Encyclopedia of Global Justice

Deen K. Chatterjee (Ed.)

With 10 Figures and 4 Tables Editor Deen K. Chatterjee Department of Philosophy University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT USA

ISBN 978-1-4020-9159-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9160-5 Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-9161-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932691

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Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Preface

The two-volume Encyclopedia of Global Justice is a major publication venture toward a comprehensive coverage of this timely topic. The Encyclopedia is an international, interdisciplinary, and collaborative project, spanning all the relevant areas of scholarship related to issues of global justice, and edited and advised by leading scholars from around the world. The wide-ranging entries present the latest ideas on this complex subject by authors who are at the cutting edge of inquiry. The goal of this timely and comprehensive encyclopedia is to provide a premier reference guide for students, scholars, policy makers, and others interested in assessing the moral consequences of global interdependence and understanding the concepts and arguments that shed light on the myriad aspects of global justice. The Encyclopedia will set the tone and direction of this increasingly important area of scholarship for years to come. The question of justice across national boundaries, recently the focus of intense debate due to the ethical challenges of modern globalization, spans the range from extreme global egalitarianism to various kinds of extended nationalism and limited globalism. The topic covers several disciplines and raises both theoretical and applied issues in such areas as relations among nations, world poverty, human rights, global development, environmental concerns, and the justifi- ability of military conflicts, among others. The Encyclopedia reflects this reality and provides an interdisciplinary approach that combines empirical research with theoretical arguments, drawing terms and concepts from political philosophy and theory, ethics, international law and legal theory, development economics, public policy, and applied ethics, including legal, business, medical, military, religious, environmental, and feminist ethics as they relate to all aspects of global justice. Because the term “global justice” is itself a matter of contention, prompting questions regarding how it relates to and differs from “international justice,” an important part of the project is to clarify such definitional issues and include entries that seek to address the related methodological concerns. The Encyclopedia will serve as a complete reference for all key terms and concepts of global justice, broadly conceived. It is organized in A-to-Z format with cross-referencing of entries around a series of topics under four broad categories, making it convenient for students, scholars, and general readers to access the relevant entries on a specific theme or topic. The four broad categories are: ● Concepts/Theories ● Persons/Thinkers ● Institutions/Organizations ● Trends/Movements/Policies/Treaties All entry topics fall under one or more of these broad categories. The entries number around 500 and consist of essays of 300 to 5,000 words. The inclusion and length of entries are based on their significance to the topic of global justice, regardless of their importance in other areas. The Encyclopedia consists of entries written by scholars drawn from a variety of fields and disciplines. Based on their painstaking preparation of the chapters and their diligence through the process of revisions and editing, they made amply evident their high level of care for and commitment to the project and their dedication to the growth and development of their own fields. It was a delight and a privilege to work with them and see how they brought together their scholarship and their respective style and orientation into a coherent focus to make this ambitious project possible. Naturally, our greatest thanks go to these contributors for their collaboration and good will. Their belief in the importance of the project sustained our efforts. Special thanks are due to the members of the distinguished editorial board for their support and encouragement. Most of them reviewed the drafts and gave their advice whenever needed, and some of them also wrote several key entries. I would especially like to thank Lynette Sieger of New York University, a member of the editorial board and contributor of several key chapters, for her able assistance, advice, and support. vi Preface

Special gratitude goes to Christine Hausmann at the Reference Editorial Ofﬁce of Springer’s Reference and Database Publishing for her patience and unfailing support that made the project possible. Special thanks are also due to Neil Olivier, Publishing Editor of Philosophy of Law and Ethics in the Humanities Department at Springer and to Susanne Friedrichsen, Associate Editor at Springer’s Reference & Database Publishing, for their valuable help and guidance. Finally, my greatest gratitude and appreciation goes to my beloved wife Donna Dinsdale for all her loving support, kindness, and sacriﬁce during the entire duration of this long project. I cannot thank her enough.

Deen K. Chatterjee Editor-in-Chief Topical Table of Contents

Concepts/Theories Collective Decision Problem Absolute Poverty Collective Identity Act-Consequentialism Collective Responsibility Adaptive Preferences Colonialism ►Capabilities Approach Common Good ►Preference-Satisfaction Communitarianism Advocacy Organizations Communities ►International Organizations Compatriot Partiality Thesis Agency, Collective Complex Emergency Agency, Individual Complex Equality Agent-Centered Prerogative Composition, Fallacy of Aggression Consensus/Justification Ahimsa Consent Aid to Burdened Societies Conspiracy Theory Altruism Constructivism Anarchy Consumerism Armed Conflict: Effect on Women Contractarianism Associative Duties Corporate Social Responsibility Basic Needs Correlative Obligations Basic Rights Corruption Beneficence, Principle of Cosmopolitan Democracy Biodiversity Cosmopolitan Justice Bioprospecting and Biopiracy Cosmopolitan Republicanism Borders Cosmopolitanism Capabilities Approach Crimes Against Humanity Capitalism Crimes Against Peace Care Ethics Cultural Relativism Charity Cultural Rights Chronic Poverty ►Globalization ►Absolute Poverty ►Health and Health Care ►Poverty ►Human Rights: African Perspectives Citizenship ►International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Citizenship Practices Cultural Rights Civil Disobedience, International ►Multiculturalism Civil Disobedience, Transnational Death Penalty Civil Rights ►Capital Punishment Class and Status Decent Society Climate Justice Democracy, Constitutional Co-National Partiality Democracy, Deliberative ►Compatriot Partiality Thesis Democracy, Transnational Coercion Democratic Citizenship Collective Choice Democratic Equality viii Topical Table of Contents

