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Home , Ingrid Daubechies, Jesse Beams, Kim Weaver, Orlando Figueroa, Parsons (crater), Peabody Institute

D. m. siLVER

The APL Colloquium

David M. Silver

The APL Colloquium has been a 59-year tradition at the Laboratory. The lectures are held weekly, generally from October to May, and cover an eclectic range of topics. The early history of the APL Colloquium, covering its first four decades through 1988, has been previously described in the Technical Digest. The present article highlights some of the history of the institution and provides a chronological inventory of the colloquium lectures from 1988 to 2006.

INTRODUCTION A colloquium is a meeting for the exchange of views staff on what is currently exciting, relevant, and of value covering a broad range of topics, usually led by a differ- to the work and people of APL. ent lecturer on a different topic at each meeting, and The colloquium schedule has been chronicled in pre- followed by questions and answers. A colloquium series vious Technical Digest articles, beginning with the first is aimed at a diverse audience and differs from a seminar issue in 1961 of the precursor APL Technical Digest.1 series, which tends to be geared to specialists in the field This tradition has continued to the present in the and is consequently more restrictive and esoteric with Digest, where the “Miscellanea” section regularly con- respect to the topics covered. given this distinction tains a list of recent colloquia (the Laboratory has tradi- between colloquium and seminar, the APL Colloquium tionally used the Latin plural, colloquia, rather than the is certainly rightly named, covering an eclectic range of English form, colloquiums). The early history and first topics intended to appeal to the APL staff in general. four decades of the colloquium through 1988 have been The APL Colloquium, begun in 1947, is held weekly, described in another previous issue of the Digest in an generally on Friday afternoons from October to May, and article by Ernest Gray and Albert Stone.2 is one of the longest standing technical and scientific Although information regarding the earliest days lecture series in the Washington/ area. The was fragmentary (there were no surviving records from goal of the colloquium has been to bring to the Labo- that period), Gray and Stone managed to provide the ratory scientific scholars, technical innovators, industry flavor of the colloquium series and some specifica- leaders, government sponsors, military personnel, policy tion of memorable speakers, some of whom were or makers, authors, journalists, commentators, and pho- later became nobel Laureates. speakers through the tographers to inform, educate, and enlighten Laboratory 1950s included Jesse Beams, Robert H. Dicke, C. Stark

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Draper, scott Forbush, buckminster Fuller, george quickly broadened in scope to include the entire APL Gamow, peter goldmark, Donald r. griffin, marc community. The early lecture series was held late on Kac, herman kahn, polykarp kusch (later awarded Friday afternoons at the Laboratory’s 8621 georgia the nobel prize), otto neugebauer, Franco rasetti, Avenue facility in Silver Spring. Robert Herman was in then captain hyman rickover, richard b. roberts, charge of the colloquium from 1947 to 1955, when he Arnold siegert, s. Fred singer, John c. slater, nobel left the Laboratory. Laureate harold c. urey, John A. Wheeler, nobelist Albert Stone took over and ran the colloquium from , and Nobelist Chen N. Yang. 1955 to 1961. At the start of this period, the William S. Starting with 1960 through 1988, gray and stone Parsons Auditorium in the then-new howard county were able to give a year-by-year summary of colloquium facility was phased in as the venue for the colloquium, speakers. The list of notable presenters included the with the first one held there on 21 October 1955. Parsons following. 1960s: William s. Albright, nobelist nico- Auditorium greatly expanded the colloquium accessibil- laas Bloembergen, Richard W. Courant, Nobelist Peter ity with its capacity of 200 participants. The tradition Debye, Milton S. Eisenhower, Nobelist Leon M. Leder- of having a colloquium luncheon for the speaker and man, margaret mead, nobelist marshall W. niren- attended by a small number of APL staff was also estab- berg, and Nobelist Norman F. Ramsey. 1970s: Nobelist lished. In 1961, Stone handed over the responsibility of Hannes Alfvén, Amar g. bose, , running the colloquium to Ernest Gray. Louis b. Leakey, Arnall patz, nobelist ilya prigogine, Gray held the reins from 1961 until he retired in 1994. Paul s. sarbanes, Joseph D. Tydings, James A. Van During this 33-year period, between 25 and 30 colloquia Allen, and e. bright Wilson. 1980s: harold brown, per year—around 900 colloquium lectures—were con- Nobelist , W. Edwards Demming, Nobel- ducted under Gray’s command. One of the innovations ist Riccardo Giacconi, Douglas R. Hofstadter, Paul W. during this period started in November 1961, when all Klipsch, Philip E. Leakey, Nobelist Alan G. MacDiar- colloquia were audiotaped and then, by 1962, videotaped. mid, Hans Mark, Elliott W. Montroll, Nobelist Daniel Video permitted the lectures to be transmitted on closed Nathans, Raold Z. Sagdeev, Nobelist Herbert A. Simon, circuit to remote TV monitors in the Howard County Solomon H. Snyder, and Jerome B. Wiesner. In addition, cafeteria whenever the audience exceeded the capacity the colloquium also featured several APL staff members of Parsons Auditorium. Copies of the videotapes in VHS as speakers each year. format were deposited in APL’s r. e. gibson Library The present article provides a few brief highlights so that staff members who had to miss a lecture could of the history of the APL Colloquium and documents catch up later. In 1969, a weekly Colloquium Informa- activities from 1988 to 2006. tion Sheet and a monthly colloquium schedule were dis- tributed to the APL staff. The Colloquium Information Sheet provided a half-page biography of the speaker and HIGHLIGHTS OF APL COLLOQUIUM a half-page synopsis of the talk. The Kossiakoff Center HISTORY opened in 1983, allowing some colloquia to be held in The founder of the APL colloquium was robert the much larger 500-seat auditorium. Also in 1983, live Herman (now deceased), whose initial conception in broadcast of the colloquium lecture to Homewood via a 1947 was a scientific research lecture series intended microwave link to TV monitors in Hall was for the APL Research Center staff, but the colloquium instituted, but eventually abandoned in 2004.

Colloquium Leaders

Robert Herman Albert Stone Ernest Gray Kishin Moorjani 1947–1955 1955–1961 1961–1994 1994–2002

