FRENCH POLYNESIA by J. Fages and C. Robineau

1. Physical environment Average temperatures vary little throughout the year. and communications They rarely rise above 300 C in the warm months of February- April and scarcely fall below 200 C in July-September. The comprises I 17 islands, 4,000 kniz in area, have a fresher climate with a minimum of scattered over 4,000,000 km2 of ocean. About sixty of the 140 C. The relative humidity is high, constantly between 75 islands, totalling 3,265 km2, are inhabited; however, and 80 per cent throughout the year. with an area of x ,042 kmz forms one-third of the inhabited area. Wind direction depends on the trade wind circulations to The islands are divided into two distinct groups by relief: the east. From October to February the prevailing winds are the high, volcanic islands, less numerous but more extensive from the north, northeast and east. Periods of calm are notice- and the low coral islands (atolls), more numerous but limited able in April-June and tropical cyclones are only exceptional ìn area. occurrences. A11 the islands lie along ridges of recent volcanic activity It is possible to divide Polynesia into €our major natural re- aligned NW to SE. The vulcanism has given rise to high gions based largely on their location and physical characteristics. islands formed of one or more high cones (Orohena 2,241m These divisions also correspond with the administrative divisions. in Tahiti) dominating a circular lagoon which is sheltered by I. The archipelago of the falling into two a barrier reef. The volcanoes are undergoing denudation to a groups: the Windward Islands (Iles du Vent); and the greater or lesser degree, the slopes being dissected by radiating Leeward Islands (Iles sous-le-Vent). These are high islands, valleys, deeply entrenched and emerging onto a narrow with a warm, humid climate. coastal plain. The low coral islands lie on a submerged, 2. The archipelago of Tuamotu-Gambier forming a ridge volcanic platform. These are atolls with their central lagoon of low coral islands running SW to NE, the northernmost cut off from the open sea by a long and more or less wide having the drier climate. The are not com- and continuous coral reef never more than a few metres in posed of coral. height. 3. The archipelago of the Marquesas in the north, composed Owing to their coralline nature these atolls have no streams of high islands. Their drier climate results from their more and this raises serious problems for agriculture and for the northerly location. supply of drinking water. Rain water is stored in reservoirs 4. The archipelago of the Tubuai (Austral) Islands in the and used sparingly. The high islands do not have this problem; south, composed of high islands with a more humid, temperate their abundant water either rushes down the slopes in innu- climate. merable rivers and torrents or flows underground to issue in The dispersion of the islands and the considerable distances springs around the fringes of the island. which separate them pose many problems of communications. The Polynesian islands consist of either volcanic formations Inter-island communications are organized from Tahiti, the (andesite, basalt, breccia on the high islands) or of coralline administrative and economic capital, by a fleet of schooners formations. These formations give rise to five main types of which maintain the major service in passengers and goods. soil: the calcareous soils of the atolls; the soils of the coastal Air communication has developed with the building of small plain, calcareous along the coast, alluvial or colluvial towards airports to serve the Windward and Leeward Islands, improv- the mountains; the alluvial soils of the river valleys; the ac- ing the service especially for passengers, who formerly depended cumulated soil and the debris at the foot of the cliffs, of excel- on the slow and irregular sea routes. lent quality most suited to tree crops; poor and mediocre A network of roads has developed on the more important lateritic soils on the plateaux, which are frequently degraded islands, consisting of roads encircling the islands with access by bush fires. roads to the interior valleys or the plateaux. The climate is oceanic and thus rainfall is more important than temperature. Nevertheless, the extent of the islands stretching over 200 of latitude (between 80s and 280s) and the size and character of the relief introduce local climatic variations. Two seasons can be distinguished: warm and wet 2. Population from November to April, relatively cold and dry from May to October. Rainfall is abundant everywhere except on the The census of 1962 records the population of French Poly- Marquesas and Northern (I ,200-1~400n1ma year). nesia as 84,551 persons. The littorals receive about 2,ooomm of rain a year and the The population is predominantly young - the average age highlands up to 4,000". Local variations occur related to being 22.5 years. 54.1 per cent are under 20 years whilst only wind exposure; windward coasts receive the heaviest rainfall 4.1 per cent are over 60 years. There are on average 105 on average, 3,000" a year on the east coast of Tahiti in males per IOO females. Males are more numerous in every contrast with 1,Soomm or even 1,500" on the west coast. age group including the oldest.