Democratic Legitimacy Fairness Democratic Peace Theory Feminist Ethics Development Accountability Feminization of Poverty Development as Freedom Food Sovereignty ►Capabilities Approach Friendship ►Sen, Amartya Functioning, Well-Being and Development Assistance ►Capabilities Approach Development Ethics ►Nussbaum, Martha C. Difference Principle ►Quality of Life Diffused Responsibility Hypothesis ►Sen, Amartya Disabled People Gender-Based Violence Disagreement, Reasonable ►Violence Dispersed Groups Gender Justice ►Immigration Genetic Engineering ►Refugees Genocide Dispute Resolution Georgism Domination Global Basic Structure Double Effect, Doctrine of Global Citizenship Duties of Assistance Global Civil Society Duties to Non-Compatriots Global Contractarian Justice Duties to the Distant Needy Global Democracy Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate Global Difference Principle Duties, Perfect and Imperfect Global Distributive Justice Duties, Positive and Negative Global Egalitarianism Duties, Remedial Global Equality of Opportunity ►Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate Global Ethic ►Duties, Perfect and Imperfect Global Federalism ►Duties, Positive and Negative Global Governance Earth Democracy Global Impartiality Thesis ►Brundtland Commission Global Justice ►Political Ecology Global Justice, Subjects of ►Rio Declaration Global Market ►Stockholm Conference, 1972 ►Capitalism Economic Rights ►Free Trade Egalitarianism ►Globalization ►Fair Equality of Opportunity Global Organizations ►Global Egalitarianism ►Capitalism ►Global Equality of Opportunity ►Global Democracy End of Life Care ►Global Poverty Environmental Justice ►Global Public Sphere Environmental Racism ►Globalization Environmental Sustainability ►International Monetary Fund (IMF) Equality ►World Bank (WB) Essential Medicines, Access to Global Poverty Ethical Foreign Policy Global Public ►Foreign Policy Global Public Goods Eurocentrism Global Public Health Exploitation Global Public Reason Fair Equality of Opportunity Global Resource Distribution Topical Table of Contents ix

Global Resources Dividend International Institutional Legitimacy ►Pogge, Thomas International Justice Global Taxation ►Fairness Global Tragedy of the Commons ►Foreign Policy ►Global Public ►Globalization ►Global Warming ►Hague Conventions ►Pareto Optimality ►International Law Group Rights ►Law of Peoples Harm Principle ►Liberal Nationalism Health and Health Care ►Moral Equality Human Development ►Nagel, Thomas ►Capabilities Approach ►Nationalism ►Crocker, David ►Rawls, John ►Development Ethics ►Realistic Utopia ►Human Development and Capability Association ►Sen, Amartya (HDCA) ►Tamir, Yael ►International Development Ethics Association (IDEA) ►Transitional Justice in Africa ►Nussbaum, Martha C. ►Treaty of Westphalia ►Sen, Amartya International Law Human Genome International Law, Normative Foundations of Human Right to Democracy International Organizations Human Rights International Political Economy Human Security ►Global Justice Humanitarian Aid ►International Monetary Fund (IMF) Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military ►World Bank (WB) Humanitarian Military Intervention Intrastate Autonomy Ideal Moral Theory ►Secession Illegitimate States Intuitionism Immigration Jus ad Bellum Impartiality Jus ad Pacem ►Global Impartiality Thesis Jus Gentium Imperialism Jus in Bello Indigenous Peoples Just Peace Indigenous Rights to Land ►Peace Versus Justice Inequality ►Perpetual Peace: Abbe´ de Saint-Pierre ►Global Democracy ►Perpetual Peace: Kant ►Global Egalitarianism ►Preventive Non-Intervention ►Global Justice Just War Theory Intergenerational Justice ►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq International Due Process ►War, Just and Unjust ►International Criminal Court (ICC) Justice and Reciprocity: Local and Global ►International Criminal Justice Justice and Religion: Buddhism ►International Law Justice and Religion: Christianity International Health Partnership Justice and Religion: Confucianism ►Development Ethics Justice and Religion: Daoism ►Global Public Health Justice and Religion: Hinduism ►Health and Health Care Justice and Religion: Islam ►Pandemics Justice and Religion: Judaism International Humanitarian Assistance Killing and Letting Die x Topical Table of Contents

Labor Nationalism Land Ethic Nationalism, Explanatory Language and Politics Nationalism, Extended Law of Peoples Natural Rights Legal Rights Needs Liberal Democracy ►Basic Needs Liberal Nationalism Negative Duties Liberal Pluralism ►Duties, Positive and Negative Liberalism ►Killing and Letting Die Libertarianism Negative Rights Liberties Neoliberalism Lifeboat Ethics Non-Combatant Immunity Local Communities Non-Ideal Moral Theory ►Communitarianism Obligation to Future Generations ►Quality of Life Odious Debts ►Relativity of Well-Being Original Position ►Thin Universalism and Thick Localism Owning Life Luck Egalitarianism Paciﬁsm Majoritarianism Pareto Optimality Maldevelopment Partiality ►Development Ethics Paternalism Marxism Patriarchy Medical Justice Patriotism ►Global Public Health Peace Education ►Health and Health Care Perfect Justice ►Pharmaceutical Justice ►Rawls, John ►Pogge, Thomas ►Sen, Amartya Migration Perpetual Peace ►Immigration Perpetual Peace: Abbe´ de Saint-Pierre Minority Groups Perpetual Peace: Kant ►Multiculturalism Persecution Modus Vivendi ►Amnesty International Moral Authority ►Gay Rights Moral Community ►Human Rights Moral Cosmopolitanism ►Human Rights Watch Moral Distance ►Torture Moral Equality Pharmaceutical Justice Moral Innocence and Harm Pluralism ►Non-Combatant Immunity Political Allegiance Moral Legitimacy Political Authority Moral Luck Political Autonomy ►Luck Egalitarianism Political Constructivism Moral Reasoning Political Cosmopolitanism Multiculturalism Political Ecology National Interest Thesis Political Economy ►Compatriot Partiality Thesis Political Forgiveness ►Liberal Nationalism Political Freedom ►Nationalism ►Falk, Richard ►Social Contract ►Liberal Pluralism National Self-Determination ►Political Autonomy Topical Table of Contents xi

