsue, Shimane, Japan; 2015-10-19/23 Title: Recommendations from WG 2 meeting 64 Action: For approval by SC 2 and for information to WG 2 Status: Adopted at meeting 64 of WG 2 Distribution: WG2 meeting 64 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 and WG 2) Experts accredited by the national bodies or liaison organizations for Canada, China, IRG, Japan, SEI - UC Berkeley (Liaison), TCA (Liaison), the United Kingdom, the Unicode Consortium (Liaison), and the USA were present when the following recommendations were adopted (see attached attendance list). Character count 120585 in 4th edition 101 additions in DAM1 to the 4th edition 11630 in PDAM2.1 (end of meeting 63) Character count 132316 (total allocated till end of meeting 63) Note: Some of the referenced proposals in this document are contributions from the Unicode Consortium and do not have a WG2 document number. Observation M64.01 (Amendment 2 changes since meeting 63): WG2 notes that in addition to the total of 11630 characters listed in recommendation M63.11 (document N4604), progression of Amendment 2 through PDAM 2.2 and to DAM2 stages has resulted in several changes as summarized in document N4665. The net is that total number of characters that went for DAM2 ballot was 7332. count: 7332 additions in Amendment 2 Observation M64.02 (Additions in 5th edition ballot): WG2 also notes that the balloted text for CD of the 5th edition contained the Amendment 1 and DAM2 content, plus several changes. -
Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 264 December, 2016 Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Simplification of Chinese Characters in Japan and China
CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO CHINESE CHARACTER REFORM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLIFICATION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS IN JAPAN AND CHINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2012 By Kei Imafuku Thesis Committee: Alexander Vovin, Chairperson Robert Huey Dina Rudolph Yoshimi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express deep gratitude to Alexander Vovin, Robert Huey, and Dina R. Yoshimi for their Japanese and Chinese expertise and kind encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. Their guidance, as well as the support of the Center for Japanese Studies, School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and the East-West Center, has been invaluable. i ABSTRACT Due to the complexity and number of Chinese characters used in Chinese and Japanese, some characters were the target of simplification reforms. However, Japanese and Chinese simplifications frequently differed, resulting in the existence of multiple forms of the same character being used in different places. This study investigates the differences between the Japanese and Chinese simplifications and the effects of the simplification techniques implemented by each side. The more conservative Japanese simplifications were achieved by instating simpler historical character variants while the more radical Chinese simplifications were achieved primarily through the use of whole cursive script forms and phonetic simplification techniques. These techniques, however, have been criticized for their detrimental effects on character recognition, semantic and phonetic clarity, and consistency – issues less present with the Japanese approach. By comparing the Japanese and Chinese simplification techniques, this study seeks to determine the characteristics of more effective, less controversial Chinese character simplifications. -
Negotiation Philosophy in Chinese Characters
6 Ancient Wisdom for the Modern Negotiator: What Chinese Characters Have to Offer Negotiation Pedagogy Andrew Wei-Min Lee* Editors’ Note: In a project that from its inception has been devoted to second generation updates, it is instructive nonetheless to realize how much we have to learn from the past. We believe Lee’s chapter on Chinese characters and their implications for negotiation is groundbreaking. With luck, it will prove to be a harbinger of a whole variety of new ways of looking at our field that will emerge from our next round of discussion. Introduction To the non-Chinese speaker, Chinese characters can look like a cha- otic mess of dots, lines and circles. It is said that Chinese is the most difficult language in the world to learn, and since there is no alpha- bet, the struggling student has no choice but to learn every single Chinese character by sheer force of memory – and there are tens of thousands! I suggest a different perspective. While Chinese is perhaps not the easiest language to learn, there is a very definite logic and sys- tem to the formation of Chinese characters. Some of these characters date back almost eight thousand years – and embedded in their make-up is an extraordinary amount of cultural history and wisdom. * Andrew Wei-Min Lee is founder and president of the Leading Negotiation Institute, whose mission is to promote negotiation pedagogy in China. He also teaches negotiation at Peking University Law School. His email address is an- [email protected]. This article draws primarily upon the work of Feng Ying Yu, who has spent over three hundred hours poring over ancient Chinese texts to analyze and decipher the make-up of modern Chinese characters. -
Using a Radical-Derived Character E-Learning Platform to Increase Learner Knowledge of Chinese Characters
Language Learning & Technology February 2013, Volume 17, Number 1 http://llt.msu.edu/issues/february2013/chenetal.pdf pp. 89–106 USING A RADICAL-DERIVED CHARACTER E-LEARNING PLATFORM TO INCREASE LEARNER KNOWLEDGE OF CHINESE CHARACTERS Hsueh-Chih Chen, National Taiwan Normal University Chih-Chun Hsu, National Defense University Li-Yun Chang, University of Pittsburgh Yu-Chi Lin, National Taiwan Normal University Kuo-En Chang, National Taiwan Normal University Yao-Ting Sung, National Taiwan Normal University The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of a radical-derived Chinese character teaching strategy on enhancing Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) learners’ Chinese orthographic awareness. An e-learning teaching platform, based on statistical data from the Chinese Orthography Database Explorer (Chen, Chang, L.Y., Chou, Sung, & Chang, K.E., 2011), was established and used as an auxiliary teaching tool. A nonequivalent pretest-posttest quasi-experiment was conducted, with 129 Chinese- American CFL learners as participants (69 people in the experimental group and 60 people in the comparison group), to examine the effectiveness of the e-learning platform. After a three-week course—involving instruction on Chinese orthographic knowledge and at least seven phonetic/semantic radicals and their derivative characters per week—the experimental group performed significantly better than the comparison group on a phonetic radical awareness test, a semantic radical awareness test, as well as an orthography knowledge test. Keywords: Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL), Chinese Orthographic Awareness, Radical-Derived Character Instructional Method, Phonetic/Semantic Radicals INTRODUCTION The rise of China to international prominence in recent years has made learning Chinese extremely popular, and increasing numbers of non-native Chinese students have begun to choose Chinese as their second language of study. -
