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O`Zbek Adabiyoti Tarixi XVII-XIX Asr Adabiyoti

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O`Zbek Adabiyoti Tarixi XVII-XIX Asr Adabiyoti O`ZBEKISTON ReSPUBLIKASI XALQ TA`LIMI VAZIRLIGI AJINIYOZ NOMIDAGI NUKUS DAVLAT PEDAGOGIKA INSTITUTI O`zbek adabiyoti kafedrasi «O`zbek adabiyoti tarixi» (XV11-X1X asrning birinchi yarmi ) fanidan ma`ruzalar matni NUKUS - 2012 1 KIRISh Reja: 1. «Adabiyoti tarixi» tushunchasi va uning xalqimiz tarixidagi o`rni. 2. O`zbek mumtoz adabiyoti tarixining ob`ekti. 3. O`zbek mumtoz adabiyoti tarixini davrlashtirish tamoyillari 4. XU1-X1X asrlar adabiyotining alohida davr sifatida o`rganilish sabablari. Adabiyot tarixi Vatan tarixining ajralmas qismi bo`lib, ahamiyati jihatidan Fuqarolik tarixi, Davlatchilik tarixi, Madaniyat tarixi kabi tariximizning boshqa jabhalaridan kam emas. Adabiyot tarixi ma`naviy meros va milliy qadriyatlar majmuasi bo`lgani uchun ham u nafaqat o`tmish adabiyotini o`rganish va tushunishda, balki bugungi adabiy an`analarning mohiyatini anglashda, ildiz va manbalarini aniqlashda ham benazirdir. Tabiiyki, bugungi adabiyotning shakllanishiga ta`sir ko`rsatgan adabiy meros kelajakka ham asqotishi, buyuk davlatchilikning ma`naviy poydevori bo`lib xizmat qiladi. Hujjatlardan anglashilgan tarix qariyb uch ming yillikni o`z ichiga olgan ekan, adabiyot tarixi undan ham qadimiyroq ekani o`z-o`zidan anglashiladi. Dastlabki yozma yodgorlik sifatida tan olingan «Avesto»dan tortib to Istiqlol davri adabiyotiga qadar davom etgan adabiy-ma`naviy davr o`ziga xos tarix sifatida jahon adabiyotining ham uzviy qismi ekani, jahon ma`naviyati xazinaini minglab daho san`atkorlar hisobiga boyitgani barchaga oydin haqiqat. Ana shu muhtasham tarixning har bir davrida yaratilgan an`ana va o`ziga xosliklarini tushunish uchun adabiyotimiz tarixini davrlashtirish muammolariga e`tibor qaratish lozim. O`zbek adabiyoti tarixini, shuningdek, umumturk adabiyoti tarixini davrlashtirishga intilish XX asrning boshlaridan boshlangan. Ushbu yo`nalishda dastlabki tasnifni turk olimi Mahmat Fuod Ko`prulu 1926 yili yozgan «Turk adabiyoti tarixi» kitobida bergani ma`lum: 1. Islomga qadar turk adabiyoti (qadimgi davrlardan USh asrgacha) 2. Islom ta`siri ostidagi adabiyot (1X-XU1 asrlar adabiyoti). 3. G`arb madaniyati ta`siri ostidagi adabiyoti (XUP-XX asrlar) Ushbu tasnifning dastlabki ikki qismi umumturk tarixiga dahldor bo`lsa-da, «g`arb ta`siri» ostidagi adabiyot deyilganda olim, asosan, usmonli adabiyotini nazarda tutgan. Chunki taxminan XUP asrdan usmonli adabiyoti g`arb,xususan, frantsuz adabiyoti ta`siri ostida rivojlangan, Bizning o`zbek adabiyotida esa, «g`arb ta`siri» X1X asrning P yarmidagi Rusiya ishg`oli bilan bog`liq holda kechgan. Shuning uchun ham ushbu tasnifni to`la holda o`zbek adabiyoti tarixi uchun qabul qilib bo`lmaydi. 