►Political Representation Reciprocity ►Politics of Recognition Recognition, the Politics of Political Idealism Recognitional Legitimacy Political Leadership Rectiﬁcatory Justice ►Gandhi, Mahatma Relative Poverty ►Political Authority Relativism Political Legitimacy Relativity of Well-Being Political Liberalism Remedial Rights Political Obligation ►Secession Political Realism ►Truth Commissions ►Compatriot Partiality Thesis Reparations ►Liberal Nationalism Reproductive Rights ►Lifeboat Ethics ►Population Politics ►Political Liberalism ►Poverty Political Reconciliation ►Quality of Life ►Political Forgiveness Resource Curse ►Truth Commissions Responsibility, Individual Political Representation Restorative Justice Positive Duties ►Truth Commissions ►Duties, Positive and Negative Retribution Positive Rights Retributive Justice Poverty Revolution Preemptive War Rights Preference-Satisfaction Rule-Consequentialism Preventive Diplomacy Sanctions ►Dispute Resolution Second Original Position ►Preventive Non-Intervention Self-Determination ►Soft Power Separation of Church and State ►War, Just and Unjust Slavery Preventive Non-Intervention Social Contract Preventive War Socialism Prima Facie Duties Solidarity Primary Goods Sovereignty Prisoner’s Dilemma Special Obligations Prisoners of War Special Rights ►Geneva Conventions Standard of Living ►Punishment ►Development Ethics ►War Against Terrorism ►Feminization of Poverty ►War, Just and Unjust ►Quality of Life Proceduralism ►Relativity of Well-Being Propaganda State Terrorism Property Rights Subsidiarity Principle Public Good Subsidies ►Common Good Subsistence Resources Public Interest ►Absolute Poverty Public Reason ►Basic Needs Punishment ►Basic Rights Quality of Life ►Food Sovereignty Racism ►Poverty Realistic Utopia ►Quality of Life xii Topical Table of Contents

Subsistence Rights World Ownership Surrogacy, Transnational ►Global Public Goods Sustainable Development ►Global Public Sphere Territorial Rights ►World Government Thin Universalism and Thick Localism Toleration/Tolerance, Liberal Principle of Institutions/Organizations Transitional Justice African Development Bank Transitional Justice in Africa Amnesty International Transnational Citizenship Bretton Woods Institutions ►Citizenship Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) ►World Citizenship Democratic Institutions ►World Government ►Global Democracy Tyranny Development Institutions Ubuntu ►Development Assistance Unequal Exchange Theory ►Basic Needs ►Exploitation ►United Nations: Right to Development ►Fair Trade Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ►Imperialism ►Land Grab ►Pogge, Thomas European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Unilateral Rights (EBRD) Universal Hospitality ►Basic Needs Utilitarianism ►Development Assistance Violence European Union (EU) Virtue Ethics Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) War Crimes ►Refugees War, Just and Unjust Grameen Bank Wealth Gap Greenpeace ►Equality High Road for Human Rights ►Global Democracy Human Development and Capability Association (HDCA) ►Global Difference Principle Human Rights Watch ►Global Distributive Justice Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ►Global Egalitarianism ►Climate Change ►Global Poverty ►Global Warming ►Moral Cosmopolitanism International Commission on Intervention and State Wide Reﬂective Equilibrium Sovereignty (ICISS) Women’s Rights International Court of Justice (ICJ) ►Armed Conﬂict: Effect on Women ►International Criminal Court (ICC) ►Ecofeminism ►International Criminal Justice ►Feminist Ethics ►International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) ►Gender Justice ►International Criminal Tribunal for the Former ►Feminization of Poverty Yugoslavia (ICTY) ►Okin, Susan International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ►Shiva, Vandana International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Working Poor Rights ►Labor International Criminal Court (ICC) ►Labor Laws International Development Ethics Association (IDEA) ►Poverty International Finance Cooperation (IFC) World Citizenship ►Free Trade World Government ►International Monetary Fund (IMF) Topical Table of Contents xiii

International Forum Against Globalization Organization of American States (OAS) ►Globalization ►Development Assistance ►Third World Resistance ►Fair Trade International Labour Organization (ILO) ►International Organizations ►Labor Laws Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) International Law Commission Oxfam International ►International Law Pax Natura Foundation International Monetary Fund (IMF) Regional Human Rights Courts and Commissions League of Nations ►Human Rights Multinational Corporations ►International Institutional Legitimacy National Alliance for Tribal Self Rule (NATSR), India ►International Law ►Indigenous Peoples United Nations (UN) Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ►Global Governance ►Amnesty International ►Global Human Rights Culture ►Global Governance ►Global Public Reason ►Global Public ►International Organizations ►Global Public Reason ►Self-Determination ►High Road for Human Rights ►United Nations Convention on the Law of ►Human Rights Watch the Sea ►Illegitimate States ►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building ►International Organizations ►United Nations: Reform ►O’Neill, Onora ►United Nations: Right to Development ►Owning Life ►Universal Declaration of Human Rights ►Pax Natura United Nations Agenda for Democratization ►Sen, Amartya ►Global Democracy ►Shiva, Vandana United Nations Charter on Economic Rights and Duties of ►Treaty of Westphalia States ►World Intellectual Property Organization ►Basic Rights (WIPO) ►Human Rights ►World Social Forum ►Positive Rights North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) United Nations Democracy Fund ►International Organizations ►Global Democracy Organization for African Unity (OAU) United Nations Development Program (UNDP) ►African Development Bank ►Capabilities Approach ►Health and Health Care ►Crocker, David ►Human Rights: African Perspectives ►Development Ethics ►International Organizations ►Health and Health Care Organization for Economic Cooperation and ►Human Development and Capability Association Development (OECD) (HDCA) ►Development Assistance ►Human Security ►Fair Trade ►International Development Ethics Association ►Global Taxation (IDEA) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ►Poverty (OSCE) ►Sen, Amartya ►European Convention on Human Rights United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc and Cultural ►Human Trafﬁcking Organization (UNESCO) ►International Organizations ►Capabilities Approach ►Subsidiarity Principle ►Development Ethics ►Terrorism ►Peace Education xiv Topical Table of Contents