The Chinese Script T � * 'L
Norman, Jerry, Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 1 3.1 Th e beginnings of Chinese writing 59 3 FISH HORSE ELEPHANT cow (yu) (m ii) (xiimg) (niu) " The Chinese script t � * 'l Figure 3.1. Pictographs in early Chinese writing 3.1 The beginnings of Chinese writing1 The Chinese script appears as a fully developed writing system in the late Shang .dynasty (fourteenth to eleventh centuries BC). From this period we have copious examples of the script inscribed or written on bones and tortoise shells, for the most part in the form of short divinatory texts. From the same period there also Figure 3.2. The graph fo r quiin'dog' exist a number of inscriptions on bronze vessels of various sorts. The former type of graphic record is referred to as the oracle bone script while the latter is com of this sort of graph are shown in Figure 3.1. The more truly representational a monly known· as the bronze script. The script of this period is already a fully graph is, the more difficult and time-consuming it is to depict. There is a natural developed writing system, capable of recording the contemporary Chinese lan tendency for such graphs to become progressively simplified and stylized as a guage in a complete and unambiguous manner. The maturity of this early script writing system matures and becomes more widely used. As a result, pictographs has suggested to many scholars that it must have passed through a fairly long gradually tend to lose their obvious pictorial quality. The graph for qui'in 'dog' period of development before reaching this stage, but the few examples of writing shown in Figure 3.2 can serve as a good illustration of this sort of development. -
A Dictionary of Chinese Characters: Accessed by Phonetics
A dictionary of Chinese characters ‘The whole thrust of the work is that it is more helpful to learners of Chinese characters to see them in terms of sound, than in visual terms. It is a radical, provocative and constructive idea.’ Dr Valerie Pellatt, University of Newcastle. By arranging frequently used characters under the phonetic element they have in common, rather than only under their radical, the Dictionary encourages the student to link characters according to their phonetic. The system of cross refer- encing then allows the student to find easily all the characters in the Dictionary which have the same phonetic element, thus helping to fix in the memory the link between a character and its sound and meaning. More controversially, the book aims to alleviate the confusion that similar looking characters can cause by printing them alongside each other. All characters are given in both their traditional and simplified forms. Appendix A clarifies the choice of characters listed while Appendix B provides a list of the radicals with detailed comments on usage. The Dictionary has a full pinyin and radical index. This innovative resource will be an excellent study-aid for students with a basic grasp of Chinese, whether they are studying with a teacher or learning on their own. Dr Stewart Paton was Head of the Department of Languages at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, from 1976 to 1981. A dictionary of Chinese characters Accessed by phonetics Stewart Paton First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. -
The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history. -
Proposal to Encode Small Seal Script in UCS Source: TCA and China Action: for Consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4634 Date: 2014-09-30 Title: Proposal to encode Small Seal Script in UCS Source: TCA and China Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 This document proposes to encode 10,516 Small Seal Script characters in UCS. Note: This document shows 799 of 10,516 characters, with TrueType fonts. The fonts of remaining ones will be provided later. The 799 characters in this document are selected from Volume 1 of the 14 volumes Tenghuaxie version Shuowen Jiezi (14 卷 藤花榭本說文解字). 1. Small Seal Script and the Book Shuowen Jiezi The Small Seal script (小篆) is a kind of ancient Chinese script, predecessor of modern Chinese (漢字, Hanzi). The book Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字), edited by Xu Shen (許慎, 58 AD to 147 AD), collects the Small Seal characters of Qin Dynasty (秦, 220 BC to 206 BC) of China. The collection contains 9,353 canonical Small Seal characters, 1163 variants (called “Chongwen” in Shuowen Jiezi). Chongwen contains Zhouwen (籀文, Small Seal script in Zhou Dynasty, 周 1046 BC to 256 BC) and Guwen (古文, the scripts used in the other six nations excluding Qin in the Warring States period, 475 BC to 221 BC) which are incompatible with Small Seal characters. There were two types of publicly accepted scripts prevailing in Qin Dynasty, canonical Small Seal script and clerical script which was used by the public (known as Qin Li in philology, also named Gu Li to distinguish from subsequent Han Li). Some people think Small Seal script is a calligraphy typeface, which is a misunderstanding. -
An Investigation of Chinese Learners' Acquisition and Understanding of Bushou and Their Attitude on Formal In-Class Bushou Instruction
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses Dissertations and Theses November 2014 An Investigation of Chinese Learners' Acquisition and Understanding of Bushou and Their Attitude on Formal In-Class Bushou Instruction Yan P. Liu University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2 Recommended Citation Liu, Yan P., "An Investigation of Chinese Learners' Acquisition and Understanding of Bushou and Their Attitude on Formal In-Class Bushou Instruction" (2014). Masters Theses. 98. https://doi.org/10.7275/6054895 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/98 This Campus-Only Access for Five (5) Years is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN INVESTIGATION OF CHINESE LEARNERS’ ACQUISITION AND UNDERSTANDING OF BUSHOU AND THEIR ATTITUDE ON FORMAL IN- CLASS BUSHOU INSTRUCTION A CASE STUDY A Thesis Presented By YANPING LIU Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS September 2014 Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures Asian Languages and Literatures AN INVESTIGATION OF CHINESE LEARNERS’ ACQUISITION AND UNDERSTANDING OF BUSHOU AND THEIR ATTITUDE ON FORMAL IN- CLASS BUSHOU INSTRUCTION