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Kishin Moorjani became the next colloquium leader Colloquium is held early in the colloquium year and is in 1994. A colloquium website, www.jhuapl.edu/collo- presented by an APL staff member. The list of speak- quium, was established in 1995, providing the schedule of ers in this series follows: Frederick s. billig, Wayne talks and an archive of previous talks. Starting in 1999, A. Bryden, Denis J. Donohue, James Franson, Robert the website included an author biography and topic syn- Fry, Tom krimigis, Donald g. mitchell, John som- opsis for each colloquium. In late 2001, the Colloquium merer, James c. spall, Joseph J. suter, and paul J. Information Sheet and the monthly colloquium sched- Waltrup. ule transitioned from paper sent to the staff to an elec- With the beginning of the 21st century, eight collo- tronic version e-mailed to staff. However, the recipients quia were held and designated “Millennial Challenges: on the external mailing list continued to receive paper Colloquia 2000.” The speakers in this series shared their announcements. moorjani was in charge of the collo- expectations and speculations for the new century in the quium from 1994 until his retirement in 2002, whereupon areas of national security, space science and technology, I was given the task of running the colloquium. and education. The list of speakers in this series was as In 2003, a colloquium feedback page was added to the follows: William R. Brody, Frank L. Fernandez, Daniel S. colloquium website to provide a mechanism for com- Goldin, Shirley Ann Jackson, then Rear Admiral Michael ments, suggestions, and evaluations of the lectures. Also G. Mullen, then Admiral Rodney P. Rempt, Richard T. that year, the distribution of the Colloquium Informa- Roca, Robert Skinner Jr., and Virginia Trimble. An issue tion Sheet and schedule transitioned to a fully electronic of the Technical Digest documents these lectures.3 mailing, with the commencement of e-mail to external Following 9/11, 15 colloquia were held through the recipients. Another development in 2003 was the move 2001–2003 period labeled “The New Critical Challenge: to record the colloquium lectures on DVD-R, in addi- The War on Terrorism.” These colloquia dealt with tion to VHS, for deposit in the Gibson Library, where aspects of the terrorist threat, bioterrorism, counterterror- they are available for viewing or borrowing. ism, defense policies, legal issues, military responses, and intelligence concerns. The list of speakers was as follows: SPECIAL COLLOQUIA Stephen Biddle, Marius Deeb, Richard D. Fisher Jr., Vicki During the year, there are certain special colloquia. Freimuth, sheldon greenberg, richard haver, bruce One of them is the Archie I. Mahan Colloquium, held Hoffman, James F. Jarboe, edward macKerrow, brad- annually since its inauguration in December 1991. Under ley roberts, s. Frederick starr, peter F. Verga, michael the provisions of his will, former APL staff member Dr. Vlahos, Ruth Wedgwood, and R. James Woolsey. Mahan bequeathed a sum of money to APL to establish a Two additional special colloquia are held each year special memorial fund in his name, to invest the money to focus on the diversity of talent in two communities. and to use the earnings from his bequest “to establish A black history month colloquium each February and maintain an annual Christmas lecture on scientific since 2001 has hosted Ellis Barksdale, Ronald Demon, subjects.” The Laboratory has honored this request by Anthony D. King, Calvin Mackie, John Slaughter, and designating a colloquium lecture close to Christmastime Woodrow Whitlow. A Hispanic Awareness Month Col- to be the Archie I. Mahan Colloquium. The rostrum of loquium, held during the mid-September to mid-Octo- speakers has been as follows: Isaac N. Bankman, Robert ber period, was initiated in 2004 and hosted orlando F. Behler, Marc H. Brodsky, Dennis M. Bushnell, Sayeed Figueroa. The u.S. surgeon general, Vice Admiral Choudhury, Bruce A. Dale, Donald Duncan, James D. Richard Carmona, MD, MPH, was the speaker for the Franson, Stuart Gilman, R. G. Greenler, David J. Nagel, 2005 event. Thomas A. Potemra, J. W. Wagner, E. Wolf, and Neil Zimmerman. COLLOQUIUM CHRONOLOGY: Dr. Mahan was a member of the APL staff from 1955 1988–2006 until he retired in 1979. He held an A.B. in and The following are groupings of colloquia for the mathematics (1931) from Friends University in Wichita, approximately October to May colloquium season, alpha- Kansas, and a Ph.D. in physics (1940) from The Johns betized within each time frame. The speaker’s name and Hopkins university. At APL, his research focus was affiliation and the title of the talk are provided. Again, physical and geometric optics and lasers, while outside more information for some of the later talks (after 1999) the Laboratory he was particularly active in the Optical can be found at the colloquium website, www.jhuapl. Society of America as well as the Washington philo- edu/colloquium, which contains a brief biography of the sophical Society and the American Institute of Physics. speaker and a synopsis of the talk. The current collo- On 7 October 1994, the annual Ernest P. Gray Col- quium schedule is also available at that website. loquium was inaugurated to honor Ernie’s 33 years of running the colloquium. The first of these was given 1988–1989 by Gray himself on “Reminiscence of My Association John N. Bahcall (Institute for Advanced Study), Solar Neutrinos with APL colloquia.” Typically, the ernest p. gray Harry K. Charles Jr. (APL), Electronic Packaging

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Rafael De La Llave (), Computer-Assisted Robert C. Dynes (AT&T bell Laboratories), Vortex States in Proofs in Mathematical Physics Superconductors: Microscopics and Macroscopics Alexander J. Dessler (Rice University), Status of the Small-Comet A. R. Eastham (Queens University, Canada), Magnetically Levi- Hypothesis tated Trains Farouk El-Baz (Boston University), In Search of Pharaoh’s Boat Martin O. Harwit (National Air and Space Museum), Astronomi- David Emin (Sandia National Laboratories), Large Bipolarons and cal Discovery and Astrophysical Understanding High-Temperature Superconductivity Roderick V. Jensen (), Chaos in Classical and Quan- Raul Fainchtein (APL), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spec- tum Systems: From Atoms to Asteroids troscopy at APL Donald J. Kessler (NASA Johnson Space Center), Orbital Debris: Paul D. Garnett (SYSCON Corp.), Computer Viruses Implications for Spacecraft Operations John A. Goodman (University of maryland), The Anomalous Daniel J. Kleitman ( Institute of Technology), Com- Muon Content of Air Showers from Hercules X-1 putational Complexity and Economics Henry F. Gray (Naval Research Laboratory), Field-Emitter Arrays: A. Refik Kortan (AT&T bell Laboratories), Scanning Tunneling A Basis for Vacuum Microelectronics Microscope Observations of Nonperiodic Crystals Celso Grebogi (University of maryland), Chaos and Fractals in Henry A. Kues (APL), Effects of RF Radiation on the Primate Eye Nonlinear Dynamics Barbara G. Levi (Physics Today), Land-Based Missiles: The Basis O. W. Greenberg (University of Maryland), How Well Is the Pauli for Decision Exclusion Principle Obeyed? Thomas S. Mang (Roswell park memorial institute), Clinical James J. Griffin (University of Maryland), The Quadronium-Rosetta Treatment of Various Cancer Types by Means of Photodynamic Stone for the Electron-Positron Puzzle Therapy Steven H. Hanke (JHU), Privatization: Public Versus Private Costs Reinhold Mann (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Mobile Robot- Alexander E. Kaplan (JHU), Nonlinear and Quantum Optics of a ics for Nuclear Energy–Related Applications Single Electron Paul H. Nitze (Jhu school of Advanced international stud- Julian H. Krolik (JHU), Problems in the Formation of the Cosmic ies), From Hiroshima to Glasnost: Reflections on Four Perilous Microwave Background Decades Paul D. Lett (National institute of standards and Technology), P. L. Olson (JHU), The Structure of Convection in the Earth’s Laser Cooling of Atoms to Microkelvin Temperatures Mantle M. Masuda (Research Association of Superconducting Magnetic Allan Robinson (Harvard University), Progress in Geophysical Fluid Storage, Japan), Recent Topics on Energy Storage Using Super- Dynamics conductivity Michael W. Roth (APL), Neural Networks, Machine Vision, and Paul S. Miller (JHU), Potential Therapeutic Applications for Anti- Automatic Target Recognition Sense Nucleic Acid Analogs Richard Samuels (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Getting Kishin Moorjani (APL), Superconducting Technology: A Look at America Ready for Japanese Science and Technology Japan Edward C. Stone ( Institute of Technology), The Voyager Roger A. Morse (), The Africanized Honeybee Encounter with Neptune Richard S. Muller (University of California, Berkeley), New Oppor- Darrel F. Strobel (JHU), The Atmospheres of the Outer Planets and tunities with Microdynamic Systems Their Satellites Eugene N. Parker (University of Chicago), Do We Really Under- Alexander Szalay (JHU), Correlations of Galaxies on a Cosmic stand Our Nearest Star, the Sun? Scale Per-Anders Persson (New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech- Theodore B. Taylor (Independent Consultant), Nuclear Disarma- nology), New Developments in Explosives Technology ment: How Far Shall We Go? David Savitz (University of North Carolina), Childhood Cancer and Zlotko Tesanovic (JHU), Superconductivity in a Very High Magnetic Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields from Power Lines Field John Sheffield (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Fusion Energy Joseph J. Tribbia (National center for Atmospheric research), Abner Shimony (Boston university), Hidden Variables and Bell’s Modern Weather Prediction Theorem: Theory and Experiment Samuel A. Werner (University of Missouri, Columbia), The Aha- A. W. Sleight (DuPont and University of California, Santa Bar- ranov-Bohm Effect with Neutrons bara), The Chemist’s View of High Temperature Superconductivity Alfred Y. Wong (University of california, Los Angeles), Active Thomas H. Stix (Princeton University), Atmospheric Processing Global Experiments for Preserving the Ozone Layer F. Whittle (ret.), ISOABE Award Address: The Invention and Devel- Joseph Zyss (Centre National d’Études des Télécommunications), opment of the Gas Turbine Engine Symmetry, Chemistry, and Optics: Approach to Molecular Engi- neering in Nonlinear Optics 1989–1990 1990–1991 John R. Apel (APL), Internal Waves in a Norwegian Fjord: “Dead Water” Revisited Ronald M. Atlas (University of Louisville), Bioremediation of Oil Bruno W. Augenstein (The Rand Corp.), Antiproton Science and Spills Technology Eliot A. Cohen (JHU School of Advanced International Studies), K. K. Bajaj (Arizona state university), Quantum Well Opto- American Strategy After Desert Storm Electronics Robert Constanza (University of Maryland Chesapeake Biological Bruce A. Barnett (JHU), New Results from the Stanford Linear Col- Laboratory), Ecological Economics lider Z0 Experiment: A Limit on the Number of Neutrino Types Samuel T. Durrance and Arthur F. Davidsen (JHU Center for Nancy W. Boggess (NASA goddard space Flight center), The Astrophysical Sciences), The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope: An Initial Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Results Odyssey in Space and Time S. Denardi (University of Massachusetts), Indoor Air Quality T. Fischell (Stanford university), Advances in the Treatment and Walter J. Doherty (IBM Watson Research Laboratories), Comput- Understanding of Coronary Artery Disease ing Directions for the 1990s M. H. Goldstein (JHU), Speech Processing by Real and Silicon Ears

