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Encyclopedia of Global Justice Encyclopedia of Global Justice Deen K. Chatterjee (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Global Justice With 10 Figures and 4 Tables Editor Deen K. Chatterjee Department of Philosophy University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT USA ISBN 978-1-4020-9159-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9160-5 Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-9161-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932691 © Springer ScienceþBusiness Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Preface The two-volume Encyclopedia of Global Justice is a major publication venture toward a comprehensive coverage of this timely topic. The Encyclopedia is an international, interdisciplinary, and collaborative project, spanning all the relevant areas of scholarship related to issues of global justice, and edited and advised by leading scholars from around the world. The wide-ranging entries present the latest ideas on this complex subject by authors who are at the cutting edge of inquiry. The goal of this timely and comprehensive encyclopedia is to provide a premier reference guide for students, scholars, policy makers, and others interested in assessing the moral consequences of global interdependence and understanding the concepts and arguments that shed light on the myriad aspects of global justice. The Encyclopedia will set the tone and direction of this increasingly important area of scholarship for years to come. The question of justice across national boundaries, recently the focus of intense debate due to the ethical challenges of modern globalization, spans the range from extreme global egalitarianism to various kinds of extended nationalism and limited globalism. The topic covers several disciplines and raises both theoretical and applied issues in such areas as relations among nations, world poverty, human rights, global development, environmental concerns, and the justifi- ability of military conflicts, among others. The Encyclopedia reflects this reality and provides an interdisciplinary approach that combines empirical research with theoretical arguments, drawing terms and concepts from political philosophy and theory, ethics, international law and legal theory, development economics, public policy, and applied ethics, including legal, business, medical, military, religious, environmental, and feminist ethics as they relate to all aspects of global justice. Because the term “global justice” is itself a matter of contention, prompting questions regarding how it relates to and differs from “international justice,” an important part of the project is to clarify such definitional issues and include entries that seek to address the related methodological concerns. The Encyclopedia will serve as a complete reference for all key terms and concepts of global justice, broadly conceived. It is organized in A-to-Z format with cross-referencing of entries around a series of topics under four broad categories, making it convenient for students, scholars, and general readers to access the relevant entries on a specific theme or topic. The four broad categories are: ● Concepts/Theories ● Persons/Thinkers ● Institutions/Organizations ● Trends/Movements/Policies/Treaties All entry topics fall under one or more of these broad categories. The entries number around 500 and consist of essays of 300 to 5,000 words. The inclusion and length of entries are based on their significance to the topic of global justice, regardless of their importance in other areas. The Encyclopedia consists of entries written by scholars drawn from a variety of fields and disciplines. Based on their painstaking preparation of the chapters and their diligence through the process of revisions and editing, they made amply evident their high level of care for and commitment to the project and their dedication to the growth and development of their own fields. It was a delight and a privilege to work with them and see how they brought together their scholarship and their respective style and orientation into a coherent focus to make this ambitious project possible. Naturally, our greatest thanks go to these contributors for their collaboration and good will. Their belief in the importance of the project sustained our efforts. Special thanks are due to the members of the distinguished editorial board for their support and encouragement. Most of them reviewed the drafts and gave their advice whenever needed, and some of them also wrote several key entries. I would especially like to thank Lynette Sieger of New York University, a member of the editorial board and contributor of several key chapters, for her able assistance, advice, and support. vi Preface Special gratitude goes to Christine Hausmann at the Reference Editorial Office of Springer’s Reference and Database Publishing for her patience and unfailing support that made the project possible. Special thanks are also due to Neil Olivier, Publishing Editor of Philosophy of Law and Ethics in the Humanities Department at Springer and to Susanne Friedrichsen, Associate Editor at Springer’s Reference & Database Publishing, for their valuable help and guidance. Finally, my greatest gratitude and appreciation goes to my beloved wife Donna Dinsdale for all her loving support, kindness, and sacrifice during the entire duration of this long project. I cannot thank her enough. Deen K. Chatterjee Editor-in-Chief Topical Table of Contents Concepts/Theories Collective Decision Problem Absolute Poverty Collective Identity Act-Consequentialism Collective Responsibility Adaptive Preferences Colonialism ►Capabilities Approach Common Good ►Preference-Satisfaction Communitarianism Advocacy Organizations Communities ►International Organizations Compatriot Partiality Thesis Agency, Collective Complex Emergency Agency, Individual Complex Equality Agent-Centered Prerogative Composition, Fallacy of Aggression Consensus/Justification Ahimsa Consent Aid to Burdened Societies Conspiracy Theory Altruism Constructivism Anarchy Consumerism Armed Conflict: Effect on Women Contractarianism Associative Duties Corporate Social Responsibility Basic Needs Correlative Obligations Basic Rights Corruption Beneficence, Principle of Cosmopolitan Democracy Biodiversity Cosmopolitan Justice Bioprospecting and Biopiracy Cosmopolitan Republicanism Borders Cosmopolitanism Capabilities Approach Crimes Against Humanity Capitalism Crimes Against Peace Care Ethics Cultural Relativism Charity Cultural Rights Chronic Poverty ►Globalization ►Absolute Poverty ►Health and Health Care ►Poverty ►Human Rights: African Perspectives Citizenship ►International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Citizenship Practices Cultural Rights Civil Disobedience, International ►Multiculturalism Civil Disobedience, Transnational Death Penalty Civil Rights ►Capital Punishment Class and Status Decent Society Climate Justice Democracy, Constitutional Co-National Partiality Democracy, Deliberative ►Compatriot Partiality Thesis Democracy, Transnational Coercion Democratic Citizenship Collective Choice Democratic Equality viii Topical Table of Contents Democratic Legitimacy Fairness Democratic Peace Theory Feminist Ethics Development Accountability Feminization of Poverty Development as Freedom Food Sovereignty ►Capabilities Approach Friendship ►Sen, Amartya Functioning, Well-Being and Development Assistance ►Capabilities Approach Development Ethics ►Nussbaum, Martha C. Difference Principle ►Quality of Life Diffused Responsibility Hypothesis ►Sen, Amartya Disabled People Gender-Based Violence Disagreement, Reasonable ►Violence Dispersed Groups Gender Justice ►Immigration Genetic Engineering ►Refugees Genocide Dispute Resolution Georgism Domination Global Basic Structure Double Effect, Doctrine of Global Citizenship Duties of Assistance Global Civil Society Duties to Non-Compatriots Global Contractarian Justice Duties to the Distant Needy Global Democracy Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate Global Difference Principle Duties, Perfect and Imperfect Global Distributive Justice Duties, Positive and Negative Global Egalitarianism Duties, Remedial Global Equality of Opportunity ►Duties, Determinate and Indeterminate Global Ethic ►Duties, Perfect and Imperfect Global Federalism ►Duties, Positive and Negative Global Governance Earth Democracy Global Impartiality Thesis ►Brundtland Commission Global Justice ►Political Ecology Global Justice, Subjects of ►Rio Declaration Global Market ►Stockholm Conference, 1972 ►Capitalism Economic Rights ►Free Trade Egalitarianism ►Globalization ►Fair Equality of Opportunity Global Organizations ►Global Egalitarianism ►Capitalism ►Global Equality of Opportunity ►Global Democracy End of Life Care ►Global Poverty Environmental Justice ►Global Public Sphere Environmental Racism ►Globalization Environmental Sustainability ►International Monetary Fund (IMF) Equality ►World Bank (WB) Essential Medicines, Access to Global Poverty Ethical Foreign Policy Global Public ►Foreign Policy Global Public Goods Eurocentrism Global Public Health Exploitation Global Public Reason Fair Equality of Opportunity Global
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