20-yillarda tarixchi olim Bo`lot Soliev, adabiyotshunos Fitrat va Otajon Hoshim tomonidan ilgari surilgan davrlashtirishga oid miulohazalar sho`rolar davri talablarrg`ini o`zida aks ettirganini anglash qiyin emas: 1. Qabilaviy adabiyot namunalari (qadimgi davrlardan UP asrgacha) 2 2. Feodalliq davri adabiyoti (USh asrdan Islomiy adabiyotgacha) 3. Savdo sarmoyasi davri adabiyoti («Qutadg`u bilig»dan «Boburnoma»ga qadar yaratilgan adabiy asarlar) 4. O`zbekxonlar va uch xonlik davri adabiyoti (XU1-X1X asrlar adabiyoti) 5. Jadid adabiyoti (XX asr boshlari) Bu fikrlar Fitratning 1928 yilda yozgan «O`zbek adabiyoti namunalari» asarida o`z aksini topgan. Ushbu tasnif garchi formatsiyalar bo`yicha tarixiy davrlashtirish tamoyillarini o`zida aks ettirgan bo`lsa ham, asosan, adabiy asarlarga tayangan holda ish ko`rgani bilan e`tiborga molikdir. Shunday qilib, fitrat talqinida «16 asrdan so`ngra o`zbek adabiyoti» alohida adabiy davr sifatida o`rganilgan bo`lib, u qariyb uch yuz yillik adabiyotimiz tarixi materiallarini o`zida aks ettiradi. 20-yillarda Ozarbayjonda chiqqan «Turk adabiyoti tarixi» kitobida esa, Ismoil Hikmat ayrim daho iste`dodlar zakovati bilan bog`liq holda davrlashtirish tamoyillarini ishlab chiqishni ma`qul ko`rgan. Bu qarashlardan chuqur xabardor bo`lgan olim Vadud Mahmud «Navoiygacha turk adabiyoti» maqolasida o`zbek adabiyoti tarixini yuqoridagicha, «Navoiygacha, Navoiy davri va Navoiydan keyingi davr» sifatida talqin qilgan. Demak, 20-yillarda amalga oshirilgan tasnif va davrlashtirish tamoyillari, asosan, adabiy asarlar va ijodkorlar siymosi nuqtai nazaridan kelib chiqqani bilan ahamiyatli ekan. Davrlashtirish masalalariga sho`rolar davrida bir necha marta murojaat qilingan bo`lsa-da, ma`lumki, bunday davrlashtirish tamoyillari asosan, ijtimoiy tazyiq ostida kechgan edi. Istiqlol davriga kelib, ushba masalaga qayta yondoshilganda biz quyidagicha davrlashtirishni tavsiya etgan bo`lar edik: 1. Islomga qadar turk adabiyoti (qadimgi davrlardan USh asrgacha) 2. Ilk turk-islom davlarlari davri adabiyoti (1X-XP asrlar) 3. Chingizxon istilosi davri adabiyoti (XSh-X1U asrning 1 yarmi) 4. Temuriylar davri adabiyoti (X1U asrning P yarmi- XU asr) 5. O`zbekxonlar va uch xonlik adabiyoti (XU1-X1X asrning 1 yarmi) 6. Rusiya istilosi davri adabiyoti (X1X asrning P yarmi XX asr boshlari) 7. Sho`rolar davri adabiyoti (1017-1991 yillar) 8. Istiqlol davri adabiyoti (1991 yildan keyin) Bizga tavsiya etilgan qator manbalarda, ayniqsa, sho`rola davri adabiyoti manbalarida «O`rta Osiyoda uch xonlik davri» deb nomlangan atama anglatilgan davr adabiyoti muammolarini o`zida to`la aks ettira olmaydi. Chunki, Markaziy Osiyoda uch xonlik ko`rsatilayotgan XU1 asr boshlarida emas, balki XUSh asrning o`rtalariga kelib to`la ravishda shakllangan. Shunday .kan, bu nomlanish tavsiya etilayotgan davrning qariyb 150 yillik tarixini o`z qamroviga atama jihatilan ololmay qoladi. Ikkinchidan, tariximizda sifat jihatidan mutlaq o`ziga xos davr bo`lgan «Temuriylar davri adabiyoti» ham sho`rolar davrida alohida bosqich sifatida o`rganilmagan edi. Adabiyot tarixidagi mana shu davrning adabiy manbalarini tiklash barobarida undan keyingi «Shayboniylar davri»ga ham alohida 3 xususiyat sifatida qarash lozim. 