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General Studies Paper – I CRACK IAS ...Driven by Quality, Powered by Professionals PRELIMS GENERAL STUDIES PAPER – I WORLD GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY THEORY Book Code - SET-I crackIAS.COM 1 TEXT BOOKS FOR CIVIL SERVICES PRELIMS Your success means the world to us Published by CRACK IAS Delhi, Chandigarh For Details, visit: CrackIAS.com © All Rights Reserved u/ ROC Nos. 31123/07-31148/07 Reproduction of this material without written permission of CRACK IAS through any means – printing, photocopying, typing or any other electronic means is a punishable offence under Indian Copyright Act. Infringement of copyright is criminal offence punishable under the Copyright Act and the Police are empowered to take necessary action. Any person who knowingly infringes or abets the infringement of the copyright in a work shall be punishable with a imprisonment of 6 months to 3 years and with a fine of Rs. 50, 000/-WE DO to Rs. NOT 2 lakhs. HAVE ANY OTHER WEBSITE OR BRANCH If you like our notes please refer them to others to encourage our efforts. If you do not like our notes, please tell us something to make them better. In any case, we promise that we will put our honest efforts to bring your goal closer to you. Team crackIAS crackIAS.COM 2 A book on World Geography, Geography Theory crackIAS.COM 3 To know, how to read this book and your approach in UPSC for World Geography, scan this code with any app or download our app ‘Zuccess’ by crack ias on Google Play (go to menu of app) crackIAS.COM 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD Physical Geography of Asia including Important 8 Geopolitical Regions Physical Geography of Europe including Important 55 Geopolitical Regions Physical Geography of North America including 74 Important Geopolitical Regions Physical Geography of Latin America including 88 Important Geopolitical Regions Physical Geography of Africa including Important 99 Geopolitical Regions Physical Geography of Australia & Oceania including 113 Important Geopolitical Regions Physical Geography of Antarctica including Important 121 Geopolitical Regions Disputed Territories of the World 124 Natural Regions and the World Climates 126 Distribution of Key Natural Resources – Forest 139 Resources of the World ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD Agriculture and Major Crops of the World 145 Biotic Resources of the World including Livestock & 166 Fisheries Distribution of Key Natural Resources – Minerals & Oil 173 Resources of the World Distribution of Key Natural Resources – Energy 189 Resources of the World Factors responsible for the Location & Distribution of 203 Secondary Industries of the World Transportation and Communication of the World 219 SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD Demography of the World – Population Trends 234 Demography of the World – Growth of Population 242 Demography of the World – Demographic Attributes 251 Demography of the World – Major Tribes and their 257 Habitats crackIAS.COM 5 GEOGRAPHY THEORY The Earth, its Evolution and Origin of Life on Earth 264 The Earth and the Solar System 268 Interior of the Earth and Materials of the Earth’s 277 Crust Various Landforms, Changes Therein and the Effects 281 of Such Changes Important Geophysical Phenomenon – Atmosphere, 294 its Composition and Circulation Important Geophysical Phenomenon – Tropical 305 Cyclones Important Geophysical Phenomenon – Temperate 309 Cyclones Important Geophysical Phenomenon – Tides, Oceanic 315 Circulation and Ocean Bottom Relief Factors responsible for Location & Distribution of 327 Primary Industries in World GEOGRAPHY IS A NON-SEPARABLE COMBINATION OF 3 THINGS GeologicalG Features of a EEconomic Landscape of a People of Place Place the Place Like the kind of terrain- Availability of Minerals, Kind mountainous/ plain or of Agriculture practiced, Their coastal; kind of naturally suitability & extent of lifestyles- existing vegetation Industrial Growth what they wear, they eat, they do; how they look alike, their race and what not We shall study the geography of the world in 3 parts- Regional, Economic and Social Geography of the world. crackIAS.COM 6 REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD Overview Have you ever gone to Shimla by train? No! You must go atleast once to have a lifetime experience of Himalayas. If you would have more time, take a bike and make a group trip from Chandigarh to upper reaches of Himalayas in J&K. You will find gigantic features - Indus destroying the great mountains creating 1 km deep gorges, something similar to Death Valley of California! Ask someone who visited Africa; just see his photos. The huge deserts in the background would open your yaws. The dense jungles of River Congo will make you feel like a night even during full sunlight. If someone known has gone to Europe for a honeymoon, just ask him his experience. The beautiful beaches and lakes of Europe are the proof that if man desires, he can maintain the endless beauty of our earth. Life is too short. Nature has given us bountiful