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (FAO) Boylan, Michael ►Food Brock, Gillian ►Food Sovereignty Buchanan, Allen ►Land Grab Cabrera, Luis United Nations Human Rights Commission Caney, Simon ►Ethical Globalization Initiative (EGI) Chodosh, Hiram ►Human Rights Chomsky, Noam ►Human Rights: African Perspectives Chumakov, Alexander N. United Nations Security Council Chwaszcza, Christine ►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building Cicero ►United Nations: Reform Condorcet, N. Marquis de United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Building Crocker, David United Nations: Reform Dante United Nations: Right to Development Derrida, Jacques Working Women’s Forum (WWF), India Dower, Nigel ►Post-Colonialism Dryzek, John World Bank (WB) Falk, Richard World Commission on Environment and Development Fanon, Frantz ►Brundtland Commission ►Human Rights: African Perspectives World Health Organization (WHO) ►Imperialism ►Development Ethics ►Liberation Theology ►Global Public Health ►Violence ►Health and Health Care Foucault, Michel ►Pandemics Gandhi, Mahatma World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) George, Henry World Social Forum ►Georgism World Trade Organization (WTO) Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah ►Alterglobalization Gould, Carol ►Bandung Conference Goulet, Denis ►Doha Declaration Grotius, Hugo ►General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Habermas, Ju¨rgen ►Global Basic Structure Hardin, Garrett ►International Organizations Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich ►Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene Held, David ►Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Held, Virginia Herodotus Persons/Thinkers Hobbes, Thomas Agarwal, Bina Honneth, Axel Ake, Claude Huntington, Samuel Appiah, Kwame Anthony Jefferson, Thomas Arendt, Hannah Kant, Immanuel Augustine Kant, Immanuel: Contemporary Kantian Responses to Barber, Benjamin King, Martin Luther, Jr. Barry, Brian Kukathas, Chandran Bauman, Zygmunt Ku¨ng, Hans Beitz, Charles ►Global Ethic Benhabib, Seyla ►World Citizenship Berger, John Laozi Bohman, James Locke, John Topical Table of Contents xv

Luther, Martin Afghanistan and Iraq Wars Mallat, Chibli al Qaeda Mamdani, Mahmoud ►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars ►Human Rights: African Perspectives ►Punishment Mao, Zedong ►Terrorism Marx, Karl ►War Against Terrorism May, Larry Alterglobalization McBride, William Animal Rights McMahan, Jeff Anti-Globalization Movements Mill, John Stuart ►Alterglobalization Miller, David ►Ecofeminism Miller, Richard ►Shiva, Vandana Moellendorf, Darrel Arms Race Nagel, Thomas ►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars Narveson, Jan ►Chomsky, Noam Nickel, James ►Corporate Social Responsibility Nozick, Robert ►Corruption Nussbaum, Martha C. ►Dispute Resolution O’Neill, Onora ►Foreign Policy Okin, Susan ►Peace Education Pogge, Thomas ►Pogge, Thomas Rawls, John ►Preventive Non-Intervention Roosevelt, Eleanor ►Preventive War Rosenbaum, Thane Asian Values Debate Rosenthal, Joel H. Bandung Conference Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Beijing Platform on Women Russell, Bertrand ►Falk, Richard Sellers, Mortimer ►Gender Justice Sen, Amartya ►Okin, Susan Seneca Bhopal Tragedy Shiva, Vandana Bilateral Aid Shue, Henry ►Development Assistance Singer, Peter ►Basic Needs Spinoza, Baruch Bribery Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene ►Corruption Tagore, Rabindranath ►Foreign Policy Talbott, William J. ►Pogge, Thomas Tamir, Yael ►Poverty Tan, Kok-Chor Brundtland Commission Teso´n, Fernando Cairo Declaration of Human Rights Thucydides Capital Punishment Vitoria, Francisco de Carbon Tax Walzer, Michael Child Labor Wenar, Leif Child Soldiers Xunzi Climate Change Young, Iris Marion Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Trends/Movements/Policies/Treaties ►Okin, Susan Advocacy Organizations Cyber Privacy ►International Organizations ►Privacy xvi Topical Table of Contents

Cyberwar Global Human Rights Culture Debt Relief Global Justice Project: Iraq Deforestation Global Public Sphere ►Pax Natura Foundation Global Trafficking ►Sustainable Development ►Human Trafficking Democratic Nation Building Global Warming ►Doha Declaration Globalization ►Global Democracy Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) ►Humanitarian Military Intervention ►Land Grab ►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military Guantanamo Bay Prisoners ►Human Right to Democracy ►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars ►Preventive Non-Intervention ►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq Doha Declaration ►Punishment Drug Research and Human Experimentation ►Terrorism ►Bioprospecting and Biopiracy ►War Against Terrorism ►Essential Medicines, Access to Hague Conventions ►Organ Trafficking Human Rights: African Perspectives ►Owning Life Human Trafficking Duty to Prosecute Inept States East Asian Economic Crisis ►Poverty ►International Monetary Fund (IMF) ►Rawls, John ►World Bank (WB) Intellectual Property Rights Ecofeminism International Borrowing Privilege Embargoes ►Debt Relief ►Foreign Policy International Criminal Justice ►Poverty International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) Empire International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Enemy Combatant Yugoslavia (ICTY) Environmental Protection International Environmental Standards Environmental Regulations ►Climate Change ►Environmental Protection ►Climate Justice Ethical Globalization Initiative (EGI) ►Global Warming European Convention on Human Rights International Labor Standards Failed States International Legal Reform ►Development Assistance ►Chodosh, Hiram ►Development Ethics ►Global Democracy ►Duties of Assistance ►Global Justice Fair Trade International Solidarity Female Genital Mutilation ►Global Public Reason Food ►Solidarity Foreign Aid Intervention, Non-Military Foreign Policy ►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military Free Trade Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq Gay Rights Kyoto Protocol General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ►Climate Change General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) ►Climate Justice ►Free Trade ►Global Warming Geneva Conventions Labor Laws Global Democracy Deficit Land Grab ►Consensus/Justification Liberal Internationalism ►Global Democracy Liberation Theology Topical Table of Contents xvii