61 3 FRENCH POLYNESIA

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1956 AND 1962 The economically active population in 1962 comprised 32 per cent of the total population and 56.4 per cent of the popu- lation of working age as against 26.7 per cent and 48 per cent respectively in 1956. This improvement in employment is due to the economic development of the territory, soaring I I urbanization and the growth of tourism. Windward Islands (Society Is) . . 52,068 +17.6 44,247 Against this growing active population there is a decline Leeward Islands (Society Is.) . . 15,427 16,177 +4.9 in active agricultural workers. This represented 43 per cent Tuamotu-Gambier ..... 8,382 7,097 -15.3 Tubuai Islands...... of the total working population in 1962 as against 55.4 per 4,106 4,371 i-6.4 cent in 1956 and is composed of 48.5 per cent of all working Marquesas ...... 4,838 f16.2 4,165 males and 25.5 per cent of all working females. There is a general recession in agriculture and a development of non- Total ...... agricultural industries, the service industry in particular. Source: INSEE, Census of French Polynesia, 1962. The agricultural population shows a predominance of owner-cultivators and a decline in the number of wage earners.

There are four major ethnic groups in the population: AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, 1962

Persons % % I of total Employers ...... I .o Polynesians ...... 62,747 74. I Owner-cultivators ...... 58.9 Euro-Polynesians ...... 8,492 10.0 Wage-earners ...... I o. 7 Family labour ...... 26.3 Europeans...... 2 9 696 3.2 11.0 Tenant farmers, leaseholders etc. .. 3. I Chinese ...... 9 3 577 1.7 The term “village” does not exist in French Polynesia. Rural settlement has different aspects in each archipelago. The Tubuai Islands, Marquesas and Tuamotu-Gambier show POPULATION BY AGE GROUPS, 1962 a rural grouping which is partially scattered or else localized at the valley mouths or around the opening in the coral reef. In the Society Islands the rural settlement is much more Age groups Persons Male Female dispersed, spread out along the coastal plain, around former settlement centres or, more often, at the entrance to a valley. This scattering is now encouraged by the development of a Under 5 years. .... 14,584 7,431 72‘53 5-14 years...... 22,673 11,524 11,149 water supply system which serves most of the coastal plain and 15-24 years ..... 14.747 79292 7,455 is used exclusively for domestic purposes. The distribution of population between the different admin- 15-34 years ..... 11,321 51835 5 9 486 istrative districts shows the importance of migratory move- 35-44 years ..... 8,114 4,192 3 9 922 ments in the islands. 45-54 years ..... 6,334 3 3 364 2,970

55-64 years ..... 3 3 646 2,026 I ,620 65 years and over. ... 29 I57 III97 960 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, 1946 TO 1962 Undeclared...... 975 509 466 I Society Islands 1 Total ...... 849551 433,370 41 ,181 Tuamotu- Tubuai Marquesas Windward Leeward Gambier% Islands 0,,O Source: INSEE, Census of French Polynesia, 1962. Islzds Islands % 1 %

~~ The rates of birth, death and natural increase are not known precisely; however the birth rate is estimated to be about I946 53.0 22.5 12.1 7.0 5.4 43 per thousand and the death rate in the neighbourhood 1951 56.5 20.6 11.4 6.3 5.2 58.0 20.2 11.0 5.4 5.4 of 12 per thousand. This shows an annual rate of population 1956 growth of over 3 per cent. 1962 61.6 19.2 8.3 5.2 5.7 Source: INSEE, Census of French Polynesia, 1962. DENSITY OF POPULATION, 1962 There has been a large-scale depopulation of the archipelagos Inhabited Cultivated islands area to the advantage of the Windward Islands. This rural exodus (persons (persons chiefly affects the islands nearest to the Windwards. On the per kmP) per kmP) other hand internal movements are important. The Polynesian is by nature very mobile. Windward Islands (Society Is.) .... 43 Emigration is chiefly to the island of New Caledonia. In Leeward Islands (Society Is.). .... 41 1963 the Census of New Caledonia showed 2,542 Polynesians Tuamotu-Gambier ...... 12 against 790 in 1956. Tubuai Islands ...... 31 Immigration is developing rapidly, chiefly composed of Marquesas ...... 7 French people, attracted by the economic development of the territory. Although very recent this immigration is important, French Polynesia ...... 1 26 I 119 but more often than not it is only temporary.