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Ronald E. Gots (National Medical Advisory Service), Toxins and and Stamatios M. Krimigis (APL), 35 Years of Space Science Health: Science vs. Perception at APL Wayne M. Itano (National institute of standards and Technol- Alexander J. Dessler (Rice University), The Dirigible and the Space ogy), The Quantum Zeno Effect Shuttle: An Historic Analogy Dwight L. Jaggard (University of pennsylvania), Fractal Quentin E. Dolecek (APL), Scientific Visualization with Personal Electrodynamics Computers Mark Kastner (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), The Single C. W. Francis Everitt (Stanford University), Testing of Einstein in Electron Transistor Space: A Marriage of Physics and Technology Gerald M. Masson (JHU), Software Fault Tolerance Using Certifica- Fereydoon F. Family (Emory university), Dynamics of Fractal tion Trails Surfaces Guy M. McKhann (JHU), Approaches to the Neurobiology of Murray Feshbach (Georgetown university), Health and Environ- Language mental Crises in the Former Soviet Union P. G. Nelson (National Institutes of Health), Electrical Activity and Albert A. Galeev (Institute for space research, russia), Space Development of the Nervous System Research in the Former Soviet Union Donald L. Price (JHU), The Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russian Academy of Sciences Lebedev Physi- and Animal Models: Mechanisms of Disease and Prospects for cal Institute), High Temperature Superconductivity Therapy Steven H. Hanke (JHU), Transforming the Russian Economy Michael Prise (AT&T bell Laboratories), Optical Computation James W. Head III (Brown University), Venus Volcanism: Recent Using SEEDs (Self-Electro-optic Effect Devices) Results from Magellan Mark A. Reed (Yale University), Quantum Semiconductor Nano- Arthur F. Hebard (AT&T bell Laboratories), C60 from Soot to structures: Physics and Applications Superconductivity Raymond G. Roble (National Center for Atmospheric Research), Robert E. Kanigel (JHU), Ramanujan: The Man Who Knew Modeling the General Circulation of the Thermosphere/Ionosphere Infinity and Its Response to Solar Variability Alan J. Krupnick (Resources for the Future), The Cost and Benefits Edmond C. Roelof (APL), Global Imaging of Planetary of Smog Control Magnetospheres Stephen P. Maran (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), What Raold Z. Sagdeev (University of maryland), Crisis of the Soviet the Hubble Telescope Is Telling Us Space Science Program P. Meakin (DuPont Co.), Droplet Coalescence: Physics Application Thomas Schelling (University of maryland), Meeting the Green- and Aesthetics house Challenge Leslie Misrock (Pennie and Edmonds), Planning for and Surviving Bassam Z. Shakhashiri (University of Wisconsin), Communicating the Patent Wars of the 1990s Science T. Mitchell (North carolina state university), A Fault-Toler- Richard E. Smalley (Nobelist, Rice University), C60: Chapter Two ance Super Network of the U.S. Air Force’s Major Operational Horst L. Stormer (AT&T bell Laboratories), Optics with Two- Commands Dimensional Electrons (Twenty-First Century Foundation), Technology and Katherine J. Strandburg ( and Argonne Society in the 21st Century National Laboratory), Phase Transitions in Limited Connectivity Walter H. Munk (Scripps institution of oceanography), Global Neural Networks Acoustics Kevin E. Trenberth (National Center for Atmospheric Research), Jagdish Narayan (National Science Foundation and North Caro- Global Warming and Recent Climate Change: Observation and lina State University), Emerging Areas in Materials Research Modeling D. M. Pardon (JHU), Molecular Engineering of the Anti-Tumor Edwin L. Turner (Princeton University), Gravitational Lensing and Immune Response Cosmology Andrea Prosperetti (JHU), The Sound of Bubbles Ralph R. Weichselbaum (University of Chicago), Molecular Mech- Calvin F. Quate (Stanford university), Imaging and Surface anisms for Radiation Metabolism in Tumor Cells Modification with Scanning Probes: The Tunneling and Force Carl E. Wieman (JILA/University of Colorado), Developments in Microscopes Laser Trapping and Cooling Peter C. Searson (JHU), Light-Emitting Porous Silicon Structures J. R. Williams (JHU), Treatment of Cancer with Radiolabeled Leonard Shlain (Author), Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Antibodies Time, and Light James A. Yorke (University of Maryland), Chaos and Fractals in the S. Fred Singer (), Are Human Activities Forced Damped Pendulum Affecting the Climate? John C. Sommerer (APL), Confronting Chaos Theory with Experiments 1991–1992 G. R. Uhl (JHU and National Institute for Drug Abuse), Structure J. R. Austin, Christina Myles-Tochko, Mark A. Baker, Jeffrey of the Dopamine Transporter: Receptor for Cocaine and Parkinson’s L. Hanson, and R. J. Taylor (APL), The Ocean Environment: Disease Neurotoxins Introduction; Global Ocean Characteristics; Internal Ocean George W. Wetherhill (Carnegie Institution of Washington), The Dynamics; Sound in the Ocean; Remote Sensing of the Ocean Formation of the Chris J. Burrows (JHU Space Telescope Science Institute), Fixing Emil Wolf (University of Rochester), The Redshift Controversy and the Correlation-Induced Changes in Spectra Praveen Chaudhari (IBM Research Laboratories), Critical Current, Eric D. Young (JHU), Information Processing in the Auditory Grain Boundaries, and SQUIDs in the High Temperature Super- System conductors Gerald Cook (George Mason University), Two Topics in Robotics: 1992–1993 Kinematic Redundancy and Uncertain Environments R. K. Adair (Yale University), The Physics of Baseball John Dassoulas, George C. Weiffenbach, William H. Guier, J. V. Badding (Pennsylvania State University), High-Pressure Chem- Alexander Kossiakoff, Carl O. Bostrom, Vincent L. Pisacane, istry of Hydrogen in Metals

282 Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 3 (2005) THE APL COLLOQUIUM

