Aproximación Genealógica Al Concepto Aprendizaje. Una Lectura Desde La Noción “Gubernamentalidad Neoliberal” Por: David

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Aproximación Genealógica Al Concepto Aprendizaje. Una Lectura Desde La Noción “Gubernamentalidad Neoliberal” Por: David APROXIMACIÓN GENEALÓGICA AL CONCEPTO APRENDIZAJE. UNA LECTURA DESDE LA NOCIÓN “GUBERNAMENTALIDAD NEOLIBERAL” POR: DAVID ANDRÉS RUBIO GAVIRIA DIRECTOR: DR. CARLOS ERNESTO NOGUERA RAMÍREZ UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA NACIONAL PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO INTERINSTITUCIONAL EN EDUCACIÓN APROXIMACIÓN GENEALÓGICA AL CONCEPTO APRENDIZAJE. UNA LECTURA DESDE LA NOCIÓN “GUBERNAMENTALIDAD NEOLIBERAL” TESIS DE GRADO PARA OPTAR POR EL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR EN EDUCACIÓN POR: DAVID ANDRÉS RUBIO GAVIRIA DIRECTOR: DR. CARLOS ERNESTO NOGUERA RAMÍREZ UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA NACIONAL PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO INTERINSTITUCIONAL EN EDUCACIÓN MAYO DE 2017 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco en primer lugar al profesor Carlos Ernesto Noguera Ramírez, quien ejerció como director de la investigación de principio a fin; como profesor, cuando me enseñó las gafas de Michael Foucault; como colega, en este largo emprendimiento por la fundación de un Programa de Pedagogía en la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional; y como amigo, cada vez que me abrió las puertas de su casa para discurrir acerca de la abrumadora planicie que es este presente que vivimos, y tratar de no morir en el intento de comprenderla. En segundo lugar, agradezco a los colegas del Grupo de Estudios, quienes empeñados en leer juntos, han asumido en la vida intelectual la mejor opción para habitar este mundo aprendificado. A Dorita Marín, quien con su incansable ímpetu y genuino interés formador ha mostrado que es posible tejer redes en la amistad, en los afectos y en el trabajo. A María Isabel Heredia por su amistad, su minuciosa lectura de cada versión de los capítulos y por su comentario y recomendación bibliográfica siempre oportunos. En tercer lugar, quiero agradecer a Maura Corcini Lopes y a Alfredo Veiga, amigos que me enseñaron la lengua y la cultura brasilera, así como el camino de una infinita y generosa humanidad. A Alfredo, maestro al que aspiro, por su disposición para la lectura de los primerísimos borradores, así como su evaluación de esta entrega final. A Maura por el acogimiento cariñoso y siempre bienhumorado en su casa y en la de su familia. Finalmente, a Ania Quintero, my feel, quien se sentó frente al computador del lado a escribir también su tesis, a oírme maldecir paciente, y a escucharme cada ocurrencia sin sancionarme tanto; agradezco a ella por su sensatez inquebrantable, su espíritu limpio y su compañía amorosa. FORMATO RESUMEN ANALÍTICO EN EDUCACIÓN - RAE Código: FOR020GIB Versión: 01 Fecha de Aprobación: 10-10-2012 Página 1 de 7 1. Información General Tipo de documento Tesis de Grado Acceso al documento Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. Biblioteca Central Aproximación genealógica al concepto aprendizaje. Una lectura desde la Titulo del documento noción “Gubernamentalidad Neoliberal”. Autor(es) Rubio Gaviria, David Andrés Director Noguera Ramírez, Carlos Ernesto Publicación Bogotá. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, 2017. 244 p. Unidad Patrocinante Aprendizaje, Gubernamentalidad, Neoliberalismo, Libertad, Interés, Palabras Claves Acción, Educación. 2. Descripción Tesis de grado que informa sobre una investigación que parte de preguntas de tipo genealógico en torno al modo en que se constituyó históricamente el concepto “aprendizaje”, a partir de lo que Foucault llamó un “esquema teórico o pre-conceptual”. Esto quiere decir que las indagaciones se concentraron en identificar ese conjunto de conceptos que en su dispersión, constituyeron la estructura pragmática del aprendizaje, aún sin estar delimitado u organizado como concepto en la piscología, toda vez que desde una mirada genealógica un concepto no “nace” o “aparece”, esto es, no tiene un “origen”, sino que emerge en condiciones históricas complejas. Su procedencia obedece a las contingencias, a los accidentes y a las singularidades que solemos pasar por alto en las historias más canónicas, y se revela como resultado de la aparición y puesta en relación de otros conceptos que no necesariamente provienen del campo de la psicología o, incluso, de la pedagogía, sino de otros espacios de saber como la economía, la filosofía política y la fisiología, entre otros. Los conceptos que componen el esquema teórico del aprendizaje, en este sentido, son los de libertad, interés y acción y su procedencia se ubicó en la investigación en campos de saber distintos de la psicología y la pedagogía. 3. Fuentes BENTHAM, J. (2008 [1789]). Los principios de la moral y la legislación. Buenos Aires: Claridad. CANGUILHEM, G. (1976 [1942]). El conocimiento de la vida. Barcelona: Anagrama. CLAPARÈDE, E. (1910). Psicología del niño y pedagogía experimental. Madrid: Librería de Francisco Beltrán. FOUCAULT, M. (2006). Seguridad, territorio, población. Trad. Horacio Pons. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica. FOUCAULT, M. (2007). Nacimiento de la biopolítica. Trad. Horacio Pons. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica. HELVÉTIUS C. (2012 [1758]). Del espíritu. Pamplona: Editorial Laetoli. HERBART, F. (1935 [1806]). Pedagogía general derivada del fin de la educación. Madrid: Espasa Calpe. HOBHOUSE, L. (1944). “Comparative psychology”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Tomo 6, pp. 167- 170. MEAD, G. H. (2009 [1899 – 1931]). Escritos políticos y filosóficos. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Documento Oficial. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional FORMATO RESUMEN ANALÍTICO EN EDUCACIÓN - RAE Código: FOR020GIB Versión: 01 Fecha de Aprobación: 10-10-2012 Página 2 de 7 Económica. MONTESQUIEU, C. (1985 [1748]). Del espíritu de las leyes. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos. NOGUERA, C. (2012). El gobierno pedagógico. Del arte de educar a las tradiciones pedagógicas. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre editores. ROUSSEAU, J. (1950 [1763]). “Emilio o de la educación”. En: Obras escogidas. Buenos Aires: El Ateneo. SCHUMPETER, J. (1976 [1933]). Teoría del desenvolvimiento económico. Una investigación sobre ganancias, capital, crédito, interés y ciclo económico. México: fondo de Cultura Económica. SECHENOV, I. (1978 [1863]). Los reflejos cerebrales. Barcelona: Fontanella. SKINNER, B. (1986 [1971]). Más allá de la libertad y la dignidad. Barcelona: Ediciones Martínez Roca. SMITH, A. (1996 [1776]). La riqueza de las naciones. Madrid: Alianza. STUART MILL, J. (2006 [1859]). Ensayo sobre la libertad. Madrid: Mestas Ediciones. THORNDIKE, E. (2006 [1898]). “Inteligencia animal. Un estudio experimental de los procesos asociativos en los animales”. En: The Psychological Review, Vol II, núm 4, junio de 1898. Tomado de: Ribes, E. y Burgos, J. (Coords.). Raíces históricas y filosóficas del conductismo. Tomo 2. Guadalajara: Universidad Veracruzana. pp 144 – 186. VON MISES, L. (1986 [1949]). La acción humana. Tratado de economía. Cuarta edición. Madrid: Unión Editorial S.A. 4. Contenidos En el primer capítulo, el trabajo se ocupa de mostrar que el aprendizaje es el asunto central de la educación contemporánea o, lo que es lo mismo, que estamos en el momento histórico de la “aprendificación” generalizada. En este capítulo se describen, así mismo, las elaboraciones metodológicas que siguió la investigación. En el segundo capítulo se presentan unas líneas generales del concepto de interés, a partir de una suerte de arqueología que sitúa sus vestigios en las cuestiones acerca del control de las pasiones humanas en el periodo anterior a la Ilustración, así como en la cercanía de sus debates en función de procesos como el utilitarismo. Finalmente, el capítulo introduce otra perspectiva para comprender el concepto de interés desde su constitución en las elaboraciones de la pedagogía posteriores a F. Herbart iniciado el siglo XIX, así como en los desarrollos de la pedagogía experimental de Claparède, a principios del siglo XX. El tercer capítulo se ocupa de desarrollar la hipótesis según la cual la voluntad en el siglo XIX por debatir sobre la libertad, estaba directamente relacionada con los múltiples intentos, desde saberes diversos, por explicar al hombre en función de su comportamiento o, lo que es lo mismo, por singularizar lo humano en función de explicaciones relativas a su accionar en el medio social desde su interioridad. Se trata de la hipótesis de la libertad como el efecto del encierro del hombre sobre sí mismo. Es así que el capítulo se ocupa también de mostrar cómo la fisiología y la psicología experimental fueron fusionando sus procedimientos y sus aparatos teóricos a finales del siglo XIX para estudiar el aprendizaje animal y, en esta línea, el comportamiento humano. El cuarto capítulo, a su vez, se encarga de describir la llamada teoría de la acción humana o “praxeología”, como una expresión que se fue configurando a finales del siglo XIX en la psicología y la sociología, pero que tendría pleno desarrollo en las discusiones económicas de la Escuela Austríaca en el siglo XX. La praxeología se constituye en un segmento de la reflexión económica que intentó posicionarse como el eje de la economía en su conjunto pues, finalmente, es el estudio de la acción humana el asunto central de la economía en este periodo. Documento Oficial. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional FORMATO RESUMEN ANALÍTICO EN EDUCACIÓN - RAE Código: FOR020GIB Versión: 01 Fecha de Aprobación: 10-10-2012 Página 3 de 7 El capítulo cinco está dedicado a examinar las preguntas del pragmatismo norteamericano en función del lugar de la conciencia para la interacción social. Se trata de una entrada distinta a la planteada por la praxeología económica, pero en cuyo centro habita la idea del hombre como un ser de acción y de elecciones, lo que definitivamente lo desmarca de su comprensión como especie evolucionada, incluso para aceptarlo como algo distinto en la naturaleza.
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