614 FRENCH POLYNESIA

3. Exploitation of resources, that arose from changes in world agricultural conditions that ownership and fand tenure have prevailed since I 960 and from the radical transformation in the economy, from 1963 onwards, brought about by the Apart from taro cultivation, Tahitian agriculture has installation of a nuclear test centre. A fall in the price of copra, remained a very casual economy, allied to food-gathering a rise in labour costs and a crisis in vanilla production (through subsistence. There are no irrigation or major water supply the premature exhaustion of the plantations combined with facilities, no development of cultivable slopes and no reclama- a collapse in prices) all brought about a decline in export- tion of marshy land. Since the early 1950s it has been official based agriculture. At the same time, in Tahiti and neigh- economic policy to embark on farming developments intended bouring areas, such as Mo’orea, the demand for labour stimu- to remedy the decline in agriculture and also for the develop- lated by the installation of the nuclear base and the arrival of ment of new resources in order to meet the growing demands expatriate technical personnel absorbed the available labour of the population, which is both increasing its numbers and force, yrecipitating a decline in the traditional export crop raising its living standards. cultivation; the Leeward Islands were affected to a lesser Following the visit of a mission sent by the Ministry of Agri- extent. culture and the reorganization of the Territorial Agricultural Concurrently with these events, from 1961-62 onwards, Service, a programme for the reform of Polynesian agriculture experiments in market-gardening were tried on the Tubuai was drawn up. Its objectives, undertaken within French Islands, where the climate is most suitable, in order to meet national plans, are being progressively carried through. They the food demands of the new immigrant sector of the popula- include the development of the major export crops in relation tion. Although they were not entirely successful, the experi- to the population growth and the relevant demand for imported ments were put into practice after 1965. Inadequate considera- food products; in 1959 food imports were 60 per cent of all tion was given to the enormous distances from the centres of imports by value. On the coconut plantations, whose products consumption, to the difficulties of liaison with the markets represented 63 per cent of agricultural exports in 1958, there and the lack of communication between the private sector was to be the elimination of rat infestations, the replanting and the experiment administration. of old plantations (78 per cent were over 50 years old and 35 Successive plans have also considered measures for the im- per cent over 60 years in 1958) and the planting of new planta- provement of stock raising, in which the need for increased tions. Diversification of agriculture was also planned, through production is readily recognized. the improvement of vanilla bean plantations, which produced 35 per cent of agricultural exports in 1959, the replanting of The origins of the present-day system of land ownership go coffee plantations and the popularizing of new crops such as back to the Code Pomare of 1842, which established the existence cacao, peppers and citrus fruits. in Tahiti of individual ownership. The Tahitian laws of 1845 The initial plan was altered to accommodate difficulties and I 852 respectively authorized changes in land ownership

-. --. FARM LAND BY SIZE GROUPS, 1961-63 I_-..-_ -. -.. . ~- (Sample on Society and Tubuai Islands)

Hauti Taahuaia Mataura Teavaro Faaaha Vairao Total () (Tubuai) (Mo’orea) (Tahaa) (Tahiti) I sample Size group I ~~ Area Area Area Area Area or,O O’ o/,O O’ (ha) (ha) 10 (ha) (ha) 10 (ha) %

~~~ ~.___

Under I ha . . . . 71.4 34.6 249.8 7.4 35.4 2.5 ‘9-7 2.3 go. I 11.0 466.4 7.0 1-5 ha...... 102.2 49.5 711.1 21.4 207.2 14.5 48.7 5.7 212.3 26.0 1,281.5 19.4 5-20 ha . . . . . 32.7 15.9 746.5 22.5 428.0 30.0 292.8 34.4 292.4 36.0 1,792.4 27. I 20-50 ha . . . . . - - 752.3 22.6 410.0 29.0 273.7 32.1 160.2 20.0 1,596.2 24. I Over 50 ha . . . . - - 870.2 26. I 333.5 24.0 217.8 25.5 59.4 7.0 12484.9 22.4 ~___. --- ___~ Total . . . . . 206.3 100.0 3,329.9 100.0 1,416.1 100.0 852.7 100.0 814.4 100.0 6,619.4 100.0

Source: M. Panoff, Agricultural Holdings in French Polynesia, ORSTOM, I 964.