Mediation Protectionist Policies ►Chodosh, Hiram ►Free Trade ►Dispute Resolution ►International Organizations Mega-Cities ►Third World Resistance Moral Imperialism Refugees Movement for the Emancipation of the Nile Delta Rendition, Extraordinary (MEND) ►War Against Terrorism Nation Building Rio Declaration ►Development Ethics Rogue States ►Human Right to Democracy ►Humanitarian Military Intervention ►Humanitarian Aid ►Rawls, John ►Humanitarian Intervention, Non-Military ►Tyranny ►Humanitarian Military Intervention Rome Statute of 1998 ►United Nations: Peacekeeping and Peace Rwanda Building Secession New International Economic Order Singularity ►Globalization Soft Power Non-Aligned Movement Stockholm Conference, 1972 ►Bandung Conference Technology North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Terrorism ►Alterglobalization Third World Resistance ►Fair Trade Tobin Tax ►Free Trade Torture North-South Division Trade Agreements ►Alterglobalization ►Bandung Conference ►Ecofeminism ►Doha Declaration ►Global Egalitarianism ►Fair Trade ►Global Justice ►Foreign Policy ►Global Poverty ►Free Trade ►Globalization ►Intellectual Property Rights ►Shiva, Vandana ►Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene Nuclear Proliferation ►Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property ►Falk, Richard Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property ►Russell, Bertrand Transhumanism ►State Terrorism Treaty of Westphalia Nuremberg Trials Truth Commissions Oil UDHR Organ Trafﬁcking ►Universal Declaration of Human Rights Outsourcing ►United Nations: Rights and Duties ►Corporate Social Responsibility United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ►Globalization ►Development Ethics Pandemics ►Free Trade Paris Peace Conference United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Peace Versus Justice United Nations Millennium Development Goals Population Politics ►Health and Health Care Post-Colonial Feminism ►Poverty ►Colonialism ►Pogge, Thomas ►Gender Justice United Nations: Rights and Duties ►Post-Colonialism Universal Declaration of Human Rights Post-Colonialism Vegetarianism Privacy Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties xviii Topical Table of Contents

Vienna Declaration on Human Rights ►War, Just and Unjust War Against Terrorism Women’s Movement Water ►Ecofeminism Weapons of Mass Destruction ►Feminist Ethics ►Afghanistan and Iraq Wars ►Solidarity ►Just War Theory: Invasion of Iraq Zapatistas ►War Against Terrorism Editor-in-Chief

Deen K. Chatterjee Department of Philosophy University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT USA

Deen K. Chatterjee teaches philosophy at the University of Utah and is the series editor of Studies in Global Justice (Springer), with nine volumes published in the series. His areas of specialization are political philosophy, applied ethics, and philosophy of religion and culture. Chatterjee’s publications include, most recently, Ethics of Preventive War (Cambridge University Press); Democracy in a Global World: Human Rights and Political Participation in the 21st Century (Rowman and Littleﬁeld); Ethics of Assistance: Morality and the Distant Needy (Cambridge University Press); and Ethics and Foreign Intervention, with Don E. Scheid (Cambridge University Press). Currently he is completing two monographs, one on the ethics of war and peace and the other on cosmopolitan justice. In addition, he is editing two volumes, one with Martha Nussbaum on Tagore’s philosophy of education and the other on feminism and multiculturalism. Besides contributing chapters in several anthologies and encyclopedias, he has published articles and reviews in The Monist, Metaphilosophy, Ethics and International Affairs, Ethics, The Journal of Moral Philosophy, Social Philosophy Today, and The Good Society. Chatterjee has been a member of the American Philosophical Association’s Advisory Committee on Applied Ethics (Eastern Division) and has been a two-term member of the Association’s Committee on International Cooperation.

Editorial Board

Associate Editors

NKIRUKA AHIAUZU MONICA MOOKHERJEE University of Wales Keele University UK UK

ELIZABETH ASHFORD JEREMY MOSS University of St. Andrews University of Melbourne UK Australia CHRISTIAN BARRY Australian National University COLLEEN MURPHY Australia Texas A & M University USA CHANDRA KALA BHADRA Tribhuvan University REECE NEWMAN Nepal Forum for Questioning Minds MICHAEL BLAKE USA University of Washington USA JUHA RAIKKA University of Turku GILLIAN BROCK Finland University of Auckland New Zealand SALLY SCHOLZ CHRISTINE CHWASZCZA Villanova University Philosophisches Seminar der Uni Koeln USA Germany ASUNCION LERA ST.CLAIR SHANNON FRENCH University of Bergen US Naval Academy Norway USA

CHRISTOPHER KILBY HELEN STACY Villanova University Stanford Law School USA USA

RAHUL KUMAR RONALD TINNEVELT Queen’s University Radboud University Nijmegen Canada The Netherlands xxii Editorial Board Editorial Advisors

BINA AGARWAL MICHAEL DOYLE University of Delhi Columbia University India USA

KWAME ANTHONY APPIAH MYRTO DRAGONA-MONACHOU Princeton University University of Athens USA Greece

CHARLES BEITZ RICHARD FALK Princeton University University of California, Santa Barbara USA USA

SEYLA BENHABIB TOM FARER Yale University University of Denver USA USA

ALLEN BUCHANAN DESMOND GASPER Duke University Institute of Social Studies USA The Netherlands

LUIS CAMACHO SAAD EDDIN IBRAHIM University of Costa Rica American University of Cairo Costa Rica Egypt

HIRAM CHODOSH TAKASHI INOGUCHI University of Utah Chuo University USA Japan

ALEXANDER CHUMAKOV IOANNA KUC¸ URADI Moscow Academy of Law Hacetteppe University Russia Turkey

TONY COADY CHANDRAN KUKATHAS University of Melbourne London School of Economics Australia UK

JOSHUA COHEN HANS KU¨ NG Stanford University Global Ethic Foundation USA Germany

ADELA CORTINA WILL KYMLICKA University of Valencia Queen’s University Spain Canada

DAVID CROCKER STEPHEN MACEDO University of Maryland Princeton University USA USA Editorial Board xxiii

LARRY MAY SAMANTHA POWER Vanderbilt University Harvard University USA USA and Charles Sturt and Australian National MARY ROBINSON Universities Ethical Globalization Initiative Australia USA