20-yillar manbalarida bu davrni «o`zbekxonlar» davri deb atashgan. Biroq birgina «O`zbekxonlar davri» deb nomlash ham undan keyinroq o`lkada yaratilgan ko`plab adabiyo yodgorliklarni, xususan. Xiva va Qo`qon xonligi yodgorliklarini inkor qilishga olib keladi. Mana shulardan kelib chiqqan holda, 1501 yil voqealari bilan Markaziy Osiyoda temuriylar davri inqiroz topib, Shayboniyxon mamlakat tarixiga chiqqan ekan, bu voqealar so`zsiz badiiy adabiyotga o`z ta`sirini ko`rsatgani uchun ham yangi adabiy davrni mavhumroq qilib, XU1, ayrim manbalarda esa, XUP asrdan boshlab emas, balki mana shu O`zbekxonlar davrida yaratilgan adabiy yodgorlikning tabiatidan kelib chiqqan holda belgilash lozim. XU1 asr boshlarida Xiva va XUSh asr o`rtalarida Qo`qon xonligining barpo bo`lishi bilan Buxoro xonligi bartaraf etilgani yo`q, balki uning tarkibidan kelib chiqqan yangi xonliklar mustaqil davlat sifatida shakllana boshladilar. Shunday ekan, «O`zbekxonlar va uch xonlik davri adabiyoti» deb nomlash bizningcha, tarix haqiqatiga ham, bu davrda yaratilgan adabiy manbalar tabiatiga ham mos keladi. Tayanch so`z va tushunchalar Adabiyot tarixi, Adabiy meros, Davrlashtirish tamoyillari, Milliy qadriyat, Temuriylar davri adabiyoti, «O`zbekxonlar davri» adabiyoti, «G`arb ta`siri» Savol va topshiriqlar 1. «O`zbek adabiyoti tarixi» deyilganda qanday tarixni tushunasiz? 2. «O`zbek mumtoz adabiyoti tarixi»ning ob`ekti, maqsad va vazifalari nimalardan iborat? 3. «O`zbek mumtoz adabiyoti»ning adabiyot tarixidagi o`rni. 4. Adabiyot tarixini davrlashtirishda qanday tamoyillarga amal qilinadi? 5. 20 asr boshlaridagi mavjud davrlashtirishga intilishlarda qanday tamoyillar asos qilib olingan? 6. 20—yillardagi tasniflarga munosabat. 7. Adabiyot tarixini davrlashtirish masalasida ilmdagi so`nggi qarashlar qaysilar7 8. «XU1-X1X asrlar adabiyoti» alohida davr sifatida o`rganilishining sababi. Adabiyotlar: 1. O`zbek adabiyoti tarixi. Besh tomlik. Sh jild. - T.: Fan, 1978. 2. Asrlar nidosi. - T.: G`afur G`ulom nomidagi Adabiyot va san`at nashriyoti, 1982. 3. Fitrat. O`zbek adabiyoti namunalari. - T.: 1928. 4. Qayumov A. Qo`qon adabiy muhiti. - T.: 1961. XU1-X1X asr (1-yarmi ) o`zbek adabiyoti Reja: 1. Davr adabiyotini o`rganilish tarixi. 2. Davr adabiyotining manbalari. 3. Adabiy manbalarni o`rganishdagi amal qilinadigan tamoyillar. 4 4. Tarixiy sharoit va adabiy-ma`naviy muhit xususiyatlari Sharq mumtoz adabiyotida an`anaviy adabiyotshunoslik «Il-mi adab» va uning tarkibiga kirgan «Ilmi bade`», «Ilmi aruz», «Ilmi qofiya» singari ilmiy risolalar hamda tazkira va manoqib kitoblarida davr adabiyotidagi poetik hodisalar, ayrim ulug` adiblarning ijodi va ularning uslubiy xususiyatlari aks etmagan bo`lsa ham, uch yuz yildan mo`lroq davom etgan bu adabiy davr manbalarini o`z ichiga olgan «adabiyot tarixi» XX asr boshlariga qadar yaratilmagan edi. Asrimizning 20- yillarida, dastlab, «adabiy manbalar» sifatida jamlangan va nashr etilgan majmualarni ham bu yo`ldagi dadil qadamlar deb aytish mumkin. Bu jihatdan 20- yillarda adabiyot tariximizga oid ko`plab manbalar to`plandi, tartibga solindi, ayrimlari nashr qilindi va, nihoyat, «adabiyot tarixi» yaratish uchun muayyan zamin hozirlandi. 1918-20 yillarda faoliyat ko`rsatgan «Chig`atoy gurungi» tashkiloti bu jihatdan ilmiy faoliyat boshlagan birinchi ilmiy jamiyat bo`ldi. Keyinroq 1919 yili Turkiston Muxtor jumhuriyati hukumati va Turkiston o`lka mumulmon byurosi mahalliy xalqlar adjabiy merosini to`plab, nashr qilish haqida qaror qabul qildi. Ko`lamli bu ishlarni amalga oshirish uchun Nazir To`raqulov (rais), Fitrat (rais mulvini) va Laziz Azizzoda (kotib)dan iborat boshqaruv hay`ati belgiladi. Bu vaziflarning amalga oshirish uchun Abdurahmon Sa`diy,
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