FARM LAND BY OWNERSHIP, 1961-63 (Sample on Society and Tubuai Islands)

Hauti Taahuaia Mataura Teavaro Faaaha Vairao Total (Rurutu) (Tubuai) (Mo’orea) (Tahaa) I (Tahiti) l sample Ownership

Area Area O’ Area Area O’ O‘,O 0,,o (ha) ,O (ha) ,O (ha) (ha) -l-l -l-l I-- ~~~~-~~ Communal . . . . 185.5 87.5 2,748.2 82.5 77.5 568.5 70.0 692.2 85.0 55304.4 79-9 Private (individual) . . 26.5 12.5 478.5 14.4 22.5 284.2 30.0 122.2 15.0 1,230.4 18.5 State-owned . . . . - - 103.4 3.1 - - - - - 103.4 1.6 ~~~-~- ______~ Total . . . . . 212.0 100.0 3,330.1 100.0 100.0 852.7 100.0 814.4 100.0 6,638.2 100.0

Source: M. PanofF, Les structures agraires en Polynbie française, ORSTOM, 1964.

615 FRENCH POLYNESIA

and prescribed land and ownership registration. From then If labour is required, cultivators hire daily workers who until the beginning of the 20th century, various legislations are paid in kind at rates based on official wage rates and who have been brought in with the intention of extending the receive certain benefits (for example up to three meals per principle of transferable individual ownership as sanctioned day). by the Code Civil and of obtaining the total registration of On properties composed of several scattered plots, it is not titles. This led to the establishment of a survey and register, uncommon for the owner to use several forms of operation, progressively undertaken between 1920 and I 945. according to the distance of the plots from his home and the The establishment of individual, transferable ownership type of crops grown. He himself, with the help of his family, allowed newly arrived Europeans to acquire land legally, cultivates the land around his home, growing subsistence contrary to the former Polynesian custom which only conferred crops; on plantations (coconut, coffee or vanilla bean) fairly the right to use land, both to inhabitants and to foreigners. close to his home he may employ daily labour, either casual It allowed the introduction of a class of ownership, through or permanent; and on more distant plots he will lease the land marriage, purchase or inheritance, in the hands of Europeans according to one of the methods described above. or their descendants of mixed blood. This coincided with Farmers of Chinese origin, who have no French nationality, the spectacular development of coconut plantations for copra can acquire ownership rights only with great difficulty, and production, around the turn of the century. Subsequent are normally compelled to rent land in order to practise immigration of foreigners, between 1920 and 194.0 and since cultivation. 1945, is too recent for land in the new class of private ownership to pass through intermarriage into partially Tahitian hands. The most characteristic feature that distinguishes European AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, BY EMPLOYMENT, 1962 or half-caste lands from the Polynesian properties lies in the provision for subdivision of the holdings. Most of the Poly- Persons 01/o nesian-held land is not subdivided, and many half-castes have various rights on such land. This results generally in intricate theoretical rights which, though in practice they Owner-cultivators ...... 6,831 58.9 can be settled by private contract within the framework of Owner-operators (employing labour) ... III I .o the village communities, are a hindrance to such works as Agricultural workers ...... 1,243 10.7 plantation or construction development, which require legal Family labour ...... 3 9 056 26.3 definition. Tenant farmers ...... 356 3.' It is impossible to indicate for the whole territory, without Others ...... 5 - exhaustive research, the divisions of land ownership according to area, ethnic groups or legal status. However, M. Panoff in Total ...... 11,602 100.0 1964 presented data for a sample of districts in the Society Islands and Tubuai Islands, of holdings according to size Source: INSEE, Census of French Polynesia, 1962. groups and ownership. Supplementary data for other districts can be drawn from other studies of agrarian structure in the 1960s. LAND TENURE, 1965

Area (1,000ha)

Owner-operation ...... 60 Tenant-operation...... 2 Other forms of operation ..... 2 - Communal ownership I ;; 1 Total ...... 64 Private ownership . I 3070 Source: Estimations. Sources: (1) F. Ravault, Maharepa, Orstom, 1967; @) A. R. Grand, L'in- division foncière et le développement Cconomique et social en Polynésie française.