JOEL H. ROSENTHAL ALISTAIR MACLEOD Queen’s University Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs Canada USA

AMARTYA SEN W MCBRIDE ILLIAM Harvard University Purdue University USA USA { ARJUN SENGUPTA JEFF MCMAHAN Centre for Development and Human Rights Rutgers University India USA HENRY SHUE

DAVID MILLER Oxford University Oxford University UK UK PETER SINGER Princeton University R MILLER ICHARD USA Cornell University and USA University of Melbourne Australia ROBERT NEWMAN University of Utah GU SU USA Nanjing University China MARTHA NUSSBAUM J WALDRON University of Chicago EREMY USA New York University USA

ONORA O’NEILL MICHAEL WALZER Cambridge University Institute for Advanced Study UK USA

{ Deceased xxiv Editorial Board Editorial Assistants

KATHY GLASS Redway, CA USA

SUMMER OSBURN Salt Lake City, UT USA

LYNETTE E. SIEGER New York University USA List of Contributors

DAVID A´ LVAREZ ROSS C. ANDERSON Yale Global Justice Program High Road for Human Rights Department of Sociology, Political Science and Salt Lake City, UT Philosophy USA University of Vigo Vigo CHRIS ARMSTRONG Spain School of Social Sciences University of Southampton ROBERT P. ABELE Southampton Department of Humanities and Philosophy UK Diablo Valley College Pleasant Hill, CA USA YUBRAJ ARYAL Philosophy and Literature Program

JACOB AFFOLTER Purdue University Department of Philosophy West Lafayette, IN University of Kentucky USA Lexington, KY

USA HARRIET E. BABER Department of Philosophy NKIRUKA AHIAUZU University of San Diego Department of Law & Criminology San Diego, CA University of Wales USA Aberystwyth Ceredigion GORDON A. BABST UK Department of Political Science Wilkinson College MICHAEL ALLEN Chapman University Department of Philosophy Orange, CA East Tennessee State University USA Johnson City, TN USA AMRITA BANERJEE

ANDY AMATO Department of Philosophy School of Arts & Humanities University of Oregon University of Texas at Dallas Eugene, OR Richardson, TX USA USA

ALYSSA R. BERNSTEIN SHARON ANDERSON-GOLD Department of Philosophy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Ohio University Troy, NY Athens, OH USA USA xxvi List of Contributors

ERIC BLUMENSON HENRY F. CHIP CAREY Suffolk University Law School Department of Political Science Boston, MA Georgia State University USA Atlanta, GA USA

DAVID BOERSEMA Department of Philosophy DEEN K. CHATTERJEE Paciﬁc University Department of Philosophy Forest Grove, OR University of Utah USA Salt Lake City, UT USA

MICHAEL BOYLAN Department of Philosophy HIRAM CHODOSH Marymount University S.J. Quinney College of Law Arlington, VA University of Utah USA Salt Lake City, UT USA

AVI BRISMAN Department of Anthropology RYOA CHUNG Emory University Department of Philosophy Atlanta, GA University of Montreal USA Montreal, QC Canada

GILLIAN BROCK Department of Philosophy ROBERT PAUL CHURCHILL University of Auckland Department of Philosophy Auckland Columbian College of Arts & Sciences New Zealand George Washington University Washington, DC

MICHAEL BUCKLEY USA Department of Philosophy Lehman College WILLIAM W. CLOHESY City University of New York Department of Philosophy and World Religions Bronx, NY University of Northern Iowa USA Cedar Falls, IA USA

LUIS CABRERA Department of Political Science and JULIAN CULP International Studies Justitia Ampliﬁcata–Centre for Advanced Studies University of Birmingham Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universita¨t Frankfurt Edgbaston, Birmingham Frankfurt am Main UK Germany

STEPHEN F. CAPONE,JR. RANDALL CURREN Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Utah University of Rochester Salt Lake City, UT Rochester, NY USA USA List of Contributors xxvii

ALEX CURRIT JOHN J. DONOHUE Department of Sociology CEMAM, Centre d’Etudes pour le Monde Arabe Brigham Young University Moderne Provo, UT St. Joseph’s University USA Beirut Lebanon

YOSSI DAHAN The Academic Center of Law and Business JAY DRYDYK Ramat Gan Department of Philosophy Israel Carleton University Ottawa, ON

OMAR DAHBOUR Canada Department of Philosophy Hunter College DAVID A. DUQUETTE City University of New York St. Norbert College New York, NY De Pere, WI USA USA

RAMON DAS TEPPO ESKELINEN School of History, Philosophy Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy Political Science and International Relations University of Jyva¨skyla¨ Victoria University Jyva¨skyla¨ Wellington Finland New Zealand

STEPHEN L. ESQUITH HELDER DE SCHUTTER Residential College in Arts and Humanities Centre for Ethics, Social and Political Philosophy Michigan State University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven East Lansing, MI Leuven USA Belgium

JEFF EWING MATT DEATON Department of Sociology Department of Philosophy University of Oregon University of Tennessee Eugene, OR Knoxville, TN USA USA

ARNOLD L. FARR JUDITH WAGNER DECEW Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Kentucky Clark University Lexington, KY Worcester, MA USA USA

CHRISTOPHER J. FINLAY CRISTIAN DIMITRIU Department of Political Science and Department of Philosophy International Studies University of Toronto University of Birmingham Toronto, ON Edgbaston, Birmingham Canada UK xxviii List of Contributors

MILTON FISK WENDY C. HAMBLET Indiana University Department of Liberal Studies Bloomington, IN North Carolina Agricultural and USA Technical State University Greensboro, NC USA FRED E. FOLDVARY Civil Society Institute WAYNE B. HANEWICZ Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA Department of Humanities/Philosophy USA Utah Valley University Orem, UT USA HELEN FROWE

University of Kent JAMIE HARDY School of European Culture and Languages Department of Philosophy Canterbury University of Utah UK Salt Lake City, UT USA DES GASPER

Public Policy and Management/Staff Group on States, TRISTIN S. HASSELL Societies and World Development Department of Philosophy International Institute of Social Studies (of Erasmus Oakland University University Rotterdam) Rochester, MI The Hague USA The Netherlands