Daniel R. Baum (Hughes Aircraft-Hughes Training, Inc.), Virtual Henryk Wozniakowski (Columbia university), The Curse of Reality: Applications, Requirements, and Promise Dimensionality Robert R. Birge (Syracuse university), The Biochemistry of the Ka-Che Yip (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Medical Visual Process Modernization in China: The Search for a Chinese Model Eleanor Chelimsky (Government Accounting Office), Interac- tions of Social Science and Public Policy Chia-Ling Chien (JHU), Giant Magneto-Transport Properties in Artificially Structured Solids 1993–1994 Joel Darmstadter (Resources for the Future), Policy Options for Thomas L. Carroll (Naval research Laboratory), Synchronizing Managing the Greenhouse Problem Chaotic Circuits Ingrid Daubechies (Rutgers University and AT&T Bell Laborato- Donald M. Eigler (IBM Almaden research center), Quantum ries), —An Overview Corrals Arthur F. Davidsen (JHU), Scientific Results from the Hopkins Catherine C. Fenselau (University of maryland, baltimore Ultraviolet Telescope County), Biological Applications of Mass Spectrometry William L. Ditto (College of Wooster), Controlling Cardiac Chaos Carl E. Fichtel (NASA goddard space Flight center), The Donald L. Eddins, John M. Watson, and Ronald L. Wilson Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory: New Eyes to View the (APL), Strategic Systems Department—The Challenges of the Universe Past/The Promise of the Future; The Birth of SSD (1955–1964); Robert W. Flower (APL), Developing, Using, and Marketing a New APL Involvement in Containing Soviet Expansionism; The 90s and Technology for Visualizing Ocular Blood Flow Beyond Holland C. Ford (JHU Space Telescope Science Institute), New John B. Fenn (Yale university), Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Wings for Molecular Elephants James D. Franson (APL), Nonlocality in Quantum Optics: From James A. Fill (JHU), The Mathematics of Card Shuffling and a Self- Paradox to Practical Applications Organizing List Scheme Lori S. Goldner (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Anthony F. Garito (University of pennsylvania), The Nonlinear Kicking and Splitting Atomic Beams with Light Optics of Organic Systems T. P. Hughes (University of Pennsylvania), Managing Polaris: An G. Richard Garritson, J. T. Stadter, John J. Wozniak, Paul J. Historical Perspective Waltrup, and F. G. Arcella (APL), Aeronautics Department: Joseph L. Katz (JHU), Formation of Mixed Oxide Powders in Flames: From Bumblebee to the Twenty-First Century; Engineering Pro- Processes, Products, and Industrial Applications grams in the Aero Department; Applications of Fluid Dynamics; T. W. Keller (IBM Federated sector services corp.), Providing From COBRA to NASP—48 Years of Ramjet Engine Development Quality Software for the Space Shuttle at APL; Meeting New Opportunities D. L. Kershner, Raymond L. Yuan, and Kim E. Richeson (APL), Michael W. Geis (Massachusetts institute of Technology Lin- Transportation Research at APL coln Laboratory), Thin Film Diamond Devices and Diamond Kenneth L. Koch (Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medi- Transistors cal Center), Motion Sickness: Stomach and Hormone Responses Robert G. Greenler (University of Wisconsin, milwaukee), During Nausea Some Atmospheric Optical Phenomena: Rainbows, Halos, and Francis P. Kuhajda (JHU), New Approaches to the Diagnosis and Glories Treatment of Breast Cancer Eugene J. Hinman, R. L. Trapp, and Lewis H. Zitzman (APL), Robert W. Massof (JHU), Low Vision Enhancement: Applications of The Fleet Systems Department in the New World Order Virtual Environments Lawrence Hunter (National Library of Medicine), Mega-Classifi- Charles V. Meneveau (JHU), Self-Similarity of Fractals and Turbu- cation of Protein Sequences lent Flows Klaus H. Jacob and Leonardo Seeber (Columbia university William H. Murray (Deloitte and Touche), Security, Audit, and Lamont-Doherty Observatory), Earthquake Hazards in Eastern Control of Client-Server Computer Architectures North America and the Recent Earthquake Sequence Near Colum- Stanford R. Ovshinsky (Energy conversion Devices, inc.), The bia, MD Nickel Metal Hydride Battery for Electric Vehicles A. F. Karr (University of North Carolina and National Institute of G. R. Pasternack (JHU), Tackling the Diagnostic Dilemmas of Pros- Statistical Sciences), Buy the Number? A Probabilistic Analysis of tate Cancer by Molecular Approaches the Maryland State Lottery P. James Peebles (Princeton university), Cosmology—Past, Pres- Haris N. Koutsopoulos (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), ent, and Future Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Ivars Peterson (Science News), Chaos in Newton’s Clock: The His- K. Lande (University of Pennsylvania), Present Status of Solar Neu- torical Origins of Chaos Theory trino Observations and Plans for New Experiments Eugene W. Shoemaker (U.S. geological survey), The Crash of John M. Logsdon (George Washington University), The Outlook Periodic Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter for the Space Program in the Clinton Administration S. Fred Singer (University of Virginia and The Science and Envi- Noel C. MacDonald (Cornell university), Nanomechanisms for ronmental Policy Project), Stratospheric Ozone: Politically Cor- Transporting Atoms, Molecules, and Other Small Objects rect and Other Views C. Kumar N. Patel (AT&T Bell Laboratories), Photonics Alan D. Sloan (Iterated Systems, Inc.), Fractal John D. G. Rather (NASA headquarters), Asteroid and Comet for Pattern Recognition Impact Hazards and Potential Mitigation Methods Rao Tummala (Georgia Institute of Technology), Status and Chal- Peter Riesz (National Cancer Institute), Some Chemical Effects of lenges in Multichip Packaging Ultrasound C. M. Varma (AT&T bell Laboratories), Why High-Temperature J. Anthony Tyson (AT&T bell Laboratories), Mapping Cosmic Superconductivity Is Such an Important Problem Dark Matter L. Washington (University of Maryland, College Park), Fermat’s Donald J. Williams (APL), The NASA Program: Mission Last Theorem to Jupiter Albert Wattenberg (University of Illinois), The Birth of the Nuclear Larry B. Wolff (JHU), Polarization Vision Age: December 2, 1942

