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Stand-Up Comedy and Social Justice: a Discussion of Freedom of Speech and Inclusive Democracy

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Stand-Up Comedy and Social Justice: a Discussion of Freedom of Speech and Inclusive Democracy Stand-Up Comedy and Social Justice: A Discussion of Freedom of Speech and Inclusive Democracy By Samuel Labun A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2020 Samuel Labun Abstract This thesis explores freedom of speech and its capacity to promote individual agency and well-being, relieve the oppression of excluded social groups, and increase understanding and communication across differences in democratic society. The thesis applies the insights of John Stuart Mill, Amartya Sen, and Iris Marion Young to stand-up comedy. The thesis argues that comedians and audiences have a responsibility not to exclude oppressed social groups from comedy and democratic society in general. Open mics fulfill all Young’s conditions for inclusive communication, and professional comedians like Robin Tyler, Hannah Gadsby, Dave Chappelle, and Ms. Pat use their comedy to increase communication and understanding across group differences. The thesis concludes that comedy can provide an effective, inclusive, and public opportunity for social groups to voice their needs, concerns, and demands for equal concern and respect, and that comedy can edify the public about their democratic society. ii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Christine Koggel, for her help and guidance in teaching the Research Seminar and in the writing of this thesis. Professor Koggel’s experience and insights were very helpful in the development of my thesis, and her wisdom and patience taught me a great deal about the process of writing and refining a long thesis, especially on such a challenging topic. I would like to thank Professor David Matheson for participating in my thesis defence as the internal, and also for teaching my first graduate philosophy seminar at Carleton. Professor Matheson’s approachable demeanour and deep knowledge of philosophy helped ease me into my first seminar, and his comments during the defense contributed to some minor revisions on the thesis, and I am very grateful for his help. I would also like to thank Professor Brian Johnson from the English Department at Carleton for participating in my thesis defence. His comments during the defense led to very interesting discussions, and also contributed to a minor revision, and I am very grateful for his help. I am extremely grateful for all my colleagues in the world of stand-up comedy who have helped me on my journey. Jordan Strauss, for nudging me onto the stage and participating in many interesting discussions of stand-up comedy, and David Kopp, for founding and running one of the best comedy environments in the country at Dakoda’s Comedy Lounge in Kelowna B.C., for providing me with my first open-mic spot, my first spot on a booked show, and my first co-headlining show. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Andrew and Carolyn Labun, for their love, patience, encouragement, and unconditional support throughout my life. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: How Democracy Promotes Agency and Well-Being........................................ 7 Introductory note .......................................................................................................................... 7 Mill on the value of democracy and liberty ................................................................................. 8 Mill on how freedom of speech promotes well-being ................................................................. 8 Mill’s account of free speech can allow restrictions on speech ................................................. 11 Hate speech undermines liberty ................................................................................................. 12 Mill on including women and the poor in the democratic process ............................................ 16 Mill would exclude the uneducated from the democratic process ............................................. 17 Agency, Well-being, Achievement, and Freedom ..................................................................... 19 Freedom as the means and ends of development ....................................................................... 23 An objection from Martha Nussbaum ........................................................................................ 24 Freedom of Speech is Non-Derivatively Good (But not intrinsically morally good) ................ 26 Hate speech: Two Objections to Sen and Two Responses ........................................................ 27 Sen’s Five Instrumental Freedoms ............................................................................................. 29 Linkages between economic facilities and other freedoms........................................................ 30 The Lee-Thesis Objection to Sen ............................................................................................... 34 Freedom of speech is essential for achieving political freedoms ............................................... 37 Criticisms of Sen’s focus on individual freedom and well-being .............................................. 41 Chapter 2: From Sen to Young: Oppression, Social Groups, and Inclusive Democracy . 43 What are social groups? ............................................................................................................. 43 Oppression of Social Groups ..................................................................................................... 45 Marginalization .......................................................................................................................... 46 Cultural Imperialism .................................................................................................................. 49 Violence ..................................................................................................................................... 51 Inclusion and Democracy: Social differences are a resource for democracy ............................ 53 Discussion must be inclusive. .................................................................................................... 58 External Exclusion ..................................................................................................................... 58 iv Internal Exclusion ...................................................................................................................... 60 Political communication should include norms of greeting ....................................................... 63 Political communication should include affirmative uses of rhetoric ........................................ 66 Communication should be public .............................................................................................. 68 Political communication should include narrative ..................................................................... 70 Participants in discussion should be reasonable ........................................................................ 72 Internal exclusion, reasonableness, and group difference .......................................................... 73 Chapter 3: Comedy that Fails to Respect Norms of Inclusion.......................................... 77 Young’s account of how greeting, rhetoric, and narrative can be abused and manipulated ...... 77 Comedy can also be abused and manipulated ............................................................................ 80 Satire often backfires ................................................................................................................. 87 Superiority Humour can entrench Marginalization, Cultural Imperialism, and Violence ......... 91 Superiority humour attacks reasonableness ............................................................................... 96 Trolling as superiority humour ................................................................................................ 102 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 104 Chapter 4: Comedy that Respects Norms of Inclusion ................................................... 106 Reforming through speech ....................................................................................................... 106 Open Mics: Perspective of Comedians .................................................................................... 107 Open Mics avoid internal exclusion for comedians ................................................................. 109 Open mics avoid external exclusion of audience members ..................................................... 111 Raising and Addressing Some Objections ............................................................................... 111 Young’s condition of publicity ...............................................................................................
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