4. Land utilization, crops The establishment by Europeans and Euro-Polynesians, and animal husbandry mostly resident in towns, of large estates for coconut plantations created a related group of landlords, cultivators and labourers Of the total land area, about 55 per cent (some 204,000 ha) which is quite apart from the small family holdings based is cultivable, but a little over 30 per cent of the cultivable on ownership and operated by the owner and his family. The area is in fact in productive use. Productive land is limited latter type is the most common on land owned entirely by to 16 per cent of the total area. Polynesians, producing their traditional crops. Several kinds The chief land use for the productive land is in coconut of enterprises exist, using paid labour or leasing land plantations, which occupy all the coastal lowlands and spread In the case of absentee landlords, common types of rent up the major vaIIeys of the high islands. They are the exclusive contracts depend on the kind of crops grown. Plots used for vegetation cover of the atolls. Other plantations occupy a market-gardening may be rented on 3, 6 or 9-year renewable much more modest area. At their peak (1949-54) the vanilla leases. On permanent plantations (vanilla bean, for example) bean plantations covered 2,400 ha but since 1962-63 they there may be a caretaking-sharecropping arrangement, under have declined, for various reasons: fall in prices, plant diseases which the landlord receives a share of the harvest: 40-50 per and exhaustion of the plantations, and the diversion of both cent for copra or coffee where the tenant-operator provides labour and owners to other paid employment. the labour for an existing plantation and harvesting; 20 per Market-gardening has developed considerably since the cent in the case of vanilla bean plantations established entirely mid- I g5os, alongside the urban developments. Operated by the tenant. chiefly by Chinese and other Asiatic farmers, the market-

616 FRENCH POLYNESIA

LAND UTILIZATION, 1965 vinegar brewing, other breweries and rum distilleries, and dairies. In 1964,58 tons of copra were produced for sale, and the oil factories used around 500 tons for the processing of edible oil, 80 tons of second-quality oil, and 152 tons of soap. In 1962 and 1963,the vinegar works consumed 214tons and 183 tons of fresh bananas respectively; there is difficulty in Arable land, fruit trees, market supplying sufficient bananas. Up to 1963the Tahitian brewing gardens and plantations ... industry used manioc starch in beer production, but since then Rough grazing ..... it is made entirely from imported products. Hundreds of kg Woods and forests .... of local fruit products are used in jam making, and in 1964 Non-agricultural land and inland 105 tons of coffee beans were produced. Rum distilling was water ...... formerly carried on by an agricultural society, which grew a few hectares of cane sugar for the purpose, but this has now Total ...... ceased production. In 1962 the dairy production of milk amounted to 450,000 litres. Source: FAO Production Yearbook 1968, Rome, 1969.