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Joseph Weber (University of maryland, college park), New 1995–1996 Approaches to Neutrino Detection David B. Weishampel (JHU), Under Our Feet: Dinosaurs of the East L. Edward Antosek (Captain, USS Abraham Lincoln), U.S. Navy Coast Telemedicine Dimitri T. Azar (JHU Wilmer ophthalmological institute), Refractive Surgery 1994–1995 Frederick S. Billig (APL), Missions Technology and Prospects for Charles Bolden (Colonel, U.S. Naval Academy), The Importance of Hypersonic Flight by Humans Samuel A. Bowring (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), The Andrew F. Cheng (APL), Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: APL’s Earth’s Early Evolution First Planetary Mission Ludwig Brand (JHU Department of biology), Macromolecular Leon Cohen (Hunter college), Time-Frequency-Scale Description Confirmations by Picosecond Spectroscopy of Signals Rama Chellappa (University of Maryland, College Park), Context- Sankar Das-Sarma (University of Maryland), Self-Organized Criti- Based Exploitation of Aerial Images cal Phenomena: Non-Equilibrium Growth Joel A. Cohen (Rockefeller university), Population Growth and David DeVorkin (National Air and Space Museum), APL’s Partici- Earth’s Human Carrying Capacity pation in the V-2 Era Robert J. Cotter (JHU Department of Pharmacology and Molecu- E. Donald Elliott (Fried, Frank, harris, shriver, and Jacobson), lar Science), Smart Molecular Detectors for Biological Research Rethinking the Role of Science in Risk Evaluation Tim V. Cranmer (National Federation of the Blind and The Braille Adam Falk (JHU Department of physics and ), The Research Center), Pencils, Pictures, and Computers: Technologies Beautiful Bottom Quark for the Blind in Sight Holland C. Ford (JHU), Searching for Black Holes Arthur F. Davidsen (JHU Department of Physics and Astronomy), Ernest P. Gray (APL, ret.), Reminiscence of My Association with Observations of Intergalactic Helium with the Hopkins Ultraviolet APL Colloquia Telescope V. Daniel Hunt (Technology research corp.), Quality Manage- Sylvester J. Gates Jr. (University of maryland, college park, ment: State of the Practice Department of Physics), Superspace: Can You Really Get There James S. Langer (University of California, Santa Barbara), Dynam- from Here? ics of Earthquakes and Fracture Donald A. Henderson (JHU School of Public Health and Hygiene), Charles M. Lieber (Harvard University Department of Chemis- New and Emerging Infections try), High-Temperature Superconductors: Probing the Magnetic Maynard L. Hill (APL, ret.; Consultant on UAV), World Record Flux Lines Model Aeroplanes Ho J. Paik (University of Maryland, College Park), Superconduct- Jan Hines (AT&T microelectronics), Japanese Manufacturing ing Gravity Gradiometers: Design and Applications Methodologies and Practices Charles S. Peskin (New York university courant institute of Gerald L. Kulcinski (University of Wisconsin), Safe and Clean Mathematical Sciences), Muscle and Blood: A Computer Model Energy from the of the Heart Robert S. Langer Jr. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Poly- Mark Robbins (JHU Department of physics and Astronomy), meric Delivery Systems for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering Molecular Mechanisms for Friction Richard S. Lindzen (Massachusetts institute of Technology), Steven L. Rolston (National Institute of Standards and Technol- Global Warming ogy), Laser-Cooled Atoms: The Coldest Thing Around Ralph L. McNutt (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), A New Azriel Rosenfeld (University of Maryland, College Park, Center Perspective on the Solar Neutrino Problem for Automation Research), Perspectives on Computer Vision Stuart L. Pimm (University of Tennessee), The Future of Donald Saari (Northwestern University Department of Mathemat- Biodiversity ics), Mathematical Complexity of Simple Economics Gary H. Posner (JHU Department of Chemistry), Designer Drugs Erica Schoenberger (JHU Department of Geography and Environ- for Healthier Living mental engineering), Corporate Transformations: Culture, Strat- Thomas A. Potemra (APL), A Century of Polar Expedition egy, and Competitiveness Daniel E. Prober (Yale university), Hot Electronic Physics and William N. Sharpe Jr. (JHU Department of Mechanical Engineer- Detectors in Superconductors ing), Tensile Testing of Small Specimens Noah Rifkin (U.S. Department of Transportation), Advanced Mark J. T. Smith (Georgia Institute of Technology), Data Com- Technology Needs and Applications in Transportation pression for Image and Video Signals Barbara Ryden ( State University), The Fate of the Universe Barry A. Solomon (Wr grace and co.), Membrane-Based Joel M. Schnur (Naval Research Laboratory), Lipid Tubules: For- Hybrid Artificial Organs mation, Characterization, and Applications Michael F. Summers (University of Maryland, Baltimore County, William S. Seegar (U.S. Army Edgewood Research, Development, Department of Chemistry), The Structure of HIV-1 Proteins by and Engineering Center), Space Technology and Natural Resource Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conservation James J. Valdes (U.S. Army edgewood research, Development, Michael Unser (National Institutes of Health), Fast Algorithms for and engineering center), Destruction of the World’s Chemical Transforms Agent Stockpiles: Alternative Technologies and Political Issues John Wack (National institute of standards and Technology), 1996–1997 Internet Security J. W. Wagner (JHU), Measuring Dimensions with Light Jeffrey D. Abramson (Brandeis University), Electronic Democracy: Fred C. Wellstood (University of Maryland, College Park), Mag- Implications of the New Technologies netic Microscopy Using Superconducting Sensors David Bloom (Harvard university), Demographic Transitions and John Wozniak (APL), Advanced Natural Gas Vehicle Development Economic Miracles Maria T. Zuber (JHU), Shape and Internal Structure of the Moon Gilbert B. Chapman II (Chrysler Corp.), Nondestructive Evalua- from the Clementine Mission tion of Automotive Materials

284 Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 3 (2005) THE APL COLLOQUIUM

Robert W. Farquhar (APL), Missions to Comets and Asteroids: Past, Raul Fainchtein (APL), Think Small to Improve MRI Present, and Future Richard Fish (University of California, Berkeley), Designer Resins Paul D. Feldman (JHU Department of Physics and Astronomy), for Environmental Remediation Recent Observations of Comets Anirvan Ghosh (JHU School of Medicine), Molecular Mechanisms Frederick Jelinek (JHU Department of computer engineering), of Neural Development Speech-Related Research in the Marty R. Hall (APL), The JAVA Revolution John Kauer (Tufts University School of Medicine), Odor Encoding Alan A. Halpern (Michigan State University School of Medicine), by the Olfactory System: From Biology to an Artificial Nose Magnetically Directed Chondrogenesis Henry W. Kendall (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dis- A. Frederick Hasler (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), Atmo- posal of Nuclear Waste spheric Dynamics Observed by GOES Satellites Daniel Kleppner (Massachusetts institute of Technology), Bose- Robert Kanigel (Author), The Enigma of Efficiency Einstein Condensation Bernhard Keiser (Keiser engineering, inc.), Digital Cellular and Lucy-Ann McFadden (University of maryland, college park, Personal Radio Systems Department of Astronomy), Making Sense of the Remote Sensing David E. Keyes (Old Dominion university and nASA Langley of Planetary Surfaces Research Center), Death and Taxes: Nets and Caches Elliott McVeigh (JHU Department of biomedical engineering), Michael Kleinberger (National highway Traffic safety Admin- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart istration), The Safety of Automobile Passengers: Biomechanical James G. Neal (Jhu milton s. eisenhower Library), Technology Testing and Analysis and the Future of Scholarly Communications Arnold J. Mandell (Emory University and Florida Atlantic Univer- Gerard Piel (Scientific American), Population, Environment, and sity), Eigenfunction Styles: From Early Beethoven to Late Monk Development Elizabeth Ofili (Morehouse School of Medicine), Telemedicine Fred H. Proctor (NASA Langley Research Center), Interaction of Stephen D. Senturia (Massachusetts institute of Technology), Aircraft Wakes with the Ground and Atmosphere MEMS: Past Successes and Future Challenges Daniel H. Reich (JHU Department of physics and Astronomy), Tycho Sleator (New York University), Interferometry with Neutral Magnetism in Arrays of Superconducting Rings Atoms Paul Richards (Columbia university Lamont-Doherty observa- Paul Smolensky (JHU Department of Cognitive Sciences), Opti- tory), The Rotation of Earth’s Inner Core mization in Language George D. Rose (JHU Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Jerry C. Taylor (Cato Institute), Global Warming Chemistry), Protein Folding Edward J. Wegman (George mason university), Image Grand Vera C. Rubin (Carnegie institution of Washington), Multispin Tour Galaxies Andreas Weigend (New York university), Hidden Information in Edward R. Scheinerman (JHU Department of Mathematical Sci- Financial Data ence), Circular Reasoning: From Partially Ordered Sets to Special James E. West (Bell Laboratories), Auralization of Complex Relativity Environments Arjun G. Yodh (University of Pennsylvania), Entropic Forces and Robin Blumberg Selinger (Catholic University of America), Why Instabilities in Colloids Things Bend Peter Shor (AT&T Laboratories), Quantum Computing and Error 1998–1999 Correction Dava Sobel (Author), Longitude Miquel Antoine (APL), Mass Spectrometry and Human Spaceflight Sara A. Solla (AT&T Laboratories), The Dynamics of Learning from (White House Office of Science and Tech- Examples nology Policy), National Science Policy James C. Spall (APL), The Simultaneous Perturbation Method for Ilene J. Busch-Vishniac (JHU Whiting School of Engineering), System Optimization Design of Highway Noise Barriers Donald J. Williams (APL), Galileo’s Arrival at Jupiter: Early Dennis M. Bushnell (NASA Langley research center), Future Results Strategic Issues Neil Zimmerman (National Institute of Standards and Technol- Al Christman (Former Historian of the Navy), Deak Parsons: The ogy), Counting and Storing Electrons, One by One Proximity Fuze and the Atomic Bomb Denis J. Donohue (APL), Radar Propagation and Scattering from 1997–1998 Ocean and Terrain Claire Ferguson and Helaman Ferguson (Authors and Institute Andreas G. Andreou (JHU Department of Electrical and Com- for Defense Analysis), Mathematics in Bronze and Stone puter Engineering), Optoelectronic VLSI Microsystems William I. Gasarch (University of Maryland), The Complexity of R. Dean Astumian (University of Chicago), Brownian Motion and Problems Biomolecular Motors Corey Gay (Institute for Science and International Security), Veri- Charles H. Bennett (IBM), Quantum Computers fication of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Richard P. Binzel (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Where Anthony Kossiakoff (University of Chicago), The Role of Molecu- Do Meteorites Come From? lar Adaptation in Cellular Communication Marc H. Brodsky (American Institute of Physics), The Role of Sci- Hans Mark (Director, Defense Research and Engineering), Ice on entific Societies in the Changing World the Moon Wayne A. Bryden (APL), Tiny TOF Mass Spectrometer for John W. Melvin (Tandelta, Inc.), Improving Vehicle Safety Biosensing Scott L. Murchie (APL), Mars: A Perspective from the Pathfinder Roger Crouch (NASA), Microgravity Experiments: Adventures of Robert C. Pfahl Jr. (Motorola Advanced Technology center), an Astronaut Future Changes in Electronics Kenneth Dere (Naval research Laboratory), Solar Corona and George S. Philander (Princeton University), Why Global Warming Solar Wind: A New View Is a Controversial Issue Glenn S. Edwards (Vanderbilt University), Vibrational Dynamics Stephanie L. Reel (Jhu school of medicine), The Future of and Laser Surgery Healthcare

Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 3 (2005) 285 D. m. siLVER

Alan G. Robinson (University of Massachusetts), Corporate Cre- David E. Moncton (Argonne national Laboratory), Advanced ativity: World-Class Idea Systems Photon Source Steven L. Rolston (National Institute of Standards and Technol- John J. Quinn (University of Tennessee), The Fractional Quantum ogy), Optical Lattices: A New Solid State? Hall Effect Peter Schultz (Brown University), Killer Impacts: Effect of Impact Eberhardt Rechtin (University of Southern California, ret.), Sys- Angle tems Architecting of Organizations Michael F. Shlesinger (Office of Naval Research), Protein/Receptor Rodney P. Rempt and Michael G. Mullen (Rear Admirals, U.S. Matching Navy), U.S. Navy in the 21st Century James A. Simmons (Brown University), Signal Processing for Target Richard T. Roca (Director, APL), A Telecommunications Architec- Imaging ture for the 21st Century Gregory W. Sullivan (University of maryland), The Search for Steven Salzberg (Institute for genomic research), Annotating Neutrino Mass at Super-Kamiokande Whole Genomes Nitish Thakor (JHU Department of biomedical engineering), Robert Skinner Jr. (Transportation Research Board), Transporta- Neuroengineering tion in the 21st Century Forrest Tobey (JHU ), The 21st Century Musical Joseph J. Suter (APL), Innovative Battery Technologies Ensemble Michael Zolensky (NASA Johnson Space Center), Extraterrestrial Peter C. van Zijl (Jhu school of medicine), MRI Methods for Water Studying Brain Functions Samuel L. Venneri (NASA), Intelligent Synthesis Environment Ellen D. Williams (University of Maryland), Fluctuations in Mate- 2000–2001 rials Science Jim Allen (Sandia National Laboratories), Intelligent Micromachine Robert S. Winokur (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- Initiative and MEMS Fabrication Technologies istration), Environmental Satellite Information Systems: The Athena Andreadis (University of massachusetts medical school), Future Is Now Human Settlement of Other Planets Robert L. Wolke (University of Pittsburgh), Kitchen Chemistry and Stephen G. Brush (University of maryland, college park), Why Physics Was Relativity Accepted Donald K. Yeomans (Jet propulsion Laboratory), The Impact of Andrew Cheng (APL), NEAR at Eros Comets and Asteroids upon the Earth Chia-Ling Chien (JHU Department of physics and Astronomy), Heterostructures and Spintronics 1999–2000 Sayeed Choudhury (JHU Milton S. Eisenhower Library), The Digi- Mario Acuña (NASA), The Mars Global Surveyor tal Knowledge Center John D. Anderson (National Air and Space Museum), Breaking Terry Collins (Carnegie-Mellon University), Green Chemistry the Sound Barrier Robert W. Flower (University of Maryland), Medical Applications Isaac N. Bankman (APL), Laser Radar in Ballistic Missile Defense of One APL Technology: Coming Full Circle William R. Brody (President, JHU), The Quantum Physics Model of Richard J. Foch (Naval Research Laboratory), Unmanned Autono- the University in the New Millennium mous Vehicles Claude R. Canizares (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), First Daniel S. Goldin (Director, NASA), NASA in the 21st Century Results from the Chandra X-ray Observatory Tee L. Guidotti (George Washington University), Bioterrorism Gregory Chaitin (IBM), A Century of Controversy over the Founda- Gregory Hager (JHU Department of Computer Science), Software tions of Mathematics Systems for Vision-Based Interaction and Control Ralph Chapman (Smithsonian institution), The Virtual Tricer- James Hahn (George Washington University), The Virtual World atops: Creating the First Digital Dinosaur of the Computer Ronald Demon (VectraSense Technologies, Inc.), Footwear Tech- William Harris (Critical Information Assessment Office), Improv- nology on the Cutting Edge: Computerized Footwear ing Surface Transportation Security Robert A. Eisenstein (National Science Foundation), The Future Anne Kinney (NASA Headquarters), From Red Dropouts to Pale of Physical Science: A View from Washington Blue Dots: The Science of the Origins Theme Frank L. Fernandez (Director, Defense Advanced Research Proj- Peter Loscocco (National security Agency), Security-Enhanced ects Agency), DARPA in the 21st Century Linux Roy Frieden (University of Arizona), Physics from Fisher Dennis McBride (University of central Florida), Simulation and Information Training C. Lee Giles (nec research institute), Searching the Web: It Is Donald G. Mitchell (APL), Images of the Magnetosphere Worse Than You Thought Joseph Peri (APL), Data Fusion and Target ID: Dempster-Shafer and Thomas H. Guderjan (St. mary’s university), Blue Creek: An Probability Theories Holy War Ancient Maya City Kenna Peusner (George Washington University Medical Center), James W. Head (Brown University), Water on Mars: Recent Results A Promising Model to Investigate Brain Plasticity on Oceans and Polar Deposits David M. Schubert (Office of Naval Research), Naval Science and Russell Howard (Naval Research Laboratory), Technology Initiatives Shirley Ann Jackson (President, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Louise Shelley (American university), Transnational Crime and Science and Engineering Education of Women in the 21st Century Corruption Douglas B. Lenat (Cycorp), The CYC Project Raman Sundrum (JHU Department of Physics and Astronomy), James Mayfield (APL), Intelligent Web Searching Extra Dimensions and the Weakness of Gravity Frank E. McGarry (Computer Sciences Corp.), Attaining Level 5 in Alexander Szalay (JHU Department of Physics and Astronomy), the Capability Maturity Model Digital Sky Survey Michael I. Miller (JHU Center for Imaging Science), Deformable Virginia Trimble (University of maryland, college park), Astro- Templates and Image Understanding physics Faces the Millennium Marc G. Millis (NASA), Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Research Stansfield Turner (Admiral; ex-Director, ciA), The Dilemma of Program Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century

286 Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 3 (2005) THE APL COLLOQUIUM