NICOLE HASSOUN

WILLIAM C. GAY Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy Carnegie Mellon University University of North Carolina at Charlotte Pittsburgh, PA Charlotte, NC USA USA HAYE HAZENBERG

GU¨ NTHER GEBHARDT Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Global Ethic Foundation Leuven Tu¨bingen Belgium Germany

SIRKKU K. HELLSTEN ALEXANDRA E. GEORGE Department of Political and Economic Studies/Social Faculty of Law and Moral Philosophy University of New South Wales University of Helsinki Sydney, NSW Helsinki Australia Finland

KEVIN M. GRAHAM KENNETH HENLEY Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy Creighton University Florida International University Omaha, NE Miami, FL USA USA List of Contributors xxix

HARRISON HIBBERT JOSHUA J. KASSNER Department of Philosophy Division of Legal, Ethical, and Historical Studies Purdue University University of Baltimore West Lafayette, IN Baltimore, MD USA USA

ROBERT W. HOAG FREDERIK KAUFMAN Department of Philosophy and Religion Department of Philosophy and Religion Berea College Ithaca College Berea, KY Ithaca, NY USA USA

CINDY HOLDER KAI ANA MAKANOE KAIKAULAOKAWEILAHA KAULULAAU Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Victoria California State University Victoria, BC Los Angeles, CA Canada USA

ZACHARY HOSKINS PAULINE M. KAURIN Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy Washington University Paciﬁc Lutheran University St. Louis, MO Tacoma, WA USA USA

PAUL M. HUGHES LORI KELEHER Department of Literature, Philosophy, and the Arts Department of Philosophy University of Michigan – Dearborn New Mexico State University Dearborn, MI Las Cruces, NM USA USA

DAVID MICHAEL JACKSON DAVID R. KELLER Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Utah Utah Valley University Salt Lake City, UT Orem, UT USA USA

ANA JELNIKAR CHRISTOPHER KILBY Science and Research Centre of Koper Department of Economics University of Primorska Villanova University Ljubljana Villanova, PA Slovenia USA

RYAN JENKINS MEGAN KIME Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Colorado at Boulder The University of Shefﬁeld Boulder, CO Shefﬁeld USA UK xxx List of Contributors

ZENIA KISH HANNA LERNER Department of Social and Cultural Analysis Department of Political Science New York University Tel Aviv University New York, NY Tel Aviv USA Israel

AVERY KOLERS COURTLAND LEWIS Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Louisville University of Tennessee Louisville, KY Pellissippi State Technical Community College USA Knoxville, TN USA

KOSTAS KOUKOUZELIS JOHANNA LUTTRELL Department of Philosophy & Social Studies University of Crete Department of Philosophy Rethymno University of Oregon Crete Eugene, OR Greece USA

ANNA MALAVISI HE´LE`NE LANDEMORE Department of Philosophy Department of Political Science Michigan State University Yale University East Lansing, MI New Haven, CT USA USA

CHIBLI MALLAT BRUCE M. LANDESMAN S.J. Quinney College of Law Department of Philosophy University of Utah University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Salt Lake City, UT USA USA

RAFFAELE MARCHETTI ANTHONY J. LANGLOIS Department of History and Political Science School of International Studies Luiss University Flinders University Rome Adelaide Italy Australia

JAMES R. MAXEINER KENNETH LASSON School of Law School of Law Center for International and Comparative Law University of Baltimore University of Baltimore Baltimore, MD Baltimore, MD USA USA

WIN-CHIAT LEE JAMIE MAYERFELD Department of Philosophy Department of Political Science Wake Forest University University of Washington Winston-Salem, NC Seattle, WA USA USA List of Contributors xxxi

DAVID MCCABE ANASTASIA V. MITROFANOVA Department of Philosophy Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry for Colgate University Foreign Affairs Hamilton, NY Moscow USA Russia

COREY MCCALL KAREN MIZELL Department of Philosophy and Religion Department of Philosophy and Humanities Elmira College Utah Valley University Elmira, NY Orem, UT USA USA

PATRICIA L. MCCARNEY WILLIAM B. T. MOCK Political Science and Global City Indicators Facility The John Marshall Law School John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape Chicago, IL and Design USA University of Toronto Toronto, ON Canada DIMITRIOS (JIM)MOLOS Department of Philosophy Faculty of Law U. EDWARD MCDOUGALL Queen’s University Department of Philosophy Kingston, ON University of Durham Canada Durham UK ANNA MOLTCHANOVA

MARGARET A. MCLAREN Department of Philosophy Carleton College Department of Philosophy Northﬁeld, MN Rollins College USA Winter Park, FL USA MONICA MOOKHERJEE

THADDEUS METZ SPIRE (Politics, International Relations and Philosophy) Department of Philosophy Keele University University of Johannesburg Keele, Staffordshire Auckland Park UK Republic of South Africa

MARY LEE MORRISON

FAINA MILMAN-SIVAN Pax Educare, Inc. Haifa University Central Connecticut State University Haifa Hartford, CT Israel USA

MICHAEL MINCH MATTHEW MOSDELL Department of Philosophy/Humanities Department of Philosophy Utah Valley University University of Utah Orem, UT Salt Lake City, UT USA USA xxxii List of Contributors

GREG MOSES MARK C. NAVIN Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy St. Edwards University Oakland University Austin, TX Rochester, MI USA USA

SUSAN P. MURPHY BLAIN NEUFELD School of Politics and International Relations Department of Philosophy University College Dublin College of Letters and Science Dublin University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee Ireland Milwaukee, WI USA

COLLEEN MURPHY TRACEY NICHOLLS Department of Philosophy Texas A & M University Department of Philosophy College Station, TX Lewis University USA Romeoville, IL USA

PETER MURRAY DOUGLAS PALETTA Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University at Albany, State University of New York University of Pennsylvania Albany, NY Philadelphia, PA USA USA

MALCOLM MURRAY JEFFREY PARIS Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Prince Edward Island College of Arts and Sciences Charlottetown, PEI University of San Francisco Canada San Francisco, CA USA TODD ERIC MYERS