MAJOR LAND USES, BY ISLAND GROUPS, 1965 gardens are established in temporary clearings in the valleys (in hectares) or on hillsides. There has been a parallel development in fruit cultivation (pineapples, bananas and oranges) as well as Society Islands in traditional subsistence crops (taro, tarua and fei banana Tuhuai (Musa troglodytarum)). The horticultural experiments carried Windwards Leewards out in the Tubuai Islands have been developed under the AgricuIturaI Service since 1962, and in the Gambier and Leeward Islands smaller centres of market-gardening have Coconuts ... 6,240 9,160 1,610 40,000 3,080 been developed recently. Other cash crops. 1,560 2,140 690 - 20 Crops and fruit trees - more or less free-growing - are Pastures ... 3,200 1,700 700 500 400 found around dwellings. They include breadfruit, tropical fruits, bananas and coffee and supply an appreciable propor- Source: Waters and Forests Agricultural Service, , I 965. tion of the domestically consumed food in the subsistence farming sector. Some of the products are also sold in village markets. The valleys in the high islands also carry semi-wild MAJOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, 1963 stands of coffee bushes. These are not tended and have a (in tons) variable yield, often more or less negligible, except for those - on the Marquesas and the Tubuai Islands, where the crop is Society Islands commercializëd and some of it exported to Papeete. On I Tubuai the Society Islands the production is lower and at times is insufficient to meet domestic consumption needs. Pasture is limited both in area and in quality. Mediocre grazing or pseudo-grassland on the coconut plantations Copra . 344 10,867 2,208 supports some livestock, on a very extensive basis; the low Vanilla . c - - nutritional value of the pasture usually results in overgrazing, Coffee . 7' - 73 despite the low numbers in the herds. Of note are a few Vegetables -I -I - II0 - - improved upland pastures on the plateaux of Taravao in Tahiti. Farming techniques are still extremely simple, except in Source: Waters and Forests Agricultural Service, Papeete, I 965. the growing of taro, vanilla bean and market-garden vegetables and in fruit cultivation. The native farming is essentially a food-gatheringeconomy extended to include some maintenance work such as the clearing of brushwood, the repair of livestock fences and the spreading of manure and fertilizers and insec- 5, Agricultural economy ticides. Since the import from New Zealand and Australia of British dairy and beef cattle breeds, animal husbandry has Since 1960the economy of French Polynesia has experienced been improved only in relation to cattle. Although pigs are an enormous expansion, connected with the installation of the numerous, they are kept, along with other small stock, as scientific and military base there. Previous to that, the economy domestic animals. There are some feral goats and also pigs, was based essentially on exports of primary products: some either wild or domestic stock reverted to the wild state. two-thirds of them agricultural (copra, vanilla) and the It is difficult to measure the area occupied by woods and remainder from mining (phosphates) Pearl and mother of forests and to classify such woodland as coppices of purau pearl fisheries, which were the basis of the economy at the (Hibuscus tdiaceus) or acacia (Leucama glazcca), which occupy beginning of the century, have declined. substantial areas. Practically no exploitable timber of value In 1960 the gross domestic product was 37.5 million U.S. exists, and forestry is of little importance. Purau is used for dollars. With the addition of 5 million dollars, representing some cabinet making while the manufacture of pirogues the value of administrative services supplied within the ter- (canoes) utilizes mangrove wood, breadfruit tree, and some fig ritory, the gross national income was 42.5 million dollars, and kapok wood. To'u (Cordia subcordata), miro (Thespesia giving a per caput income of 550 dollars per year. The average patulea) and more rarely aito (Casuarina equisetifoolia) are used income per head in 1967was almost four times that amount. for wood carving. Most of the constructional and industrial In 196041. I per cent of the gross domestic product was derived timber needs are met by imports (8,000 m3 in 1963). from the primary sector, 13.6 per cent from the secondary Industries which use local agricultural products include oil sector and 45.3 per cent from the tertiary sector. Agriculture and soap factories (using by-products of the copra industry), alone provided almost a third.