features; regional geography is all about to live nature! crackcrackIAS.IASCOM.COM 7 Physical Geography of Asia including Important Geopolitical Regions • Asia accounts for one-third of world’s land area and about 60% of its population. • Asia– Largest continent both in area and in population. • Tropic of Cancer in Middle East passes through Saudi Arabia, U.A.E. and Oman. Muscat (Capital of Oman) is located on it. It also passes through India, Bangladesh & Myanmar besides China and Taiwan. • Persian Gulf touches Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Kuwait, Iraq & Iran, Oman & Bahrain. PHYSICAL FEATURES NORTHERN LOWLANDS (SIBERIAN PLAINS) • Plains between Ural Mountains in the West and Lena River in the east are called as Siberian Plains • Drained by Rivers Ob, Yenisei and Lena. • Lake Baikal – deepest lake of the world is located here. MOUNTAINS • Pamir Knot (Plateau) is the meeting place of several ranges of Asia. • This Plateau is highest in the world and known as “Roof of the world”. • Hindu Kush extends to the west, Tien Shan towards N. East, Kunlun to east and the Karakoram and Himalayas to the S-E. • To the west of Hindu Kush, two ranges of Mountain ranges diverge. In North Elburz (extend along south of Caspian Sea) and in South Zagros Mountains (extend along Arabian Sea and Overlooks Persian Gulf). • Elburz and Zagros Mountains enclose the Plateau of Iran. • These two ranges converge in the west at the knot of Mount Ararat. • Again two groups of Mountain ranges diverge westward from Mount Ararat, Pontic in the north and Taurus in the south. • Plateau of Anatolia is enclosed between Pontic and Taurus. • South Eastward of Pamir lies Karakoram Range and Himalayan range. • K2 (Godwin Austin in POK) is the highest Peak of Karakoram, whereas Mt. Everest is highest peak in the Great Himalayas. • Between these two ranges in south and Kunlun in the north, is the crackIAS.COM 8 Tibetan Plateau. • Further north, Tarim basin is located between Kunlun in south and Tien Shan in north. THE SOUTHERN PLATEAUS • Having older rocks than that of Mountains ranges • Plateau of Arabia, Deccan Plateau and Plateau of Yunnan are its parts THE GREAT RIVER VALLEYS • Tigris & Euphrates (Iraq). • Baghdad is located on river Tigris. Both of these fall into Persian Gulf. • Ancient Mesopotamian culture flourished between these two rivers. • Indus (Pakistan) • Ganga-Brahmaputra (India and Bangladesh) • Ayeyarwaddy or Irrawaddy (Myanmar) • Mekong (South-East Asian countries) • Sikiang, Chang Jiang (Yang-Tse-Kiang) and Huang He (Hwang-Ho) in China crackIAS.COM 9 THE ISLAND GROUPS • Indonesia, Philippines and Japan. • Most of these islands have Mountains core surrounded by narrow coastal plains, have extremely fertile soil (basically volcanic ash) CLIMATE WINTERS • Interior part of Asia becomes extremely cold, temperature decreases, air contracts forming high pressure area over Mongolia. Dry winds blow outward. Therefore most of the parts of Asia do not get rain though while blowing over the sea, winds pick up moisture and cause rainfall in some areas. • Oymyakon in N-E Siberia is the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere [Mean January Temperature (- 45oF)]. SUMMERS • Temperature rises in the interior parts of Asia, air expands, create low pressure areas. Now High Pressure areas are located over oceans and winds starts blowing towards low pressure areas, causing rainfall in most of the areas. • Mawsynram in Meghalaya (India) is the wettest place (place with the highest average annual rainfall) in the world; however Mt Waialeale in Hawaii Island (USA) recorded highest annual average rainfall (11,680 mm) in 2007. NATURAL VEGETATION & WILD LIFE Location Precipitation Vegetation Forests Animals TUNDRA Northern About 30 cm Mosses and BELT coast of annually, Lichens Asia covered with snow for major part of the year TAIGA South of Between 25 Pine, Fir Coniferous Fur bearing Tundra, and 50 cm and Spruce forests e.g. fore, in Russia, (softwood- sable, mink Japan & used for Himalayan paper pulp region and rayon STEPPES Next to Between Temperate Grass Taiga 20–40 cm; grasslands eating Winters cold, antelopes summers hot crackIAS.COM 10 DESERTS Large parts Hot of South, desert– West and Arabia and Central Thar, Cold Asia desert – Gobi and Tibet MONSOON South, S-E Between 60 Teak, sal Extreme REGIONS and East and 250 cm and sandal Southern Asia mostly in wood; in portions summers; NE Asia – closer to Summers are climate is the equator hot and humid cooler, thus have monsoon equatorial forests rainforests, give way to dense and temperate variety woodlands of trees, plants and bushes MAJOR CROPS • Cultivation of rice is mainly confined to Monsoon Asia as it require warm and humid climate • Wheat is the main crop of sub-tropical and temperate parts of the continent. W-Siberia, Kazakhstan, China, North India, Pakistan and countries of S-W Asia are the main producers of the wheat. • Sugarcane requires hot and moist climate and well-drained fertile soils. Grown in Pakistan, India, China, Thailand and Indonesia.
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