Center for Asian and Paciﬁc Studies ASHWANI PEETUSH San Diego State University Department of Philosophy San Diego, CA Wilfrid Laurier University USA Waterloo, ON Canada ROSLYN MYERS

Department of Criminal Justice CHRISTOPHER PENFIELD John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Department of Philosophy Fordham Law School Purdue University New York, NY West Lafayette, IN USA USA

STEPHEN NATHANSON PETER PENZ Department of Philosophy Centre for Refugee Studies Northeastern University York University Boston, MA Toronto, ON USA Canada List of Contributors xxxiii

CAROLINA PEREIRA-SA´ EZ KEISHA RAY School of Law Department of Philosophy University of La Corun˜a University of Utah La Corun˜a Salt Lake City, UT Spain USA

MONIKA PIOTROWSKA HENRY S. RICHARDSON Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy Florida International University Georgetown University Miami, FL Washington, DC USA USA

ARUN KUMAR POKHREL WALTER J. RIKER Department of English Department of Philosophy University of Florida University of West Georgia Gainesville, FL Carrollton, GA USA USA

MICHAEL K. POTTER LISA RIVERA Centre for Teaching and Learning Department of Philosophy University of Windsor University of Massachusetts – Boston Windsor, ON Boston, MA Canada USA

RAPHAEL PRAIS RODNEY C. ROBERTS Government Legal Service Department of Philosophy London East Carolina University UK Greenville, NC USA

ANURADHA PRAKASH Crean School of Health & Life Sciences KIRK ROBINSON Chapman University Western Wildlife Conservancy Orange, CA Salt Lake City, UT USA USA

GAIL M. PRESBEY WADE L. ROBISON College of Liberal Arts and Education Department of Philosophy University of Detroit Mercy Rochester Institute of Technology Detroit, MI Rochester, NY USA USA

JUHA RA¨ IKKA¨ JORDY ROCHELEAU Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy Department of History and Philosophy University of Turku Austin Peay State University Turku Clarksville, TN Finland USA xxxiv List of Contributors

KENNETH A. RODMAN JANET A. SEIZ Department of Government Department of Economics Colby College Grinnell College Waterville, ME Grinnell, IA USA USA

JAMES E. ROPER BONGRAE SEOK Department of Philosophy Department of Humanities/Philosophy Michigan State University Alvernia University East Lansing, MI Reading, PA USA USA

CHARLES ROSENBERG Milwaukee, WI LYNETTE E. SIEGER USA Gallatin School New York University ALEXANDER SAGER New York, NY Department of Philosophy USA Portland State University

Portland, OR GARY M. SIMPSON USA Department of Theology Luther Seminary YAZID SAID St. Paul, MN Centre for Research on Religion USA McGill University Montreal, QC Canada ERIC SMAW Department of Philosophy and Religion

EDWARD SANKOWSKI Rollins College Department of Philosophy Winter Park, FL University of Oklahoma USA Norman, OK USA NANCY E. SNOW Department of Philosophy DON E. SCHEID Marquette University Department of Philosophy Milwaukee, WI Winona State University USA Winona, MN USA RICHARD STITH School of Law SALLY J. SCHOLZ Valparaiso University Department of Philosophy Valparaiso, IN Villanova University USA Villanova, PA USA SOPHIA A. STONE JUSTIN SCHWARTZ Department of Philosophy The John Marshall Law School Purdue University Chicago, IL West Lafayette, IN USA USA List of Contributors xxxv

CHRISTINE STRAEHLE LAWRENCE TORCELLO Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Department of Philosophy University of Ottawa Rochester Institute of Technology Ottawa, ON Rochester, NY Canada USA

LEE TREPANIER CASSIE ANN STRIBLEN Department of Political Science Department of Philosophy Saginaw Valley State University West Chester University University Center, MI West Chester, PA USA USA

PETER SHIU-HWA TSU JEFFREY SWINDLE Philosophy Program Department of Sociology Research School of Social Sciences Brigham Young University Australian National University Provo, UT Canberra, ACT USA Australia

ERICKA TUCKER JENNIFER SZENDE Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy Queen’s University Cal Poly Pomona Kingston, ON Pomona, CA Canada USA

DORIS UNGER HERVE´ TCHUMKAM SoCuM Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Southern Methodist University Mainz Dallas, TX Germany USA

SUSANNE UUSITALO

NICOLAUS TIDEMAN Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy Department of Economics University of Turku Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Turku Blacksburg, VA Finland USA CHRISTIEN VAN DEN ANKER Department of Politics, Philosophy and RONALD TINNEVELT International Relations Department of Philosophy of Law University of the West of England Radboud University Nijmegen Bristol Nijmegen UK The Netherlands

STEVE VANDERHEIDEN RANDALL TOLPINRUD Department of Political Science Pax Natura Foundation University of Colorado at Boulder Salt Lake City, UT Boulder, CO USA USA xxxvi List of Contributors

HELGA VARDEN CHRISTOPHER HEATH WELLMAN Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Washington University in St. Louis Urbana, IL St. Louis, MO USA USA and SANDRA WACHHOLZ CAPPE, Charles Sturt University Department of Criminology Australia University of Southern Maine Portland, ME KATHLEEN J. WININGER USA Department of Philosophy & Women and Gender Studies PAUL WARREN University of Southern Maine Department of Philosophy Portland, ME Florida International University USA Miami, FL

USA MORTON WINSTON Department of Philosophy and Religion MELISSA A. WATERS The College of New Jersey School of Law Ewing, NJ Washington University in St. Louis USA St. Louis, MO USA RAFAŁ WONICKI

TIMOTHY A. WEIDEL Department of Philosophy and Sociology University of Warsaw Department of Philosophy Warsaw Loyola University Chicago Poland Chicago, IL USA SHAUN PATRICK YOUNG

CHRIS WEIGEL McLaughlin College and York Centre for Practical Ethics Department of Philosophy York University Utah Valley University Toronto, ON Orem, UT Canada USA NOAM ZION ALEX WELLINGTON Hartman Institute Department of Philosophy Jerusalem Ryerson University Israel Toronto, ON Canada