61 7 FRENCH POLYNESIA

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Unfortunately, in the source from which these data are BY SECTORS OF ECONOMY, 1960 taken, no information can be obtained regarding the applica- tion of the gross revenue from agricultural exploitation, in Sector % terms of maintenance, mortgages or new investment. Agriculture ...... 30.4 There were in 1960 a number of markets of limited extent, Food industries ...... 4.1 for each of the major export products (copra, vanilla, mother Extractive industries ...... 9.8 of pearl) ; these were entirely informal, without any legal or Other industries ...... 2.9 administrative organization. The price of copra benefited Construction and public works .... 5.2 by a government subsidy. Two major markets for food pro- Services ...... 18.3 ducts were established at Papeete and Uturoa, and several Commerce ...... 21.0 minor markets served specific products, such as fish. A great Tourism ...... 4.3 deal of the production was sold direct to urban retailers. Other sectors ...... 4.0 Imports were valued at 16 million. The value of major agricultural exports was as follows:

The gross domestic income from agriculture alone totalled bIillion US. dollars IO million U.S. dollars, though it is very difficult to evaluate what was consumed domestically. The relevant data can give Copra ...... 3.97 only an indication of the values. Vanilla...... 1.86 Coffee ...... 0.10

AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, I 960

Value in million US. dollars Animal and vegetable products BIBLIOGRAPHY Consumed domestically ..... 1.63 Surplus margin ...... 0.42 GUILLAUME,-., Etude de l’économie rurale le l’Océanie française. Rapport de mission Commercialized production .... 1.44 (Rural economy in French Oceania. Report), Publ. Service d’Agriculture et - des Eaux et For& no 28/Agri PE, Papeete, 1956 INSTITUTNATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUEET DES ETUDESECONOMIQUES, Comptes Total ...... 3.49 économiques de la Polynésie française (Economic accounts for French Polynesia), Paris, 1960-65 Food products ...... INSTITUTNATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUEET DES ETUDESECONOMIQUES (INSEE), Commercialized production .... 4.12 Resultats statistiques du recensement général de la population de la Pobnésie française (Statistical results of population census of French Polynesia), Paris, 1962 Traditional farming ...... I .69 - INSTITUTNATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUEET DES ETUDESECONOMXQUES, Annuaire statistiaue des Territoires d’Outre-Mer 1062-6/;u ”, (Statistical Yearbooks for Overseas Total ...... 5.81 Te~ritories,1962-65), Paris PANOFF,M., Lës structures agiaires en Polyne5e franfaise. Rapport d’une mission ... de I’Ofkce de la Recherche Scientifiaue et Tecfaniaue Outre-Mer.-. (Orstomi, 1961-61 (AgrGan structures in French P&nesia 1961-k3), Centre Documentai; pour NET AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT, 1960 l’Océanie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, 1964 SERVICEDE L’AGRICULTUREET DES EAUXET FORETS,Etude préliminaire Million U.S. dollars pour le plan quinquennial de développement de l’économie agricole (Preliminary study for quinquennial plan for agricultural development), Papeete, 1964-68 Gross domestic product (at market prices) : SERVICEDE L’AGRICULTUREET DES EAUXET FORETS, Polynésiefrançaise (French Wages and social contributions ... 0.45 Polynesia), Note annexed on agriculture, no. 7g/AGR, Papeete, 1965 Indirect taxes ...... 0.01 DOUMENGE,F. L’homme dans le Pacifipue Sud (Man in the South PaciJiG), Pubhca- Gross revenue from production 9.48 tions Soc. Océanistes no. 19. Paris, 1966 ... RAVAULT,F., Maharepa. Etude de structures agraires (Maharepa. Study of agrarian structures), Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-mer, Total ...... 9.94 Paris, 1967 Input ...... 0.18 FAO, Production Yearbook 1968, Rome, 1969 GRAND,A. R., L’indivision fonciare et le dcvéloppement économique et social en Total output IO. 12 ...... Po&nésie française. Pueu et Paea (Non-divided land and economic and social development in French Pobnesia. Pueu and Paea), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Source: INSEE, Economic Budget of French Polynesia, Paris, 1965. Etudes, Paris (not dated)

61 8