William A. Wulf (President, National Academy of Engineering), Stephen Biddle (U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Insti- Technology Societal Issues tute), Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy Benjamin F. Chao (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), Time- 2001–2002 Variable Gravity from Space: A Quarter Century of Observations, Mysteries, and Prospects Marius Deeb (Jhu school of Advanced international studies), Samuel C. Colbeck (U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engi- On Why Bin Laden? neering Laboratory), The Physics of Snow and Skiing: What Is Donald Duncan (APL), RDT&D in Navy Programs: Optics at Snow Anyway? ADSD Robert (George Mason University), Crazy Ideas in Science Walter Dyer (Ballistic missle Defense organization), Advanced Jason Ellis (National Defense University), The Best Defense: Coun- Electro-Optic Technologies for Ballistic Missile Defense terproliferation and U.S. National Security Millard Firebaugh (General Dynamics Electric Boat Div.), Subma- William Farrell (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), The Elec- rine Design and Construction tro-Meteorology of Dust Devils John Gearhart (JHU School of Medicine), Stem Cell Research Thomas Ferguson (U.S. Department of the Treasury bureau of Richard Haver (Office of the Secretary of Defense), Technology Engraving and Printing), Design and Counterfeit Deterrence and the Needs of the Intelligence Community Robert Fischell (Fischell Biomedical, LLC), Coated Stents: A Major Bruce Hoffman (The rand corp.), Change and Continuity in Breakthrough in the Treatment of Heart Disease Terrorism Richard D. Fisher Jr. (The Jamestown Foundation), China’s Mili- James F. Jarboe (FBI Headquarters), Counterterrorism tary Modernization David W. Jourdan (Nauticos Corp.), The Discovery and Salvage of Vicki Freimuth (Center for Disease Control), The Anthrax Attacks DAKAR and CDC’s Communication Response David Kestenbaum (National Public Radio), My Father Sees Muons Robert Fry (APL), The Engineering of Cybernetic Systems: From in the Driveway or How to Explain Physics to Everybody Else Neurons to Ballistic Missile Defense Scot Kuo (JHU Department of biomedical engineering), Nano- Stuart Gilman (The ethics resource center), Ethics in Science, Tracking: Cell Mechanics Without Pulling or Prodding Engineering, and Organizations John Langford (Aurora Flight Sciences Corp.), Advanced UAV Sheldon Greenberg (JHU Division of Public Safety Leadership), for Science Defense and Applications The Hidden Facts About First Responder Readiness Mario Livio (JHU Space Telescope Science Institute), Beauty and Anthony D. King (Ventana Medical Systems, Inc.), Global Con- the Accelerating Universe nectivity: Leveraging Remote Access Technology Christopher J. Lobb (University of maryland), Smaller, Faster, Edward Liszka (Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Cheaper: From Transistors to Artificial Microstructures Laboratory), Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State Univer- Calvin Mackie (Tulane University), African Americans and Tech- sity: An Overview nology: A Harbinger of the Future Edward MacKerrow (Los Alamos national Laboratory), Threat Melissa McGrath (JHU Space Telescope Science Institute), Jupi- Anticipation Program: Agent-Based Simulation of Factors Moti- ter’s Galilean Satellites vating Terrorism John N. Moore (University of Virginia), Law of the Sea Treaty Guy M. McKhann and Marilyn S. Albert (JHU School of Medi- Michael E. O’Hanlon (Brookings Institute), Military Transforma- cine), Keeping Your Brain Young tion and Defense Policy Choices Tim Miller (APL), High-Energy Neutrino Astronomy at the South Norman Owsley (Office of naval research), On Environmental Pole Limits to Sonar Performance Alan Rudolph (Defense Advanced research projects Agency), R. Keith Raney (APL), From Geosat into the ABYSS: Ocean Radar Harvesting Biology for Defense Technology Altimetry at APL Angela Stent (Georgetown university), U.S.–Russian Relations Gail Richter-Nelson (JHU Milton S. Eisenhower Library), Center After the Iraq War for Educational Resources at Homewood Gerald M. Stokes (University of maryland and pacific north- Bradley Roberts (Institute of Defense Analysis), Bioterrorism west national Laboratory), Two Grand Challenges of Climate Lester Salamon (Jhu institute for policy studies), Global Civil Research Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector Victor Utgoff (Institute for Defense Analyses), Running for Sheriff Roger R. Schell (Aesec Corp.), Computer Security Peter F. Verga (Department of Defense Homeland Security), DoD S. Frederick Starr (JHU School of Advanced International Stud- Role in Homeland Security ies), Central Asia Ruth Wedgwood (JHU School of Advanced International Stud- Michael Vlahos (APL), Upcoming Upheavals ies), Preemptive Self-Defense and the U.N. Charter Paul J. Waltrup (APL), Hypersonic Air Breathing Propulsion: Future Victor Yakovenko (University of Maryland), Statistical Mechanics Flight Vehicles of Money, Income, and Wealth Michael O. Wheeler (SAIC), Changing Directions in U.S. Defense Policy 2003–2004 R. James Woolsey (Shea and Gardner), Possible U.S. Responses to Knox Andress (Christus schumpert health system), Hospital Terrorism Emergency Management for WMD: An Overview Jeng-Hwa Yee and David Kusnierkiewicz (APL), The TIMED Ellis Barksdale (Barksdale solutions), E3 = Egypt, Engineering, Spacecraft: Science and Technology and Education David Zubrow (Carnegie-Mellon Institute), Measurement and the Robert F. Behler (Major General, USAF, ret.; APL), Enforcing U.S. Capability Maturity Model Integration Foreign Policy from the Edge of Space Dennis C. Blair (Admiral, usn, ret.; president, institute for Defense Analyses), Future Strategic Strike Forces 2002–2003 Arthur K. Cebrowski (Vice Admiral, USN, ret.; Director, Force George Ayittey (American university), West Africa: Its Strategic Transformation, office of the secretary of Defense), Force Importance Transformation

Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 3 (2005) 287 D. m. siLVER

Griff Corpening (NASA), X-43A— The First Flight of a Scramjet- Peter Heller (International monetary Fund), Confronting Long- Powered Airplane Term Fiscal Challenges David Dunham (APL), Exploring the Cosmos by “Doing Something Stamatios Krimigis (APL), Cassini at Saturn: Wonders of the Giant Different” Planet Revisited Antulio J. Echevarria II (U.S. Army War College), Globalization Gal Luft (Institute for the Analysis of Global Security), Terrorism and the Nature of War on the High Seas Bradley C. Edwards (Institute for Scientific Research), The Space Hans Mark (University of Texas, Austin), Naval Applications of Elevator Electro-Magnetic Guns John T. Emmert (George Mason University and Naval Research David J. Nagel (George Washington university), Low-Energy Laboratory), Climate Change at the Edge of the Atmosphere: Evi- Nuclear Reactions: Problems, Progress, and Prospects dence of Long-Term Thinning Norman Polmar (Analyst, Consultant, and Author), Surprise! U.S. James Franson (APL), Quantum Computing Using Linear Optics and Western Intelligence and Warning Failures During the Cold George Friedman (Strategic Forecasting, Inc.), The Iraq Campaign: War An Episode in a War Louise Richardson (Radcliffe institute for Advanced study), Norman Friedman (Defense Analyst), Where Is the Navy Likely To Go? Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past James B. Hickey (Colonel, u.S. Army), The Capture of Saddam Michael Scheuer (Anonymous Author; CIA, ret.), They Still Don’t Hussein Get It: The Danger of Ignoring Reality in the War on Terrorism Maynard Hill (APL, ret.), Trans-Atlantic Radio Controlled Model John Slaughter (National Action Council for Minorities in Engi- Flight neering), Black History: A Time for a New Chapter in Science and Sheldon Jacobson (University of Illinois, Urbana), Understanding Technology Aviation Security Issues Using Operations Research Models and John Stenbit (Formerly CIO and Assistant Secretary of Defense for Analysis C3I), Why Net-Centric? Sunil Khilnani (JHU School of Advanced International Studies), Jill Tarter (SETI Institute), Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: South Asia on the Edge Pulling Signals out of Cosmic Noise Phillip Longman (New America Foundation), The Geo-Politics of Ashley Tellis (Carnegie endowment for international peace), Global Aging: Fertility Decline and the Fate of Nations U.S.–India Strategic Relations Wayne Merry (American Foreign Policy Council), The Future of Vincent Vitto ( Laboratory), The Naval Stud- Trans-Atlantic Relations: Thinking Beyond NATO ies Board and Its Views on Naval Issues James Oberg (Author), China’s Great Leap Upward—How Realistic Michael Vlahos (APL), The War At Midpassage: Where Do We Go Are Its Space Ambitions? From Here? Richard Restak (Neurology Associates), The New Brain: The Role of Technology in Changing Our Concepts About Neuroscience 2005–2006 Avi Rubin (JHU), Security Issues in Electronic Voting Steven M. Anlage (University of Maryland), Physics and Applica- Robert H. Scales Jr., (Major General, U.S. Army, ret.; Indepen- tions of Negatively Refracting Electromagnetic Materials dent Consultant), Lessons Learned from the Iraq War Tom P. M. Barnett (Author and Strategic Planner), Warfighting in Dava Sobel (Author), Galileo in the Applied Physics Laboratory the Twenty-First Century Srinidhi Varadarajan (Virginia Tech), System X: Building the Vir- Ron Beard (Naval Research Laboratory), The Future of the UTC ginia Tech Supercomputer Time Scale Johnny R. Wolfe Jr. (Commander, U.S. Navy), The Shuttle Colum- Richard Carmona (Vice Admiral, U.S. Surgeon General), Hispanic bia Accident Investigation—A Member’s Perspective Heritage Month Lecture Cristopher Coker (London school of economics), Ethics of the 2004–2005 Long War Victor N. Corpus (Brigadier General, Armed Forces of the Philip- Raymond W. Baker (Trinity College), The Future of Islam: Egypt pines, ret.), American Crossroad and the New Islamists Bruce A. Dale (National Geographic), A Lifetime of BAD Photo- Steven Bellovin (Columbia university), Permissive Action Links graphs and the History of Public Key Cryptography David Dinges (University of pennsylvania), Sleep, Fatigue, and James P. Blair (National Geographic Society), Where God Lives Stress: Monitoring Human Behavioral Capability John M. Carroll (Pennsylvania state university), Scenarios and Frank Doyle (University of California, Santa Barbara), A Systems Design Cognition Approach to Modeling and Analyzing Biological Systems Duane W. Deal (Brigadier general, usAF), Beyond the Widget: Nathaniel Fick (Former Captain, USMC), The Wars in Afghanistan Columbia Accident Lessons Affirmed and Iraq: A Junior Officer’s Perspective on What We’ve Learned Francis M. Deng (JHU School of Advanced International Stud- and Where We’re Going ies), A Clash of Identities: Darfur’s Crisis in the National Context Husain Haqqani (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), Douglas Farah (Author and Journalist), Diamonds, Weapons, and Pakistan: Between Mosque, Military, and Nuclear Weapons Passports: The Strategic Challenge of Failed States to U.S. National Kay Jamison (Johns hopkins school of medicine), Scientific Security Exuberance Orlando Figueroa (NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Ted G. Kamatchus (Sheriff, marshall county, iowa), A Sheriff’s Programs in the Science Mission Directorate), Science and the View of Homeland Security Vision for Space Exploration Theodor Krauthammer (Pennsylvania state university), R&D Stephen Flynn (Council on Foreign Relations), America the Vulner- Needs for Effective Blast, Shock, and Impact Mitigation able: Can the Homeland Be Secured? Mark Lewis (USAF Chief Scientist), Speed as a Critical Issue for Robert E. Gold (APL), Defending the Earth from Asteroid Impacts the USAF Colin S. Gray (University of reading, england), What Do We Geoffrey Ling (DARPA), Revolutionizing Prosthetics Know About Future Warfare? Carey Lisse (APL and university of maryland), Deep Impact Thomas X. Hammes (Colonel, USMC; National Defense Univer- and Comet 9P/Tempel 1: From Evolved Surface to Interior sity), The Sling and the Stone: On War in the 21st Century Primeval Dust

288 Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Volume 26, Number 3 (2005) THE APL COLLOQUIUM

William J. McDaniel (Rear Admiral USN, ret.), Faces of the Tsunami Another tradition, noted earlier, is a luncheon with Charles Nicholas (University of maryland baltimore county), the colloquium speaker and 6–12 APL staff preceding Who Wrote This Document? Michael A. Roberto (New York University Stern Business School), the lecture. Typically the conversation evolves around Why Great Leaders Don’t Take Yes for an Answer: Managing for the speaker and the lecture topic, offering an excellent Conflict and Consensus opportunity to further “pick the brain” of the speaker in Barry Rubin (Global Research in International Affairs Center), a one-on-one mode. A different group of APL partici- The Arab Struggle for Democracy in the Middle East pants attends each of the colloquium luncheons. In some Harold Schmitz (Chief Scientist, Mars Inc.), The Science of Cocoa and Chocolate: What Do Migratory Birds and Nitric Oxide Syn- cases, the luncheon participants are present because they thesis Have in Common? have helped organize the particular colloquium or they John C. Sommerer (APL), Science and Technology: Why Should We have an acquaintance with or some connection to the Care? speaker. Other participants have been invited to attend (APL), Robot Precursor Missions for a Human Return “out of the blue” because their Professional Staff resume to the Moon Tom Voltaggio (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), Respond- indicates a connection to the speaker or the subject. An ing to Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents and Natural informal refreshment period in the lobby outside the Disasters auditorium follows the lecture and offers the possibility Kim Weaver (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), New Eyes on of a direct conversation with the speaker. The speakers the Universe: Observing Beyond Hubble with NASA’s Other Space also enjoy the experience of addressing and conversing Telescopes Woodrow Whitlow (Director, nASA glenn research center), with the diverse and sophisticated APL audience. Breakthrough Technologies That Enable Space Exploration Interest in the colloquium remains high, with many suggestions for future colloquium speakers coming from all quarters of the Laboratory. Current topics of interest CONCLUSION include science, engineering, technology, intelligence, military affairs, public policy, current events, legal issues, Tradition does rule the colloquium to some extent, financial questions, health interests—and the list goes but flexibility is part of today’s game plan. The collo- on. by volunteering suggestions, the APL staff influ- quium continues to be held in either the parsons or ences the evolution and diversity of topics and guides Kossiakoff center auditorium. Audiences sometimes the future direction of the colloquium. in this way, fill the seats and crowd onto the stairs, while others the APL colloquium is expected to continue to offer stand in the back of the room and an overflow crowd a rewarding opportunity for APL staff to be apprised of watches remote closed circuit TV monitors. Overflow of interesting and important things happening in today’s this type is more common in Parsons and rare in the and tomorrow’s world. much larger Kossiakoff Center, but it has occurred even there in the last year. Friday afternoon from 2:00 p.m. to REFERENCES 3:00 p.m. remains the canonical time for the colloquium, 1“APL Colloquia Summaries,” APL Tech. Dig. 1(1), 23 (1961). 2 although often other days of the week or other hours of Gray, E. P., and Stone, A. M., “The History of the APL Colloquium,” Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 10(2), 118–128 (1989). the day are required to meet the needs of our speakers’ 3Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. 22(1), Special Issue, Millennial Chal- schedules. lenges (2001).

THE AUTHOR

David M. Silver received his B.S. in 1962 from the Illinois Institute of Technology, his M.A. in 1964 from The , and his Ph.D. in 1968 from Iowa State University. He was a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University from 1968 to 1970, and a Visiting Scientist at the Faculty of Science, University of Paris XI, Orsay, France, in 1970. Dr. Silver began his APL career in 1970 in the Research Center (currently the Research and Technology Development Center). He is a member of the Principal Professional Staff and from 1977 to 1995 had been a Group Supervisor in Chemical Physics, Computational Physics, and Fluid Mechanics. He was the J. H. Fitzgerald Dunning Profes- sor in the JHU Wilmer Eye Institute from 1998 to 1999, and a Visiting Professor in Ophthalmology at the Debrecen University Medical Center in Hungary in 2001. His research interests include molecular physics, combustion, computational electromagnetics, spacecraft-induced contamina- tion environments, and ophthalmology. Since 2002, Dr. Silver has been in charge of the APL Colloquium and has been the Editor-in-Chief of the Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. His e-mail David M. Silver address is [email protected].

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